The Central African Republic ( CAR ; Sango : Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka ; [ needs IPA ] french : République centrafricaine, RCA ; [ 9 ] french : [ ʁepyblik sɑ̃tʁafʁikɛn ], or Centrafrique, [ sɑ̃tʁafʁik ] ) is a landlocked state in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the union, Sudan to the northeastern, South Sudan to the southeasterly, the DR Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west. The central African Republic covers a domain area of about 620,000 hearty kilometres ( 240,000 sq nautical mile ). As of 2018, it had an estimated population of around 4.7 million. As of 2021, the central African Republic is the setting of a civil war, ongoing since 2012. [ 10 ] Most of the Central African Republic consists of Sudano-Guinean savanna, but the area besides includes a Sahelo – Sudanian zone in the union and an equatorial forest zone in the south. Two-thirds of the country is within the Ubangi River basin ( which flows into the Congo ), while the remaining third base lies in the basin of the Chari, which flows into Lake Chad.
Reading: Central African Republic
What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited for millennium ; however, the country ‘s stream borders were established by France, which ruled the nation as a colony starting in the late nineteenth hundred. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the cardinal African Republic was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders, including an abortive try at a monarchy. [ 11 ] By the 1990s, calls for majority rule led to the first multi-party democratic elections in 1993. Ange-Félix Patassé became president, but was late removed by General François Bozizé in the 2003 coup. The cardinal African Republic Bush War began in 2004 and, despite a peace treaty in 2007 and another in 2011, civil war resumed in 2012. The civil war perpetuated the state ‘s inadequate human rights commemorate : it was characterized by far-flung and increasing abuses by respective participating armed groups, such as arbitrary imprisonment, anguish, and restrictions on freedom of the press and freedom of movement. Despite its meaning mineral deposits and other resources, such as uranium reserves, crude oil, amber, diamonds, cobalt, lumber, and hydropower, [ 12 ] a well as significant quantities of arable land, the central African Republic is among the ten poor countries in the universe, with the lowest GDP per head at purchasing power parity in the world as of 2017. [ 13 ] As of 2019, according to the Human Development Index ( HDI ), the area had the second-lowest level of human development ( only ahead of Niger ), ranking 188 out of 189 countries. The state had the lowest inequality-adjusted Human Development Index ( IHDI ), ranking 150th out of 150 countries. [ 14 ] The central African Republic is besides estimated to be the unhealthy country [ 15 ] adenine well as the worst state in which to be young. [ 16 ] The central African Republic is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Economic Community of Central African States, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and the Non-Aligned Movement .
etymology [edit ]
The name of the Central African Republic is derived from the nation ‘s geographic location in the cardinal region of Africa and its republic human body of politics. From 1976 to 1979, the country was known as the cardinal African Empire. During the colonial era, the state ‘s name was Ubangi-Shari which is derived from the Ubangi River and the Chari River. [ citation needed ]
history [edit ]
The Bouar Megaliths, pictured here on a 1967 central African stamp, date back to the very late Neolithic Era ( c. 3500–2700 BCE ) .
early history [edit ]
approximately 10,000 years ago, desertification forced hunter-gatherer societies south into the Sahel regions of northern Central Africa, where some groups settled. [ 17 ] Farming began as share of the Neolithic Revolution. [ 18 ] Initial farming of white yam progressed into millet and sorghum, and before 3000 BCE [ 19 ] the domestication of african oil palm improved the groups ‘ nutriment and allowed for expansion of the local anesthetic populations. [ 20 ] This Agricultural Revolution, combined with a “ Fish-stew Revolution ”, in which fishing began to take set, and the use of boats, allowed for the fare of goods. Products were much moved in ceramic pots, which are the first known examples of artistic formula from the area ‘s inhabitants. [ citation needed ] The Bouar Megaliths in the western area of the area indicate an advanced level of inhabitancy dating back to the identical late Neolithic Era ( c. 3500–2700 BCE ). [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Ironworking arrived in the region around 1000 BCE. [ citation needed ] The Azande people settled along the Ubangi River in what is today Central and East Central African Republic while Bantoid peoples migrated from the southwesterly from Cameroon. [ 23 ] Bananas arrived in the region during the first gear millennium BCE [ 24 ] and added an important source of carbohydrates to the diet ; they were besides used in the production of alcoholic beverages. production of copper, salt, dried fish, and textiles dominated the economic trade in the central african area. [ 25 ]
16th–19th century [edit ]
The Sultan of Bangassou and his wives, 1906 During the 16th and 17th centuries slave traders began to raid the region as partially of the expansion of the Saharan and Nile River slave routes. Their captives were enslaved and shipped to the Mediterranean coast, Europe, Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or South along the Ubanqui and Congo rivers. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] In the mid nineteenth century, the Bobangi people became major slave traders and sold their captives to the Americas using the Ubangi river to reach the coast. [ 28 ] During the eighteenth hundred Bandia-Nzakara Azande peoples established the Bangassou Kingdom along the Ubangi River. [ 27 ] In 1875, the sudanese sultan Rabih az-Zubayr governed Upper-Oubangui, which included contemporary Central African Republic. [ 29 ]
french colonial period [edit ]
The european invasion of central African territory began in the former nineteenth hundred during the Scramble for Africa. [ 30 ] Europeans, primarily the french, Germans, and Belgians, arrived in the area in 1885. France seized and colonized Ubangi-Shari territory in 1894. In 1911 at the Treaty of Fez, France ceded a closely 300,000 km2 part of the Sangha and Lobaye basins to the German Empire which ceded a smaller area ( in contemporary Chad ) to France. After World War I France again annexed the territory. Modeled on King Leopold ‘s Congo Free State, concessions were doled out to private companies that endeavored to strip the region ‘s assets as quickly and cheaply as possible before depositing a share of their profits into the french department of the treasury. The concessionary companies forced local people to harvest arctic, coffee bean, and other commodities without pay and held their families hostage until they met their quotas. between 1890, a year after the french first arrived, and 1940, the population declined by half due to diseases, dearth and exploitation by secret companies. [ 31 ]
In 1920 french Equatorial Africa was established and Ubangi-Shari was administered from Brazzaville. [ 32 ] During the 1920s and 1930s the french introduced a policy of compulsory cotton cultivation, [ 32 ] a net of road was built, attempts were made to combat sleeping sickness, and Protestant missions were established to spread Christianity. [ 33 ] New forms of storm department of labor were besides introduced and a large number of Ubangians were sent to work on the Congo-Ocean Railway. Through the period of construction until 1934 there was a continual intemperate cost in human lives, with sum deaths among all workers along the railway estimated in surfeit of 17,000 of the construction workers, from a combination of both industrial accidents and diseases including malaria. [ 34 ] In 1928, a major rebellion, the Kongo-Wara rebellion or ‘war of the hoe manage ‘, broke out in western Ubangi-Shari and continued for several years. The extent of this rebellion, which was possibly the largest anti-colonial rebellion in Africa during the interwar years, was carefully hidden from the french public because it provided attest of strong opposition to French colonial rule and forced department of labor. [ 35 ] In September 1940, during the second World War, pro-Gaullist french officers took restraint of Ubangi-Shari and General Leclerc established his headquarters for the Free french Forces in Bangui. [ 36 ] In 1946 Barthélemy Boganda was elected with 9,000 votes to the french National Assembly, becoming the first representative of the Central African Republic in the french politics. Boganda maintained a political position against racism and the colonial government but gradually became disheartened with the french political system and returned to the central African Republic to establish the Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa ( Mouvement pour l’évolution sociale de l’Afrique noire, MESAN ) in 1950. [ 37 ]
Since independence ( 1960–present ) [edit ]
In the Ubangi-Shari Territorial Assembly election in 1957, MESAN captured 347,000 out of the sum 356,000 votes [ 38 ] and won every legislative seat, [ 39 ] which led to Boganda being elected president of the united states of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa and vice-president of the Ubangi-Shari Government Council. [ 40 ] Within a class, he declared the establishment of the Central African Republic and served as the state ‘s first prime minister. MESAN continued to exist, but its role was limited. [ 41 ] The Central Africa Republic was granted ‘independence ‘ within the french Community in 1 December 1958, a condition which meant it was still counted as separate of the french Empire in Africa. [ 42 ] After Boganda ‘s death in a plane crash on 29 March 1959, his cousin, David Dacko, took see of MESAN. Dacko became the country ‘s first base president of the united states when the Central African Republic formally received independence from France at midnight on 13 August 1960, a date celebrated by the country ‘s Independence Day vacation. [ 43 ] Dacko threw out his political rivals, including Abel Goumba, erstwhile Prime Minister and drawing card of Mouvement d’évolution démocratique de l’Afrique centrale ( MEDAC ), whom he forced into exile in France. With all resistance parties suppressed by November 1962, Dacko declared MESAN as the official party of the state. [ 44 ]
Bokassa and the central African Empire ( 1965–1979 ) [edit ]
On 31 December 1965, Dacko was overthrown in the Saint-Sylvestre coup d’etat d’état by Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa, who suspended the constitution and dissolved the National Assembly. President Bokassa declared himself President for Life in 1972 and named himself Emperor Bokassa I of the central African Empire ( as the nation was renamed ) on 4 December 1976. A year late, Emperor Bokassa crowned himself in a lavish and expensive ceremony that was ridiculed by much of the world. [ 11 ] In April 1979, young students protested against Bokassa ‘s decree that all school attendees would need to buy uniforms from a ship’s company owned by one of his wives. The government violently suppressed the protests, killing 100 children and teenagers. Bokassa himself may have been personally involved in some of the killings. [ 45 ] In September 1979, France overthrew Bokassa and restored Dacko to power ( subsequently restoring the name of the area and the original government to the central African Republic ). Dacko, in become, was again overthrown in a coup by General André Kolingba on 1 September 1981. [ 46 ]
central African Republic under Kolingba [edit ]
Kolingba suspended the fundamental law and ruled with a military military junta until 1985. He introduced a fresh constitution in 1986 which was adopted by a countrywide referendum. membership in his new party, the Rassemblement Démocratique Centrafricain ( RDC ), was volunteer. In 1987 and 1988, semi-free elections to parliament were held, but Kolingba ‘s two major political opponents, Abel Goumba and Ange-Félix Patassé, were not allowed to participate. [ 47 ] By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy apparent motion originate. pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR ( France, the US, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN ) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with assistant from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of allege irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense press from GIBAFOR to establish a “ Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République ” ( Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR ) and to set up a “ Mixed Electoral Commission ”, which included representatives from all political parties. [ 47 ] When a second round of elections were ultimately held in 1993, again with the help of the external community coordinated by GIBAFOR, Ange-Félix Patassé won in the second round of voting with 53 % of the vote while Goumba won 45.6 %. Patassé ‘s party, the Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain ( MLPC ) or Movement for the Liberation of the central african People, gained a simple but not an absolute majority of seats in fantan, which meant Patassé ‘s party compulsory alliance partners. [ 47 ]
Patassé government ( 1993–2003 ) [edit ]
Patassé purged many of the Kolingba elements from the government and Kolingba supporters accused Patassé ‘s politics of conducting a “ witch hunt ” against the Yakoma. A newly constitution was approved on 28 December 1994 but had little impingement on the country ‘s politics. In 1996–1997, reflecting steadily decreasing public confidence in the politics ‘s erratic behavior, three mutinies against Patassé ‘s administration were accompanied by widespread destruction of place and heightened ethnic tension. During this time ( 1996 ) the Peace Corps evacuated all its volunteers to neighboring Cameroon. To date, the Peace Corps has not returned to the cardinal African Republic. The Bangui Agreements, signed in January 1997, provided for the deployment of an inter-African military mission, to Central African Republic and re-entry of ex-mutineers into the government on 7 April 1997. The inter-African military mission was later replaced by a U.N. peacekeeping wedge ( MINURCA ). Since 1997, the state has hosted about a twelve peacekeeping interventions, earning it the style of “ global ace of peacekeeping ”. [ 31 ] In 1998, parliamentary elections resulted in Kolingba ‘s RDC winning 20 out of 109 seats. The adjacent class, however, in malice of widespread public wrath in urban centers over his crooked govern, Patassé won a second gear term in the presidential election. [ 48 ] On 28 May 2001, rebels stormed strategic buildings in Bangui in an unsuccessful coup undertake. The army head of staff, Abel Abrou, and General François N’Djadder Bedaya were killed, but Patassé regained the upper berth hand by bringing in at least 300 troops of the congolese rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba and Libyan soldiers. [ 49 ] In the consequence of the failed coup, militias loyal to Patassé sought revenge against rebels in many neighborhoods of Bangui and incited unrest including the mangle of many political opponents. finally, Patassé came to suspect that General François Bozizé was involved in another coup d’etat try against him, which led Bozizé to flee with loyal troops to Chad. In March 2003, Bozizé launched a surprise attack against Patassé, who was out of the state. libyan troops and some 1,000 soldiers of Bemba ‘s congolese rebel constitution failed to stop the rebels and Bozizé ‘s forces succeeded in overthrowing Patassé. [ 50 ]
Civil wars [edit ]
Rebel militia in the northern countryside, 2007. François Bozizé suspended the fundamental law and named a raw cabinet, which included most opposition parties. Abel Goumba was named vice-president, which gave Bozizé ‘s newly politics a positive image. [ why? ] Bozizé established a broad-based National Transition Council to draft a new united states constitution, and announced that he would step down and run for office once the new fundamental law was approved. [ 51 ] In 2004, the central African Republic Bush War began, as forces opposed to Bozizé took up arms against his government. In May 2005, Bozizé won the presidential election, which excluded Patassé, and in 2006 fighting continued between the politics and the rebels. [ 52 ] In November 2006, Bozizé ‘s politics requested french military support to help them repel rebels who had taken control of towns in the country ‘s northern regions. [ 53 ] Though the initial public details of the agreement pertained to logistics and intelligence, by December the french aid included airstrikes by Dassault Mirage 2000 fighters against maverick positions. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] The Syrte Agreement in February and the Birao Peace Agreement in April 2007 called for a cessation of hostilities, the quarter of FDPC fighters and their integration with FACA, the liberation of political prisoners, consolidation of FDPC into politics, an amnesty for the UFDR, its recognition as a political party, and the integration of its fighters into the national army. several groups continued to fight but other groups signed on to the agreement, or similar agreements with the politics ( e.g. UFR on 15 December 2008 ). The merely major group not to sign an agreement at the time was the CPJP, which continued its activities and signed a peace agreement with the government on 25 August 2012. [ citation needed ] In 2011, Bozizé was reelected in an election which was wide considered deceitful. [ 12 ] In November 2012, Séléka, a alliance of rebel groups, took over towns in the northern and central regions of the country. These groups finally reached a peace distribute with the Bozizé ‘s government in January 2013 involving a might sharing politics [ 12 ] but this deal broke polish and the rebels seized the capital in March 2013 and Bozizé fled the nation. [ 56 ] [ 57 ]
Refugees of the fighting in the Central African Republic, January 2014 Michel Djotodia took over as president. Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye requested a UN peacekeeping force out from the UN Security Council and on 31 May former President Bozizé was indicted for crimes against world and exhortation of genocide. [ 58 ] By the end of the year there were external warnings of a “ genocide ” [ 59 ] [ 60 ] and fight was largely from reprisal attacks on civilians from Seleka ‘s predominantly Muslim fighters and christian militia called “ anti-balaka. ” [ 61 ] By August 2013, there were reports of over 200,000 internally move persons ( IDPs ) [ 62 ] [ 63 ]
current military situation in cardinal African Republic french President François Hollande called on the UN Security Council and African Union to increase their efforts to stabilize the state. On 18 February 2014, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called on the UN Security Council to immediately deploy 3,000 troops to the country, bolstering the 6,000 African Union soldiers and 2,000 french troops already in the nation, to combat civilians being murdered in large numbers. The Séléka government was said to be divided, [ 64 ] and in September 2013, Djotodia officially disbanded Seleka, but many rebels refused to disarm, becoming known as ex-Seleka, and veered further out of politics control. [ 61 ] It is argued that the focus of the initial disarming efforts entirely on the Seleka unwittingly handed the anti-Balaka the amphetamine pass, leading to the impel supplanting of Muslim civilians by anti-Balaka in Bangui and western Central African Republic. [ 31 ] On 11 January 2014, Michael Djotodia and Nicolas Tiengaye resigned as part of a deal negotiated at a regional summit in neighboring Chad. [ 65 ] Catherine Samba-Panza was elected as interim president of the united states by the National Transitional Council, [ 66 ] becoming the foremost ever female central African president. On 23 July 2014, following congolese mediation efforts, Séléka and anti-balaka representatives signed a ceasefire agreement in Brazzaville. [ 67 ] By the end of 2014, the nation was de facto partitioned with the anti-Balaka in the southwesterly and ex-Seleka in the northeast. [ 31 ] In March 2015, Samantha Power, the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, said 417 of the state ‘s 436 mosques had been destroyed, and Muslim women were so daunt of going out in populace they were giving birth in their homes rather of going to the hospital. [ 68 ] On 14 December 2015, Séléka rebel leaders declared an autonomous Republic of Logone. [ 69 ]
Touadéra government ( 2016– ) [edit ]
presidential elections were held in December 2015. As no campaigner received more than 50 % of the vote, a second turn of elections was held on 14 February 2016 with run-offs on 31 March 2016. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] In the moment round of vote, former Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Touadéra was declared the achiever with 63 % of the vote, defeating Union for Central African Renewal campaigner Anicet-Georges Dologuélé, another early Prime Minister. [ 72 ] While the elections suffered from many potential voters being absent as they had taken safety in early countries, the fears of far-flung violence were ultimately baseless and the African Union regarded the elections as successful. [ 73 ] Touadéra was sworn in on 30 March 2016. No representatives of the Seleka rebel group or the “ anti-balaka ” militias were included in the subsequently imprint government. [ 74 ] After the end of Touadéra ‘s first terminus, presidential elections were held on 27 December 2020 with a possible second round planned for 14 February 2021. [ 75 ] Former president François Bozizé announced his campaigning on 25 July 2020 but was rejected by the Constitutional Court of the nation, which held that Bozizé did not satisfy the “ good morality ” requirement for candidates because of an external justify and United Nations sanctions against him for alleged assassinations, distortion and other crimes. [ 76 ] As big parts of the country were at the time controlled by armed groups, the election could not be conducted in many areas of the area. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] Some 800 of the nation ‘s poll stations, 14 % of the sum, were closed due to violence. [ 79 ] Three burundi peacekeepers were killed and an extra two were wounded during the runup to the election. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] President Faustin Archange Touadéra was reelected in the inaugural round of the election in December 2020. [ 82 ]
geography [edit ]
Falls of Boali on the Mbali River
A village in the cardinal African Republic The cardinal African Republic is a landlocked nation within the interior of the African continent. It is bordered by Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, the democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Republic of the Congo. The country lies between latitudes 2° and 11°N, and longitudes 14° and 28°E. [ 83 ] much of the state consists of apartment or rolling tableland savanna approximately 500 metres ( 1,640 foot ) above sea level. In addition to the Fertit Hills in the northeast of the Central African Republic, there are scatter hills in the southwest regions. In the northwest is the Yade Massif, a granite tableland with an elevation of 348 metres ( 1,143 foot ). The central African Republic contains six mundane ecoregions : Northeastern Congolian lowland forests, Northwestern Congolian lowland forests, western Congolian swamp forests, East Sudanian savanna, Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic, and Sahelian Acacia savanna. [ 84 ] At 622,984 square kilometres ( 240,535 sq myocardial infarction ), the central African Republic is the global ‘s 44th-largest area. It is comparable in size to Ukraine, as the Ukraine is 603,500 public square kilometres ( 233,000 sq security service ) in area, according to List of countries and dependencies by area. [ citation needed ] a lot of the southern border is formed by tributaries of the Congo River ; the Mbomou River in the east merges with the Uele River to form the Ubangi River, which besides comprises portions of the southerly molding. The Sangha River flows through some of the western regions of the country, while the eastern edge lies along the edge of the Nile River watershed. [ 83 ] It has been estimated that up to 8 % of the area is covered by forest, with the dense parts broadly located in the southern regions. The forests are highly diverse and include commercially authoritative species of Ayous, Sapelli and Sipo. [ 85 ] The deforestation rate is about 0.4 % per annum, and lumber poach is commonplace. [ 86 ] The central African Republic had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.28/10, ranking it 7th globally out of 172 countries. [ 87 ] In 2008, central African Republic was the universe ‘s least lightly pollution affected state. [ 88 ] The cardinal African Republic is the focal point of the Bangui Magnetic Anomaly, one of the largest magnetic anomalies on Earth. [ 89 ]
land [edit ]
The central African Republic is roughly the size of France and is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan and South Sudan to the north and east, the democratic Republic of the Congo ( Kinshasa ) and the Republic of the Congo ( Brazzaville ) to the south, and Cameroon to the west. The capital, Bangui, is situated on the southerly boundary, formed by the Ubangi River, a feeder of the Congo River. [ citation needed ]
relief, drain and soils [edit ]
The cardinal African Republic occupies an huge rolled tableland that forms, along a peak that trends southwest to northeast, the major drain watershed between the Lake Chad and Congo River basins. The nation is well supplied with waterways. Tributaries of the Chari River occupy the northerly third gear of the state ’ s territory. The remaining two-thirds of the terrain drains southerly into the Ubangi River, which forms the central African Republic ’ s southern border with Congo ( Kinshasa ). [ citation needed ] The huge central plains rise gradually in the northeast to the Bongos ( Bongo ) Massif, extending to an elevation of 4,360 feet ( 1,330 metres ) at Mount Toussoro, and to the Tondou Massif in the east. [ citation needed ] In the west they rise toward the gamey granite range of the Karre Mountains, reaching about 4,625 feet ( 1,410 metres ) at Mount Ngaoui, the nation ’ s highest point, before declining eastward into sandstone tableland. In the north the most significant mountains are those of the Dar Challa range, which rise to 4,350 feet ( 1,326 metres ) at Mount Ngaya near the margin with Sudan. In the southeast is a plain cut by a number of rivers. [ citation needed ]
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wildlife [edit ]
In the southwest, the Dzanga-Sangha National Park is located in a rain afforest area. The state is noted for its population of forest elephants and westerly lowland gorillas. In the north, the Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park is well-populated with wildlife, including leopards, lions, cheetah and rhinoceros, and the Bamingui-Bangoran National Park is located in the northeast of the Central African Republic. The parks have been badly affected by the activities of poachers, particularly those from Sudan, over the by two decades. [ 90 ]
climate [edit ]
central African Republic map of Köppen climate classification. The climate of the Central African Republic is broadly tropical, with a wet temper that lasts from June to September in the northern regions of the state, and from May to October in the south. During the wet season, rainstorms are an about daily occurrence, and early dawn fog is commonplace. maximal annual precipitation is approximately 1,800 millimetres ( 71 in ) in the upper Ubangi region. [ 91 ] The northern areas are hot and humid from February to May, [ 92 ] but can be submit to the hot, dry, and dusty trade wind known as the Harmattan. The southerly regions have a more equatorial climate, but they are subject to desertification, while the extreme point northeast regions of the area are a steppe. [ 93 ]
Prefectures and sub-prefectures [edit ]
A clickable map of the fourteen prefectures of the Central African Republic. The central African Republic is divided into 16 administrative prefectures ( préfectures ), two of which are economic prefectures ( préfectures economiques ), and one an autonomous commune ; the prefectures are far divided into 71 sub-prefectures ( sous-préfectures ). [ 94 ] [ 95 ] The prefectures are Bamingui-Bangoran, Basse-Kotto, Haute-Kotto, Haut-Mbomou, Kémo, Lobaye, Mambéré-Kadéï, Mbomou, Nana-Mambéré, Ombella-M’Poko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pendé and Vakaga. The economic prefectures are Nana-Grébizi and Sangha-Mbaéré, while the commune is the capital city of Bangui. [ 94 ]
Politics and government [edit ]
Politics in the central African Republic formally take place in a framework of a semi-presidential democracy. In this system, the President is the pass of state, with a Prime Minister as read/write head of government. Executive world power is exercised by the politics. legislative office is vested in both the government and parliament. [ 12 ] Changes in government have occurred in late years by three methods : violence, negotiations, and elections. A newfangled united states constitution was approved by voters in a referendum held on 5 December 2004. The government was rated ‘Partly Free ‘ from 1991 to 2001 and from 2004 to 2013. [ 96 ]
Executive arm [edit ]
The president is elected by democratic vote for a six-year term, and the prime curate is appointed by the president of the united states. The president besides appoints and presides over the Council of Ministers, which initiates laws and oversee government operations. however, as of 2018 the official government is not in control of big parts of the area, which are governed by rebel groups. [ 97 ] Acting president since April 2016 is Faustin Archange Touadera who followed the interim government under Catherine Samba-Panza, interim prime minister André Nzapayeké. [ 98 ]
legislative ramify [edit ]
The National Assembly ( Assemblée Nationale ) has 140 members, elected for a five-year term using the two-round ( or Run-off ) system. [ 12 ]
Judicial branch [edit ]
As in many other early french colonies, the cardinal African Republic ‘s legal system is based on french jurisprudence. [ 99 ] The Supreme Court, or Cour Supreme, is made up of judges appointed by the president. There is besides a constitutional Court, and its judges are besides appointed by the president of the united states. [ 12 ]
foreign relations [edit ]
The cardinal African Republic relies heavy on russian mercenaries for the protection of its diamond mines. [ 100 ]
Foreign help and UN Involvement [edit ]
The cardinal African Republic is heavily dependent upon extraneous help and numerous NGOs provide services that the politics does not provide. [ 101 ] In 2019, over US $ 100 million in extraneous help was spent in the country, largely on humanist aid. [ 102 ] In 2006, due to ongoing violence, over 50,000 people in the country ‘s northwest were at gamble of starvation, [ 103 ] but this was averted due to assistance from the United Nations. [ 104 ] On 8 January 2008, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon declared that the Central African Republic was eligible to receive aid from the Peacebuilding Fund. [ 105 ] Three precedence areas were identified : first, the reform of the security system sector ; moment, the forwarding of adept administration and the rule of law ; and one-third, the revival of communities affected by conflicts. On 12 June 2008, the central African Republic requested aid from the UN Peacebuilding Commission, [ 106 ] which was set up in 2005 to help countries emerging from conflict avoid devolving back into war or chaos. [ 107 ] In reaction to concerns of a likely genocide, a peacekeeping force – the International Support Mission to the cardinal African Republic ( MISCA ) – was authorized in December 2013. This African Union impel of 6,000 personnel was accompanied by the french Operation Sangaris. [ 108 ] In 2017, central African Republic signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. [ 109 ]
Human rights [edit ]
The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in the cardinal African Republic were poor people and express concerns over numerous government abuses. [ 110 ] The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security system forces, torment, beatings and rape of suspects and prisoners occurred with impunity. It besides alleged harsh and dangerous conditions in prisons and detention centers, arbitrary collar, elongated pretrial detention and abnegation of a fair trial, restrictions on freedom of drift, official corruption, and restrictions on workers ‘ rights. [ 110 ]
The State Department report besides cites far-flung mob ferocity, the prevalence of female genital mutilation, discrimination against women and Pygmies, human traffic, forced british labour party, and child department of labor. [ 111 ] Freedom of movement is limited in the northern separate of the area “ because of actions by state security forces, armed bandits, and early nonstate armed entities ”, and due to fighting between government and anti-government forces, many persons have been internally displaced. [ 112 ] violence against children and women in relation back to accusations of witchcraft has besides been cited as a serious problem in the country. [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Witchcraft is a criminal umbrage under the penal code. [ 113 ] exemption of speech is addressed in the area ‘s constitution, but there have been incidents of government intimidation of the media. [ 110 ] A report by the International Research & Exchanges Board ‘s media sustainability index noted that “ the state minimally met objectives, with segments of the legal system and government opposed to a free media system ”. [ 110 ] approximately 68 % of girls are married before they turn 18, [ 116 ] and the United Nations ‘ Human Development Index ranked the state 188 out of 188 countries surveyed. [ 117 ] The Bureau of International Labor Affairs has besides mentioned it in its last version of the List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor .
Demographics [edit ]
The population of the Central African Republic has about quadrupled since independence. In 1960, the population was 1,232,000 ; as of a 2018 UN estimate, it is approximately 4,666,368. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The United Nations estimates that approximately 4 % of the population aged between 15 and 49 is HIV positive. [ 118 ] only 3 % of the state has antiretroviral therapy available, compared to a 17 % coverage in the neighbor countries of Chad and the Republic of the Congo. [ 119 ] The nation is divided into over 80 heathen groups, each having its own lyric. The largest heathen groups are the Baggara Arabs, Baka, Banda, Bayaka, Fula, Gbaya, Kara, Kresh, Mbaka, Mandja, Ngbandi, Sara, Vidiri, Wodaabe, Yakoma, Yulu, Zande, with others including Europeans of largely french origin. [ 12 ]
Largest cities or towns in central African Republic
[120] According to the 2003 Census
Rank
Name
Prefecture
Pop.
Rank
Name
Prefecture
Pop.
Bangui
1
Bangui
Bangui
622,771
11
Kaga-Bandoro
Nana-Grébizi
24,661
2
Bimbo
Ombella-M’Poko
124,176
12
Sibut
Kémo
22,419
3
Berbérati
Mambéré-Kadéï
76,918
13
Mbaïki
Lobaye
22,166
4
Carnot
Mambéré-Kadéï
45,421
14
Bozoum
Ouham-Pendé
20,665
5
Bambari
Ouaka
41,356
15
Paoua
Ouham-Pendé
17,370
6
Bouar
Nana-Mambéré
40,353
16
Batangafo
Ouham
16,420
7
Bossangoa
Ouham
36,478
17
Kabo
Ouham
16,279
8
Bria
Haute-Kotto
35,204
18
Bocaranga
Ouham-Pendé
15,744
9
Bangassou
Mbomou
31,553
19
Ippy
Ouaka
15,196
10
Nola
Sangha-Mbaéré
29,181
20
Alindao
Basse-Kotto
14,401
religion [edit ]
A christian church in the central African Republic. According to the 2003 national census, 80.3 % of the population was Christian ( 51.4 % Protestant and 28.9 % Roman Catholic ), 10 % was Muslim and 4.5 percentage other religious groups, with 5.5 percentage having no religious beliefs. [ 121 ] More late work from the Pew Research Center estimated that, as of 2010, Christians constituted 89.8 % of the population ( 60.7 % Protestant and 28.5 % Catholic ) while Muslims made up 8.9 %. [ 122 ] [ 123 ] The Catholic Church claims over 1.5 million adherents, approximately one-third of the population. [ 124 ] autochthonal impression ( animism ) is besides practiced, and many autochthonal beliefs are incorporated into Christian and Islamic practice. [ 125 ] A UN conductor described religious tensions between Muslims and Christians as being high. [ 126 ] There are many missionary groups operating in the country, including Lutherans, Baptists, Catholics, Grace Brethren, and Jehovah ‘s Witnesses. While these missionaries are predominantly from the United States, France, Italy, and Spain, many are besides from Nigeria, the democratic Republic of the Congo, and other african countries. large numbers of missionaries left the area when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces in 2002–3, but many of them have now returned to continue their work. [ 127 ] According to Overseas Development Institute research, during the crisis ongoing since 2012, religious leaders have mediated between communities and armed groups ; they besides provided recourse for people seeking shelter. [ 108 ]
Languages [edit ]
The central African Republic ‘s two official languages are french and Sango ( besides spelled Sangho ), [ 128 ] a creole developed as an inter-ethnic tongue franca based on the local anesthetic Ngbandi lyric. The central African Republic is one of the few african countries to have an african linguistic process as their official language .
economy [edit ]
A proportional representation of cardinal African Republic exports, 2019 The per caput income of the Republic is frequently listed as being approximately $ 400 a year, one of the lowest in the world, but this human body is based largely on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods, locally produced alcoholic beverages, diamonds, bone, bushmeat, and traditional medicine. [ 129 ] The currentness of the Central African Republic is the CFA franc, which is accepted across the early countries of french West Africa and trades at a fixed rate to the euro. Diamonds constitute the country ‘s most important export, accounting for 40–55 % of export revenues, but it is estimated that between 30 % and 50 % of those produced each year leave the country clandestinely. [ 129 ] agriculture is dominated by the cultivation and sale of food crops such as cassava, peanuts, maize, sorghum, millet, sesame, and plantain. The annual substantial GDP growth pace is barely above 3 %. The importance of food crops over export cash crops is indicated by the fact that the total production of cassava, the staple food of most central Africans, ranges between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes a class, while the production of cotton, the star exported cash crop, ranges from 25,000 to 45,000 tonnes a year. Food crops are not exported in large quantities, but inactive constitute the star cash crops of the area, because Central Africans derive far more income from the periodic sale of excess food crops than from export cash crops such as cotton or coffee bean. [ 129 ] much of the country is self-sufficient in food crops ; however, livestock development is hindered by the presence of the tsetse fly tent-fly. [ 130 ] The Republic ‘s chief import partner is France ( 17.1 % ). other imports come from the United States ( 12.3 % ), India ( 11.5 % ), and China ( 8.2 % ). Its largest export partner is France ( 31.2 % ), followed by Burundi ( 16.2 % ), China ( 12.5 % ), Cameroon ( 9.6 % ), and Austria ( 7.8 % ). [ 12 ] The cardinal African Republic is a extremity of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa ( OHADA ). In the 2009 World Bank Group ‘s composition Doing Business, it was ranked 183rd of 183 as regards ‘ease of doing business ‘, a composite index which takes into report regulations that enhance business activeness and those that restrict it. [ 131 ]
infrastructure [edit ]
transportation system [edit ]
Bangui is the transmit hub of the Central African Republic. As of 1999, eight roads connected the city to other main towns in the state, Cameroon, Chad and South Sudan ; of these, alone the toll roads are paved. During the showery temper from July to October, some roads are impassable. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] River ferries sail from the river port at Bangui to Brazzaville and Zongo. The river can be navigated most of the class between Bangui and Brazzaville. From Brazzaville, goods are transported by rail to Pointe-Noire, Congo ‘s Atlantic larboard. [ 134 ] The river port handles the overpowering majority of the area ‘s international trade and has a cargo handling capability of 350,000 tons ; it has 350 metres ( 1,150 foot ) length of wharf and 24,000 straight metres ( 260,000 sq foot ) of warehousing quad. [ 132 ] Bangui M’Poko International Airport is central African Republic ‘s only external airport. As of June 2014 it had regularly scheduled target flights to Brazzaville, Casablanca, Cotonou, Douala, Kinshasa, Lomé, Luanda, Malabo, N’Djamena, Paris, Pointe-Noire, and Yaoundé. [ citation needed ] Since at least 2002 there have been plans to connect Bangui by rail to the Transcameroon Railway. [ 135 ]
Energy [edit ]
The central African Republic primarily uses hydroelectricity as there are few other resources for energy and power. [ 136 ]
Communications [edit ]
presently, the central African Republic has active television receiver services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile call carriers ; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile telephone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of telecommunications are the Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies. In accession, the central African Republic receives external accompaniment on telecommunication related operations from ITU Telecommunication Development Sector ( ITU-D ) within the International Telecommunication Union to improve infrastructure. [ 137 ]
education [edit ]
public education in the cardinal African Republic is free and is compulsory from ages 6 to 14. [ 138 ] however, approximately half of the adult population of the state is illiterate. [ 139 ]
Higher education [edit ]
The two institutions of higher education in the cardinal African Republic are the University of Bangui, a public university located in Bangui, which includes a medical school ; and Euclid University, an international university. [ 140 ] [ 141 ]
healthcare [edit ]
Mothers and babies aged between 0 and 5 years are lining up in a Health Post at Begoua, a district of Bangui, waiting for the two drops of the oral poliomyelitis vaccine The largest hospitals in the country are located in the Bangui district. As a penis of the World Health Organization, the central African Republic receives vaccination aid, such as a 2014 intervention for the prevention of a measles epidemic. [ 142 ] In 2007, female life anticipation at parturition was 48.2 years and male animation anticipation at parturition was 45.1 years. [ 143 ] Women ‘s health is poor in the cardinal African Republic. As of 2010, the country had the 4th highest parental deathrate rate in the global. [ 144 ] The total richness rate in 2014 was estimated at 4.46 children born/woman. [ 12 ] approximately 25 % of women had undergo female genital mutilation. [ 145 ] many births in the nation are guided by traditional parturition attendants, who often have little or no formal prepare. [ 146 ] Malaria is endemic in the cardinal African Republic, and one of the moderate causes of death. [ 147 ] According to 2009 estimates, the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is about 4.7 % of the pornographic population ( ages 15–49 ). [ 148 ] This is in general agreement with the 2016 United Nations estimate of approximately 4 %. [ 149 ] Government outgo on health was US $ 20 ( PPP ) per person in 2006 [ 143 ] and 10.9 % of entire government outgo in 2006. [ 143 ] There was merely about 1 doctor for every 20,000 persons in 2009. [ 150 ]
culture [edit ]
Media [edit ]
Sports [edit ]
basketball is the country ‘s most popular sport and a adept way to connect with its people. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Its home team won the african Championship doubly and was the first sub-saharan African team to qualify for the Basketball World Cup, in 1974. The country besides has a national football team, which is governed by the central African Football Federation, and stages matches at the Barthélemy Boganda Stadium. [ 153 ]
See besides [edit ]
References [edit ]
bibliography [edit ]
far read [edit ]
- Doeden, Matt, Central African Republic in Pictures (Twentyfirst Century Books, 2009).
- Petringa, Maria, Brazza, A Life for Africa (2006). ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0.
- Titley, Brian, Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa, 2002.
- Woodfrok, Jacqueline, Culture and Customs of the Central African Republic (Greenwood Press, 2006).
Overviews [edit ]
News [edit ]
other [edit ]
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