A native Thai speaker, recorded in Bangkok Thai, [ a ] or Central Thai [ bel ] ( historically Siamese ; [ c ] Thai : ภาษาไทย ), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai linguistic process family spoken by the Central Thai people [ vitamin d ] and a huge majority of Thai Chinese. It is the exclusive official linguistic process of Thailand. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Reading: Thai language – Wikipedia
Thai is the most talk of over 60 languages of Thailand by both total of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali, Sanskrit, Mon [ 5 ] and Old Khmer. It is a tonal and analytic linguistic process, similar to Chinese and Vietnamese. Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers. Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and the urban/rural divide, is partially mutually apprehensible with Lao, Isan, and some mate Southwestern Tai languages. These languages are written with slenderly different scripts but are linguistically exchangeable and effectively form a dialect continuum. [ 6 ] As a dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later far-flung adoption as a second language among the state ‘s minority heathen groups since the establishment of the Rattanakosin Kingdom in late eighteenth hundred. heathen minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect .
classification [edit ]
Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Tai Lanna, Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the Southwestern outgrowth of Tai languages. The Tai languages are a arm of the Kra–Dai terminology kin, which encompasses a large number of autochthonal languages spoken in an arch from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal linguistic process of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard is based on the dialect of the cardinal Thai people, and it is written in the Thai rudiment .
history [edit ]
According to a taiwanese reference, during the Ming Dynasty, Yingya Shenglan ( 1405–1433 ), Ma Huan reported on the terminology of the Hsien Lo that it somewhat resembles the local slang as pronounced in Kuang tung tree state [ 7 ] : 107 Thai has undergo versatile historical healthy changes. Some of the most significant changes occurred during the development from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, particularly in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography .
Old Thai [edit ]
Old Thai had a tripartite tone eminence on “ alive syllables ” ( those not ending in a blockage ), with no potential distinction on “ dead syllables ” ( those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop which mechanically closes syllables otherwise ending in a abruptly vowel ). There was a bipartite voice vs. breathed differentiation among all fricative consonant and sonorant consonants, and up to a four-way distinction among stops and affricates. The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ bel ʔb/ ) and dentals ( /t tʰ five hundred ʔd/ ) ; the tripartite eminence among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized penis of each located apparently missing. The major change between old and mod Thai was due to voicing eminence losses and the attendant tone separate. This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of the Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction :
- Plain voiced stops ( /b five hundred ɡ dʑ/) became voiceless aspirated stops ( /pʰ tʰ kʰ tɕʰ/).[e]
- Voiced fricatives became voiceless.
- Voiceless sonorants became voiced.
however, in the procedure of these mergers, the erstwhile differentiation of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In kernel, every spirit in Old Thai split into two raw tones, with a lower-pitched note corresponding to a syllable that once began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that once began with a unvoiced accordant ( including glottalized stops ). An extra complication is that once breathed unaspirated stops/affricates ( master /p metric ton thousand tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) besides caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such consequence on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the building complex relationship between spelling and good in advanced Thai. Modern “ humble ” -class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and the terminology “ abject ” reflects the lower tonicity variants that resulted. modern “ mid ” -class consonants were aphonic unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern “ high ” -class consonants were the remaining breathed consonants in Old Thai ( breathed fricatives, unvoiced sonorants, unvoiced aspirated stops ). The three most coarse spirit “ marks ” ( the miss of any tone bell ringer, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as the two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the building complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the diverse tonic changes since then. Since the tone rip, the tones have changed in actual theatrical performance to the point that the former kinship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. furthermore, the six tones that resulted after the three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower form of erstwhile timbre 2 confluent with the higher discrepancy of early tone 3, becoming the modern “ falling ” tone. [ fluorine ]
early on Old Thai [edit ]
early Old Thai besides obviously had velar fricatives /x ɣ/ as distinct phonemes. These were represented by the now-obsolete letters ฃ kho khuat and ฅ kho khon, respectively. During the Old Thai period, these sounds merged into the represent stops /kʰ ɡ/, and as a leave the use of these letters became unstable. At some bespeak in the history of Thai, a palatal nasal consonant phoneme /ɲ/ besides existed, inherited from Proto-Tai. A letter ญ yo ying besides exists, which is used to represent a palatal nasal in words borrowed from Sanskrit and Pali, and is presently pronounced /j/ at the begin of a syllable but /n/ at the end of a syllable. Most native Thai words that are reconstructed as beginning with /ɲ/ are besides pronounce /j/ in modern Thai, but broadly spelled with ย yo yak, which systematically represents /j/. This suggests that /ɲ/ > /j/ in native words occurred in the pre-literary period. It is indecipherable whether Sanskrit and Pali words beginning with /ɲ/ were borrowed directly with a /j/, or whether a /ɲ/ was reintroduce, followed by a second deepen /ɲ/ > /j/. Proto-Tai besides had a glottalized palatal healthy, reconstructed as /ʔj/ in Li Fang-Kuei ( 1977 [ full citation needed ] ). Corresponding Thai words are broadly spelled หย, which implies an Old Thai pronunciation of /hj/ ( or /j̊/ ), but a few such words are spelled อย, which implies a pronunciation of /ʔj/ and suggests that the glottalization may have persisted through to the early literary period .
vowel developments [edit ]
The vowel arrangement of modern Thai contains nine pure vowels and three centering diphthongs, each of which can occur short or long. According to Li ( 1977 [ full citation needed ] ), however, many Thai dialects have only one such short–long pair ( /a aː/ ), and in general it is difficult or impossible to find minimal short–long pairs in Thai that involve vowels other than /a/ and where both members have patronize correspondences throughout the Tai languages. More specifically, he notes the follow facts about thai :
- In open syllables, only long vowels occur. (This assumes that all apparent cases of short open syllables are better described as ending in a glottal stop. This makes sense from the lack of tonal distinctions in such syllables, and the glottal stop is also reconstructible across the Tai languages.)
- In closed syllables, the long high vowels /iː ɯː uː/ are rare, and cases that do exist typically have diphthongs in other Tai languages.
- In closed syllables, both short and long mid /e eː o oː/ and low /ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔː/ do occur. However, generally, only words with short /e o/ and long /ɛː ɔː/ are reconstructible back to Proto-Tai.
- Both of the mid back unrounded vowels /ɤ ɤː/ are rare, and words with such sounds generally cannot be reconstructed back to Proto-Tai.
furthermore, the vowel that corresponds to short Thai /a/ has a different and often higher quality in many of the Tai languages compared with the vowel corresponding to Thai /aː/. This leads Li to posit the play along :
- Proto-Tai had a system of nine pure vowels with no length distinction, and possessing approximately the same qualities as in modern Thai: high /i ɯ u/, mid /e ɤ o/, low /ɛ a ɔ/.
- All Proto-Tai vowels were lengthened in open syllables, and low vowels were also lengthened in closed syllables.
- Modern Thai largely preserved the original lengths and qualities, but lowered /ɤ/ to /a/, which became short /a/ in closed syllables and created a phonemic length distinction /a aː/. Eventually, length in all other vowels became phonemic as well and a new /ɤ/ (both short and long) was introduced, through a combination of borrowing and sound change. Li believes that the development of long /iː ɯː uː/ from diphthongs, and the lowering of /ɤ/ to /a/ to create a length distinction /a aː/, had occurred by the time of Proto-Southwestern-Tai, but the other missing modern Thai vowels had not yet developed.
note that not all researchers agree with Li. Pittayaporn ( 2009 [ full citation needed ] ), for exercise, reconstructs a like organization for Proto-Southwestern-Tai, but believes that there was besides a mid rear unrounded vowel /ə/ ( which he describes as /ɤ/ ), occurring only before final examination velar /k ŋ/. He besides seems to believe that the Proto-Southwestern-Tai vowel distance distinctions can be reconstructed back to similar distinctions in Proto-Tai .
Dialects [edit ]
According to Ethnologue, Thai linguistic process is spoken by over 20 million people ( 2000 ). furthermore, most Thais in the northerly and the northeastern ( Isaan ) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects due to the fact that ( Central ) Thai is the linguistic process of television, education, newsworthiness report, and all forms of media. [ 8 ] A holocene research found that the speakers of the Northern Thai speech ( or Kham Mueang ) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand immediately constantly speak Standard Thai, so that they are nowadays using by and large Central Thai words and seasoning their address alone with “ kham mueang ” stress. [ 9 ] Standard Thai is based on the file of the educate classes in Bangkok. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to early related Tai languages. Although some linguists classify these dialects as relate but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the “ lapp ” Thai language, or as “ unlike kinds of Thai ”. [ 12 ]
cardinal Plains Thai [edit ]
capital Core Thai [edit ]
upper berth Central Thai ( Sukhothai dialects ) [edit ]
southwestern Thai ( Tenasserim Thai ) [edit ]
Khorat Thai [edit ]
phonology [edit ]
Consonants [edit ]
Initials [edit ]
Standard Thai distinguishes three voice-onset times among stop consonant and affricate consonants :
Where English makes a distinction between voiced /b/ and unvoiced aspirated /pʰ/, Thai distinguishes a third gear voice – the unvoiced, unaspirated /p/ that occurs in English only as an allophone of /pʰ/, for model after an /s/ as in the sound of the p in “ spin ”. There is similarly an alveolar /d/, /t/, /tʰ/ triplet in Thai. In the velar series there is a /k/, /kʰ/ pair and in the postalveolar series a /t͡ɕ/, /t͡ɕʰ/ pair, but the language lacks the correspond voiced sounds /ɡ/ and /dʑ/. ( In loanwords from English, English /ɡ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are borrowed as the tenuis stops /k/ and /t͡ɕ/. ) In each cell below, the first line indicates International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ), the second indicates the Thai characters in initial side ( respective letters appearing in the like box have identical pronunciation ). The letter ห, one of the two h letters, is besides used to help write certain tones ( described below ) .
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m] ม |
n] ณ,น |
ŋ] ง |
|||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiced | b] บ |
d] ฎ,ฑ,ด |
|||
| tenuis | p] ป |
t] ฏ,ต |
tɕ] จ |
k] ก |
ʔ] อ[h] |
|
| aspirated | pʰ] ผ,พ,ภ |
tʰ] ฐ,ฑ,ฒ,ถ,ท,ธ |
tɕʰ] ฉ,ช,ฌ |
kʰ] ข,ฃ,ค,ฅ,ฆ[i] |
||
| Fricative | f] ฝ,ฟ |
s] ซ,ศ,ษ,ส |
h] ห,ฮ |
|||
| Approximant | w] ว |
l] ล,ฬ |
j] ญ,ย |
|||
| Trill | r] ร |
|||||
Finals [edit ]
Although the overall 44 Thai consonant letters provide 21 sounds in case of initials, the case for finals is different. For finals, alone eight sounds, a well as no fathom, called mātrā ( มาตรา ) are used. To demonstrate, at the end of a syllable, บ ( /b/ ) and ด ( /d/ ) are devoiced, becoming pronounced as /p/ and /t/ respectively. additionally, all stop consonant sounds are unreleased. Hence, final /p/, /t/, and /k/ sounds are pronounced as [ p̚ ], [ t̚ ], and [ k̚ ] respectively. Of the consonant letters, excluding the disused ฃ and ฅ, six ( ฉ ผ ฝ ห อ ฮ ) can not be used as a final and the other 36 are grouped as follow .
- ^ The glottal stop consonant appears at the end when no final examination follows a light vowel
Clusters [edit ]
In Thai, each syllable in a news is considered discriminate from the others, so combinations of consonants from adjacent syllables are never recognised as a bunch. Thai has phonotactical constraints that define permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters, and vowel sequences. Original Thai vocabulary introduces merely 11 combine consonantal patterns :
- /kr/ (กร), /kl/ (กล), /kw/ (กว)
- /kʰr/ (ขร,คร), /kʰl/ (ขล,คล), /kʰw/ (ขว,คว)
- /pr/ (ปร), /pl/ (ปล)
- /pʰr/ (พร), /pʰl/ (ผล,พล)
- /tr/ (ตร)
The number of clusters increases when a few more combinations are presented in loanwords such as /tʰr/ ( ทร ) in อินทรา ( /intʰraː/, from Sanskrit indrā ) or /fr/ ( ฟร ) in ฟรี ( /friː/, from English free ) ; however, it can be observed that Thai linguistic process supports merely those in initial side, with either /r/, /l/, or /w/ as the moment consonant phone and not more than two sounds at a fourth dimension .
Vowels [edit ]
The vowel lens nucleus of the Thai terminology are given in the come table. The crown entrance in every cell is the symbol from the International Phonetic Alphabet, the moment submission gives the spell in the Thai alphabet, where a daunt ( – ) indicates the position of the initial consonant after which the vowel is pronounced. A moment hyphen indicates that a concluding consonant must follow .
| Front | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |||||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| High | /i/ -ิ |
/iː/ -ี |
/ɯ/ -ึ |
/ɯː/ -ื- |
/u/ -ุ |
/uː/ -ู |
| Mid | /e/ เ-ะ |
/eː/ เ- |
/ɤ/ เ-อะ |
/ɤː/ เ-อ |
/o/ โ-ะ |
/oː/ โ- |
| Low | /ɛ/ แ-ะ |
/ɛː/ แ- |
/a/ -ะ, -ั- |
/aː/ -า |
/ɔ/ เ-าะ |
/ɔː/ -อ |
The vowels each exist in long-short pairs : these are discrete phonemes forming unrelated words in Thai, [ 13 ] but normally transliterated the same : เขา ( khao ) means “ he ” or “ she ”, while ขาว ( khao ) means “ white ”. The long-short pairs are as follows :
There are besides opening and closure diphthongs in Thai, which Tingsabadh & Abramson ( 1993 ) analyze as underlyingly /Vj/ and /Vw/. For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes relegate as long :
| Long | Short | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Thai script | IPA | Thai script | IPA |
| –าย | /aːj/ | ไ–*, ใ–*, ไ–ย, -ัย | /aj/ |
| –าว | /aːw/ | เ–า* | /aw/ |
| เ–ีย | /iːə/ | เ–ียะ | /iə/ |
| – | – | –ิว | /iw/ |
| –ัว | /uːə/ | –ัวะ | /uə/ |
| –ูย | /uːj/ | –ุย | /uj/ |
| เ–ว | /eːw/ | เ–็ว | /ew/ |
| แ–ว | /ɛːw/ | – | – |
| เ–ือ | /ɯːə/ | เ–ือะ | /ɯə/ |
| เ–ย | /ɤːj/ | – | – |
| –อย | /ɔːj/ | – | – |
| โ–ย | /oːj/ | – | – |
additionally, there are three triphthongs. For purposes of determining tonicity, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as hanker :
| Thai script | IPA |
|---|---|
| เ–ียว* | /iəw/ |
| –วย* | /uəj/ |
| เ–ือย* | /ɯəj/ |
Tones [edit ]
The five phonemic tones of Standard Thai pronounced with the syllable ‘/naː/ ‘ : There are five phonemic tones : mid, broken, falling, high, and rising, sometimes referred to in older reference works as rectus, gravis, circumflexus, altus, and demissus, respectively. [ 14 ] The table shows an example of both the phonemic tones and their phonetic realization, in the IPA .
Thai linguistic process tone chart Notes :
- Five-level tone value: Mid [33], Low [21], Falling [43], High [44], Rising [323]. Traditionally, the high tone was recorded as either [44] or [45]. This remains true for the older generation, but the high tone is changing to [334] among youngsters.[15][16]
- For the diachronic changes of tone value, please see Pittayaporn (2007).[17]
- The full complement of tones exists only in so-called “live syllables”, those that end in a long vowel or a sonorant ( /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /j/, /w/).
- For “dead syllables”, those that end in a plosive ( /p/, /t/, /k/) or in a short vowel, only three tonal distinctions are possible: low, high, and falling. Because syllables analyzed as ending in a short vowel may have a final glottal stop (especially in slower speech), all “dead syllables” are phonetically checked, and have the reduced tonal inventory characteristic of checked syllables.
Unchecked syllables [edit ]
| Tone | Thai | Example | Phonemic | Phonetic | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mid | สามัญ | คา | /kʰāː/ | [ kʰaː˧ ] | stick |
| low | เอก | ข่า | /kʰàː/ | [ kʰaː˨˩ ] or [ kʰaː˩ ] | galangal |
| falling | โท | ค่า | /kʰâː/ | [ kʰaː˥˩ ] | value |
| high | ตรี | ค้า | /kʰáː/ | [ kʰaː˦˥ ] or [ kʰaː˥ ] | to trade |
| rising | จัตวา | ขา | /kʰǎː/ | [ kʰaː˩˩˦ ] or [ kʰaː˩˦ ] | leg |
Checked syllables [edit ]
| Tone | Thai | Example | Phonemic | Phonetic | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| low (short vowel) | เอก | หมัก | /màk/ | [ mak̚˨˩ ] | marinate |
| low (long vowel) | เอก | หมาก | /màːk/ | [ maːk̚˨˩ ] | areca nut, areca palm, betel, fruit |
| high | ตรี | มัก | /mák/ | [ mak̚˦˥ ] | habitually, likely to |
| falling | โท | มาก | /mâːk/ | [ maːk̚˥˩ ] | a lot, abundance, many |
In some english loanwords, closed syllables with long vowel ending in an obstruent sound, have senior high school tone, and closed syllables with short circuit vowel ending in an obstruent healthy have falling tone .
| Tone | Thai | Example | Phonemic | Phonetic | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high | ตรี | มาร์ก | /máːk/ | [ maːk̚˦˥ ] | Marc, Mark |
| high | ตรี | สตาร์ต | /sa.táːt/ | [ sa.taːt̚˦˥ ] | start |
| high | ตรี | บาส(เกตบอล) | /báːt ( .kêt.bɔ̄n ) /1 | [ baːt̚˦˥ ( .ket̚˥˩.bɔn˧ ) ] | basketball |
| falling | โท | เมกอัป | /méːk.ʔâp/ | [ meːk̚˦˥.ʔap̚˥˩ ] | make-up |
1 May be /báːs.kêt.bɔ̄l/ in educated actor’s line .
grammar [edit ]
From the perspective of linguistic typology, Thai can be considered to be an analytic lyric. The bible order is subject–verb–object, [ 18 ] although the subject is often omitted. additionally, Thai is an isolate linguistic process lacking any form of inflectional morphology any. [ 19 ] Thai pronouns are selected according to the sex and relative status of speaker and audience .
Adjectives and adverbs [edit ]
There is no morphologic differentiation between adverbs and adjectives. many words can be used in either function. They follow the word they modify, which may be a noun, verb, or another adjectival or adverb .
คน khon [ kʰon อ้วน uan ʔûən ] คน อ้วน khon uan [ kʰon ʔûən ] ‘a fat person ‘
คน khon [ khon ที่ thi tʰîː อ้วน uan ʔûən เร็ว reo rew ] คน ที่ อ้วน เร็ว khon thi uan reo [ khon tʰîː ʔûən rew ] ‘a person who became fat promptly ‘
Comparatives take the shape “ A X กว่า B ” ( kwa, [ kwàː ] ), A is more X than B. The superlative is expressed as “ A ten ที่สุด ” ( thi sut, [ tʰîːsùt ] ), A is most X .
เขา khao [ kʰǎw อ้วน uan ʔûən กว่า kwa kwàː ฉัน chan tɕ͡ʰǎn ] เขา อ้วน กว่า ฉัน khao uan kwa chan [ kʰǎw ʔûən kwàː tɕ͡ʰǎn ] ‘S/he is fatter than me. ‘
เขา khao [ kʰǎw อ้วน uan ʔûən ที่สุด thi sut tʰîːsùt ] เขา อ้วน ที่สุด khao uan { thi sut } [ kʰǎw ʔûən tʰîːsùt ] ‘S/he is the fattest ( of all ). ‘
Adjectives in Thai can be used as accomplished predicates. Because of this many words used to indicate tense in verb ( see Verbs : Tense below ) may be used to describe adjectives .
ฉัน chan [ tɕ͡ʰǎn หิว hiu hǐw ] ฉัน หิว chan hiu [ tɕ͡ʰǎn hǐw ] ‘I am hungry. ‘
ฉัน chan [ tɕ͡ʰǎn จะ cha tɕ͡àʔ หิว hiu hǐw ] ฉัน จะ หิว chan cha hiu [ tɕ͡ʰǎn tɕ͡àʔ hǐw ] ‘I will be athirst. ‘
ฉัน chan [ tɕ͡ʰǎn กำลัง kamlang kamlaŋ หิว hiu hǐw ] ฉัน กำลัง หิว chan kamlang hiu [ tɕ͡ʰǎn kamlaŋ hǐw ] ‘I am hungry right now. ‘
ฉัน chan [ tɕ͡ʰǎn หิว hiu hǐw แล้ว laeo lɛ́ːw ] ฉัน หิว แล้ว chan hiu laeo [ tɕ͡ʰǎn hǐw lɛ́ːw ] ‘I am already hungry. ‘
-
- Remark ฉันหิวแล้ว mostly means “I am hungry right now” because normally, แล้ว ( [ lɛ́ːw ]) marks the change of a state, but แล้ว has many other uses as well. For example, in the sentence, แล้วเธอจะไปไหน ( [ lɛ́ːw tʰɤː tɕ͡àʔ paj nǎj ]): So where are you going?, แล้ว ( [ lɛ́ːw ]) is used as a discourse particle
Verbs [edit ]
Verbs do not inflect. They do not change with person, tense, voice, mood, or count ; nor are there any participles. Being an analytic and case -less terminology, the relationship between subject, lineal and indirect object is conveyed through news club and aide verb. transitive verb verb follow the blueprint subject-verb-object .
ฉัน chan [ t͡ɕʰǎn 1SG ตี titanium tiː hit เขา khao kʰǎw ] 3SG ฉัน ตี เขา chan ti khao [ t͡ɕʰǎn tiː kʰǎw ] 1SG hit 3SG ‘I hit him. ‘
เขา khao [ kʰǎw 3SG ตี ti tiː strike ฉัน chan t͡ɕʰǎn ] 1SG เขา ตี ฉัน khao ti chan [ kʰǎw tiː t͡ɕʰǎn ] 3SG hit 1SG ‘He hit me. ‘
In order to convey tense, expression and temper ( TAM ), the Thai verbal system employs auxiliaries and verb serialization. [ 20 ] [ 19 ] TAM markers are however not obligatory and often left out in colloquial use. In such cases, the precise mean is determined through context. [ 20 ] This results in sentences lacking both TAM markers and overt context being equivocal and subject to diverse interpretations .
ฉัน chan [ t͡ɕʰǎn กิน akin kin ที่ thi tʰîː นั่น nan nân ] ฉัน กิน ที่ นั่น chan kin thi nan [ t͡ɕʰǎn kin tʰîː nân ] ‘I feed there. ‘
ฉัน chan กิน akin ที่ thi นั่น grandma เมื่อวาน mueawan yesterday ฉัน กิน ที่ นั่น เมื่อวาน chan kin thi nan mueawan { } { } { } { } yesterday ‘I ate there yesterday. ‘
ฉัน chan กิน kin ที่ thi นั่น nan พรุ่งนี้ phrungni tomorrow ฉัน กิน ที่ นั่น พรุ่งนี้ chan kin thi grandma phrungni { } { } { } { } tomorrow ‘I ‘ll eat there tomorrow. ‘
The conviction “ chan kin thi nan” can frankincense be interpreted as “ I am eating there ”, “ I eat there habitually ”, “ I will eat there ” or “ I ate there ”. Aspect markers in Thai have been divided into four discrete groups based on their custom. [ 20 ] These markers could appear either before or after the verb. The following list describes some of the most normally exploited expression markers. A act of these expression markers are besides full moon verbs on their own and carry a distinct mean. For exercise yu as a full verb means “ to stay, to live or to remain at ”. however as an aide it can be described as a temporary aspect or continuative marker. [ 20 ]
- Imperfective
- อยู่ yu
- ไป pai
- ยัง yang
- กำลัง kamlang
- Perfective
- ได้ dai
- Perfect
- แล้ว laew,
- มา ma
- Prospective/Future
- จะ cha
The imperfective aspect marker กำลัง ( kamlang, [ kamlaŋ ], presently ) is used before the verb to denote an ongoing action ( similar to the -ing suffix in English ). Kamlang is normally interpreted as a progressive expression marker. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Similarly, อยู่ ( yu, [ jùː ] ) is a post-verbal view marker which corresponds to the conjunction or irregular aspect. [ 20 ]
เขา khao [ kʰǎw กำลัง kamlang kamlaŋ วิ่ง wing wîŋ ] เขา กำลัง วิ่ง khao kamlang wing [ kʰǎw kamlaŋ wîŋ ]
เขา khao [ kʰǎw วิ่ง wing wîŋ อยู่ yu jùː ] เขา วิ่ง อยู่ khao wing yu [ kʰǎw wîŋ jùː ]
Read more: Clint Barton (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
เขา khao [ kʰǎw กำลัง kamlang kamlaŋ วิ่ง wing wîŋ อยู่ yu jùː ] เขา กำลัง วิ่ง อยู่ khao kamlang wing yu [ kʰǎw kamlaŋ wîŋ jùː ] ‘He is running. ‘
The marker ได้ ( dai, [ dâːj ] ) is normally analyzed as a past strain marker when it occurs before the verb. [ 19 ] As a fully verb, dai means to ‘get or receive ‘. however, when used after a verb, dai takes on a intend of capability or successful result of the main verb. [ 20 ]
ex-wife : เขา khao [ kʰǎw จะ cha t͡ɕaʔ ได้ dai dâj ไป pai paj เที่ยว thiao tʰîow เมือง mueang mɯːəŋ ลาว lao laːw ] ] เขา จะ ได้ ไป เที่ยว เมือง ลาว khao cha dai pai thiao mueang lao [ kʰǎw t͡ɕaʔ dâj paj tʰîow mɯːəŋ laːw ] ] He visited Laos. ( Past/Perfective )
ex-wife : เขา khao [ kʰǎw 3SG ตี titanium tiː hit ได้ dai dâːj ] POT เขา ตี ได้ khao titanium dai [ kʰǎw tiː dâːj ] 3SG score POT ‘He is/was allowed to hit ‘ or ‘He is/was able to hit. ‘ ( Potentiality )
แล้ว ( laeo, : [ lɛ́ːw ], already ) is treated as a marker indicating the perfective aspect. [ 21 ] That is to say, laeo marks the event as being completed at the time of reference. Laeo has to early meanings in addition to its function as a TAM marker. Laeo can either be a conjunction for consecutive actions or an archaic news for “ to finish ” .
เขา khao [ kʰǎw 3SG ได้ dai dâːj PST กิน kin kin ] consume เขา ได้ กิน khao dai kin [ kʰǎw dâːj kin ] 3SG PST eat He feed .
เขา khao [ kʰǎw 3SG กิน akin kin eat แล้ว laeo lɛ́ːw ] PRF เขา กิน แล้ว khao kin laeo [ kʰǎw kin lɛ́ːw ] 3SG consume PRF He has eaten .
เขา khao [ kʰǎw 3SG ได้ dai dâːj PST กิน kin kin feed แล้ว laeo lɛ́ːw ] PRF เขา ได้ กิน แล้ว khao dai kin laeo [ kʰǎw dâːj kin lɛ́ːw ] 3SG PST consume PRF He ‘s already eaten .
future can be indicated by จะ ( cha, [ t͡ɕaʔ ], “ will ” ) before the verb or by a meter expression indicating the future. For exercise :
ex-husband : เขา khao [ kʰǎw 3SG จะ cha t͡ɕaʔ FUT วิ่ง wing wîŋ ] run เขา จะ วิ่ง khao cha annex [ kʰǎw t͡ɕaʔ wîŋ ] 3SG FUT run ‘He will run ‘ or ‘He is going to run. ‘
The passive spokesperson is indicated by the interpolation of ถูก ( thuk, [ tʰùːk ] ) before the verb. For example :
ex-husband : เขา khao [ kʰǎw 3SG ถูก thuk tʰùːk PASS ตี ti tiː ] hit เขา ถูก ตี khao thuk ti [ kʰǎw tʰùːk tiː ] 3SG PASS strike ‘He is hit. ‘
-
- This describes an action that is out of the receiver’s control and, thus, conveys suffering.
negation is indicated by placing ไม่ ( mai, [ mâj ] not ) before the verb .
- เขาไม่ตี, (khao mai ti) He is not hitting. or He doesn’t hit.
Thai exhibits serial verb constructions, where verbs are string together. Some son combinations are coarse and may be considered set phrases .
antique : เขา khao [ kʰǎw he ไป pai paj go กิน kin kin eat ข้าว khao kʰâːw ] rice เขา ไป กิน ข้าว khao pai kin khao [ kʰǎw paj kin kʰâːw ] he go eat rice ‘He went out to eat ‘
x : ฉัน chan [ tɕ͡ʰǎn I ฟัง fang faŋ heed ไม่ mai mâj not เข้าใจ khao chai kʰâw tɕ͡aj ] sympathize ฉัน ฟัง ไม่ เข้าใจ chan fang mai { khao chai } [ tɕ͡ʰǎn faŋ mâj { kʰâw tɕ͡aj } ] I listen not understand ‘I do n’t understand what was said ‘
ex-wife : เข้า khao [ kʰâw enroll มา milliampere maː ] come เข้า มา khao massachusetts [ kʰâw maː ] enroll come ‘Come in ‘
antique : ออก oklahoma [ ʔɔ̀ːk passing ไป ! pai paj ] go ออก ไป ! all right pai [ ʔɔ̀ːk paj ] die go ‘Leave ! ‘ or ‘Get out ! ‘
Nouns [edit ]
Nouns are uninflected and have no sex ; there are no articles. Thai nouns are bare nouns and can be interpreted as curious, plural, definite or indefinite. [ 23 ] Some specific nouns are reduplicated to form collectives : เด็ก ( dek, child ) is frequently repeated as เด็ก ๆ ( dek dek ) to refer to a group of children. The son พวก ( phuak, [ pʰûak ] ) may be used as a prefix of a noun or pronoun as a corporate to pluralize or emphasise the adopt give voice. ( พวกผม, phuak phom, [ pʰûak pʰǒm ], we, masculine ; พวกเรา phuak rao, [ pʰûak bare-assed ], emphasised we ; พวกหมา phuak ma, (the) dogs ). Plurals are expressed by adding classifiers, used as measure words ( ลักษณนาม ), in the class of noun-number-classifier :
ครู khru teacher ห้า hour angle five คน khon person ครู ห้า คน khru hour angle khon teacher five person “ five teachers ”
While in English, such classifiers are normally absent ( “ four chairs ” ) or optional ( “ two bottles of beer ” or “ two beers ” ), a classifier is about constantly used in Thai ( therefore “ electric chair four item ” and “ beer two bottle ” ). possession in Thai is indicated by adding the word ของ ( khong ) in presence of the noun or pronoun, but it may frequently be omitted. For exercise :
ลูก luk child ของ khong belong to to แม่ mae mother ลูก ของ แม่ luk khong mae child { belonging to } mother “ mother ‘s child ”
นา na field อา a uncle นา อา na a plain uncle “ uncle ‘s field ” [ 24 ]
nominal Phrases [edit ]
nominal phrases in Thai much use a limited class of words classifiers. As previously mentioned, these classifiers are obligatory for noun phrases containing numerals e.g
ผู้หญิง phuying [ pʰuːjiŋ woman สอง song sɔːŋ two คน khon kʰon ] centiliter ผู้หญิง สอง คน phuying song khon [ pʰuːjiŋ sɔːŋ kʰon ] woman two CL “ two women ” [ 25 ]
In the former example khon acts as the classifier in the nominal phrase. This follows the form of noun-cardinal-classifier mentioned above. Classifiers are besides required to form quantify noun phrases in Thai with some quantifiers such as ทุก ( all ), บาง ( some ). The examples below are demonstrated using the classifier khon, which is used for people .
นักเรียน nak rian student ทุก thuk every คน khon one hundred fifty { นักเรียน } ทุก คน { nak rian } thuk khon scholar every one hundred fifty “ every student ”
ครู khru teacher บาง bang some คน khon chlorine ครู บาง คน khru bang khon teacher some CL
however, classifiers are not utilized for negative quantification. negative quantification is expressed by the blueprint ไม่มี ( mai security service, [ majmiː ] ) + NOUN. Classifiers are besides used for demonstratives such as นี้ ( nickel, this/these) and นั่น ( nan, that/those). The syntax for demonstrative phrases, however, differ from that of cardinals and follow the form noun-classifier-demonstrative. For exercise, the noun phrase “ this dog ” would be expressed in Thai as หมาตัวนี้ ( light up. cad ( classifier ) this ). [ 25 ] Classifiers in Thai
Pronouns [edit ]
submit pronouns are frequently omitted, with nicknames used where English would use a pronoun. See Thai name # Formal and cozy names for more details. Pronouns, when used, are ranked in honorific registers, and may besides make a T–V eminence in relation to kinship and social status. Specialised pronouns are used for royalty, and for Buddhist monks. The following are appropriate for colloquial habit :
| Word | RTGS | IPA | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ผม | phom | [ pʰǒm ] | I/me (masculine; formal) |
| ดิฉัน | dichan | [ dìʔt͡ɕʰán ]) | I/me (feminine; formal) |
| ฉัน | chan | [ t͡ɕʰǎn ] | I/me (mainly used by women; informal) Commonly pronounced as [ t͡ɕʰán ] |
| กู | ku | [ kū ] | I/me (informal/impolite) |
| หนู | nuu | [nǔ] | I/me (used by women when speaking to people much older than themselves)[26] |
| เรา | rao | [ raw ] | we/us, I/me (casual), you (sometimes used but only when older person speaks to younger person) |
| คุณ | khun | [ kʰun ] | you (polite) |
| ท่าน | than | [ tʰân ] | you (highly honorific) |
| เธอ | thoe | [ tʰɤː ] | you (informal), she/her (informal) |
| พี่ | phi | [ pʰîː ] | older brother, sister (also used for older acquaintances) |
| น้อง | nong | [ nɔːŋ ] | younger brother, sister (also used for younger acquaintances) |
| เขา | khao | [ kʰǎw ] | he/him, she/her |
| มัน | man | [ world ] | it, he/she (sometimes casual or offensive if used to refer to a person) |
The reflexive pronoun is ตัวเอง ( tua eng ), which can mean any of : myself, yourself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves. This can be mix with another pronoun to create an intensive pronoun, such as ตัวผมเอง ( tua phom eng, unhorse : I myself ) or ตัวคุณเอง ( tua khun eng, ignite : you yourself ). Thai besides does not have a branch possessive pronoun. rather, self-control is indicated by the particle ของ ( khong ). For exercise, “ my mother ” is แม่ของผม ( mae khong phom, lighted : mother of I ). This atom is often implicit, so the phrase is shortened to แม่ผม ( mae phom ). plural pronouns can be easily constructed by adding the bible พวก ( phuak ) in front of a remarkable pronoun as in พวกเขา ( phuak khao ) mean they or พวกเธอ ( phuak thoe ) meaning the plural sense of you. The alone exception to this is เรา ( rao ), which can be used as singular ( informal ) or plural, but can besides be used in the imprint of พวกเรา ( phuak rao ), which is lone plural. Thai has many more pronouns than those listed above. Their usage is full moon of nuances. For model :
- “ผม เรา ฉัน ดิฉัน หนู กู ข้า กระผม ข้าพเจ้า กระหม่อม อาตมา กัน ข้าน้อย ข้าพระพุทธเจ้า อั๊ว เขา” all translate to “I”, but each expresses a different gender, age, politeness, status, or relationship between speaker and listener.
- เรา (rao) can be first person (I), second person (you), or both (we), depending on the context.
- Children or younger female could use or being referred by word หนู (nu) when talking with older person. The word หนู could be both feminine first person (I) and feminine second person (you) and also neuter first and neuter second person for children.
- หนู commonly means rat or mouse, though it also refers to small creatures in general.
- The second person pronoun เธอ (thoe) (lit: you) is semi-feminine. It is used only when the speaker or the listener (or both) are female. Males usually don’t address each other by this pronoun.
- Both คุณ (khun) and เธอ (thoe) are polite neuter second person pronouns. However, คุณเธอ (khun thoe) is a feminine derogative third person.
- Instead of a second person pronoun such as “คุณ” (you), it is much more common for unrelated strangers to call each other “พี่ น้อง ลุง ป้า น้า อา ตา ยาย” (brother/sister/aunt/uncle/granny).
- To express deference, the second person pronoun is sometimes replaced by a profession, similar to how, in English, presiding judges are always addressed as “your honor” rather than “you”. In Thai, students always address their teachers by “ครู” or “คุณครู” or “อาจารย์” (each means “teacher”) rather than คุณ (you). Teachers, monks, and doctors are almost always addressed this way.
Particles [edit ]
The particles are much untranslatable words added to the end of a conviction to indicate obedience, a request, boost or early moods ( alike to the use of intonation in English ), ampere well as varying the tied of formality. They are not used in elegant ( written ) Thai. The most common particles indicating respect are ครับ ( khrap, [ kʰráp ], with a high tone ) when the speaker is male, and ค่ะ ( kha, [ kʰâ ], with a falling tone ) when the speaker is female. Used in a question or a request, the particle ค่ะ ( falling tone ) is changed to a คะ ( high timbre ). other common particles are :
| Word | RTGS | IPA | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| จ้ะ, จ้า or จ๋า | cha/ja | [ t͡ɕâː ] | indicating emphasis. Used in a less formal context when speaking to friends or someone younger than yourself[27] |
| ละ or ล่ะ | la | [ láʔ ] | indicating emphasis. |
| สิ | si | [ sìʔ ] | indicating emphasis or an imperative. It can come across as ordering someone to do something[27] |
| นะ | na | [ náʔ ] | softening; indicating a request or making your sentence sound more friendly. |
register [edit ]
central Thai is composed of several distinct registers, forms for different social context :
- Street or Common Thai (ภาษาพูดphasa phut, spoken Thai): informal, without polite terms of address, as used between close relatives and friends.
- Elegant or Formal Thai (ภาษาเขียนphasa khian, written Thai): official and written version, includes respectful terms of address; used in simplified form in newspapers.
- Rhetorical Thai: used for public speaking.
- Religious Thai: (heavily influenced by Sanskrit and Pāli) used when discussing Buddhism or addressing monks.
- Royal Thai (ราชาศัพท์, racha sap): influenced by Khmer, this is used when addressing members of the royal family or describing their activities. (See Monarchy of Thailand § Rachasap.)
Most thai can speak and understand all of these contexts. Street and Elegant Thai are the basis of all conversations. [ 28 ] [ citation needed ] Rhetorical, religious, and royal Thai are taught in schools as part of the national course of study. As noted above, Thai has several registers, each having certain usages, such as colloquial, formal, literary, and poetic. thus, the bible “ eat ” can be กิน ( kin ; common ), แดก ( daek ; common ), ยัด ( yat ; coarse ), บริโภค ( boriphok ; conventional ), รับประทาน ( rapprathan ; courtly ), ฉัน ( chan ; religious ), or เสวย ( sawoei ; royal ), as illustrated below :
| “to eat” | IPA | Usage | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| กิน | /kīn/ | common | |
| แดก | /dɛ̀ːk/ | vulgar | |
| ยัด | /ját/ | vulgar | Original meaning is ‘to cram’ |
| บริโภค | /bɔ̄ː.ri.pʰôːk/ | formal, literary | |
| รับประทาน | /ráp.pra.tʰāːn/ | formal, polite | Often shortened to ทาน /tʰāːn/. |
| ฉัน | /t͡ɕʰǎn/ | religious | |
| เสวย | /sa.wɤ̌ːj/ | royal |
Thailand besides uses the classifiable Thai six-hour clock in addition to the 24-hour clock .
vocabulary [edit ]
other than intensify words and words of foreign origin, most words are monosyllabic. Chinese-language influence was potent until the thirteenth century when the function of taiwanese characters was abandoned, and replaced by Sanskrit and Pali scripts. however, the vocabulary of Thai retains many words borrowed from Middle Chinese. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] late most vocabulary was borrowed from Sanskrit and Pāli ; Buddhist terminology is particularly indebted to these. indic words have a more dinner dress register, and may be compared to Latin and french borrowings in English. Old Khmer has besides contributed its share, specially in regard to royal court terminology. Since the begin of the twentieth century, however, the English language has had the greatest determine, particularly for scientific, technical foul, international, and other modern terms .
| Origin | Example | IPA | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Native Tai | ไฟ น้ำ เมือง รุ่งเรือง |
/fāj/ /náːm/ /mɯ̄əŋ/ /rûŋ.rɯ̄əŋ/ |
fire water city prosperous |
| Indic sources: Pali or Sanskrit |
อัคนี ชล นคร วิโรจน์ |
/ʔāk.kʰa.nīː/ /t͡ɕōn/ /náʔ.kʰɔ̄ːn/ /wíʔ.rôːt/ |
fire water city prosperous |
| Arabic words | Thai rendition | IPA | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| الْقُرْآن (al-qurʾān) or قُرْآن (qurʾān) | อัลกุรอาน or โกหร่าน | /an.kù.rá.aːn/ or /kō.ràːn/ | Quran |
| رجم (rajm) | ระยำ | /rá.jam/ | bad, vile (pejorative) |
From Middle Chinese or Teochew Chinese .
| Chinese words | Thai rendition | IPA | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| 交椅 ( teochew : gao1 in2) | เก้าอี้ | /kâw.ʔîː/ | chair |
| 粿條 / 粿条 ( min nan : kóe-tiâu) | ก๋วยเตี๋ยว | /kǔəj.tǐəw/ | rice noodle |
| 姐 ( hokkien : chiá/ché, teochew : zê2/zia2) | เจ้ or เจ๊ | /t͡ɕêː/ or /t͡ɕéː/ | older sister (used in Chinese community in Thailand) |
| 二 ( hokkien : jī, teochew : ri6) | ยี่ | /jîː/ | two (archaic), but still used in word ยี่สิบ (/jîː.sìp/; twenty) |
| 豆 ( middle chinese : dəuH) | ถั่ว | /tʰùə/ | bean |
| 盎 ( middle chinese : ʔɑŋX/ʔɑŋH) | อ่าง | /ʔàːŋ/ | basin |
| 膠 ( middle chinese : kˠau) | กาว | /kāːw/ | glue |
| 鯁 ( middle chinese : kˠæŋX) | ก้าง | /kâːŋ/ | fishbone |
| 坎 ( middle chinese : kʰʌmX) | ขุม | /kʰǔm/ | pit |
| 塗 ( middle chinese : duo/ɖˠa) | ทา | /tʰāː/ | to smear |
| 退 ( center chinese : tʰuʌiH) | ถอย | /tʰɔ̌j/ | to step back |
| English words | Thai rendition | IPA | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|
| bank | แบงก์ | /bɛ́ːŋ/ | means bank or banknote |
| bill | บิล | /biw/ or /bin/ | |
| cake | เค้ก | /kʰéːk/ | |
| captain | กัปตัน | /kàp.tān/ | |
| cartoon | การ์ตูน | /kāː.tūːn/ | |
| clinic | คลินิก | /kʰlīː.nìk/ | |
| computer | คอมพิวเตอร์ | /kʰɔ̄m.pʰíw.tɤ̂ː/ | colloquially shortened to คอม /kʰɔ̄m/ |
| corruption | คอรัปชั่น | /kʰɔː.ráp.tɕʰân/ | |
| diesel | ดีเซล | /dīː.sēn/ | |
| dinosaur | ไดโนเสาร์ | /dāi.nōː.sǎu/ | |
| duel | ดวล | /dūən/ | |
| อีเมล | /ʔīː.mēːw/ | ||
| fashion | แฟชั่น | /fɛ̄ː.t͡ɕʰân/ | |
| golf | กอล์ฟ | /kɔ́ːp/ | |
| government | กัดฟันมัน | /kàt.fān.mān/ | (obsolete) |
| graph | กราฟ | /kráːp/ or /káːp/ | |
| plastic | พลาสติก | /pʰláːt.sà.tìk/ | (educated speech) |
| /pʰát.tìk/ | |||
| quota | โควตา | /kwōː.tâː/ | |
| shampoo | แชมพู | /t͡ɕʰɛ̄m.pʰūː/ | |
| suit | สูท | /sùːt/ | |
| suite | สวีท | /sà.wìːt/ | |
| taxi | แท็กซี่ | /tʰɛ́k.sîː/ | |
| technology | เทคโนโลยี | /tʰék.nōː.lōː.jîː/ | |
| titanium | ไทเทเนียม | /tʰāj.tʰēː.nîəm/ | |
| visa | วีซ่า | /wīː.sâː/ | |
| wreath | (พวง)หรีด | /rìːt/ |
| French words | Thai rendition | IPA | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|
| aval | อาวัล | /ʔāː.wān/ | |
| buffet | บุฟเฟต์ | /búp.fêː/ | |
| café | คาเฟ่ | /kāː.fɛ̄ː/ | |
| chauffeur | โชเฟอร์ | /t͡ɕʰōː.fɤ̀ː/ | |
| consul | กงสุล | /kōŋ.sǔn/ | |
| coupon | คูปอง | /kʰūː.pɔ̄ŋ/ | |
| pain | (ขนม)ปัง | /pāŋ/ | means bread |
| parquet | ปาร์เกต์ | /pāː.kêː/ | |
| pétanque | เปตอง | /pēː.tɔ̄ŋ/ |
From Old Khmer .
| Khmer words | Thai rendition | IPA | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| ក្រុង (/kroŋ/) | กรุง | /krūŋ/ | capital city |
| ខ្ទើយ (/kʰtəɨj/) | กะเทย | /kà.tɤ̄ːj/ | Kathoey |
| ច្រមុះ (/crɑː.moh/) | จมูก | /t͡ɕà.mùːk/ | nose |
| ច្រើន (/craən/) | เจริญ | /t͡ɕà.rɤ̄ːn/ | prosperous |
| ឆ្លាត or ឆ្លាស (/cʰlaːt/ or /cʰlaːh/) |
ฉลาด | /t͡ɕʰà.làːt/ | smart |
| ថ្នល់ (/tʰnɑl/) | ถนน | /tʰà.nǒn/ | road |
| ភ្លើង (/pʰləːŋ/) | เพลิง | /pʰlɤ̄ːŋ/ | fire |
| ទន្លេ (/tun.leː/) | ทะเล | /tʰá.lēː/ | sea |
The Portuguese were the inaugural westerly state to arrive in what is contemporary Thailand in the sixteenth century during the Ayutthaya time period. Their determine in trade, specially weaponry, allowed them to establish a residential district just outside the capital and rehearse their faith, angstrom good as exposing and converting the locals to Christianity. Thus, Portuguese words involving trade and religion were introduced and used by the locals .
| Portuguese words | Thai rendition | IPA | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| carta / cartaz | กระดาษ | /krà.dàːt/ | paper |
| garça | (นก)กระสา | /krà.sǎː/ | heron |
| leilão | เลหลัง | /lēː.lǎŋ/ | auction or low-priced |
| padre | บาท(หลวง) | /bàːt.lǔaŋ/ | (Christian) priest[32] |
| real | เหรียญ | /rǐan/ | coin |
| sabão | สบู่ | /sà.bùː/ | soap |
Writing system [edit ]
“ Kingdom of Thailand ” in Thai script. Thai is written in the Thai script, an abugida written from left to right. many scholars believe [ citation needed ] that it is derived from the Khmer script. surely the numbers were lifted immediately from Khmer. The linguistic process and its script are closely related to the Lao terminology and handwriting. Most literate Lao are able to read and understand Thai, as more than half of the Thai vocabulary, grammar, intonation, vowels and so away are common with the Lao speech. The Thais adopted and modified the Khmer handwriting to create their own writing system. While in Thai the pronunciation can largely be inferred from the script, the orthography is complex, with silent letters to preserve original spellings and many letters representing the same sound. While the oldest know dedication in the Khmer lyric dates from 611 CE, inscriptions in Thai writing began to appear around 1292 CE. luminary features include :
- It is an abugida script, in which the implicit vowel is a short /a/ in a syllable without final consonant and a short /o/ in a syllable with final consonant.
- Tone markers, if present, are placed above the final onset consonant of the syllable.
- Vowels sounding after an initial consonant can be located before, after, above or below the consonant, or in a combination of these positions.
transcription [edit ]
There is no universally applied method acting for transcribing Thai into the Latin alphabet. For example, the name of the main airport is transcribed variously as Suvarnabhumi, Suwannaphum, or Suwunnapoom. Guide books, textbooks and dictionaries may each follow different systems. For this reason, most terminology courses recommend that learners master the Thai script. [ citation needed ] official standards are the Royal Thai General System of Transcription ( RTGS ), published by the Royal Institute of Thailand, [ 33 ] and the about identical ISO 11940-2 defined by the International Organization for Standardization. The RTGS organization is increasingly used in Thailand by central and local governments, particularly for road signs. [ 34 ] Its independent drawbacks are that it does not indicate spirit or vowel distance. As the arrangement is based on pronunciation, not orthography, reconstruction of Thai spelling from RTGS romanisation is not possible .
transliteration [edit ]
The ISO published an international standard for the transliteration of Thai into Roman script in September 2003 ( ISO 11940 ). [ 35 ] By adding diacritics to the Latin letters it makes the arrangement reversible, making it a true transliteration. notably, this system is used by Google Translate, although it does not seem to appear in many other context, such as textbooks and other instructional media .
See besides [edit ]
Notes [edit ]
References [edit ]
Citations [edit ]
Sources [edit ]
- อภิลักษณ์ ธรรมทวีธิกุล และ กัลยารัตน์ ฐิติกานต์นารา. 2549.การเน้นพยางค์กับทำนองเสียงภาษาไทย (Stress and Intonation in Thai ) วารสารภาษาและภาษาศาสตร์ ปีที่ 24 ฉบับที่ 2 (มกราคม – มิถุนายน 2549) หน้า 59–76. ISSN 0857-1406 ISSN 2672-9881.
- สัทวิทยา : การวิเคราะห์ระบบเสียงในภาษา. 2547. กรุงเทพฯ : สำนักพิมพ์มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์. ISBN 974-537-499-7.
- Diller, Anthony van Nostrand, et al. 2008. The Tai–Kadai Languages. ISBN 978-070-071-457-5.
- Gandour, Jack, Tumtavitikul, Apiluck and Satthamnuwong, Nakarin. 1999. Effects of Speaking Rate on the Thai Tones. Phonetica 56, pp. 123–134.
- Li, Fang-Kuei. A handbook of comparative Tai. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1977. Print.
- Rischel, Jørgen. 1998. ‘Structural and Functional Aspects of Tone Split in Thai’. In Sound structure in language, 2009.
- Tumtavitikul, Apiluck, 1998. The Metrical Structure of Thai in a Non-Linear Perspective. Papers presented to the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1994, pp. 53–71. Udom Warotamasikkhadit and Thanyarat Panakul, eds. Temple, Arizona: Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University.
- Apiluck Tumtavitikul. 1997. The Reflection on the X′ category in Thai. Mon–Khmer Studies XXVII, pp. 307–316.
- อภิลักษณ์ ธรรมทวีธิกุล. 2539. ข้อคิดเกี่ยวกับหน่วยวากยสัมพันธ์ในภาษาไทย วารสารมนุษยศาสตร์วิชาการ. 4.57-66. ISSN 0859-3485 ISSN 2673-0502.
- Tumtavitikul, Appi. 1995. Tonal Movements in Thai. The Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Vol. I, pp. 188–121. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University.
- Tumtavitikul, Apiluck. 1994. Thai Contour Tones. Current Issues in Sino-Tibetan Linguistics, pp. 869–875. Hajime Kitamura et al., eds, Ozaka: The Organization Committee of the 26th Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, National Museum of Ethnology.
- Tumtavitikul, Apiluck. 1993. FO – Induced VOT Variants in Thai. Journal of Languages and Linguistics, 12.1.34 – 56.
- Tumtavitikul, Apiluck. 1993. Perhaps, the Tones are in the Consonants? Mon–Khmer Studies XXIII, pp. 11–41.
- Higbie, James and Thinsan, Snea. Thai Reference Grammar: The Structure of Spoken Thai. Bangkok: Orchid Press, 2003. ISBN 974-8304-96-5.
- Nacaskul, Karnchana, Ph.D. (ศาสตราจารย์กิตติคุณ ดร.กาญจนา นาคสกุล) Thai Phonology, 4th printing. (ระบบเสียงภาษาไทย, พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 4) Bangkok: Chulalongkorn Press, 1998. ISBN 978-974-639-375-1.
- Nanthana Ronnakiat, Ph.D. (ดร.นันทนา รณเกียรติ) Phonetics in Principle and Practical. (สัทศาสตร์ภาคทฤษฎีและภาคปฏิบัติ) Bangkok: Thammasat University, 2005. ISBN 974-571-929-3.
- Segaller, Denis. Thai Without Tears: A Guide to Simple Thai Speaking. Bangkok: BMD Book Mags, 1999. ISBN 974-87115-2-8.
- Smyth, David (2002). Thai: An Essential Grammar, first edition. London: Routledge.
- Smyth, David (2014). Thai: An Essential Grammar, second edition. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-041-551-034-9.
- Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur (1993), “Thai”, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (1): 24–28, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746
far take [edit ]
- Glossaries and word lists
- Dictionaries
- Learners’ resources