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character mentioned in the Book of Judges

This article is about the biblical figure. For other uses, see Samson ( disambiguation ) not to be confused with Sampson Sanson, or Samsun

In the Hebrew Bible, Samson ( ; Hebrew : שִׁמְשׁוֹן‎, Šīmšōn‎, “ valet of the sun ” ) [ 1 ] [ a ] was the last of the judges of the ancient Israelites mentioned in the Book of Judges ( chapters 13 to 16 ) and one of the death leaders who “ judged ” Israel before the mental hospital of the monarchy. He is sometimes considered as an Israelite version of the democratic Near Eastern folk hero besides embodied by the sumerian Enkidu and the greek Heracles. [ 2 ] The biblical score states that Samson was a Nazirite, and that he was given huge intensity to aid him against his enemies and allow him to perform superhuman feats, [ 3 ] including slaying a leo with his publicize hands and massacring an entire army of Philistines using alone the shmooze of a domestic ass. however, if Samson ‘s hanker hair’s-breadth were cut, then his Nazirite vow would be violated and he would lose his potency. [ 4 ] Samson is betrayed by his lover Delilah, who, sent by the Philistines officials to entice him, [ 5 ] orders a servant to cut his hair while he is sleeping and turns him over to his Philistine enemies, who gouge out his eyes and force him to grind grain in a mill at Gaza. While there, his hair begins to grow again. When the Philistines take Samson into their temple of Dagon, Samson asks to rest against one of the confirm pillars. After being granted license, he prays to God and miraculously recovers his strength, allowing him to bring down the column, collapsing the temple and killing himself equally well as all of the Philistines. In some jewish traditions, Samson is believed to have been buried in Zorah in Israel overlooking the Sorek valley. Samson has been the discipline of both rabbinical and christian comment, with some Christians viewing him as a type of Jesus, based on similarities between their lives. noteworthy depictions of Samson include John Milton ‘s cupboard play Samson Agonistes and Cecil B. DeMille ‘s 1949 Hollywood film Samson and Delilah. Samson besides plays a major function in western art and traditions .

Biblical narrative [edit ]

birth [edit ]

According to the account in the Book of Judges, Samson lived during a time of repeated battle between Israel and Philistia, when God was disciplining the Israelites by giving them “ into the hand of the Philistines “. [ 6 ] Manoah was an Israelite from Zorah, descended from the Danites, [ 7 ] and his wife had been unable to conceive. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The Angel of the Lord appears to Manoah ‘s wife and proclaims that the couple would soon have a son who would begin to deliver the Israelites from the Philistines. [ 10 ] The Angel of the Lord states that Manoah ‘s wife was to abstain [ 11 ] from all alcoholic drinks, dirty foods, and her predict child was not to shave or cut his haircloth. He was to be a Nazirite from parentage. In ancient Israel, those wanting to be particularly dedicated to God for a time could take a Nazirite vow which included abstaining from wine and spirits, not cutting hair or shave, and early requirements. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Manoah ‘s wife believes the Angel of the Lord ; her conserve was not present, so he prays and asks God to send the messenger once again to teach them how to raise the male child who is going to be born. After the Angel of the Lord returns, Manoah asks him his identify, but he says, “ Why do you ask my name ? It is beyond understanding. ” [ 12 ] Manoah then prepares a sacrifice, but the Angel of the Lord will only allow it to be for God. He touches it with his staff, miraculously engulfing it in flames, and then ascends into the sky in the fire. This is such dramatic evidence of the nature of the Messenger that Manoah fears for his liveliness, since it was said that no one could live after seeing God. however, his wife convinces him that, if God planned to slay them, he would never have revealed such things to them. In due time, their son Samson is born, and he is raised according to the angel ‘s instructions. [ 9 ] [ 10 ]

marriage to a anti-intellectual [edit ]

When he is a young adult, Samson leaves the hills of his people to see the cities of Philistia. He falls in love with a Philistine woman from Timnah, whom he decides to marry, ignoring the objections of his parents over the fact that she is not an Israelite. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 13 ] In the development of the narrative, the mean marriage is shown to be separate of God ‘s plan to strike at the Philistines. [ 10 ] According to the biblical score, Samson is repeatedly seized by the “ Spirit of the Lord, ” who blesses him with huge lastingness. The foremost example of this is seen when Samson is on his way to ask for the Philistine woman ‘s hand in marriage, when he is attacked by a leo. He just grabs it and rips it aside, as the intent of God divinely empowers him. however, Samson keeps it a clandestine, not tied mentioning the miracle to his parents. [ 10 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] He arrives at the Philistine ‘s family and becomes betrothed to her. He returns home, then comes back to Timnah some meter late for the marriage. On his direction, Samson sees that bees have nested in the carcase of the lion and made beloved. [ 10 ] [ 15 ] He eats a handful of the beloved and gives some to his parents. [ 10 ] At the wedding feast, Samson tells a riddle to his thirty groomsmen ( all Philistines ). If they can solve it, he will give them thirty pieces of ticket linen and garments, but if they can not they must give him thirty pieces of fine linen and garments. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The riddle is a veil bill of two encounters with the lion, at which alone he was present : [ 10 ] [ 15 ]
Out of the eater came something to eat.
Out of the strong came something sweet. [ 16 ]
The Philistines are infuriated by the riddle. [ 10 ] The thirty groomsmen tell Samson ‘s new wife that they will burn her and her church father ‘s family if she did not discover the answer to the riddle and tell it to them. [ 10 ] [ 15 ] At the pressing and dolorous beg of his bride, Samson gives her the solution, and she passes it on to the thirty groomsmen. [ 9 ] [ 10 ]
Samson Slays a Thousand Men with the Jawbone of a Donkey (c. 1896–1902) by ( c. 1896–1902 ) by James Tissot Before sunset on the seventh day, they say to him ,
What is sweeter than honey ?
and what is stronger than a leo ?
Samson replies ,
If you had not plowed with my heifer,
you would not have solved my riddle. [ 17 ]
Samson then travels to Ashkelon ( a distance of approximately 30 miles ) where he slays thirty Philistines for their garments ; he then returns and gives those garments to his thirty groomsmen. [ 9 ] [ 15 ] [ 18 ] In a rage, Samson returns to his church father ‘s house. The family of his would-have-been bride rather give her to one of the groomsmen as wife. [ 9 ] [ 15 ] [ 18 ] Some meter belated, Samson returns to Timnah to visit his wife, unaware that she is now married to one of his former groomsmen. But her father refuses to allow Samson to see her, offering to give Samson a younger sister rather. [ 9 ] [ 18 ] Samson goes out, gathers 300 foxes, and ties them together in pairs by their tails. He then attaches a burning flashlight to each copulate of foxes ‘ tails and turns them loose in the grain fields and olive groves of the Philistines. [ 19 ] The Philistines learn why Samson burned their crops and burn Samson ‘s wife and father-in-law to death in retribution. [ 9 ] [ 18 ] [ 20 ] In revenge, Samson slaughters many more Philistines, saying, “ I have done to them what they did to me. ” [ 9 ] [ 18 ] Samson then took safety in a cave in the rock of Etam. [ 9 ] [ 18 ] [ 21 ] An united states army of Philistines go to the Tribe of Judah and demand that 3,000 men of Judah deliver them Samson. [ 9 ] [ 21 ] With Samson ‘s accept, given on the condition that the Judahites would not kill him themselves, they tie him with two new ropes and are about to hand him over to the Philistines when he breaks free of the ropes. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Using the shmooze of a domestic ass, he slays 1,000 Philistines. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ]

delilah [edit ]

late, Samson travels to Gaza, where he sees a prostitute and visits her. [ 18 ] [ 21 ] His enemies wait at the gate of the city to ambush him, but he tears the gate from its very hinges and skeletal system and carries it to “ the mound that is in presence of Hebron “. [ 18 ] [ 21 ] He then falls in love with Delilah in the valley of Sorek. [ 18 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 23 ] The Philistines approach Delilah and induce her with 1,100 silver coins to find the confidential of Samson ‘s military capability indeed that they can capture their enemy, [ 18 ] [ 21 ] but Samson refuses to reveal the secret and teases her, telling her that he will lose his potency if he is bound with fresh bowstrings. [ 18 ] [ 21 ] She does so while he sleeps, but when he wakes up he snaps the strings. [ 18 ] [ 21 ] She persists, and he tells her that he can be bound with new ropes. She ties him up with raw ropes while he sleeps, and he snaps them, besides. [ 18 ] [ 21 ] She asks again, and he says that he can be bound if his locks are woven into a weaver ‘s brood. [ 18 ] [ 21 ] She weaves them into a loom, but he simply destroys the entire brood and carries it off when he wakes. [ 18 ] [ 21 ] Delilah, however, persists and Samson last capitulates and tells Delilah that God supplies his power because of his consecration to God as a Nazirite, symbolized by the fact that a razor has never touched his head, and that if his hair is cut off he will lose his strength. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 18 ] [ 23 ] Delilah then woos him to sleep “ in her lave ” and calls for a servant to cut his hair. [ 18 ] Samson loses his strength and he is captured by the Philistines, who blind him by gouging out his eyes. [ 18 ] They then take him to Gaza, imprison him, and put him to work turning a big millstone and grinding texture. [ 21 ]
Pushing or pulling ?left) or pulling them together (right). According to the biblical narrative, Samson died when he grasped two pillars of the Temple of Dagon and “ bowed himself with all his might ” ( Judges 16:30, KJV ). This has been variously interpreted as Samson pushing the pillars apart ( ) or pulling them together ( ) .

death [edit ]

One day, the Philistine leaders assemble in a temple for a religious sacrifice to Dagon, one of their most important deities, for having delivered Samson into their hands. [ 21 ] [ 26 ] They summon Samson so that people can watch him perform for them. The temple is so crowd that people are even climbing onto the roof to watch—and all the rulers of the integral government of Philistia have gathered there excessively, some 3,000 people in all. [ 23 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Samson is led into the synagogue, and he asks his captors to let him lean against the supporting pillars to rest. however, while in prison his haircloth had begun to grow again. [ 28 ] He prays for intensity and God gives him lastingness to break the pillars, causing the temple to crumble, killing him and the people inside. [ 29 ]

After his death, Samson ‘s family recovered his body from the debris and buried him near the grave of his father Manoah. [ 26 ] A grave structure which some property to Samson and his church father stands on the clear of the batch in Tel Tzora. [ 30 ] At the decision of Judges 16, it is said that Samson had “ judged ” Israel for twenty years. [ 21 ]

Interpretations [edit ]

rabbinical literature [edit ]

rabbinical literature identifies Samson with Bedan, [ 9 ] a Judge mentioned by Samuel in his farewell address ( 1 Samuel 12:11 ) among the Judges who delivered Israel from their enemies. [ 31 ] however, the mention “ Bedan ” is not found in the Book of Judges. [ 31 ] The name “ Samson ” is derived from the Hebrew parole šemeš, which means “ sun ”, [ 9 ] [ 1 ] [ 32 ] thus that Samson bore the name of God, who is called “ a sun and carapace ” in Psalms 84:11 ; [ 9 ] and as God protected Israel, sol did Samson watch over it in his generation, judging the people even as did God. [ 9 ] Samson ‘s force was divinely derived ( Talmud, Tractate Sotah 10a ). [ 9 ] [ 33 ] jewish legend records that Samson ‘s shoulders were sixty cubits broad. [ 9 ] ( many Talmudic commentaries, however, explain that this is not to be taken literally, for a person that size could not live normally in club. quite, it means that he had the ability to carry a load 60 cubits wide ( approximately 30 meters ) on his shoulders ). [ 34 ] He was lame in both feet [ 35 ] but, when the liveliness of God came upon him, he could step with one footstep from Zorah to Eshtaol, while the hairs of his head rise and clashed against one another so that they could be heard for a like distance. [ 9 ] [ 36 ] Samson was said to be so solid that he could uplift two mountains and rub them in concert like two clods of land, [ 36 ] [ 37 ] so far his superhuman force, like Goliath ‘s, brought woe upon its owner. [ 9 ] [ 38 ] In profligacy, he is compared with Amnon and Zimri, both of whom were punished for their sins. [ 9 ] [ 39 ] Samson ‘s eyes were put out because he had “ followed them ” besides often. [ 9 ] [ 40 ] It is said that, in the twenty years during which Samson judged Israel, he never required the least service from an Israelite, [ 41 ] and he devoutly refrained from taking the appoint of God in conceited. [ 9 ] consequently, american samoa soon as he told Delilah that he was a Nazarite of God, she immediately knew that he had spoken the truth. [ 9 ] [ 40 ] When he pulled down the temple of Dagon and killed himself and the Philistines, the structure fell backward so that he was not crushed, his family being frankincense enabled to find his body and to bury it in the grave of his church father. [ 9 ] [ 42 ] In the Talmudic period, some seem to have denied that Samson was a historical figure, regarding him alternatively as a strictly fabulous important person. This was viewed as dissident by the rabbi of the Talmud, and they attempted to refute this. They named Hazzelelponi as his mother in Numbers Rabbah Naso 10 and in Bava Batra 91a and stated that he had a sister named “ Nishyan ” or “ Nashyan ”. [ 9 ]

christian interpretations [edit ]

Samson ‘s narrative has besides garnered comment from a christian perspective ; the Epistle to the Hebrews praises him for his religion. [ 43 ] Ambrose, following the portrait of Josephus and Pseudo-Philo, [ 44 ] represents Delilah as a Philistine prostitute, [ 44 ] and declares that “ men should avoid marriage with those outside the faith, lest, rather of love of one ‘s spouse, there be perfidy. ” [ 44 ] Caesarius of Arles interpreted Samson ‘s death as prefiguring the crucifixion of Jesus, [ 44 ] comment : “ Notice here an visualize of the crisscross. Samson extends his hands spread out to the two column as to the two beams of the cross. ” [ 44 ] He besides equates Delilah with Satan, [ 44 ] who tempted Christ. [ 44 ] Following this tendency, more late christian commentators have viewed Samson as a type of Jesus Christ, based on similarities between Samson ‘s report and the life of Jesus in the New Testament. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Samson ‘s and Jesus ‘ births were both foretold by angels, [ 45 ] who predicted that they would save their people. [ 45 ] Samson was born to a barren womanhood, [ 45 ] and Jesus was born of a virgo. [ 45 ] Samson defeated a lion ; Jesus defeated Satan, whom the First Epistle of Peter describes as a “ booming leo looking for person to devour ”. [ 47 ] Samson ‘s treachery by Delilah has besides been compared to Jesus ‘ betrayal by Judas Iscariot ; [ 46 ] both Delilah and Judas were paid in pieces of silver for their respective deeds. [ 48 ] Ebenezer Cobham Brewer notes in his A Guide to Scripture History: The Old Testament that Samson was “ blinded, insulted [ and ] enslaved ” anterior to his death, and that Jesus was “ blindfolded, insulted, and treated as a slave ” prior to his crucifixion. [ 49 ] Brewer besides compares Samson ‘s end among “ the arch ” with Christ being crucified between two thieves. [ 49 ]

scholarly [edit ]

Academics have interpreted Samson as a daemon ( such as Heracles or Enkidu ) enfolded into jewish folklore, [ 50 ] or as an archetypal tribe hero. [ 32 ] In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some comparative mythologists interpreted Samson as a euhemerized solar deity, [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 32 ] arguing that Samson ‘s name is derived from Hebrew : šemeš‎, meaning “ Sun “, [ 32 ] [ 1 ] and that his long hair’s-breadth might represent the Sun ‘s rays. [ 32 ] These solar theorists besides pointed out that the legend of Samson is set within the general vicinity of Beth Shemesh, a greenwich village whose name means “ Temple of the Sun ”. [ 32 ] They argued that the name Delilah may have been a pun with the Hebrew password for night, layla, which “ consumes ” the day. [ 54 ] Although this hypothesis is still sometimes promoted in scholarly circles, [ 32 ] it has generally fallen out of favor due to the superficiality of supporting evidence. [ 32 ] An rendition far more popular among current scholars holds that Samson is a Hebrew variant of the lapp international Near Eastern family champion which inspired the earlier Mesopotamian Enkidu and the former greek Heracles ( and, by extension, his Roman Hercules adaptation ). [ 55 ] [ 32 ] [ 1 ] Heracles and Samson both slew a lion bare-handed ( the former killed the Nemean lion ). [ 32 ] [ 1 ] Likewise, they were both believed to have once been highly thirsty and intoxicated water which poured out from a rock ‘n’ roll, [ 55 ] and to have torn down the gates of a city. [ 55 ] They were both betrayed by a woman ( Heracles by Deianira, Samson by Delilah ), [ 32 ] who led them to their respective dooms. [ 32 ] Both heroes, champions of their respective peoples, die by their own hands : [ 32 ] Heracles ends his biography on a pyre ; whereas Samson makes the Philistine synagogue collapse upon himself and his enemies. [ 32 ] In this rendition, the annunciation of Samson ‘s parturition to his beget is a ban bill of divine creation. [ 55 ] Samson besides strongly resembles Shamgar, [ 32 ] another hero mentioned in the Book of Judges, [ 32 ] who, in Judges 3:31, is described as having slain 600 Philistines with an ox-goad. [ 32 ]
A monument of Samson in Poland These views are disputed by traditional and conservative biblical scholars who consider Samson to be a literal historical calculate and frankincense reject any connections to fabulous heroes. [ 32 ] The concept of Samson as a “ solar bomber ” has been described as “ an artificial ingenuity ”. [ 56 ] Joan Comay, co-author of Who’s Who in the Bible: The Old Testament and the Apocrypha, The New Testament, believes that the biblical story of Samson is so specific concerning time and topographic point that Samson was undoubtedly a real person who pitted his great strength against the oppressors of Israel. [ 57 ] In contrast, James King West considers that the hostilities between the Philistines and Hebrews appear to be of a “ strictly personal and local screen ”. [ 58 ] He besides considers that Samson stories have, in contrast to much of Judges, an “ about sum lack of a religious or moral tone ”. [ 58 ] Conversely, Elon Gilad of Haaretz writes “ some biblical stories are flat-out cautions against marrying foreign women, none more than the fib of Samson ”. [ 59 ] Gilad notes how Samson ‘s parents disapprove of his desire to marry a Philistine charwoman and how Samson ‘s relationship with Delilah leads to his death. [ 59 ] He contrasts this with what he sees as a more convinced portrait of endogamy in the Book of Ruth. [ 59 ] Some academician writers have interpreted Samson as a suicide terrorist portrayed in a positive unhorse by the text, and compared him to those responsible for the September 11 attacks. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] [ 62 ] In August 2012, archaeologists from Tel Aviv University announced the discovery of a round stone seal, approximately 15 mm ( 0.59 in ) in diameter, which was found on the floor of a house at Beth Shemesh and appears to depict a long-haired man slaying a lion. The cachet is dated to the twelfth hundred BCE. According to Haaretz, “ excavation directors Prof. Shlomo Bunimovitz and Dr. Zvi Lederman of Tel Aviv University say they do not suggest that the human figure on the seal is the biblical Samson. Rather, the geographic proximity to the area where Samson lived, and the time menstruation of the seal, show that a story was being told at the clock time of a hero who fought a leo, and that the fib finally found its way into the biblical text and onto the cachet. ” [ 63 ]

cultural influence [edit ]

Statue of Samson and the leo in Peterhof, Russia Samson parade Mauterndorf, Austria Alleged web site of Samson ‘s grave in the Zorah ( Tzora ) forest As an authoritative biblical character, Samson has been referred to in popular culture and depicted in a huge array of films, artwork, and popular literature. Preserved Smith argued that John Milton ‘s cupboard play Samson Agonistes is an emblem for the fall of the Puritans and the restoration of the English monarchy [ 64 ] in which the blind and imprisoned Samson represents Milton himself, [ 64 ] the “ Chosen People ” stage the Puritans, [ 64 ] and the Philistines represent the english Royalists. [ 64 ] The act combines elements of ancient greek calamity and biblical narrative. [ 65 ] Samson is portrayed as a champion, [ 66 ] whose violent actions are mitigated by the righteous lawsuit in whose name they are enacted. [ 66 ] The play casts Delilah as an impenitent, but sympathetic, deceiver [ 67 ] and speaks approvingly of the oppression of women. [ 67 ] In 1735, George Frideric Handel wrote the cantata Samson, [ 68 ] with a libretto by Newburgh Hamilton, based on Samson Agonistes. [ 68 ] The cantata is about entirely set inside Samson ‘s prison [ 68 ] and Delilah merely briefly appears in Part II. [ 68 ] In 1877, Camille Saint-Saëns composed the opera Samson and Delilah with a libretto by Ferdinand Lemaire in which the entire floor of Samson and Delilah is retold. [ 68 ] In the libretto, Delilah is portrayed as a seductive femme fatale, [ 68 ] but the music played during her parts invokes sympathy for her. [ 68 ] The 1949 biblical drama Samson and Delilah, directed by Cecil B. DeMille and starring Victor Mature and Hedy Lamarr in the titular roles, was widely praised by critics for its filming, lead performances, costumes, sets, and innovative special effects. [ 69 ] It became the highest-grossing film of 1950, [ 70 ] and was nominated for five Academy Awards, winning two. [ 71 ] According to Variety, the film portrays Samson as a stereotyped “ fine-looking but dense hulk of muscle ”. [ 72 ] Samson has been particularly honored in russian artwork [ 73 ] because the Russians defeated the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava on the banquet day of St. Sampson, whose name is homophonous with Samson ‘s. [ 73 ] The leo slain by Samson was interpreted to represent Sweden, as a result of the leo ‘s placement on the swedish coat of arms. [ 73 ] In 1735, C. B. Rastrelli ‘s bronze statue of Samson slaying the leo was placed in the center of the bang-up cascade of the fountain at Peterhof Palace in Saint Petersburg. [ 73 ] Samson is the emblem of Lungau, Salzburg [ 74 ] and parades in his honor are held annually in ten-spot villages of the Lungau and two villages in the northwest Styria ( Austria ). [ 74 ] During the parade, a new knight bachelor from the community carries a massive figure made of wood or aluminum said to represent Samson. [ 74 ] The custom, which was first documented in 1635, [ 74 ] was entered into the UNESCO list of intangible cultural Heritage in Austria in 2010. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Samson is one of the giant star figures at the “ Ducasse ” festivities, which take station at Ath, Belgium. [ 76 ] biblical scholars Nyasha Junior and Jeremy Schipper published a book entitled Black Samson: The Untold Story of an American Icon in July 2020. The book details how the Samson was used to represent individuals who would fight for racial equality in America. [ 77 ]

See besides [edit ]

Notes [edit ]

References [edit ]

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