“ VCD ” redirects here. For other uses, see VCD ( disambiguation ) This article is about the all-digital Video CD format. For the earlier analog/digital hybrid, see CD Video Compact Disc Digital Video (VCD)
Media typeOptical discEncodingMPEG-1 video + audioCapacityUp to 800 MB/80 minutes of VideoRead
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mechanism780 nm wavelength semiconductor laserStandardWhite BookDevelopedbyPhilips, Sony, Panasonic, JVCUsageaudio and video storageExtendedtoSVCDReleased1993
Video CD ( abbreviated as VCD, and besides known as Compact Disc Digital Video ) is a home television format and the first format for distributing films on standard 120 millimeter ( 4.7 in ) optical magnetic disk. The format was widely adopted in Southeast Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East, superseding the VHS and Betamax systems in the regions until DVD-Video finally became low-cost in the first decade of the twenty-first century. The format is a standard digital data format for storing television on a compendious phonograph record. VCDs are playable in dedicate VCD players and wide playable in most DVD players, personal computers and some video game consoles. however, they are less playable in most Blu-ray Disc players, vehicle audio with DVD/Blu-ray accompaniment and video plot consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and Xbox due to lack of documentation back compatibility for the older MPEG-1 format or inability to read MPEG-1 in .dat files aboard MPEG-1 in standard MPEG-1, AVI, and Matroska files. The Video CD standard was created in 1993 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] by Sony, Philips, Matsushita and JVC ; it is referred to as the White Book standard. The MPEG-1 format was besides released that same year. Although they have been superseded by other media, as of 2021, VCDs continue to be retailed as a low-cost television format in developing territories, such as Asia. [ citation needed ]
brief history [edit ]
LaserDisc was beginning available on the grocery store, in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 15, 1978. [ 3 ] This 30 centimeter ( 12 in ) magnetic disk could hold an hour of analogue sound recording and television ( digital audio was added a few years later ) on each side. The LaserDisc provided photograph timbre closely double that of VHS magnetic tape and analogue audio quality far superior to cheap mono VHS recorders ( although the difference to the more expensive VHS HiFi stereo recorders was small letter ). Philips late teamed up with Sony to develop a new type of phonograph record, the compact disk or four hundred. Introduced in 1982 in Japan ( 1983 in the U.S. and Europe ), the cadmium is about 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) in diameter, and is single-sided. The format was initially designed to store digitize sound and proved to be a success in the music industry. A few years belated, Philips decided to give CDs the ability to produce television, utilizing the like engineering as its LaserDisc counterpart. This led to the universe of CD Video ( CD-V ) in 1987. however, the disk ‘s little size significantly impeded the ability to store analogue video ; frankincense merely 5 minutes of mental picture information could fit on the magnetic disk ‘s come on ( despite the fact that the audio was digital ). therefore, CD-V distribution was limited to featuring music video, and it was soon discontinued by 1991. By the early 1990s engineers were able to digitize and compress video signals, greatly improving storehouse efficiency. Because this fresh format could hold 74/80 minutes of audio and television on a 650/700MB disk, releasing movies on compendious disk finally became a reality. Extra capacity was obtained by sacrificing the error correction ( it was believed that minor errors in the datastream would go unnoticed by the spectator ). This format was named Video CD or VCD .
“ Copy Protected ” logo on a VCD package produced in Hong Kong VCD enjoyed a brief period of success, with a few major feature films being released in the format ( normally as a 2 disk set ). however the insertion of the CD-R disk and consociate recorders stopped the release of have films in their tracks because the VCD format had no means of preventing unauthorized ( and arrant ) copies from being made. [ citation needed ] however, as of 2013 VCDs are however being released in several countries in Asia, but now with copy-protection. [ citation needed ] The development of more twist, higher capacity ocular disk formats yielded the DVD format, released entirely a few years late with a copy protective covering mechanism. DVD players use lasers that are of shorter wavelength than those used on CDs, allowing the recorded pits to be smaller, so that more information can be stored. The DVD was so successful that it finally pushed VHS out of the video market once desirable recorders became widely available. Nevertheless, VCDs made considerable inroads into developing nations, where they are still in practice today due to their cheaper manufacture and retail costs. [ citation needed ]
technical specifications [edit ]
structure [edit ]
Video CDs comply with the CD-i Bridge format, and are authored using tracks in CD-ROM XA modality. The first cut of a VCD is in CD-ROM XA Mode 2 Form 1, and stores metadata and menu data inside an ISO 9660 filesystem. This track may besides contain other non-essential files, and is shown by operating systems when loading the disk. This track can be absent from a VCD, which would inactive work but would not allow it to be by rights displayed in computers. [ 4 ] The rest of the tracks are normally in CD-ROM XA Mode 2 Form 2 and contain video and audio multiplexed in an MPEG program stream ( MPEG-PS ) container, but CD sound recording tracks are besides allowed. [ 4 ] Using Mode 2 Form 2 allows roughly 800 megabytes of VCD data to be stored on one 80 hour four hundred ( versus 700 megabytes when using CD-ROM Mode 1 ). This is achieved by sacrificing the error correction redundancy present in Mode 1. It was considered that minor errors in the video recording and audio stream pass largely unnoticed. This, combined with the net bitrate of VCD video and audio, means that about precisely 80 minutes of VCD content can be stored on an 80-minute candle, 74 minutes of VCD content on a 74-minute cadmium, and so on. This was done in separate to ensure compatibility with existing CD drive technology, specifically the earliest “ 1x ” speed four hundred drives .
television [edit ]
VCD resolving power compared to other formats. Video specifications [ 5 ]
Although many DVD television players support playback of VCDs, VCD television is lone compatible with the DVD-Video standard if encoded at 29.97 frames per second base or 25 frames per second. The 352×240 and 352×288 ( or SIF ) resolutions were chosen because it is half the horizontal and erect resolution of NTSC video, and half the horizontal resolving power of PAL ( the erect resolution of PAL already being half of the 576 active lines ). This is approximately half the resolution of an analogue VHS tape which is ≈330 horizontal and 480 upright ( NTSC ) or 330×576 ( PAL ) .
audio [edit ]
sound recording specifications [ 5 ]
As with most CD-based formats, VCD audio is discrepant with the DVD-Video standard due to a deviation in sampling frequency ; DVDs require 48 kHz, whereas VCDs manipulation 44.1 kHz .
Advantages of compression [edit ]
By compressing both the video recording and audio streams, a VCD is able to hold 74 minutes of movie and legal information, the same duration as a standard 74 minute audio candle. The MPEG-1 compaction used records largely the differences between consecutive video frames, rather than write out each frame individually. similarly, the audio frequency range is limited to those sounds most distinctly heard by the human auricle .
early features [edit ]
PlayBack Control ( PBC ) added in VCD 2.0 requires a particular ‘Return ‘ button The VCD standard besides features the option of DVD-quality still images/slide shows with sound recording, at resolutions of 704×480 ( NTSC ) or 704×576 ( PAL/SECAM ). version 2.0 besides adds the playback control condition ( PBC ), featuring a simple menu like DVD-Video .
exchangeable formats [edit ]
CD-i Digital Video [edit ]
shortly before the advent of White Book VCD, Philips started releasing movies in the green Book CD-i format, calling the subformat CD-i Digital Video ( CD-i DV ). While these used a like format ( MPEG-1 ), ascribable to minor differences between the standards these discs are not compatible with VCD players. Philips ‘ CD-i players with the Full Motion Video MPEG-1 decoder magazine would play both formats. approximately 30 CD-i DV titles were released before the company switched to the stream VCD format for publishing movies in 1994 .
XVCD [edit ]
XVCD ( extend Video cadmium ) is the appoint generally given to any format that stores MPEG-1 video recording on a compress disk in CD-ROM XA Mode 2 Form 2, but does not strictly follow the VCD standard in terms of the encoding of the television or audio. A normal VCD is encoded to MPEG-1 at a changeless snatch rate ( CBR ), so all scenes are required to use precisely the same datum rate, regardless of complexity. however, video recording on an XVCD is typically encoded at a variable bit rate ( VBR ), sol complex scenes can use a much higher datum pace for a light time, while simpler scenes will use lower data rates. Some XVCDs use lower bitrates in order to fit longer videos onto the disk, while others use higher bitrates to improve quality. MPEG-2 may be used rather of MPEG-1. To further reduce the data pace without significantly reducing quality, the size of the GOP can be increased, a different MPEG-1 quantization matrix can be used, the maximum data rate can be exceeded, and the bit rate of the MP2 sound recording can be reduced or flush be swapped out wholly for MP3 audio. These changes can be advantageous for those who want to either maximize video choice, or use fewer magnetic disk.
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KVCD [edit ]
KVCD ( K Video Compression Dynamics ) is an XVCD variant that requires the use of a proprietorship quantization matrix, available for non-commercial practice. KVCD is luminary because the stipulation recommends a non-standard resolving power of 528×480 or 528×576. KVCDs encoded at this solution are lone playable by computers with CD-ROM drives, and a modest phone number of DVD players. [ 6 ]
DVCD [edit ]
DVCD or double VCD is a method acting to accommodate longer videos on a candle. A non-standard candle is overburned to include up to 100 minutes of television. however, some CD-ROM drives and players have problems reading these CDs, by and large because the groove spacing is outside specifications and the player ‘s laser servomechanical is unable to track it .
DVI [edit ]
DVI ( Digital Video Interactive ) is a compaction technique that stored 72 minutes of video on a CD-ROM. In 1998, Intel acquired the engineering from RCA ‘s Sarnoff Research Labs. DVI never caught on. [ 7 ]
SVCD [edit ]
Super Video CD is a format intended to be the successor of VCD, offering better quality of effigy and sound .
borrowing [edit ]
In North America [edit ]
Video CDs were unable to gain acceptance as a mainstream format in North America, chiefly because the established VHS format was less expensive, offered comparable television timbre, and could be recorded over. [ 8 ] The advent of recordable CDs, cheap recorders, and compatible DVD players spurred VCD acceptance in the US in the late 1990s and early 2000s. however, DVD burners and DVD-Video recorders were available by that clock time, and equipment and media costs for making DVD-Video fell quickly. DVD-Video, with its longer run clock and a lot higher quality, quickly overshadowed VCD in areas that could afford it. In addition many early DVD players could not read recordable ( CD-R ) media, [ 10 ] and this limited the compatibility of home-made VCDs. Almost every modern stand-alone DVD-Video player can play VCDs burned on recordable media. [ citation needed ]
In Asia [edit ]
As of 2014, VCDs and DVDs are the average for home media in the Philippines. Blu-ray disk are besides available but are only displayed at little separate shelves at the anticipate. The VCD format was very popular throughout Asia [ 11 ] ( except Japan and South Korea ) in the late 1990s through the 2000s, with 8 million VCD players sold in China in 1997 alone, [ 12 ] and more than half of all chinese households owning at least one VCD player by 2005. [ 13 ] however, popularity has declined over the years, as the count of Hong Kong factories that produced VCDs dropped from 98 in 1999 to 26 in 2012. [ 14 ] This popularity was ascribable, in part, to most households not already owning VHS players when VCDs were introduced, the low price of the players, their tolerance of high humidity ( a noteworthy trouble for VCRs ), easy storage and care, and the lower-cost media. westerly sources have cited unauthorized contentedness as a principal bonus for VCD player ownership. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] VCDs are frequently produced and sold in asian countries and regions, such as China ( including Hong Kong ), Taiwan, Afghanistan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, India, Turkey, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In many asian countries, major Hollywood studios ( and Asian home video distributors ) have licensed companies to officially produce and distribute the VCDs, such as MCA Home Video in Pakistan, Intercontinental Video Ltd. of Hong Kong, Sunny Video in Malaysia, Vision Interprima Pictures in Indonesia, CVD International and Pacific Marketing and Entertainment Group in Thailand, Excel Home Video in India, Berjaya-HVN and InnoForm Media in both Malaysia and Singapore, Scorpio East Entertainment in Singapore, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as VIVA Video, Magnavision Home Video, and C-Interactive Digital Entertainment in the Philippines. Legal Video CDs can often be found in established television stores and major book outlets in most asian countries. They are typically packaged in jewel cases like commercial CDs, though higher-profile films may be released in sustain cases, differentiated by the VCD logo. In Asia, the use of VCDs as carriers for karaoke music is identical common. One channel would feature a infectious mononucleosis track with music and sing, another channel a pure instrumental version for karaoke spill the beans. Prior to this, karaoke music was carried on laserdiscs .
Worldwide trends [edit ]
VCD ‘s growth has slowed in areas that can afford DVD-Video, which offers most of the lapp advantages, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as better video quality [ 18 ] ( higher resolution with fewer digital compression artifacts ) due to its larger storage capacity. however, VCD has simultaneously seen significant fresh growth in emerging economies like India, Indonesia, South America and Africa as a low-cost option to DVD. As of 2004, the global popularity of VCD was increasing. [ 19 ] [ 20 ]
Compared with VHS [edit ]
overall picture quality is intended to be comparable to VHS video recording. [ 21 ] ill compressed VCD video can sometimes be of lower quality than VHS video, for example exhibiting VCD obstruct artifacts [ 22 ] ( quite than the analogue randomness seen in VHS sources ), but does not deteriorate further with each use. Producing television CDs involves stripping out high- and low-frequency sounds from the video, resulting in lower audio quality than VHS. [ 22 ] While both formats need fast-forwarding to find certain scenes, rewinding to the beginning upon reaching the end is not required in VCD. The resolution is barely one-half below that of common VHS resolution. [ citation needed ] Video CDs do not come with close caption ( on-screen text to care viewers with hearing problems ). When watching a film that exceeds 74 minutes ( about 1¼ hours ), which is the maximum television capacitance of one disk, a spectator has to change the phonograph record upon reaching center ( unless the phonograph record are played on a VCD record changer that can hold multiple phonograph record and play them mechanically in succession ), whereas a single VHS tape can hold 3½ hours of continuous television ( though as of 2014, 10-hour VHS tapes are available ) .
Compared with DVD [edit ]
Films released on VCD can come on angstrom many as 3 disk, depending on the length of the film. Cases of VCDs are shaped like those of audio CDs. DVD and Blu-ray cases, however, favor height over width. When playing a DVD, the spectator is brought to a main menu which gives them options ( watch the feature movie, scene “ deleted scenes ”, play some special applications, and so forth ). VCDs are normally square, playing them frequently goes directly to the video with extras ( by and large trailers and commercials ) taking plaza before or after it, like on a VHS cassette. Subtitles are found on many asian VCDs but can not be removed, unlike DVDs. The subtitles are embedded on the video during the encoding process ( “ hardsubbed “ ). It is not uncommon to find a VCD with subtitles for two languages. Though the VCD engineering can support it, most films carried on VCDs do not contain chapters, requiring the spectator to fast-forward to resume the plan after playback has been stopped. This is largely because VCD technology is able to start playback at a chapter compass point but there is nothing to signal the player that the chapter has changed during a program. This can be confusing for the user as the musician will indicate that it is still playing chapter 1 when it has played through to chapter 2 or subsequently. Pressing the adjacent button would cause playback from the beginning of chapter 2. however, preview fabric is sometimes stored in a separate chapter, followed by a individual chapter for the film. VCDs are frequently bilingual. Because they feature stereophonic audio, magnetic disk players have an option to play only the left field or right audio channel. On some films, they feature english on the left sound recording transmit and Cantonese on the right ; more normally Hong Kong VCDs will feature Mandarin on one channel and Cantonese on the other. This is similar to selecting a terminology track on a DVD, except it is limited to 2 languages, due to there being only two audio channels ( left and right ). The audio lead efficaciously becomes monaural. VCD ‘s most detectable disadvantage compared to DVD is prototype choice, due both to the more aggressive compaction necessity to fit video into such a small capacity a well as the compression method acting used. additionally, VCD movie wall audio capability is limited to Dolby Surround matrixed within the stereophonic tracks, while DVDs are able of six channels of discrete surround sound via Dolby Digital AC-3 .
Hardware and software hold [edit ]
early devices supporting Video CD playback include the Philips CD-i systems and the Amiga CD-32 ( albeit via an optional decoder card ). [ 8 ] Disc playback is besides available both natively and as an choice on some CD- and DVD-based video recording game consoles, including Sega Dreamcast, and Sony PlayStation ( only on the SCPH-5903 exemplary ). VLC is a release, open-source media actor software which supports VCD on Windows, MacOS, Linux and BSD. [ 23 ] Windows Media Player anterior to interpretation 9 does not support playing VCD directly. Windows Vista added native defend of VCD along with DVD-Video and can launch the prefer application upon insertion. The magnetic disk format is besides supported natively by Media Player Classic, VLC Media Player and MPlayer. [ 4 ] QuickTime Player besides does not support playing VCD directly, though it can play the .DAT files ( stored under \MPEGAV for video recording and audio data ) faithfully, [ 24 ] and plugins were available. direct access playback support is available within Windows XP MCE, Windows Vista and newer ( including Windows 10 ), authoritative Mac OS, BSD, macOS, and Linux among others, either directly or with updates and compatible software. Most videodisk players are compatible with VCDs, and VCD-only players are available throughout Asia, and online through many shop sites. Some older Blu-ray and HD-DVD players besides retained support, as do CBHD players equally well. however, most Blu-ray players, most vehicle audio with DVD/Blu-ray support, Xbox family, and the Sony PlayStation ( 2 / 3 / 4 ) can not play VCDs ; this is because while they have backwards playback compatibility with the DVD standard, these musician can not read VCD data because the player software does not have defend for MPEG-1 video and audio or the player software lacks ability to read MPEG-1 stream in DAT files aboard MPEG-1 stream in standard MPEG, AVI, and Matroska files .
See besides [edit ]
References [edit ]
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