1. ↑Watkins, Frederick (1970). “Democracy”. Encyclopædia Britannica (ภาษาอังกฤษ). 7 (Expo ’70 hardcover ed.). William Benton. pp. 215–23. ISBN 978-0-85229-135-1.
  2. 4.0 4.1 4.2Democracy: the unfinished journey 508 BC – 1993 AD, Oxford University Press, 1994, John Dunn, , Oxford University Press, 1994, ISBN 0198279345
  3. ↑Origin of Democracy in Ancient Greece, University of California Press, 2007, Google Books link Kurt A. Raaflaub, Josiah Ober, Robert W. Wallace, , University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0520245628
  4. ↑Isakhan, B. and Stockwell, S (co-eds) (2011). The Secret History of Democracy. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 19–59. ISBN 978-0-230-24421-4.

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  5. ↑Weatherford, J. McIver (1988). Indian givers: how the Indians of the America transformed the world. New York: Fawcett Columbine. pp. 117–150. ISBN 0-449-90496-2.
  6. ↑Dahl, Robert A.; Shapiro, Ian; Cheibub, José Antônio (2003). The democracy sourcebook. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-54147-3. Details.
  7. ↑Hénaff, Marcel; Strong, Tracy B. (2001). Public space and democracy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-3388-3.
  8. ↑978-0-415-78128-2. baseball diamond, L., Lecture at Hilla University for Humanistic Studies 21 January 2004 : “ What is Democracy ” ; Diamond, L. and Morlino, L., The quality of democracy ( 2016 ). In Diamond, L., In Search of Democracy. London : Routledge. ISBN
  9. ↑Kelsen, Hans (October 1955). “Foundations of democracy”. Ethics. 66 (1): 1–101. doi:10.1086/291036. JSTOR 2378551. S2CID 144699481.
  10. ↑Nussbaum, Martha (2000). Women and human development: the capabilities approach. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00385-8.
  11. ↑Snyder, Richard; Samuels, David (2006), “Devaluing the vote in Latin America”, ใน Diamond, Larry; Plattner, Marc F. (บ.ก.), Electoral systems and democracy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 168, ISBN 978-0-8018-8475-7.
  12. ↑R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution: Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800 (1959) ( 1959 )
  13. ↑ Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws, Bk. II, ch. 2–3 .
  14. ↑ Olson, M. ( 1993 ). Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development. american Political Science Review, 87 ( 03 ), 567-576 .
  15. ↑Thorhallsson, Baldur; Steinsson, Sverrir (2017), “Small State Foreign Policy”, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics (ภาษาอังกฤษ), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.484, ISBN 978-0-19-022863-7
  16. ↑ Aristotle Book 6
  17. ↑Davies, John K. (1977). “Athenian Citizenship: The Descent Group and the Alternatives”. The Classical Journal. 73 (2): 105–121. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3296866.
  18. ↑Literacy in Ancient Sparta, Leiden Netherlands (1979). 90-04-05971-7 Terrence A. Boring, , Leiden Netherlands ( 1979 ). ISBN
  19. ↑ Jacobsen, T. ( July 1943 ), “ archaic democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia ”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2 ( 3 ) : 159-72
  20. ↑“Magna Carta: an introduction”. The British Library. Magna Carta is sometimes regarded as the foundation of democracy in England. …Revised versions of Magna Carta were issued by King Henry III (in 1216, 1217 and 1225), and the text of the 1225 version was entered onto the statute roll in 1297. …The 1225 version of Magna Carta had been granted explicitly in return for a payment of tax by the whole kingdom, and this paved the way for the first summons of Parliament in 1265, to approve the granting of taxation.
  21. ↑Abramson, Scott F.; Boix, Carles (2019). “Endogenous Parliaments: The Domestic and International Roots of Long-Term Economic Growth and Executive Constraints in Europe”. International Organization (ภาษาอังกฤษ). 73 (4): 793–837. doi:10.1017/S0020818319000286. ISSN 0020-8183.
  22. ↑Møller, Jørgen (2014). “Why Europe Avoided Hegemony: A Historical Perspective on the Balance of Power”. International Studies Quarterly (ภาษาอังกฤษ). 58 (4): 660–670. doi:10.1111/isqu.12153.
  23. ↑Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, Hubert (January 2019). A Concise History of Poland (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108333993.
  24. 81.0 81.1“Britain’s unwritten constitution”. British Library. The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown…. The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch’s prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from ‘cruel or unusual punishment’.
  25. ↑“Constitutionalism: America & Beyond”. Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม เมื่อ 24 October 2014. The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects… However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The “rights of man” enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
  26. ↑North, Douglass C.; Weingast, Barry R. (1989). “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England”. The Journal of Economic History (ภาษาอังกฤษ). 49 (4): 803–832. doi:10.1017/S0022050700009451. ISSN 1471-6372.
  27. ↑Two Treatises on Government: a Translation into Modern English. Quote: “Government has no other end, but the preservation of property. Locke, John.. Quote : “ Government has no early end, but the preservation of property. Google Books
  28. ↑Curte, Merle (1937). “The Great Mr. Locke: America’s Philosopher, 1783–1861”. The Huntington Library Bulletin (ภาษาอังกฤษ) (11): 107–151. doi:10.2307/3818115. ISSN 1935-0708. JSTOR 3818115.
  29. ↑The Story of America: Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower, DK Publishing, Inc., New York, Allen Weinstein and David Rubel (2002),, DK Publishing, Inc., New York, ISBN 0-7894-8903-1, p. 61
  30. ↑History of Religion in the United States, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 63–65, 74–75, 102–05, 114–15 Clifton E. Olmstead ( 1960 ), , Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 63–65, 74–75, 102–05, 114–15
  31. ↑Gregory, Desmond (1985). The ungovernable rock: a history of the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom and its role in Britain’s Mediterranean strategy during the Revolutionary War, 1793–1797. London: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8386-3225-3.
  32. ↑Jan Ligeza (2017). Preambuła Prawa [The Preamble of Law] (ภาษาโปแลนด์). Polish Scientific Publishers PWN. p. 12. ISBN 978-83-945455-0-5.
  33. ↑Nohlen, Dieter (2001). Elections in Asia and the Pacific: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific. Oxford University Press. p. 14.
  34. ↑Labour 1990 (26): 85–124. 0700-3862 James Overton, “ economic crisis and the goal of democracy : Politics in Newfoundland During the Great Depression. “ 1990 ( 26 ) : 85–124. ISSN
  35. ↑ Huntington, Third Wave, pp. 17–18 .
  36. ↑ For a detail delineate history, see Peter Stearns, Encyclopedia of World History ( 6th erectile dysfunction. 2001 ), pp. 413–801. For a narrative history, J. A. S. Grenville, A history of the world in the 20th century ( 1994 ) pp. 3–254 .
  37. ↑ Fukuyama, F. ( 1989 ) “ The end of History ? “. The National Interest’, p 1.
  38. ↑Rhodes-Purdy, Matthew; Madrid, Raúl L. (27 November 2019). “The perils of personalism”. Democratization. 27 (2): 321–339. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1696310. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 212974380.
  39. ↑Lieberman, By Suzanne Mettler and Robert C. (10 August 2020). “The Fragile Republic”. Foreign Affairs (ภาษาอังกฤษ) .
  40. ↑ U.K. Preuss, “ Perspectives of Democracy and the Rule of Law. ” Journal of Law and Society, 18:3 ( 1991 ). pp. 353–64
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  45. ↑ Zibechi, Raul ( 2013 ). Dispersing Power: Social Movements as Anti-State Forces in Latin America.

  46. ↑ De Vos et aluminum ( 2014 ) South african Constitutional Law – In Context : Oxford University Press .
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  49. ↑ Brown, Charles H., The Correspondents ‘ War. New York : Charles Scribners ‘ Sons, 1967 .
  50. ↑ Taussig, Capt. J.K., “ Experiences during the Boxer Rebellion, ” in Quarterdeck and Fo’c’sle. Chicago : Rand McNally & Company, 1963
  51. 165.0 165.1 O’Neil, Patrick H. Essentials of Comparative Politics. 3rd erectile dysfunction. New York : W.W. Norton 2010. Print
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  54. ↑ Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Sandra Grahn, Nazifa Alizada, Lisa Gastaldi, Sebastian Hellmeier, Garry Hindle and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2020. Autocratization Surges – Resistance Grows. Democracy Report 2020. Varieties of Democracy Institute ( V-Dem ). [ 1 ]
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  56. ↑ O’Neil, Patrick. Essentials of Comparative Politics. 3rd erectile dysfunction. New York, New York, W. W Norton & Company, 2010. pp. 162–63. print .
  57. ↑“Contents”, The People vs. Democracy, Harvard University Press, pp. v–vi, 2018-12-31, ISBN 978-0-674-98477-6
  58. ↑Nyyssönen, Heino; Metsälä, Jussi (24 September 2020). “Liberal Democracy and its Current Illiberal Critique: The Emperor’s New Clothes?”. Europe-Asia Studies: 1–18. doi:10.1080/09668136.2020.1815654Thus, there is a real danger of ‘pseudo-democracy’, especially because elections can be manipulated and often are. In these cases, elections and other democratic institutions are simply adapted patterns of authoritarianism, not democracy in some imperfect form, having the dual purpose of legitimising the incumbent’s rule and guarding it from any danger of democratic change.
  59. ↑ “ In political hypothesis, an illiberal democracy is defined as one that only pays attention to elections, while it violates, in the years between elections, some core democratic principles, particularly exemption of formula ” : Narendra Modi’s illiberal drift threatens Indian democracy, Financial Times, 18 August 2017 .
  60. ↑Mutalib, H (2000). “Illiberal democracy and the future of opposition in Singapore”. Third World Quarterly. 21 (2): 313–42. doi:10.1080/01436590050004373. S2CID 154321304.
  61. ↑Kroef, Van Der; M, Justus (1 August 1957). “Guided Democracy in Indonesia”. Far Eastern Survey. 26 (8): 113–124. doi:10.2307/3024455.
  62. ↑Steinmetz, Jay (2019). “Chapter 5: Theories of Democracy”. Politics, Power, and Purpose: An Orientation to Political Science (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Fort Hays State University .
  63. ↑Is Democracy Possible Here? Princeton: Princeton University Press. Dworkin, Ronald ( 2006 ) .Princeton : Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13872-5, p. 134 .
  64. ↑Why Deliberative Democracy? Princeton University Press. 978-0-691-12019-5 Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thompson ( 2002 ) .Princeton University Press. ISBN
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  66. ↑ Ethan J. “ Can Direct Democracy Be Made Deliberative ? “, Buffalo Law Review, Vol. 54, 2006
  67. ↑ Ross, Carne ( 2011 ). chapter 3.

  68. 218.0 218.1Dahlberg, Lincoln; Siapera, Eugenia, บ.ก. (2007). Radical Democracy and the Internet. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230592469. ISBN 9781349283156. Radical democracy can then be defined as the type of democracy that signals an ongoing concern with the radical extension of equality and liberty.
  69. ↑Lipset, Seymour Martin. (1959). “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy”. American Political Science Review. 53 (1): 69–105. doi:10.2307/1951731. JSTOR 1951731. S2CID 53686238. For model :
  70. ↑ Inglehart, Ronald. Welzel, Christian Modernisation, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence, 2005. cambridge university : Cambridge University Press
  71. ↑Inglehart, Ronald F. (2018). Cultural Evolution: People’s Motivations Are Changing, and Reshaping the World. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108613880. ISBN 978-1-108-61388-0.
  72. ↑Przeworski, Adam; และคณะ (2000). Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  73. ↑Traversa, Federico (2014). “Income and the stability of democracy: Pushing beyond the borders of logic to explain a strong correlation?”. Constitutional Political Economy. 26 (2): 121–136. doi:10.1007/s10602-014-9175-x. S2CID 154420163.
  74. ↑ Lipset, Seymour Martin ( 1963 ). Political Man. p. 41.

  75. ↑Democracy in developing countries. Latin America (2nd ed.). Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-798-9.
  76. ↑Albertus, Michael; Menaldo, Victor (2012). “Coercive Capacity and the Prospects for Democratisation”. Comparative Politics. 44 (2): 151–69. doi:10.5129/001041512798838003. S2CID 153949862.
  77. ↑Boix, Carles; Stokes, Susan C. (2003). “Endogenous Democratization”. World Politics (ภาษาอังกฤษ). 55 (4): 517–549. doi:10.1353/wp.2003.0019. ISSN 0043-8871. S2CID 18745191.
  78. ↑Moore,Jr., Barrington (1993) [First published 1966]. Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: lord and peasant in the making of the modern world (with a new foreword by Edward Friedman and James C. Scott ed.). Boston: Beacon Press. p. 430. ISBN 978-0-8070-5073-6.
  79. ↑Risse, Thomas (2009). “Conclusions: Towards Transatlantic Democracy Promotion?”. ใน Magen, Amichai; Risse, Thomas; McFaul, Michael A. (บ.ก.). Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law. Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law: American and European Strategies. Governance and Limited Statehood Series (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 244–271. doi:10.1057/9780230244528_9. ISBN 978-0-230-24452-8.
  80. ↑Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan (2005-07-27). “International Linkage and Democratization”. Journal of Democracy (ภาษาอังกฤษ). 16 (3): 20–34. doi:10.1353/jod.2005.0048. ISSN 1086-3214. S2CID 154397302.
  81. ↑Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James A. (2006). Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85526-6.
  82. ↑Gift, Thomas; Krcmaric, Daniel (2015). “Who Democratizes? Western-educated Leaders and Regime Transitions”. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 61 (3): 671–701. doi:10.1177/0022002715590878. S2CID 156073540.
  83. ↑Fish, M. Steven (October 2002). “Islam and Authoritarianism”. World Politics (ภาษาอังกฤษ). 55 (1): 4–37. doi:10.1353/wp.2003.0004. ISSN 1086-3338. S2CID 44555086.
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  85. ↑ James L. Hyland. Democratic theory: the philosophical foundations. Manchester, England, UK ; New York, New York, USA : Manchester University Press ND, 1995. Pp. 247 .
  86. ↑ ( french economist Thomas Piketty ), Associated Press, December 23, 2017, Q & A : A french economist ‘s gloomy opinion of wealth opening, Accessed April 26, 2014, “ … The main problem to me is in truth the proper working of our democratic institutions. It ‘s equitable not compatible with an extreme point sort of oligarchy where 90 percentage of the wealth belongs to a identical bantam group … ”
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  104. ↑Urbinati, Nadia (1 October 2008). “2”. Representative Democracy: Principles and Genealogy. ISBN 978-0-226-84279-0.
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