J - Wikipedia

letter of the Latin script
This article is about the letter of the rudiment. For other uses, see J ( disambiguation )
For the Cyrillic letter Ј, see Je ( Cyrillic )

Reading: J – Wikipedia

J, or j, is the tenth letter in the modern English rudiment and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its common mention in English is jay ( pronounced ), with a now-uncommon variant jy. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] When used in the International Phonetic Alphabet for the y audio, it may be called yod or jod ( pronounced or ). [ 3 ]

history [edit ]

Children ‘s book from 1743, showing I and J considered as the same letter The letter J used to be used as the swagger letter I, used for the letter I at the goal of Roman numerals when following another I, as in XXIIJ or xxiij rather of XXIII or twenty-three for the Roman numeral representing 23. A classifiable usage emerged in Middle high German. [ 4 ] Gian Giorgio Trissino ( 1478–1550 ) was the first gear to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing distinguish sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ( “ Trissino ‘s epistle about the letters recently added in the italian language “ ) of 1524. [ 5 ] Originally, ‘I ‘ and ‘J ‘ were different shapes for the same letter, both evenly representing /i/, /iː/, and /j/ ; however, Romance languages developed new sounds ( from former /j/ and /ɡ/ ) that came to be represented as ‘I ‘ and ‘J ‘ ; consequently, English J, acquired from the french J, has a sound value quite different from /j/ ( which represents the initial sound in the english language password “ y et ” ) .

pronunciation and use [edit ]

english [edit ]

In English, ⟨j⟩ most normally represents the affricate /dʒ/. In Old English, the phoneme /dʒ/ was represented orthographically with ⟨cg⟩ and ⟨cȝ⟩. [ 7 ] Under the influence of Old French, which had a like phoneme deriving from Latin /j/, English scribes began to use ⟨i⟩ ( late ⟨j⟩ ) to represent word-initial /dʒ/ in Old English ( for exercise, iest and, late jest ), while using ⟨dg⟩ elsewhere ( for model, hedge ). [ 7 ] Later, many other uses of ⟨i⟩ ( by and by ⟨j⟩ ) were added in loanwords from french and early languages ( e.g. adjoin, junta ). The first english speech book to make a clear differentiation between ⟨i⟩ and ⟨j⟩ was the King James Bible 1st Revision Cambridge 1629 and an english grammar book published in 1633. [ 8 ] In loanword words such as raj, ⟨j⟩ may represent /ʒ/. In some of these, including raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, and Beijing, the regular pronunciation /dʒ/ is actually closer to the native pronunciation, making the habit of /ʒ/ an example of a hyperforeignism. [ 9 ] Occasionally, ⟨j⟩ represents the original /j/ sound, as in Hallelujah and fjord ( see Yodh for details ). In words of spanish origin, where ⟨j⟩ represents the aphonic velar fricative consonant [ x ] ( such as jalapeño ), english speakers normally approximate with the breathed glottal fricative. In English, ⟨j⟩ is the fourth least frequently used letter in words, being more frequent only than ⟨ z ⟩, ⟨ q ⟩, and ⟨ x ⟩. It is, however, quite park in proper nouns, specially personal names .

other languages [edit ]

Germanic and Eastern-European languages [edit ]

The great majority of Germanic languages, such as german, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, use ⟨j⟩ for the palatal approximant / joule /, which is normally represented by the letter ⟨y⟩ in English. luminary exceptions are English, Scots and ( to a lesser degree ) Luxembourgish. ⟨j⟩ besides represents / joule / in Albanian, and those Uralic, Slavic and Baltic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such as hungarian, finnish, estonian, polish, Czech, serbo-croat, Slovak, Slovenian, Latvian and Lithuanian. Some refer languages, such as serbo-croat and macedonian, besides adopted ⟨j⟩ into the Cyrillic alphabet for the lapp determination. Because of this standard, the lower case letter was chosen to be used in the IPA as the phonetic symbol for the legal .

romance languages [edit ]

In the Romance languages, ⟨j⟩ has generally developed from its original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind of fricative consonant. In french, Portuguese, Catalan ( except Valencian ), and romanian it has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative consonant / ʒ / ( like ⟨s⟩ in English measure ). In Valencian it has the lapp sound than in English, / dʒ /. In spanish, by contrast, it has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier / ʝ / to a contemporary / x / or / h /, [ 10 ] with the actual phonetic realization depending on the speaker ‘s dialect. broadly, ⟨j⟩ is not normally present in modern standard italian spell. lone proper nouns ( such as Jesi and Letojanni ), latin words ( Juventus ), or those borrowed from alien languages have ⟨j⟩. The proper nouns and latin words are pronounced as the palatal approximant / joule /, while words borrowed from alien languages tend to follow that terminology ‘s pronunciation of ⟨j⟩. Until the nineteenth hundred, ⟨j⟩ was used rather of ⟨i⟩ in diphthongs, as a refilling for concluding -ii, and in vowel groups ( as in Savoja ) ; this rule was quite stern in official write. ⟨j⟩ is besides used to render / joule / in dialectal spell, e.g. Romanesco dialect ⟨ajo⟩ [ ajo ] ( garlic ; californium. italian aglio [ aʎo ] ). The italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used ⟨j⟩ in vowel groups in his works written in italian ; he besides wrote in his native sicilian linguistic process, which still uses the letter ⟨j⟩ to represent / j / ( and sometimes besides [ dʒ ] or [ gj ], depending on its environment ). [ 11 ] The maltese terminology is a semitic language, not a Romance terminology ; but has been deeply influenced by them ( particularly Sicilian ) and it uses ⟨j⟩ for the sound /j/ ( cognate of the Semitic yod ) .

basque [edit ]

In Basque, the diaphoneme represented by ⟨j⟩ has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect : [ joule, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x ] ( the last one is typical of Gipuzkoa ).

Non-European languages [edit ]

Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin script, ⟨j⟩ stands for / ʒ / in Turkish and Azerbaijani, for / ʐ / in Tatar. ⟨j⟩ stands for / dʒ / in Indonesian, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Oromo, Turkmen, and Zulu. It represents a voice palatal stop consonant / ɟ / in Konkani, Yoruba, and Swahili. In Kiowa, ⟨j⟩ stands for a unvoiced alveolar stop consonant, / metric ton /. ⟨j⟩ stands for / dʒ / in the romanization systems of most of the Languages of India such as Hindi and Telugu and stands for / dʑ / in the Romanization of Japanese and Korean. For taiwanese languages, ⟨j⟩ stands for / t͡ɕ / in Mandarin Chinese Pinyin system, the unaspirated equivalent of ⟨q⟩ ( / t͡ɕʰ / ). In Wade–Giles, ⟨j⟩ stands for Mandarin Chinese / ʐ /. Pe̍h-ōe-jī of Hokkien and Tâi-lô for Taiwanese Hokkien, ⟨j⟩ stands for / z / and / ʑ /, or / d͡z / and / d͡ʑ /, depending on accents. In Jyutping for Cantonese, ⟨j⟩ stands for / joule /. The Royal Thai General System of Transcription does not use the letter ⟨j⟩, although it is used in some proper names and non-standard transcriptions to represent either จ [ tɕ ] or ช [ tɕʰ ] ( the latter following Pali/Sanskrit root equivalents ). In romanize Pashto, ⟨j⟩ represents ځ, pronounced [ dz ]. In the Qaniujaaqpait spell of the Inuktitut lyric, ⟨j⟩ is used to transcribe / j / .

relate characters [edit ]

Computing codes [edit ]

Character information
Preview	J		j		ȷ
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J		LATIN SMALL LETTER J		LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	74	U+004A	106	U+006A	567	U+0237
UTF-8	74	4A	106	6A	200 183	C8 B7
Numeric character reference	J	J	j	j	ȷ	ȷ
Named character reference					&jmath
EBCDIC family	209	D1	145	91
ASCII 1	74	4A	106	6A

1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Unicode besides has a dotless version, ȷ ( U+0237 ). It is primarily used in Landsmålsalfabet and in mathematics. It is not intended to be used with diacritics since the normal joule is softdotted in Unicode ( that is, the dot is removed if a diacritical mark is to be placed above ; Unicode further states that, for exemplar i+ ¨ ≠ ı+¨ and the like holds genuine for j and ȷ ). [ 15 ] In Unicode, a duplicate of ‘J ‘ for use as a special phonetic character in historical greek linguistics is encoded in the greek script block as ϳ ( Unicode U+03F3 ). It is used to denote the palatal glide /j/ in the context of greek script. It is called “ Yot ” in the Unicode standard, after the german name of the letter J. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] An capital version of this letter was added to the Unicode Standard at U+037F with the unblock of translation 7.0 in June 2014. [ 18 ] [ 19 ]

Wingdings smiley consequence [edit ]

In the Wingdings baptismal font by Microsoft, the letter “ J ” is rendered as a smiley face ( this is discrete from the Unicode code point U+263A, which renders as ☺︎ ). In Microsoft applications, “ : ) ” is automatically replaced by a smiley rendered in a specific baptismal font face when composing rich text documents or HTML electronic mail. This autocorrection feature of speech can be switched off or changed to a Unicode smiley. [ 20 ] [ 21 ]

J – Wikipedia