Fashion doll post by Mattel
This article is about the fashion doll and post. For other uses, see Barbie ( disambiguation )
Barbie is a manner dame manufactured by the american miniature ship’s company Mattel, Inc. and launched in March 1959. american businesswoman Ruth Handler is credited with the universe of the dame using a german dame called Bild Lilli as her inspiration.

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Barbie is the front man of a mark of Mattel dolls and accessories, including early family members and collectible dolls. Barbie has been an crucial character of the toy manner doll market for over sixty years, and has been the subject of numerous controversies and lawsuits, much involving parodies of the doll and her life style. Mattel has sold over a billion Barbie dolls, making it the company ‘s largest and most profitable line. [ 1 ] The Barbie doll mark has expanded into a media franchise, including a long-running series of animated films that began in 2001. From 2002 to 2017, the films were aired regularly on the Nickelodeon cable duct. [ 2 ] Barbie and her boyfriend Ken have been described as two most popular dolls in the earth. [ 3 ] The doll has transformed the toy commercial enterprise in affluent communities worldwide by becoming a fomite for the sale of relate merchandise ( accessories, clothes, friends of Barbie, and so forth ). Writing for Journal of Popular Culture in 1977, Don Richard Cox noted that Barbie has a significant impact on social values by conveying characteristics of female independence, and with her battalion of accessories, an idealize upscale life style that can be shared with affluent friends. [ 4 ] Sales of Barbie dolls started to decline aggressively from 2014 to 2016. [ 1 ] In 2020, Mattel sold $ 1.35 billion worth of Barbie dolls and accessories and this was their best sales emergence in two decades. This is an increase from the $ 950 million the mark sold during 2017. [ 5 ]

history

The first Barbie dame was introduced in both blond and brunet on March 9, 1959. Ruth Handler watched her daughter Barbara play with paper dolls, and noticed that she much enjoyed giving them pornographic roles. At the prison term, most children ‘s plaything dolls were representations of infants. Realizing that there could be a opening in the grocery store, Handler suggested the theme of an adult-bodied doll to her husband Elliot, a co-founder of the Mattel toy company. He was unenthusiastic about the idea, as were Mattel ‘s directors. [ 6 ] During a tripper to Europe in 1956 with her children Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler came across a german toy doll called Bild Lilli. [ 7 ] The adult-figured dame was precisely what Handler had in take care, so she purchased three of them. She gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a democratic character appearing in a comic strip puff by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper Bild. Lilli was a blond bombshell, a working daughter who knew what she wanted and was not above using men to get it. The Lilli doll was first sold in Germany in 1955, and although it was initially sold to adults, it became popular with children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available individually. [ 8 ] Upon her reelect to the United States, Handler redesigned the doll ( with aid from local inventor-designer Jack Ryan ) and the dame was given a new name, Barbie, after Handler ‘s daughter Barbara. The dame made its debut at the american english International Toy Fair in New York City on March 9, 1959. [ 9 ] This go steady is besides used as Barbie ‘s official birthday. The beginning Barbie dame wore a black-and-white zebra striped swimsuit and signature topknot ponytail, and was available as either a blond or brunet. The doll was marketed as a “ Teen-age fashion Model ”, with her clothes created by Mattel fashion designer Charlotte Johnson. The first gear Barbie dolls were manufactured in Japan, with their clothes hand-stitched by japanese homeworkers. Around 350,000 Barbie dolls were sold during the first year of production. [ 10 ] Louis Marx and Company sued Mattel in March 1961. After licensing Lilli, they claimed that Mattel had “ infringed on Greiner & Hausser ‘s patent for Bild-Lilli ‘s hip joint, and besides claimed that Barbie was “ a lineal take-off and copy ” of Bild-Lilli. The company additionally claimed that Mattel “ falsely and deceptively represented itself as having originated the design ”. Mattel counter-claimed and the case was settled out of motor hotel in 1963. In 1964, Mattel bought Greiner & Hausser ‘s copyright and apparent rights for the Bild-Lilli doll for $ 21,600. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Ruth Handler believed that it was important for Barbie to have an adult appearance, and early market research showed that some parents were unhappy about the doll ‘s chest of drawers, which had distinct breasts. Barbie ‘s appearance has been changed many times, most notably in 1971 when the doll ‘s eyes were adjusted to look forwards rather than having the coy sideways glance of the original model. This would be the last improvement Ruth would make to her own creation as, three years former, she and her conserve Elliot were removed from their posts at Mattel after an probe found them guilty of issuing assumed and deceptive fiscal reports. [ 13 ] Barbie was one of the first toy to have a market strategy based extensively on television receiver advertise, which has been copied widely by early toys. It is estimated that over a billion Barbie dolls have been sold worldwide in over 150 countries, with Mattel claiming that three Barbie dolls are sold every second. [ 14 ] The standard range of Barbie dolls and relate accessories are manufactured to approximately 1/6 scale, which is besides known as playscale. [ 15 ] The standard dolls are approximately 11½ inches tall .

Apperances in media/multimedia franchises

Since the mid-to-late 1980s, Barbie-branded products included not lone the range of dolls with their clothes and accessories, but besides a big image of branded goods such as books, apparel, cosmetics, and video games. Barbie has had a multimedia franchise starting with Barbie in the Nutcracker in 2001, when she began appearing in a series of computer-animated films [ 16 ] which were distributed on home television / direct-to-video formats, and since 2013, on Blu-ray, american samoa well as airing on the American Nickelodeon cable duct and its global groove versions ) until 2017. [ 2 ] Dreamhouse ] ] . As of 2013, the Barbie direct-to-video films have sold over 110 million units cosmopolitan. [ 17 ] Before the films, the post had two television specials released in 1987 in answer to the rise in digital media at that clock time ; Barbie and the Rockers: Out of This World and Barbie and the Sensations: Rockin’ Back to Earth, ampere well as inspiring a stumble europop dance song, “ Barbie Girl “ ( 1997 ) by Aqua. She was besides a supporting character in the Kelly Dream Club TV series which aired in 2002, the My Scene films, Pixar ‘s Toy Story films ; specifically its second and third sequels, and Dreamtopia, which focuses on the adventures of her little sister, Chelsea .

bequest and influence

Barbie has become a cultural icon and has been given honors that are rare in the toy dog world. In 1974, a section of Times Square in New York City was renamed Barbie Boulevard for a week. The Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris at the Louvre held a Barbie exhibit in 2016. The display featured 700 Barbie dolls over two floors arsenic well as works by contemporary artists and documents ( newspapers, photos, television ) that contextualize Barbie. [ 18 ] In 1986, the artist Andy Warhol created a paint of Barbie. The paint sold at auction at Christie ‘s, London for $ 1.1 million. In 2015, The Andy Warhol Foundation then teamed up with Mattel to create an Andy Warhol Barbie. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Outsider artist Al Carbee took thousands of photograph of Barbie and created countless collages and dioramas featuring Barbie in assorted settings. [ 21 ] Carbee was the subject of the feature-length objective Magical Universe. Carbee ‘s collage art was presented in the 2016 Barbie exhibit at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris in the section about visuals artists who have been inspired by Barbie. [ 22 ] In 2013, in Taiwan, the beginning Barbie-themed restaurant called “ Barbie Café ” opened under the Sinlaku group. [ 23 ] The Economist has emphasized the importance of Barbie to children ‘s imagination :

From her early days as a adolescent fashion model, Barbie has appeared as an astronaut, surgeon, Olympic athlete, declivitous skier, aerobics teacher, television receiver news program reporter, veteran, rock star, doctor, army military officer, atmosphere push pilot, summit diplomat, blame musician, presidential campaigner ( party undefined ), baseball player, aqualung loon, lifeguard, fire-fighter, mastermind, dentist, and many more. … When Barbie first abound into the dally shops, fair as the 1960s were breaking, the dame market consisted by and large of babies, designed for girls to cradle, rock and feed. By creating a dame with pornographic features, Mattel enabled girls to become anything they want. [ 24 ]

On September 7, 2021, following the debut of the streaming television film Barbie: Big City, Big Dreams on Netflix, Barbie joined forces with Grammy Award -nominated music producer, songwriter, singer and actress Ester Dean and Girls Make Beats – an organization dedicated to expanding the female bearing of music producers, DJs and audio engineers – to inspire more girls to explore a future in music production. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ]

fiftieth anniversary

In 2009, Barbie celebrated her fiftieth birthday. The celebrations included a runway indicate in New York for the Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week. [ 28 ] The event showcased fashions contributed by fifty long-familiar haute couturiers including Diane von Fürstenberg, Vera Wang, Calvin Klein, Bob Mackie, and Christian Louboutin. [ 29 ] [ 30 ]

Fictional biography

Further information and Barbie ‘s full moon name is Barbara Millicent Roberts. In a series of novels published by Random House in the 1960s, her parents ‘ names are given as George and Margaret Roberts from the fictional town of Willows, Wisconsin. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] In the Random House novels, Barbie attended Willows High School ; while in the Generation Girl books, published by Golden Books in 1999, she attended the fictional Manhattan International High School in New York City ( based on the real-life Stuyvesant High School ). [ 33 ] She has an on-off romantic kinship with her boyfriend Ken ( “ Ken Carson ” ), who first base appeared in 1961. A newsworthiness secrete from Mattel in February 2004 announced that Barbie and Ken had decided to split up, [ 34 ] but in February 2006, they were hoping to rekindle their relationship after Ken had a makeover. [ 35 ] In 2011, Mattel launched a campaign for Ken to win Barbie ‘s affections back. [ 36 ] The copulate officially reunited in Valentine ‘s Day 2011. [ 37 ] As at the liberation of Barbie Dreamhouse Adventures, the couple are seen as precisely friends or next-door neighbours. Barbie has had over 40 pets including cats and dogs, horses, a giant panda, a leo cub, and a zebra. She has owned a wide range of vehicles, including pink Beetle and Corvette convertibles, trailers, and Jeeps. She besides holds a original ‘s license, and operates commercial airliners in accession to serving as a flight accompaniment. Barbie ‘s careers are designed to show that women can take on a variety of roles in life, and the dame has been sold with a broad scope of titles including Miss Astronaut Barbie ( 1965 ), Doctor Barbie ( 1988 ), and Nascar Barbie ( 1998 ). Mattel has created a range of companions for Barbie, including spanish american Teresa, Midge, african American Christie, and Steven ( Christie ‘s boyfriend ). Barbie ‘s siblings and cousins were besides created including Skipper, Todd and Stacie ( twin brother and sister ), Kelly, Krissy, and Francie. Barbie was friendly with Blaine, an australian surfer, during her separate with Ken in 2004. [ 38 ]

Controversies

“ black Barbies ” redirects hera. For the Nicki Minaj song, see Black Barbies ( song )

body image

From the beginning, some have complained that “ the blond, plastic doll conveyed an unrealistic body picture to girls. ” [ 39 ] Criticisms of Barbie are often centered around concerns that children consider Barbie a function model and will attempt to emulate her. One of the most common criticisms of Barbie is that she promotes an unrealistic mind of torso visualize for a youthful woman, leading to a risk that girls who attempt to emulate her will become anorexic. unrealistic body proportions in Barbie dolls have been connected to some eating disorders in children. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] A standard Barbie dame is 11.5 inches improbable, giving a altitude of 5 feet 9 inches at 1/6 scale. Barbie ‘s full of life statistics have been estimated at 36 inches ( chest of drawers ), 18 inches ( shank ) and 33 inches ( hips ). According to research by the University Central Hospital in Helsinki, Finland, she would lack the 17 to 22 percentage consistency fatty required for a woman to menstruate. [ 44 ] In 1963, the kit “ Barbie Baby-Sits ” came with a koran entitled How to Lose Weight which advised : “ Do n’t eat ! “. [ 45 ] The same book was included in another ensemble called Slumber Party ” in 1965 along with a pink bathroom scale permanently set at 110 lbs., [ 45 ] which would be around 35 pound. scraggy for a woman 5 feet 9 inches grandiloquent. [ 46 ] Mattel said that the shank of the Barbie doll was made little because the waistbands of her clothes, along with their seams, snaps, and zippers, added bulk to her visualize. [ 47 ] In 1997, Barbie ‘s body mold was redesigned and given a wide-eyed shank, with Mattel saying that this would make the doll good suited to contemporary fashion designs. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] In 2016, Mattel introduced a stove of raw body types : ‘tall ‘, ‘petite ‘, and ‘curvy ‘, releasing them entirely as part of the Barbie Fashionistas line. ‘Curvy Barbie ‘ received a great deal of media attention [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] and even made the blanket of Time magazine with the headline “ now Can We Stop Talking About My Body ? “. [ 53 ] Despite the curvy dame ‘s body form being equivalent to a US size 4 in dress, [ 50 ] some children reportedly regarded her as “ fat ”. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] The doll ‘s reception by adults was besides politicized, with tensions between feminists who suggested the dame was excessively thin to be considered “ bosomy ” and conservatives who claimed it was a “ dowdy thunderthigh-sporting [ … ] product of a social department of justice warrior ‘s fantasies. ” [ 55 ] Although Barbie had been criticized for its unrealistic-looking “ grandiloquent and bantam ” dolls, the company has been offering more dolls set to more realistic standards in holy order to help promote a convinced torso picture. [ 56 ]

diverseness

Complaints besides point to a lack of diversity in the note. [ 57 ] Mattel responded to these criticisms. Starting in 1980, it produced Hispanic dolls, and subsequently came models from across the ball. For exemplar, in 2007, it introduced “ Cinco de Mayo Barbie ” wearing a ruffled crimson, white, and greens dress ( echoing the mexican sag ). Hispanic magazine reports that :

[ O ] neon of the most dramatic developments in Barbie ‘s history came when she embraced multi-culturalism and was released in a wide variety of native costumes, hair’s-breadth colors and skin tones to more closely resemble the girls who idolized her. Among these were Cinco De Mayo Barbie, spanish Barbie, Peruvian Barbie, Mexican Barbie and Puerto Rican Barbie. She besides has had near spanish american friends, such as Teresa. [ 58 ]

More recently, Professor Emilie Rose Aguilo-Perez has argued that over clock time, Mattel shifted from ambiguous spanish american presentations in their dolls to one that is more assertive in its “ Latinx ” commercialize and product tag. [ 59 ] “ Colored Francie “ made her introduction in 1967, and she is sometimes described as the first african American Barbie doll. however, she was produced using the existing pass molds for the white Francie dame and miss african characteristics other than a blue skin. The first african American doll in the Barbie compass is normally regarded as Christie, who made her debut in 1968. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Black Barbie was launched in 1980 but still had caucasian features. In 1990, Mattel created a focus group with african american children and parents, early childhood specialists, and clinical psychologist, Darlene Powell Hudson. rather of using the same molds for the caucasian Barbies, new ones were created. In summation, facial features, skin tones, hair texture, and names were all altered. The body shapes count different, but the proportions were the lapp to ensure dress and accessories were exchangeable. [ 62 ] In September 2009, Mattel introduced the So In Style range, which was intended to create a more realistic delineation of african american people than former dolls. [ 63 ] In 2016, Mattel expanded this line to include seven skin tones, twenty-two eye colors, and twenty-four hairstyles. part of the reason for this change was due to declining sales. [ 64 ] Mattel teamed up with Nabisco to launch a cross-promotion of Barbie with Oreo cookies. Oreo Fun Barbie was marketed as person with whom young girls could play after class and plowshare “ America ‘s favorite cookie ”. As had become the custom-made, Mattel manufactured both a white and a black version. Critics argued that in the african American community, Oreo is a derogative term mean that the person is “ black on the away and white on the at heart ”, like the chocolate sandwich cookie itself. The doll was unsuccessful and Mattel recalled the unsold stock, making it sought after by collectors. [ 65 ] In May 1997, Mattel introduced Share a Smile Becky, a dame in a pink wheelchair. Kjersti Johnson, a 17-year-old high school scholar in Tacoma, Washington with cerebral paralysis, pointed out that the dame would not fit into the elevator of Barbie ‘s $ 100 Dream House. Mattel announced that it would redesign the house in the future to accommodate the dame. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] In 2010, Barbie has besides been criticized for a children ‘s book called Barbie: I Can Be A Computer Engineer, which portrayed Barbie as a game interior designer who was not technically sophisticated and needed boys ‘ avail to do game scheduling. The company then promptly responded to criticism on gender function stereotypes by redesigning a “ Computer Engineer Barbie “ who was a game programmer rather than graphic designer. [ 68 ] Since 1980, when Mattel introduced the first gear Black Barbie, the sword immediately offers over 22 skin tones, 94 hair’s-breadth colors, 13 center colors and five consistency types. [ 5 ]

Bad charm concerns

In July 1992, Mattel released Teen Talk Barbie, which spoke a number of phrases including “ Will we ever have adequate clothes ? “, “ I love shopping ! “, and “ Wan na have a pizza party ? ” Each dame was programmed to say four out of 270 possible phrases, so that no two given dolls were likely to be the lapp ( the act of possible combinations is 270 ! / ( 266 ! 4 ! ) = 216,546,345 ). One of these 270 phrases was “ Math class is bully ! “, which led to criticism from the American Association of University Women ; about 1.5 % of all the dolls sold said the phrase. In October 1992, Mattel announced that Teen Talk Barbie would no longer say “ Math course is bad ! “, and offered a barter to anyone who owned a doll that did. [ 69 ] In 2002, Mattel introduced a line of meaning Midge ( and child ) dolls, but this Happy Family occupation was quickly pulled from the market due to complaints that she promoted adolescent pregnancy, though by that clock time, Barbie ‘s ally Midge was supposed to be a marry adult. [ 70 ] In September 2003, the Middle Eastern state of Saudi Arabia outlawed the sale of Barbie dolls and franchises, stating that they did not conform to the ideals of Islam. The Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice warned, “ jewish Barbie dolls, with their revealing clothes and disgraceful postures, accessories and tools are a symbol of degeneracy to the perverted West. Let us beware of her dangers and be careful. ” [ 71 ] The 2003 Saudi banish was temp. [ 72 ] In Muslim-majority nations, there is an option doll called Fulla, which was introduced in November 2003 and is equivalent to Barbie, but is designed specifically to represent traditional Islamic values. Fulla is not manufactured by Mattel ( although Mattel still licenses Fulla dolls and franchises for sale in certain markets ), and ( as of January 2021 ) the “ jewish ” Barbie trade name is hush available in other Muslim -majority countries including Egypt and Indonesia. [ 73 ] In Iran, the Sara and Dara dolls, which were introduced in March 2002, are available as an alternative to Barbie, even though they have not been as successful. [ 74 ] In November 2014, Mattel received criticism over the book I Can Be a Computer Engineer, which depicted Barbie as being feckless at computers and requiring that her two male friends complete all of the necessity tasks to restore two laptops after she by chance infects her and her sister ‘s laptop with a malware -laced USB flash drive. [ 75 ] Critics complained that the book was sexist, as other books in the I Can Be… series depicted Barbie as person who was competent in those jobs and did not require outside aid from others. [ 76 ] Mattel subsequently removed the bible from sale on Amazon in response to the criticism. [ 77 ]

safety concerns

In March 2000, stories appeared in the media claiming that the hard vinyl used in vintage Barbie dolls could leak toxic chemicals, causing danger to children playing with them. The claim was described as an overreaction by Joseph Prohaska, a professor at the University of Minnesota Duluth. A modern Barbie doll has a soundbox made from ABS plastic, while the capitulum is made from soft PVC. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] In July 2010, Mattel released “ Barbie Video Girl ”, a Barbie dame with a pinhole video camera in its chest of drawers, enabling clips of up to 30 minutes to be recorded, viewed, and uploaded to a computer via a USB cable television. On November 30, 2010, the FBI issued a warning in a private memo that the doll could be used to produce child pornography, although it stated publicly that there was “ no report attest that the doll had been used in any way other than intended. ” [ 80 ] [ 81 ] In March 2015, concerns were raised about a version of the doll called “ Hello Barbie ”, which can hold conversations with a child using lecture realization technology. The doll transmits data binding to a service called ToyTalk, which according to Forbes, has a terms of serve and privacy policy that allow it to “ partake audio recordings with third base party vendors who assist us with actor’s line recognition ”, and states that “ recordings and photos may besides be used for research and development purposes, such as to improve address recognition engineering and artificial intelligence algorithms and create better entertainment experiences. ” [ 82 ]

“ character model Barbies ”

In March 2018, in time for International Women ‘s Day, Mattel unveiled the “ Barbie Celebrates Role Models ” campaign with a line of 17 dolls, colloquially known as “ sheroes ”, from diverse backgrounds “ to showcase examples of extraordinary women ”. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] Mattel developed this collection in response to mothers concerned about their daughters having positive female function models. [ 83 ] Dolls in this collection include Frida Kahlo, Patti Jenkins, Chloe Kim, Nicola Adams, Ibtihaj Muhammad, Bindi Irwin, Amelia Earhart, Misty Copeland, Helene Darroze, Katherine Johnson, Sara Gama, Martyna Wojciechowska, Gabby Douglas, Guan Xiaotong, Ava Duvernay, Yuan Yuan Tan, Iris Apfel, Ashley Graham and Leyla Piedayesh. [ 83 ] In 2020, the company announced a new release of “ shero ” dolls, including Paralympic champion Madison de Rozario. [ 85 ] In July 2021, Mattel released a Naomi Osaka Barbie dame as a part of the ‘Barbie Role Model ‘ series. Osaka in the first place partnered with Barbie two years earlier. [ 86 ] A month sooner, a Julie Bishop doll was released to acknowledge the former australian politician, [ 87 ] as was one for general practitioner Kirby White for her study during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. [ 88 ]

Collecting

Mattel estimates that there are good over 100,000 avid Barbie collectors. Ninety percentage are women, at an average historic period of 40, purchasing more than twenty Barbie dolls each class. forty-five percentage of them spend upwards of $ 1000 a year. Vintage Barbie dolls from the early years are the most valuable at auction, and while the master Barbie was sold for $ 3.00 in 1959, a batch boxed Barbie from 1959 sold for $ 3552.50 on eBay in October 2004. [ 89 ] On September 26, 2006, a Barbie doll set a earth record at auction of £9,000 greatest ( US $ 17,000 ) at Christie ‘s in London. The dame was a Barbie in Midnight Red from 1965 and was part of a private collection of 4,000 Barbie dolls being sold by two dutch women, Ietje Raebel and her daughter Marina. [ 90 ] In recent years, Mattel has sold a wide range of Barbie dolls aimed specifically at collectors, including porcelain versions, vintage reproductions, and depictions of Barbie as a compass of characters from film and television series such as The Munsters and Star Trek. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] There are besides collector ‘s edition dolls depicting Barbie dolls with a range of different ethnic identities. [ 93 ] In 2004, Mattel introduced the Color Tier arrangement for its collector ‘s edition Barbie dolls including pink, flatware, gold, and platinum, depending on how many of the dolls are produced. [ 94 ] In 2020, Mattel introduced the Dia De Los Muertos collectible Barbie doll, the second collectible released as part of the company ‘s La Catrina line which was launched in 2019. [ 95 ]

Parodies and lawsuits

Barbie has frequently been the prey of parody :

competition from Bratz dolls

In June 2001, MGA Entertainment launched the Bratz serial of dolls, a affect that gave Barbie her first serious contest in the fashion dame market. In 2004, sales figures showed that Bratz dolls were outselling Barbie dolls in the United Kingdom, although Mattel maintained that in terms of the number of dolls, clothes, and accessories sold, Barbie remained the leading stigmatize. [ 119 ] In 2005, figures showed that sales of Barbie dolls had fallen by 30 % in the United States, and by 18 % cosmopolitan, with much of the drop being attributed to the popularity of Bratz dolls. [ 120 ] In December 2006, Mattel sued MGA Entertainment for $ 1 billion, alleging that Bratz godhead Carter Bryant was working for Mattel when he developed the estimate for Bratz. [ 121 ] On July 17, 2008, a federal jury agreed that the Bratz line was created by Carter Bryant while he was working for Mattel and that MGA and its chief executive officer Isaac Larian were apt for converting Mattel property for their own use and intentionally interfering with the contractual duties owed by Bryant to Mattel. [ 122 ] On August 26, the jury found that Mattel would have to be paid $ 100 million in damages. On December 3, 2008, U.S. District Judge Stephen Larson banned MGA from selling Bratz. He allowed the caller to continue selling the dolls until the winter vacation temper ended. [ 123 ] [ 124 ] On appeal, a stay was granted by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ; the Court besides overturned the District Court ‘s original rule for Mattel, where MGA Entertainment was ordered to forfeit the integral Bratz post. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] Mattel Inc. and MGA Entertainment Inc. returned to court on January 18, 2011, to renew their struggle over who owns Bratz, which this fourth dimension includes accusations from both companies that the early side steal trade secrets. [ 127 ] On April 21, 2011, a federal jury returned a verdict supporting MGA. [ 128 ] On August 5, 2011, Mattel was besides ordered to pay MGA $ 310 million for lawyer fees, stealing trade wind secrets, and assumed claims rather than the $ 88.5 million issued in April. [ 129 ] In August 2009, MGA introduced a scope of dolls called Moxie Girlz, intended as a refilling for Bratz dolls. [ 130 ]

“ Barbie syndrome ”

“ Barbie syndrome ” is a term that has been used to depict the desire to have a physical appearance and life style representative of the Barbie dame. It is most frequently associated with pre-teenage and adolescent females but is applicable to any long time group or sex. A person with Barbie syndrome attempts to emulate the doll ‘s physical appearance, flush though the dame has unachievable body proportions. [ 131 ] This syndrome is seen as a mannequin of body dysmorphic disorder and results in assorted eating disorders ampere well as an compulsion with cosmetic operating room. [ 132 ] ukrainian model Valeria Lukyanova has received attention from the weight-lift, due in contribution to her appearance having been modified based on the human body of Barbie. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] She stated that she has merely had breast implants and relies heavily on make up and contacts to alter her appearance. [ 135 ] similarly, Lacey Wildd, an american reality television personality frequently referred to as “ Million Dollar Barbie ” has besides undergo 12 front augmentation surgeries to become “ the extreme point Barbie ”. [ 136 ] Rodrigo Alves, the “ Human Ken Doll ”, has undergo over £373,000 worth of cosmetic procedures to match the appearance of Barbie ‘s male counterpart. These procedures have included multiple nozzle jobs, six pack bachelor of arts implants, a buttock rise, and hair and chest implants. [ 135 ] Sporting the same nickname, Justin Jedlica, the american businessman, has besides received multiple cosmetic surgeries to enhance his Ken-like appearance. In 2006, researchers Helga Dittmar, Emma Halliwell, and Suzanne Ive conducted an experiment testing how dolls, including Barbie, affect self-image in young girls. Dittmar, Halliwell, and Ive gave picture books to girls age 5–8, one with photograph of Barbie and the other with photos of Emme, a doll with more realistic physical features. The girls were then asked about their ideal body size. Their research found that the girls who were exposed to the images of Barbie had importantly lower self-esteem than the girls who had photos of Emme. [ 137 ]

See besides

References

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