municipality in Norte, Portugal
Porto or Oporto [ a ] [ 8 ] ( portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈpoɾtu ] ( ) ) is the second-largest city in Portugal, the capital of the Porto District, and one of the Iberian Peninsula ‘s major urban areas. Porto city proper, which is the stallion municipality of Porto, is minor compared to its metropolitan area, with an estimate population of fair 231,962 people in a municipality with lone 41.42 km2. [ 1 ] [ 9 ] Porto ‘s metropolitan area has about 1.7 million people ( 2021 ) [ 1 ] in an area of 2,395 km2 ( 925 sq secret intelligence service ), [ 10 ] making it the second-largest urban sphere in Portugal. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] It is recognized as a global city with a Gamma + rat from the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. [ 14 ]
Reading: Porto – Wikipedia
Located along the Douro River estuary in northerly Portugal, Porto is one of the oldest european centres, and its core was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996, as “ Historic Centre of Porto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar ”. The historic sphere is besides a National Monument of Portugal. [ 15 ] The westerly separate of its urban area extends to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. Its village dates back many centuries, when it was an outpost of the Roman Empire. Its combine Celtic – latin identify, Portus Cale, [ 16 ] has been referred to as the beginning of the name Portugal, based on transliteration and oral evolution from Latin. In portuguese, the appoint of the city includes a definite article : o Porto ( “ the port ” or “ the harbor ” ), which is where its English name “ Oporto ” comes from. [ 17 ] Port wine, one of Portugal ‘s most celebrated exports, is named after Porto, since the metropolitan area, and in finical the cellars of Vila Nova de Gaia, were responsible for the packaging, transportation, and export of arm wine. [ 18 ] In 2014 and 2017, Porto was elected The Best European Destination by the Best european Destinations Agency. [ 19 ] Porto is on the portuguese Way path of the Camino de Santiago .
history [edit ]
early history [edit ]
Proto-Celtic and celtic people were among the first know inhabitants of the area. Ruins of that period have been discovered in several areas. [ citation needed ] Archaeological findings reveal that there were besides human settlements at the sass of the Douro River a early as eighth century BC, which hints to a phoenician trade settlement there. [ 20 ] During the Roman occupation of the iberian Peninsula, the city developed as an important commercial port, primarily in the deal between Olissipona ( the advanced Lisbon ) and Bracara Augusta ( the modern Braga ). [ 20 ] Porto was besides significant during the Suebian and Visigothic times, and a centre for the expansion of Christianity during that period. [ 21 ]
Porto Cathedral, Sé do Porto, built in the 12th century, with Baroque and 20th-century modifications Porto fell under the control of the Moors during the invasion of the iberian Peninsula in 711. [ 22 ] In 868, Vímara Peres, an Asturian count from Gallaecia, and a vassal of the King of Asturias, Léon and Galicia, Alfonso III, was sent to reconquer and secure the lands bet on into christian hands. This included the area from the Minho to the Douro River : the colonization of Portus Cale and the area that is known as Vila Nova de Gaia. Portus Cale, subsequently referred to as Portucale, was the origin for the mod name of Portugal. [ 23 ] In 868, Count Vímara Peres established the County of Portugal, or ( portuguese : Condado de Portucale ), normally known as Condado Portucalense after reconquering the region north of Douro. [ 20 ] In 1387, Porto was the locate of the marriage of John I of Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt ; this symbolized a long-standing military alliance between Portugal and England. [ 24 ] The Portuguese-English alliance ( see the Treaty of Windsor ) is the worldly concern ‘s oldest recorded military alliance. [ 25 ] [ 26 ]
Foz neighbourhood, along the coast vicinity, along the slide
A street in Porto In the 14th and 15th centuries, Porto ‘s shipyards contributed to the development of portuguese shipbuilding. besides from the port of Porto, in 1415, Prince Henry the Navigator ( son of John I of Portugal ) embarked on the seduction of the Moorish port of Ceuta, in northerly Morocco. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] This expedition by the king and his fleet, which included Prince Henry, was followed by navigation and exploration along the westerly slide of Africa, initiating the portuguese Age of Discovery. The nickname given to the people of Porto began in those days ; Portuenses are to this day, colloquially, referred to as tripeiros ( english : folderol peoples ), referring to this period of history, when higher-quality cuts of kernel were shipped from Porto with their sailors, while off-cuts and by-products, such as folderol, were left behind for the citizens of Porto ; folderol remains a culturally significant cup of tea in contemporary Porto .
eighteenth hundred [edit ]
By the thirteenth century, the wine produced in the Douro valley was already transported to Porto in barcos rabelos ( flat sail vessels ). In 1703, the Methuen Treaty established the trade relations between Portugal and England. [ 29 ] In 1717, the first gear english trade mail was established in Porto. The production of port wine then gradually passed into the hands of a few english firms. To counter this authority, Prime Minister Marquis of Pombal established a portuguese firm receiving the monopoly of the wines from the Douro valley. He demarcated the region for the production of port, to ensure the wine ‘s quality ; this was the first attack to control wine quality and production in Europe. [ citation needed ] The minor winegrowers revolted against his rigorous policies on Shrove Tuesday, burning down the buildings of this firm. The disgust was called Revolta dos Borrachos ( disgust of the drunkards ). between 1732 and 1763, italian architect Nicolau Nasoni designed a baroque church with a column that became its architectural and ocular picture : the Torre cause Clérigos ( english : Clerics ‘ Tower ). During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city became an important industrial center and its size and population increased .
nineteenth hundred [edit ]
The invasion of the Napoleonic troops in Portugal under Marshal Soult brought war to the city of Porto. On 29 March 1809, as the population fled from the advancing french troops [ 30 ] [ 31 ] and tried to cross the river Douro over the Ponte das Barcas ( a pontoon bridge ), the bridge collapsed under the weight. This consequence is still remembered by a plate at the Ponte D. Luis I. The french army was rooted out of Porto by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, when his Anglo-Portuguese Army crossed the Douro River from the Mosteiro district attorney Serra do Pilar ( a former convent ) in a brilliant daylight coup de main, using wine barges to transport the troops, outflanking the french Army. [ 32 ] On 24 August 1820, a big revolution occurred, cursorily spreading without resistance to the rest of the state. [ 33 ] It began with a military rebellion in the city of Porto. In 1822, a liberal constitution was accepted, partially through the efforts of the free assembly of Porto ( Junta do Porto ). When Miguel I of Portugal took the portuguese throne in 1828, he rejected this constitution and reigned as an antiliberal, absolutist sovereign. [ 34 ] A Civil War was then fought from 1828 to 1834 between those supporting Constitutionalism, and those opposed to this change, keen on near-absolutism and led by D. Miguel. Porto rebelled again and had to undergo a siege of eighteen months between 1832 and 1833 by the absolutist army. [ 35 ] Porto is besides called “ Cidade Invicta ” ( english : unbeaten City ) after successfully resisting the Miguelist siege. After the abdication of King Miguel, the liberal united states constitution was re-established. Known as the city of bridges, Porto built its first permanent wave bridge, the Ponte das Barcas ( a pontoon bridge ), in 1806. Three years former, it collapsed under the weight of thousands of fugitives from the french invasions during the Peninsular War, causing thousands of deaths. [ 36 ] It was replaced by the Ponte D. Maria II, popularised under the name Ponte Pênsil ( suspended bridge ) and built between 1841 and 1843 ; only its supporting pylons have remained. The Ponte D. Maria, a railway bridge, was inaugurated on 4 November of that same year ; [ 37 ] it was considered a feat of work iron engineering and was designed by Gustave Eiffel, celebrated for his parisian tugboat. The by and by Ponte Dom Luís I replaced the aforesaid Ponte Pênsil. [ 38 ] This last bridge was made by Teophile Seyrig, a early partner of Eiffel. Seyrig won a governmental competition that took seat in 1879. Building began in 1881 and the bridge was opened to the public on 31 October 1886. [ 39 ] A higher-learning institution in nautical sciences ( Aula de Náutica, 1762 ) and a stock exchange ( Bolsa do Porto, 1834 – 1910 [ 40 ] ) were established in the city, but were discontinued late. [ when? ] Unrest by Republicans led to the inaugural disgust against the monarchy in Porto on 31 January 1891. This resulted ultimately in the upset of the monarchy and proclamation of the republic by the 5 October 1910 rotation. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ]
twentieth hundred [edit ]
On 19 January 1919, forces favorable to the restoration of the monarchy launched a counter-revolution in Porto known as Monarchy of the North. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] During this time, Porto was the capital of the repair kingdom, as the movement was contained to the union. The monarchy was deposed less than a month late and no other monarchist rotation in Portugal happened again. The historic center of Porto was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996. The World Heritage Site is defined in two concentric zones ; the “ protected sphere ”, and within it the “ Classified area ”. The Classified area comprises the medieval borough located inside the 14th-century Romanesque wall. [ 46 ]
geography [edit ]
In 1996, UNESCO recognised Porto ‘s historic center as a World Heritage Site. [ 20 ] Among the architectural highlights of the city, Porto Cathedral is the oldest outlive structure, together with the small romanesque Church of Cedofeita, the gothic Igreja de São Francisco ( Church of Saint Francis ), the remnants of the city walls and a few 15th-century houses. The baroque manner is well represented in the city in the elaborate gilt make home decoration of the churches of St. Francis ( São Francisco ) and St. Claire ( Santa Clara ), the churches of Mercy ( Misericórdia ) and of the Clerics ( Clérigos ), the Episcopal Palace of Porto, and others. The neoclassicism and romanticism of the 19th and twentieth centuries besides added matter to monuments to the landscape of the city, like the brilliant Stock Exchange Palace ( Palácio da Bolsa ), the Hospital of Saint Anthony, the Municipality, the buildings in the Liberdade Square and the Avenida dos Aliados, the tile-adorned São Bento railroad track station and the gardens of the Crystal Palace ( Palácio de Cristal ). A guide travel to to the Palácio district attorney Bolsa, and in particular, the arab Room is a major tourist attraction. many of the city ‘s oldest houses are at risk of collapsing. The population in Porto municipality dropped by closely 100,000 since the 1980s, but the number of permanent wave residents in the outskirts and satellite towns has grown strongly. [ 47 ]
Porto City Hall in the Avenida do Aliados administratively, the municipality is divided into 7 civil parishes ( freguesias ) : [ 48 ]
climate [edit ]
Porto features a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csb ), with influences of an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) like the northerly Galicia. [ 49 ] As a solution, its climate shares many characteristics with the warmly, dry Mediterranean climates of southerly Europe and the wet nautical west coast climates of the North Atlantic, providing it ardent, dry summers and balmy, showery winters. Cool and showery days can, occasionally, interrupt the dry season. These episodic summer showery periods may last a few days and are characterised by showers and cool temperatures around 20 °C ( 68 °F ) in the good afternoon. The annual precipitation is high and concentrated in the winter months, making Porto one of the wettest major cities of Europe and the wettest major city with a Mediterranean climate. however, long periods with warm temperatures and cheery days are frequent tied during the showery months. Summers are typically cheery, with average temperatures between 16 and 26 °C ( 61 and 79 °F ), but can rise to adenine high as 38 °C ( 100 °F ) during occasional heat waves. During such heatwaves, the humidity remains quite humble. nearby beaches are much blowy and normally cooler than the urban areas. summer average temperatures are a few degrees cooler than those expected in more continentally Mediterranean-influenced portuguese cities because of the oceanic determine. winter temperatures typically range between 6 °C ( 43 °F ) early in the dawn and 15 °C ( 59 °F ) in the afternoon, but rarely drop below 0 °C ( 32 °F ) at night. The weather is much showery for long stretches, although drawn-out cheery periods do occur .
| Climate data for Porto (Fontainhas), elevation: 93 m or 305 ft, 1981-2010 normals, extremes 1981-2007, sunshine & humidity 1961-1990 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) |
23.2 (73.8) |
28.5 (83.3) |
30.2 (86.4) |
34.1 (93.4) |
38.7 (101.7) |
40.0 (104.0) |
40.9 (105.6) |
36.9 (98.4) |
32.2 (90.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
40.9 (105.6) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 13.8 (56.8) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.4 (63.3) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
23.5 (74.3) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.7 (78.3) |
24.1 (75.4) |
20.7 (69.3) |
17.1 (62.8) |
14.4 (57.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.5 (49.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
12.6 (54.7) |
13.7 (56.7) |
15.9 (60.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.8 (69.4) |
19.5 (67.1) |
16.4 (61.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
10.7 (51.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) |
5.9 (42.6) |
7.8 (46.0) |
9.1 (48.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.5 (58.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
15.9 (60.6) |
14.7 (58.5) |
12.2 (54.0) |
8.9 (48.0) |
6.9 (44.4) |
10.7 (51.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −3.3 (26.1) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
0.1 (32.2) |
3.3 (37.9) |
5.6 (42.1) |
9.5 (49.1) |
8.0 (46.4) |
5.5 (41.9) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 147.1 (5.79) |
110.5 (4.35) |
95.6 (3.76) |
117.6 (4.63) |
89.6 (3.53) |
39.9 (1.57) |
20.4 (0.80) |
32.9 (1.30) |
71.9 (2.83) |
158.3 (6.23) |
172.0 (6.77) |
181.0 (7.13) |
1,237 (48.7) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 81.0 | 80.0 | 75.0 | 74.0 | 74.0 | 74.0 | 73.0 | 73.0 | 76.0 | 80.0 | 81.0 | 81.0 | 76.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 124.0 | 129.0 | 192.0 | 217.0 | 258.0 | 274.0 | 308.0 | 295.0 | 224.0 | 184.0 | 139.0 | 124.0 | 2,468 |
| Source 1: IPMA[50] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA[51] | |||||||||||||
Politics and government [edit ]
local election results 1976–2021 [edit ]
Demographics [edit ]
Breaking down the population further shows that there is a higher share of females than males. Estimates from 2016 show that the population is 55 % female, compared to 45 % male. [ 9 ] The largest old age group, according to 2016 estimates, is 60 to 69, followed by residents in the 50 to 59 demographic. The majority 93.7 % of residents were born in Portugal. The city besides has residents that in the first place were born in Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, and countries across Europe. Porto has seen its population wax over the years and with a thriving economy and a growing tourism industry, the population is only expected to continue to increase in the approaching years .
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| Source: INE[52] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
economy [edit ]
Barrels of port wine age : the spike wine is the best-known of the city ‘s exports Porto plus the conurbation to which it belongs and has Porto municipality as its central core forming the nucleus of the conurbation, is a major industrial and fiscal center of both Portugal and the iberian Peninsula. As the most important city in the heavy industrialized northwest, many of the largest portuguese corporations from diverse economic sectors, like Altri, Ambar, Amorim, Bial, BPI, Cerealis, CIN, Cofina, EFACEC, Frulact, Lactogal, Millennium bcp, Porto Editora, RAR, Sonae, Sonae Indústria, and Super Bock Group, are headquartered in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto, most notably, in the kernel municipalities of Maia, Matosinhos, Porto, and Vila Nova de Gaia. The city ‘s former stock change ( Bolsa do Porto ) was transformed into the largest derivatives exchange of Portugal, and merged with Lisbon Stock Exchange to create the Bolsa de Valores de Lisboa einsteinium Porto, which finally merged with Euronext, together with Amsterdam, Brussels, LIFFE and Paris stock and futures exchanges. The build up once hosting the sprout rally is presently one of the city ‘s touristic attractions, with the Salão Árabe ( arabian Room in English ) being its major highlight. The Banco Português de Fomento ( BPF ), a portuguese state-owned development trust established in 2020, is headquartered in Porto. Porto hosts a democratic portuguese newspaper, Jornal de Notícias. The build where its offices are located ( which has the same name as the newspaper ) was up to recently [ when? ] one of the tallest in the city ( it has been superseded by a number of mod buildings which have been built since the 1990s ). [ citation needed ] Porto Editora, one of the biggest portuguese publishers, is besides located in Porto. Its dictionaries are among the most popular references used in the area, and the translations are very popular as well. The economic relations between the city of Porto and the Upper Douro River have been documented since the Middle Ages. however, they were greatly deepened in the advanced ages. [ citation needed ] indeed, sumac, dry fruits and nuts and the Douro olive oils sustained golden exchanges between the region and Porto. From the riverbank quays at the river mouth, these products were exported to other markets of the Old and New World. however, the greatest lever to interregional trade relations resulted from the commercial dynamics of the Port wine ( Vinho do Porto ) agro-industry. [ citation needed ] It decidedly bolstered the complemental relationship between the large coastal urban kernel, endowed with overt doors to the ocean, and a region with significant agrarian likely, specially in terms of the production of extremely high quality fortified wines, known by the world-famous label Port. The development of Porto was besides closely connected with the forget allowance of River Douro in Vila Nova de Gaia, where is located the amphitheatre-shaped slope with the Port wine cellars .
South slope of Douro, Vila Nova de Gaia The city is identical much the gateway to Portugal ‘s northerly region deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as the northern and western areas of Spain. Within a two-hour drive of Porto ‘s airport there are four Unesco World Heritage sites and democratic spanish tourist hotspots such as Santiago de Compostela. In a learn concerning competitiveness of the 18 portuguese zone capitals, Porto was the worst-ranked. The study was made by Minho University economics researchers and was published in Público newspaper on 30 September 2006. The best-ranked cities in the learn were Évora, Lisbon and Coimbra. [ 53 ] Nevertheless, the cogency of this study was questioned by some Porto luminary figures ( such as local politicians and businesspersons ) who argued that the city proper does not function independently but in conurbation with other municipalities. [ 54 ] A 2007 rank published in Expresso ranked Porto as the third base best city to live in Portugal – tied with Évora and below Guimarães and Lisbon. [ 55 ] The Porto metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $ 43.0 billion, and $ 21,674 per head. [ 56 ]
tourism [edit ]
The Ribeira area along the river Douro, part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Over the end few years, Porto has experienced meaning tourism increases, which may be partially linked to the Ryanair hub at Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport. Porto won the european Best address 2012, 2014 and 2017 awards. [ 19 ] The city received 2.8 million overnight visitors and 1.4 million day trippers between January and November 2017, with 73 % from other countries. tourism tax income has been increasing by over 11 %, according to a 2018 report card. [ 57 ] According to a February 2019 reputation, over 10 % of economic activity in Porto is generated by tourism. [ 58 ] The hotel occupation pace in 2017 was 77 %. [ 59 ] A scholarly study published in June 2019 stated that “ Porto is one of the fastest-growing european tourist destinations that has experienced exponential growth in the demand for city-break tourists ”. [ 60 ]
ecstasy [edit ]
Roads and bridges [edit ]
Internal highway The road system capacity is augmented by the Via de Cintura Interna or A20, an internal highway connected to respective motorways and city exits, complementing the Circunvalação 4-lane peripheric road, which borders the north of the city and connects the easterly side of the city to the Atlantic shore. The city is connected to Valença ( Viana do Castelo ) by highway A28, to Estarreja ( Aveiro ) by the A29, to Lisbon by the A1, to Bragança by the A4 and to Braga by the A3. There is besides an outer-ring road, the A41, that connects all the chief cities around Porto, linking the city to other major metropolitan highways such as the A7, A11, A42, A43 and A44. Since 2011, a new highway, the A32, connects the metropolitan area to São João district attorney Madeira and Oliveira de Azeméis .
Luís I Bridge, September 2019 The Dom Luís I Bridge ( Ponte de Dom Luís I ) is a double-deck alloy arch bridge that spans the River Douro between Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia. Built in 1876, its 172 metres ( 564 foot ) span was then the longest of its type in the world. The top-level is used for the Porto Metro trains, with an choice for pedestrians ; the lower level carries traffic and pedestrians. [ 61 ] During the twentieth century, major bridges were built : Arrábida Bridge, which at its hatchway had the biggest concrete supporting arch in the world, and connects the north and confederacy shores of the Douro on the west side of the city, S. João, to replace D. Maria Pia and Freixo, a highway bridge on the east side of the city. The newest bridge is Infante Dom Henrique Bridge, finished in 2003. Two more bridges are said to be under designing stages and due to be built in the adjacent 10 years, one on the Campo Alegre area, nearby the staff of Humanities and the Arts, and another one in the area known as the Massarelos valley. [ citation needed ] Porto is frequently referred to as Cidade das Pontes ( City of the Bridges ), besides its more traditional nicknames of “ Cidade Invicta ” ( Unconquered/ Invincible City ) and “ Capital do Norte ” ( Capital of the North ) .
Cruising [edit ]
In July 2015 a new cruise terminal was opened at the port of Leixões, which is north of the city in Matosinhos .
Airports [edit ]
Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport Porto is served by Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport which is located in Pedras Rubras, Moreira da Maia civil parish of the neighbor Municipality of Maia, some 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) to the northwest of the city center. The airport underwent a massive program of renovation due to the Euro 2004 football championships being partially hosted in the city .
Public transmit [edit ]
Railways [edit ]
Porto ‘s main railroad track post is Campanhã railroad track place, located in the eastern part of the city and connected to the lines of Douro ( Peso da Régua/Tua/Pocinho ), Minho ( Barcelos/Viana do Castelo/Valença ) and center of Portugal ( on the chief line to Aveiro, Coimbra and Lisbon ). From Campanhã station, both light rail and suburban fulminate services connect to the city center. The main central station is São Bento Station, which is itself a noteworthy landmark in the heart of Porto. This station was built between 1900 and 1916, based on plans by architect José Marques district attorney silva. The large panels of azulejo tile were designed by Jorge Colaço ; the murals represent moments in the nation ‘s history and rural scenes showing the people of respective regions. [ 62 ] Porto is connected with Lisbon via high-speed trains, Alfa Pendular, that cover the distance in 2h 42min. The intercities take slenderly more than 3 hours to cover the lapp distance. In addition, Porto is connected to the spanish city of Vigo with the Celta train, running doubly every day, a 2h 20 min trip. [ 63 ]
Light rail [edit ]
presently, the major net is the Porto Metro, a inner light fulminate system. consequently, the Infante bridge was built for urban traffic, replacing the Dom Luís I, which was dedicated to the light rail on the moment and higher of the bridge ‘s two levels. Six lines are open : lines A ( blue ), B ( red ), C ( greens ) and E ( purple ) all begin at Estádio do Dragão ( home plate to FC Porto ) and end at Senhor de Matosinhos, Póvoa de Varzim ( via Vila do Conde ), ISMAI ( via Maia ) and Francisco Sá Carneiro airport respectively. Line D ( chicken ) presently runs from Hospital S. João in the union to Santo Ovídio on the southern english of the Douro river. Line F ( orange ), from Senhora district attorney Hora ( Matosinhos ) to Fânzeres ( Gondomar ). The lines intersect at the cardinal Trindade station. presently, the unharmed network spans 60 km ( 37 mi ) using 68 stations, frankincense being the biggest urban rail transit arrangement in the nation.
Read more: Chord (music) – Wikipedia
Buses [edit ]
STCP bus topology The city has an across-the-board bus topology network run by the STCP ( Sociedade dos Transportes Colectivos do Porto, or Porto Public Transport Society ) which besides operates lines in the neighbor cities of Gaia, Maia, Matosinhos, Gondomar and Valongo. other smaller companies connect such towns as Paços de Ferreira and Santo Tirso to the town center. In the past, the city besides had trolleybuses. [ 64 ] A bus topology travel is 2.00 €, which must be paid in cash .
Trams [edit ]
inheritance tramcar A tram ( streetcar ) network, of which alone three lines remain one of them being a tourist occupation on the shores of the Douro, saw its structure begin on 12 September 1895, consequently being the inaugural in the iberian Peninsula. The lines in operation all use vintage tramcars, so the service has become a inheritance tramway. STCP besides operates these routes deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as a tram museum. The first line of the area ‘s modern-tram, or clean rail arrangement, named Metro do Porto, opened for gross service in January 2003 [ 65 ] ( after a brief period of dislodge, introductory service in December 2002 ) .
Porto public fare statistics [edit ]
The average measure of time people spend commuting with public transit in Porto, for exemplar to and from influence, on a weekday is 47 minutes. About 6.5 % of public theodolite riders ride for more than two hours every day. The average meter people wait at a stop or station for populace transit is 12 minutes, while 17.4 % of riders wait for over 20 minutes on median every day. The average distance people ride in a single trip with public transit is 6 kilometer, while 5 % change of location for over 12 km in a single direction. [ 66 ]
culture [edit ]
Casa de Serralves In 2001, Porto shared the appointment european Culture Capital with Rotterdam. [ 67 ] In the setting of these events, the construction of the major concert hall space Casa district attorney Música, designed by the Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas, was initiated and finished in 2005. The first portuguese moving pictures were taken in Porto by Aurélio district attorney Paz practice Reis and shown there on 12 November 1896 in the Teatro do Príncipe Real do Porto, less than a year after the beginning public presentation by Auguste and Louis Lumière. The country ‘s first movie studios Invicta Filmes was besides erected in Porto in 1917 and was open from 1918 to 1927 in the sphere of Carvalhido. Manoel de Oliveira, a portuguese film film director and the oldest director in the world to be active until his death in 2015, was from Porto. Fantasporto is an international film festival organized in Porto every year. many renowned portuguese music artists and cult bands such as GNR, Rui Veloso, Sérgio Godinho, Clã, Pluto, Azeitonas and Ornatos Violeta are from the city or its metropolitan area. Porto has several museums, concert halls, theaters, cinema, art galleries, libraries and bookshops. The best-known museums of Porto are the National Museum Soares dos Reis ( Museu Nacional de Soares dos Reis ), which is dedicated particularly to the Portuguese artistic movements from the 16th to the twentieth hundred, and the Museum of Contemporary Art of the Serralves Foundation ( Museu de Arte Contemporânea ). The city has concert halls such as the Coliseu do Porto by the Portuguese architect Cassiano Branco, an model of the Portuguese cosmetic arts. other celebrated venues include the historic São João National Theatre, the Rivoli theater, the Batalha cinema and Casa da Música, inaugurated in 2005. [ 68 ] The city has the Lello Bookshop, which is frequently rated among the clear bookstores in the global. [ 69 ] Porto houses the largest synagogue in the iberian Peninsula and one of the largest in Europe – Kadoorie Synagogue, inaugurated in 1938. [ citation needed ]
entertainment [edit ]
Casa district attorney Música Porto ‘s most democratic event is St. John ( São João Festival ) on the nox of 23–24 June. [ 70 ] In this season it ‘s a custom to have a vase with bush basil decorated with a small poem. During the dinner of the great day, people normally eat sardines and boiled potatoes together with bolshevik wine. Another major event is Queima hyrax Fitas, which starts on the first base Sunday of May and ends on the second Sunday of the month. Basically, before the begin of the study time period preceding the school year ’ randomness last examination, academia tries to have adenine much playfulness as possible. The week has 12 major events, starting with the Monumental Serenata on Sunday, and reaching its flower with the Cortejo Académico on Tuesday, when about 50,000 students of the city ‘s higher education institutions march through the downtown streets till they reach the city hall. During every nox of the week, a series of concerts takes place on the Queimódromo, following to the city ’ mho park, where it is besides a custom for the students in their second-to-last year to erect small tents where alcohol is sold in order to finance the trip that takes place during the last class of their course of report ; an average of 50,000 students attend these events. [ 71 ] Porto was considered the fourth-best value finish for 2012, by alone Planet .
Arts [edit ]
Porto was the birthplace in 1856 of Susanna Roope Dockery, an Anglo-Portuguese watercolor cougar who produced many paintings of the city and the people and landscape of the surrounding rural areas. An Englishman, Frederick William Flower, moved to Porto in 1834 at the age of 19 to work in the wine trade and subsequently became a pioneer of photography in Portugal. Like Dockery, he drew his inspiration from the city, the Douro river and the rural areas. In 2005, the municipality funded a public sculpture to be built in the Waterfront Plaza of Matosinhos. The leave sculpt is entitled She Changes [ 72 ] by american artist, Janet Echelman, and spans the altitude of 50 × 150 × 150 metres .
architecture [edit ]
Azulejos and Gothic elements at the Cathedral due to its farseeing history, the city of Porto carries huge architectural patrimony. From the Romanesque Cathedral to the Social Housing projects developed through the former twentieth hundred, much could be said besiege computer architecture. Porto is home to the Porto School of Architecture, one of the most esteemed architecture schools in Europe and the world. It is besides home to two earners of the Pritzker Architecture Prize ( two erstwhile students of the aforesaid school ) : Álvaro Siza Vieira and Eduardo Souto de Moura. This historic area includes the cathedral with its Romanesque choir, the neoclassic Stock Exchange and the Manueline-style church of Santa Clara. The stallion historic center has been a National Monument since 2001 under Law No. 107/2001. The “ Historic Centre of Porto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar ” is a Unesco World Heritage web site. [ 15 ]
gastronomy [edit ]
The francesinha is made of bread, sausage, steak, cheese and a beer-based sauce. Some types of francesinha may include egg or early ingredients. Porto is home to a count of dishes from traditional portuguese cuisine. A distinctive dish from this city is Tripas à Moda do Porto ( Tripe Porto style ). Bacalhau à Gomes de Sá ( c in the style of Gomes de Sá ) is another distinctive cod dish born in Porto and democratic in Portugal. The Francesinha is the most democratic native nosh food in Porto. It is a kind of sandwich with respective types of meat covered with cheese and a extra sauce made with beer and early ingredients. Rojões ( fried pork meat ) and sarrabulho ( slob blood-based dish ) are besides distinctive dishes of Norte Region which are identical popular in the regional capital, the city of Porto. Like in about all coastal areas of the portuguese littoral with wide handiness of fresh pisces, sardinha assada ( grill sardine ) is besides an usual, authoritative chief dish. Port wine, an internationally celebrated wine, is wide accepted as the city ‘s dessert wine, specially as the wine is made along the Douro River, which runs through the city .
education [edit ]
The city has a large issue of public and individual elementary and secondary schools, a well as kindergartens and nurseries. Due to the depopulation of the city ‘s inner core, however, the numeral of school-age students dropped substantially in the 2000s and 2010s, forcing a closure of some institutions. [ citation needed ] The oldest and largest international school located in Porto is the Oporto british School, established in 1894. There are more external schools in the city, such as the french School [ 73 ] and the Deutsche Schule zu Porto, [ 74 ] both created in the twentieth century .
University [edit ]
Porto has several institutions of higher education, the largest one being the state-managed University of Porto ( Universidade do Porto ), which is the second largest portuguese university, after the University of Lisbon, with approximately 28,000 students and considered one of the 100 best Universities in Europe. [ 75 ] There is besides a state-managed polytechnic institute establish, the Instituto Politécnico do Porto ( a group of technical colleges ), and private institutions like the Lusíada University of Porto, Universidade Fernando Pessoa ( UFP ), the Porto ‘s Higher Education School of Arts ( ESAP- Escola Superior Artística do Porto ) and a Vatican state university, the Portuguese Catholic University in Porto ( Universidade Católica Portuguesa – Porto ) and the Portucalense University in Porto ( Universidade Portucalense – Infante D. Henrique ). due to the recognition, potential for employment and higher tax income, there are many students from the integral state, particularly from the union of Portugal, attending a college or university in Porto. For foreigners wishing to study Portuguese in the city there are a act of options. As the most democratic city in Portugal for ERASMUS students, most universities have facilities to assist foreigners in learning the lyric. There are besides several individual lyric learning institutions in the city .
sport [edit ]
Porto, in summation to football stadium since football is by far the most popular sport in Porto and across the stallion state, is home to many athletic sports arenas, most notably the city-owned Super Bock Arena ( once Pavilhão Rosa Mota ), swimming pools in the area of Constituição ( between the Marquês and Boavista ), and other minor arenas, such as the Pavilhão do Académico, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as to other sports fields. These sports arenas, naiant pools and sports fields are used for the commit of sports, including varsity and competitive professional sports, in a diverseness of sport disciplines ranging from handball, basketball, futsal and field ice hockey to rink field hockey, volleyball, water polo and rugby. Porto is home to northern Portugal ‘s lone cricket cabaret, the Oporto Cricket and Lawn Tennis Club. Annually, for more than 100 years, a match ( the Kendall Cup ) has been played between the Porto Club and the Casuals Club of Lisbon, in addition to regular games against touring teams ( chiefly from England ). The clubhouse ‘s flip is located off the Rua Campo Alegre. In 1958 and 1960, Porto ‘s streets hosted the Formula One Portuguese Grand Prix on the Boavista street racing circuit, which are reenacted per annum, in addition to a World Touring Car Championship rush. Every year in October the Porto Marathon is held through the streets of the honest-to-god city of Porto .
As in most portuguese cities, football is the most crucial sport. There are two chief teams in Porto : FC Porto in the parish of Campanhã, in the easterly part of the city and Boavista in the sphere of Boavista in the parish of Ramalde, in the western depart of the city, close to the city kernel. FC Porto is one of the “ Big Three “ teams in the Portuguese league, and was european supporter in 1987 and 2004, won the UEFA Cup ( 2003 ) and Europa League ( 2011 ) and the Intercontinental Toyota Cup in 1987 and 2004. Boavista have won the championship once, in the 2000–01 season and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup in 2003, where they lost 2–1 to Celtic. once, Salgueiros from Paranhos was a regular first division cabaret during the 1980s and 1990s but, due to fiscal obligation, the club folded in the 2000s. The golf club was refounded in 2008 and began playing at the regional floor. They now play at the third level of Portugal ‘s national football pyramid. The biggest stadiums in the city are FC Porto ‘s Estádio do Dragão and Boavista ‘s Estádio do Bessa. The first team in Porto to own a stadium was Académico, who played in the Estádio do Lima, Académico was one of the eight teams to dispute the beginning division. Salgueiros, sold the grounds of Estádio Engenheiro Vidal Pinheiro field to the Porto Metro and planned on building a new field in the Arca d’Água area of Porto. Located a few hundred metres away from the old grounds, it became impossible to build on this plot of farming ascribable to a large underground water pouch, and, consequently, they moved to the Estádio do Mar ( owned by Leixões S.C. ) in the adjacent Matosinhos municipality. For the Euro 2004 football contest, held in Portugal, the Estádio do Dragão was built ( replacing the old Estádio hyrax Antas ) and the Estádio do Bessa was renovated .
basketball [edit ]
The FC Porto ‘s basketball team plays its home games at the Dragão Caixa. Its police squad won the second most championships in the history of Portugal ‘s 1st Division. traditionally, the club provides the portuguese national basketball team with numerous key players. [ 76 ]
International relations [edit ]
Porto is twinned with : [ 77 ]
luminary citizens [edit ]
Explorers & Public Service [edit ]
The Arts & Sciences [edit ]
business [edit ]
- Belmiro de Azevedo (1938 – 2017) – entrepreneur, industrialist
- Paulo de Azevedo (born 1965) – businessman, son and successor of the founder of the business empire Sonae, Belmiro de Azevedo
- José Neves (born 1974) – billionaire entrepreneur and the founder of Farfetch
frolic [edit ]
See besides [edit ]
Notes [edit ]
References [edit ]
bibliography [edit ]
- Francis, A.D. John Methuen and the Anglo-Portuguese Treaties of 1703. The Historical Journal Vol. 3, No. 2
- Glover, Michael, The Peninsular War 1807–1814 Penguin, 1974.
- John Lomas, ed. (1889), “Porto”, O’Shea’s Guide to Spain and Portugal (8th ed.), Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black
- Loyrette, Henri. Gustave Eiffel. New York: Rizzoli, 1985 ISBN 0 8478 0631 6
- “Porto”, A Handbook for Travellers in Portugal (2nd ed.), London: John Murray, 1856, OCLC 34745440, OL 20483833M
- Redacção Quidnovi, com coordenação de José Hermano Saraiva, História de Portugal, Dicionário de Personalidades, Volume VIII, Ed. QN-Edição e Conteúdos, S.A., 2004
- Smith, Digby, The Napoleonic Wars Data Book Greenhill, 1998.
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