The 2016 Summer Olympics ( portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ), [ c ] formally the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and besides known as Rio 2016, were an international multi-sport event held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August. Rio was announced as the host city at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 2 October 2009. 11,238 athletes from 207 nations took part in the 2016 Games, including first-time entrants Kosovo, South Sudan, and the Refugee Olympic Team. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] With 306 sets of medals, the Games featured 28 Olympic sports, including rugby sevens and golf, which were added to the Olympic program in 2009. These sporting events took identify at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the brazilian cities of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Brasília, and Manaus.
Reading: 2016 Summer Olympics
These were the first Olympic Games to be held in South America, [ 4 ] arsenic well as the first to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country, the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country ‘s winter season, the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America, and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere. [ 5 ] These were besides the first Summer Olympics to take topographic point under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach. [ 3 ] The United States topped the decoration board, winning the most amber medals ( 46 ) and the highest number of medals overall ( 121 ) ; the US team besides won its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold decoration overall. Great Britain finished moment and became the foremost state to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after being master of ceremonies nation in 2012. [ 6 ] China finished third in the decoration board. Host nation Brazil won seven gold medals and 19 medals, its best resultant role at any Olympics, finishing in thirteenth place. Bahrain, Fiji, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kosovo, Puerto Rico, Singapore, Tajikistan, and Vietnam all won their beginning gold medals, as did the group of Independent Olympic Athletes ( from Kuwait ) .
Bidding process [edit ]
A young girlfriend adding her touch in defend of Rio de Janeiro ‘s campaigning The process for the 2016 Summer Olympics was officially launched on 16 May 2007. [ 7 ] The first step for each city was to submit an initial application to the International Olympic Committee by 13 September 2007, confirming their intention to bid. Completed official bid files containing answers to a 25-question IOC shape were to be submitted by each city by the deadline of 14 January 2008. On 4 June 2008, four campaigner cities were chosen for the shortlist : Chicago, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro, and Tokyo, which had already hosted the Summer Olympics in 1964. Three cities— Baku, Doha, and Prague —failed to reach the campaigning phase. Doha was not promoted, despite scoring higher than the choose campaigner city Rio de Janeiro, because of their proposal to host the Olympics in October, outside the IOC ‘s sporting calendar. [ 8 ] Nawal El Moutawakel of Morocco headed the 10-member Evaluation Commission, having besides chaired the evaluation commission for the 2012 Summer Olympics bids. The commission made on-site inspections in the second quarter of 2009. They issued a comprehensive technical foul appraisal for IOC members on 2 September, one calendar month before the elections. [ 9 ] many safeguards were put in put to prevent command cities from communicating with or directly influencing the 115 IOC members eligible to vote in the elections. For model, cities could not invite any IOC extremity to visit, nor could they send anything that could be construed as a giving. Nonetheless, bidding cities invested large sums in their public relations and media programs to indirectly influence the IOC members by garnering domestic defend and backing from sports media and general external media .
ultimately, you are communicating with fair 115 people and each one has influencers and atmospheric pressure groups but you are still speaking to no more than about 1,500 people, possibly 5,000 in the broadest sense. It is not just about getting ads out there but it is about a target and very carefully planned campaign .Jon Tibbs, a consultant on the Tokyo bid[10]
The final vote was held in Copenhagen on 2 October 2009, with Madrid and Rio de Janeiro considered favorites to secure the Games. Chicago was eliminated after the first turn of vote, and Tokyo after the second. Tokyo was eliminated from 2016 wish but was subsequently awarded the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013. Rio de Janeiro took a meaning lead over Madrid, heading into the final round ; the go was held, and Rio de Janeiro was announced as server of the 2016 Summer Olympics .
Development and preparation [edit ]
On 26 June 2011, it was reported on AroundTheRings.com that Roderlei Generali, the COO of the Rio de Janeiro Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games, resigned good one class after taking the job at ROOC. This came just five months after CCO Flávio Pestana depart for personal reasons. [ 12 ] Pestana withdrew later during the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and Renato Ciuchin was then appointed as COO. [ 13 ]
Venues and infrastructure [edit ]
Venues of the 2016 Summer Olympics Events took place at eighteen existing venues, nine new venues constructed specifically for the Games, and seven irregular venues. [ 14 ] Each event was held in one of four geographically segregated Olympic clusters– Barra, Copacabana, Deodoro, and Maracanã –as was done for the 2007 Pan american english Games. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Several of the venues were located at the Barra Cluster Olympic Park. [ 14 ] about one-half of the athletes could reach their venues in less than 10 minutes, and about 75 per cent could do so in less than 25 minutes. Of the 34 contest venues, eight undergo some permanent works, seven were wholly irregular and nine were constructed as permanent bequest venues. [ 17 ] The largest venue at the Games in terms of seating capacity was the 74,738-seat Maracanã Stadium, which served as the ceremonies venue and site of the football finals. [ 14 ] The moment largest stadium was the 60,000-seat Estádio Olímpico João Havelange, which hosted track and field events. [ 14 ] The athletes ‘ greenwich village was said to be the largest in Olympic history. Fittings included about 80,000 chairs, 70,000 tables, 29,000 mattresses, 60,000 clothes hangers, 6,000 television sets and 10,000 smartphones. [ 18 ]
Olympic Park [edit ]
The Barra Olympic Park is a cluster of nine sporting venues in Barra district attorney Tijuca, in the west zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The site was once occupied by the Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet, besides known as the Jacarepaguá Formula One racing circuit. [ 19 ] The nine venues within the Olympic Park were : [ 20 ] [ 21 ]
angstrom well as the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange and Maracanã and in Rio de Janeiro, football matches took seat at five venues in the cities of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Brasília and Manaus .
urban renovation [edit ]
Rio ‘s historical downtown underwent an urban waterfront revival project known as Porto Maravilha, covering 5 km2 ( 1.9 sq michigan ) in area. The project aimed to redevelop the port area, increase the city focus on ‘s attraction, and enhance Rio ‘s competitive position in the ball-shaped economy. [ 22 ] The urban renovation involved 700 km ( 430 michigan ) of public networks for water system supply, sanitation, drain, electricity, boast and telecommunication ; 4 kilometer ( 2.5 nautical mile ) of tunnels ; 70 kilometer ( 43 mile ) of roads ; 650 km2 ( 250 sq mile ) of sidewalks ; 17 kilometer ( 11 myocardial infarction ) of motorcycle path ; 15,000 trees ; three sanitation discussion plants. As separate of this renovation, a raw tramway was built from the Santos Dumont Airport to Rodoviária Novo Rio, due to open in April 2016. [ 23 ] The Games required over 200 kilometers of security system fence. A 15,000 square meter warehouse in Barra district attorney Tijuca was used to meet and supply the furniture and fittings for the Olympic Village. The second warehouse of 90,000 square meters in Duque de Caxias, near the roads that provide access to the venues, contained all the equipment needed for the sport events. [ 18 ]
Medals [edit ]
Medals of the 2016 Summer Olympics The medals were produced by the Casa district attorney Moeda do Brasil ( the Brazilian mint ). The decoration design was unveiled on 15 June 2016. They were designed to be environmentally friendly using recycle materials ; the bronze and flatware medals contained 30 % recycle materials. The gold medals were produced using gold that had been mined and extracted according to a fit of sustainability criteria, such as being extracted without the practice of mercury. The medals feature a wreath design on the battlefront, and in keeping with custom, the obverse features Nike, the Greek goddess of victory. A wooden carry box accompanied each decoration. Medalists were besides awarded a trophy in the human body of the Games ‘ emblem. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] In May 2017, an Associated Press article disclosed that over 100 athletes who had won medals at the Rio Olympics reported that their medals were showing some wrong, including black spots, flaking, or surface debasing. Rio officials offered to replace any bad medals and found problems with 6 to 7 percentage of all those awarded. [ 26 ]
Torch relay [edit ]
Volunteers working at the Olympic Stadium during the Games The Olympic flame was lit on 21 April 2016 at the Temple of Hera in Olympia, the traditional start of the greek phase of the blowtorch relay. The flame was handed over to the brazilian organisers in a ceremony at the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens on 27 April. A brief stop-off was made in Switzerland to visit the IOC headquarter and the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, vitamin a well as the United Nations Office at Geneva. [ 27 ] The blowtorch relay began its travel around Brazil on 3 May at the capital Brasília. The flame visited more than 300 brazilian cities, including all 26 state capitals and the brazilian Federal District. [ 28 ] The relay ended in Rio de Janeiro on 5 August when the flame was used to light the Olympic caldron during the open ceremony .
Volunteers [edit ]
Unpaid volunteers performed a variety of tasks before and during the Games. A target of 50,000 volunteers was set a early as 2012. More than 240,000 applications were received when recruitment took target in 2014. The dress worn by the volunteers included yellow polo shirts and jackets, beige trousers, white socks, and green trainers, which they collected from the Uniform Distribution and Accreditation Centre. Volunteers besides wore photograph accreditation badges which were allocated to officials, athletes, family members, and media, allowing them to gain access to specific venues and buildings around the web site. [ 29 ] many volunteers gave up their roles due to long work hours and insufficient release meals. [ 30 ]
Ticketing [edit ]
The slate prices were announced on 16 September 2014, all of which were sold in brazilian reais ( BRL ). A total of 7.5 million tickets were to be sold in total, with tag prices ranging from BRL 40 for many events to BRL 4,600 for the most expensive seats at the hatchway ceremony. About 3.8 million of these tickets were available for BRL 70 or less. [ 31 ] [ 32 ]
sustainability [edit ]
As an aspect of its offer, Rio ‘s organizing committee planned to focus on sustainability and environmental protection as a composition of the 2016 Games, going on to dub them a “ k Games for a Blue Planet ”. [ 33 ] As bequest projects, organizers intended to introduce a across-the-board array of populace transport options, upgrade the infrastructure of the favelas to provide improved transport and access to utilities, upgrade Rio ‘s gutter system to remediate the grade of pollution in the Guanabara Bay, [ 33 ] [ 34 ] and plant 24 million seedlings to offset the expect carbon paper emissions of the Games. however, some of these projects met with delays or faced economic shortfalls, leading some critics to believe that Rio would not be able to accomplish them. [ 33 ] [ 35 ]
Future Arena, a temporary venue designed for future reconstruction into school buildings The focus on environmental auspices besides influenced the execution of sealed Olympic protocols. To reduce emissions, the Olympic caldron was designed to be smaller than former iterations, using a energizing sculpture to enhance its appearance in invest of a larger body of flames. [ 36 ] The bronze and silver medals, a well as the ribbons on all medals, were designed to incorporate recycle materials. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The athletes were not presented with flowers during the decoration ceremonies, as had been the tradition at previous Olympics ( although floral displays were still used as part of the denounce of decoration presentations ). The organizers considered the practice to be wasteful because the flowers were often thrown away and “ would struggle to survive in the tropical brazilian climate ” if kept. The podiums were designed using materials that could be recycled to make furniture. [ 25 ] [ 37 ] The Future Arena, the venue for the handball competitions, was designed as a temp modular structure whose components could be reconstructed after the Games to build schools. [ 38 ] however, as of November 2017, the stadium was hush standing due to lack of funds to dismantle it and no allotment of funds to do so in the 2018 budget. [ 39 ] Portions of the open ceremony were dedicated to the emergence of climate change. [ 40 ]
The Games [edit ]
Opening ceremony [edit ]
A setting from the open ceremony The opening ceremony took place at Maracana Stadium on 5 August 2016, directed by Fernando Meirelles, Daniela Thomas, and Andrucha Waddington. [ 41 ] The ceremony highlighted aspects of brazilian history and culture, and featured a section narrated by Fernanda Montenegro and Judi Dench with an appeal to environmental conservation and the prevention of ball-shaped warming. [ 40 ] [ 42 ] The crowd in the stadium numbered 60,000 and the event was broadcast to an estimated ball-shaped audience of three billion. [ 4 ] The ceremony included the inaugural presentation of the Olympic Laurel, an honor bestowed by the IOC on those that have made “ significant achievements in education, culture, exploitation and peace through sport ” ; the trophy was awarded to Kenyan athlete Kipchoge Keino. [ 43 ] The Games were officially opened by the acting president of Brazil, Michel Temer. [ 44 ] The Olympic caldron was lit by long-distance ball carrier Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima, [ 4 ] the men ‘s marathon bronze medalist at the 2004 Olympics, who had besides received the IOC ‘s Pierre de Coubertin decoration for sportsmanship after being attacked by a spectator pump and losing his go in the subspecies. [ 41 ] [ 45 ] The caldron was primitively expected to be lit by brazilian football player Pelé, but he declined to participate due to health problems. [ 42 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Following the open ceremony, a public caldron was lit in movement of the Candelária Church by Jorge Gomes, a 14-year-old brazilian athlete who had escaped from poverty to train as a stolon. [ 48 ] [ 49 ]
Sports [edit ]
The 2016 Summer Olympic program featured 28 sports encompassing 306 events. The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses .
New sports [edit ]
In April 2008, the IOC began accepting applications for two new sports to be introduced to the Olympic program. Baseball and softball ( which were both dropped in 2005 ), karate, squash, golf, roller sports, and rugby union all applied to be included on the course of study. dinner dress presentations were made to the IOC executive board in June 2009. [ 50 ] In August, the executive board initially gave its approval to rugby sevens —a seven-player interpretation of rugby union—by a majority vote ; baseball/softball, roller sports, and squash were removed from competition, leaving golf, karate, and rugby sevens in the guide. A final vote was held on 9 October 2009, the close day of the 121st IOC Session. At this session, a new vote system was in space : a sport now needed alone a simple majority from the full IOC committee for blessing quite than the two-thirds majority previously required. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] The 121st IOC Session decided to add rugby sevens and golf to the Rio 2016 Olympic program. [ 53 ] The run for rugby was 81 in favor, with eight against, [ 54 ] and golf was approved by 63 votes to 26. [ 55 ] Neither of these two sports was fresh to the Summer Olympics ; rugby concluding featured in 1924, and golf in 1904. In May 2012, the International Sailing Federation announced that windsurfing would be replaced by kitesurfing at the 2016 Olympics, [ 56 ] but this decision was reversed in November. [ 57 ]
Participating National Olympic Committees [edit ]
All 205 National Olympic Committees qualified at least one athlete. [ citation needed ] The inaugural three nations to qualify athletes for the Games were Germany, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, who each qualified four athletes for the team dressage by winning medals in the team event at the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games. [ 58 ] As host nation, Brazil received automatic entrance for some sports including in all cycle disciplines and six places for weightlifting events. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] The 2016 Summer Olympics were the first base Games in which Kosovo and South Sudan were eligible to participate. bulgarian and russian weightlifters were banned from Rio Olympics for numerous anti-doping violations. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Kuwait was banned in October 2015 for the moment clock in five years over government hindrance in the nation ‘s Olympic committee. [ 63 ]
nation by team size
Blue = Participated for the first time in 2016.
green = Had previously participated.
Yellow circle is host city ( Participating countries color code= Participated for the inaugural time in 2016.= Had previously participated.Yellow circle is host city ( Rio de Janeiro
Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee [edit ]
11,238 athletes from 207 noc
Refugee athletes [edit ]
Refugee Olympic team arriving in Rio de Janeiro
Read more: France national football team
due to the European migrant crisis and other reasons, the IOC allowed athletes to compete as freelancer Olympians under the Olympic Flag. During the former Summer Olympic Games, refugees were ineligible to compete because of their inability to represent their home NOCs. [ 64 ] On 2 March 2016, the IOC finalized plans for a specific Refugee Olympic Team ( ROT ) ; out of 43 refugee athletes deemed potentially eligible, 10 were chosen to form the team. [ 65 ]
independent athletes [edit ]
due to the abeyance of the National Olympic Committee of Kuwait, participants from Kuwait were allowed to participate under the Olympic Flag as Independent Olympic Athletes. In November 2015, Russia was provisionally suspended from all international racetrack and plain athletic competitions by the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) following a World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) composition into a doping broadcast in the area. [ 66 ] The IAAF announced that it would allow individual Russian athletes to apply for “ exceeding eligibility ” to participate in the Games as “ neutral ” athletes if it was independently verified that they had not engaged in doping nor in the russian dope program. [ 67 ] On 24 July 2016, the IOC rejected the IAAF and WADA ‘s recommendations to allow athletes to compete neutrally, stating that the Olympic Charter “ does not foresee such ‘neutral athletes ‘ ” and that it was each nation ‘s National Olympic Committee decisiveness on which athletes would be competing. [ 68 ] As a result, russian athletes competed under the russian pin, although they would compete under a impersonal iris in the 2018 Winter Olympics following several developments concerning the doping probe .
National houses [edit ]
During the Games, some countries and continents had a national house. These irregular meet places for supporters, athletes and other followers were located throughout Rio de Janeiro. [ 69 ]
calendar [edit ]
This is presently based on the schedule released on the like day as ticket sales began, 31 March 2015. [ 70 ]
- All dates are Brasília Time (UTC–3)
Records [edit ]
twenty-seven global records and ninety-one Olympic records were set during the 2016 Summer Olympics. The records were set in archery, athletics, canoeing, cycling path, modern pentathlon, row, shoot, float, and weight-lift .
consequence scheduling [edit ]
A count of events, most notably in aquatics, beach volleyball and track and field, were scheduled with sessions and matches occurring deoxyadenosine monophosphate late as 10:00 post meridiem to midnight BRT. These scheduling practices were influenced primarily by United States broadcast rightsholder NBC, whose significant rights fees are one of the major sources of gross for the IOC, who consequently allowed NBC to have charm on event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when potential ( on 7 May 2014, NBC agreed to a US $ 7.75 billion contract propagation to air the Olympics through 2032, including US $ 1.23 billion for Rio 2016 ), [ 71 ] [ 72 ] angstrom well as the main brazilian rightsholder Rede Globo. As Brasília time is alone one hour ahead of the U.S. eastern Time Zone, certain pavilion events were scheduled to occur during U.S. primetime hours ( traditionally 8:00 to 11:00 p.m. ET, 9:00 post meridiem to midnight BRT ), allowing them to be broadcast live on the east slide as opposed to being delayed. This practice was besides beneficial to Globo ; a brazilian critic noted that the network very rarely preempts its primetime telenovelas, as they are among the highest-rated programs in the nation. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ]
close ceremony [edit ]
The close ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics was held on 21 August 2016 from 20:00 to 22:50 BRT at the Maracanã Stadium. [ 77 ] As per traditional Olympic protocol, the ceremony featured cultural presentations from both the current ( Brazil ) and following ( Japan ) horde countries, vitamin a well as close remarks by IOC president Thomas Bach, who declared the Games closed, and the Games ‘ organizing committee drawing card Carlos Arthur Nuzman, the official handover of the Olympic pin from Rio de Janeiro mayor Eduardo Paes to Tokyo governor Yuriko Koike, whose city will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, and the snuff out of the Olympic fire. [ 78 ] The creative conductor for the ceremony was Rosa Magalhães. [ 79 ] Amid heavy rain, the ceremony began with interpretative dancers representing assorted landmarks in the server city. Martinho district attorney Vila then performed a rendition of “ Carinhoso [ platinum ] ” by Pixinguinha. In another segment, introducing the athletes, singer Roberta Sá channeled Carmen Miranda, the fruit-headdress-wearing, mid-century Hollywood prima donna who endures as a beloved camp figure. The Parade of Flags followed shortly after a choir of 27 children, representing the states of Brazil, sang the brazilian national anthem .
cost [edit ]
The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimated the out-turn cost of the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics at US $ 4.6 billion in 2015-dollars. This figure included sports-related costs, that is, ( iodine ) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee to stage the Games, of which the largest components were technology, department of transportation, work force, and presidency costs, while other operational costs included security, cater, ceremonies, and checkup services, and ( two ) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build the competition venues, the Olympic village, international circulate center, and media and press center, which were required to host the Games. [ 80 ] indirect capital costs were not included, such as for road, fulminate, or airport infrastructure, for hotel upgrades, or early business investment incurred in homework for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The Rio Olympics ‘ price of US $ 4.6 billion compares with costs of US $ 40–44 billion for Beijing 2008 and US $ 51 billion for Sochi 2014, the two most expensive Olympics in history. The average monetary value of the Summer Games since 1960 is US $ 5.2 billion. [ 80 ]
Medal table [edit ]
The acme ten listed NOCs by the count of gold medals are listed below. Host nation Brazil finished in 13th place with a total of 19 medals ( 7 gold, 6 silver, and 6 bronze ) .
* Host nation ( Brazil )2016 Summer Olympics medal tableRankNOCGoldSilverBronzeTotal1
United States ( USA )4637381212
Great Britain ( GBR )272317673
China ( CHN )261826704
Russia ( RUS )191720565
Germany ( GER )171015426
Japan ( JPN )12821417
France ( FRA )101814428
South Korea ( KOR )939219
Italy ( ITA )81282810
Australia ( AUS )811102911–86Remaining NOCs125150181456Totals (86 NOCs)307307359973
dais sweeps [edit ]
Broadcasting [edit ]
Olympic Broadcasting Services served as the host broadcaster for the 2016 Games. Produced from a sum of seven mobile units, OBS distributed 40,000 hours of television footage and 60,000 hours of digital footage of the Games to its international rightsholders. For the first fourth dimension in Olympic history, digital-oriented footage exceeded the come of television-oriented footage. The International Broadcast Centre was constructed in the Barra district attorney Tijuca bunch. [ 81 ] NHK and OBS once again film portions of the Games, including the opening ceremony and selected events, in 8K solution video. additionally, expanding upon a 180-degree trial at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics, 85 hours of video content were originated in 360-degree virtual world formats. [ 82 ] In the United States, NBC offered 4K content downconverted from the 8K footage and with HDR and Dolby Atmos support, to participating television receiver providers. [ 83 ] Owing to their expertness in domestic broadcasts of the new sports introduced in Rio, Golf Channel and Sky New Zealand staff handled the product of the golf and rugby sevens events on behalf of OBS. [ 81 ] In August 2009, the IOC reached a batch to sell domestic broadcast rights for the 2016 Summer Olympics to Grupo Globo. Replacing Record television, the distribute covers free-to-air coverage on Rede Globo, yield television receiver, and digital rights to the Games. In turn, Globo sublicensed partial free-to-air rights to Rede Record, along with Rede Bandeirantes. IOC board member Richard Carrión described the agreement as “ unprecedented ”, touting that “ by working with Brazil ‘s leading media organizations, we are convinced that this represents a great conduct for Olympic fans in the region. There will be a huge increase in the come of Olympic action air, both during and outside Games time, and Brazilians will have more option of how, when and where they follow their Olympic Games. ” [ 84 ]
Olympic Golden Rings Awards [edit ]
In November 2017, the International Olympic Committee announced the winners of the Golden rings in six categories for the best broadcast coverage of the Games. The Best olympian Sports production was awarded to Beach Volleyball, produced by Geoff Johnson and directed by Greg Breakell and Gary Milkis. The production for the cycle road race and Sailing came second and third gear. The following category was the best olympian feature, for which TV Globo ‘s feature entitled Esporte Espetacular finished third, and China Central Television ‘s feature A Sequel of Love came second. The winner was NBC Olympics for their feature The Most Beautiful Thing. The third category was The Best Athlete Profile, for which RTBF Radio Télévision de la Communauté Française de Belgique collected the one-third plaza prize for their profile of Nafi Thiam. television receiver Globo went one better than the previous category coming second gear with their visibility of Izaquias Queiroz. The winner of the category again was NBC, this fourth dimension for their man on Wayde van Niekerk. The Best On-Air Promotion was announced future, with the BBC Sport winning with NBC coming irregular this time and bulgarian National Television finishing third. The Best Olympic Digital Service went to NBC, with ZDF-German television and SporTV/Globosat picking up the second and third places. The Best olympic Programme was awarded to SporTV/Globosat, while television receiver Globo and BBC Sport completed the dais. [ 85 ]
market [edit ]
Mascots [edit ]
On 24 November 2014, the official mascots of the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were unveil, created by Sao Paulo -based animation company Birdo. [ 86 ] The Olympic mascot Vinicius, named after musician Vinicius de Moraes, represents brazilian wildlife and carries design traits of cats, monkeys, and birds. [ 86 ] According to their fictional backgrounds, the mascots “ were both born from the joy of Brazilians after it was announced that Rio would host the Games ”. [ 87 ] Brand director Beth Lula stated that the mascots were intended to reflect the diverseness of Brazil ‘s culture and people. [ 88 ] The names of the mascots were determined by a populace vote whose results were announced on 14 December 2014. The names, which reference the co-writers of the song “ The Girl from Ipanema “, won complete two other sets of names, tallying 44 percentage of 323,327 votes. [ 89 ] At the Olympic wrestle events, coaches were given lavish dolls of Vinicius to throw into the surround when they wished to challenge a referee ‘s call. [ 90 ]
emblem [edit ]
The official emblem for the 2016 Summer Olympics was designed by brazilian agency Tatíl Design and was unveiled on 31 December 2010, winning in a competition against 139 agencies. [ 91 ] The emblem represents three figures joined at their arms and feet, with the overall shape reflecting that of Sugarloaf Mountain. It was besides designed to have a three-dimensional kind, which designer Fred Gelli claimed made it the first 3D logo in the history of the Olympics. [ 92 ] The logo has been noted as evoking Henri Matisse ‘s painting Dance. There were besides allegations by the Colorado-based Telluride Foundation that the logo had been plagiarized from its own ; while besides consisting of several figures linked in gesture, the Telluride Foundation logo contains four figures. This was not the foremost time that the initiation had alleged plagiarism of its logo by a brazilian consequence ; in 2004, the linked figures component had been copied for the logo of Carnival celebrations in Salvador. Gelli defended the allegations, stating that the concept of figures linked in embrace was not inherently original, as it was “ an ancient reference ” and “ in the corporate unconscious “. Gelli cited Dance as an influence of the logo ‘s concept and stated that the designers had intentionally aimed to make the interpretation of the concept as dissimilar to others as potential. [ 93 ]
Concerns and controversies [edit ]
The lead-up to the Rio Games was marked by several controversies, including : Brazil ‘s political and economic crisis ; the Zika virus epidemic ; the meaning pollution in the Guanabara Bay ; and an ongoing dope scandal involving Russia, which affected the engagement of russian athletes in the Games. however, the Zika virus was not contracted by anyone competing in or attending the Olympics, [ 94 ] and the Games went ahead normally with no major incidental. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] [ 97 ]
Political and economic crisis [edit ]
In 2014, Operation Car Wash, an probe by the Federal Police of Brazil, uncovered unprecedented money laundering and corruptness at the collectivist vegetable oil party Petrobras. In early 2015, a series of protests against alleged putrescence by the politics of President Dilma Rousseff began in Brazil, triggered by revelations that numerous politicians were involved in the Petrobras matter. By early on 2016, the scandal had escalated into a full-blown political crisis affecting not only President Rousseff, but besides former President Luiz Inácio Lula district attorney silva, resulting in widespread demonstrations involving millions of protesters, [ 98 ] both anti- and pro-Rousseff. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] At the same time, Brazil faced its worst economic receding since the 1990s, raising questions about whether the state was adequately prepared to host the Olympic Games against a fickle political and economic backdrop. On 12 May 2016, President Rousseff was stripped of her powers and duties for 180 days after an impeachment vote in the Federal Senate, with Vice President Michel Temer standing in as acting president during the Games. [ 101 ] On 5 October 2017, Brazilian Olympic Committee head Carlos Nuzman was arrested amid a money-laundering investigation into a $ 2 million payment that was allegedly made to secure votes for the wish to bring the Olympics to Rio. The money was believed to have been paid to former IAAF president of the united states Lamine Diack and his son Papa Massata Diack, who was a extremity of the IOC at the time of the alleged payment, which was three days before the vote in 2009. All three were charged with money laundering, along with the former Rio country governor Sergio Cabral ( who was already in prison for money laundering offenses at the time ), brazilian businessman Arthur Soares, and ex-Brazilian Olympic Committee foreman Leonardo Gryner. All six were charged with running a criminal organization, money laundering, and violating currency laws in their own native countries. [ 102 ] On 4 July 2019, it was reported that Cabral told a judge that the money paid to Diack was used to buy ampere many as nine votes. [ 103 ] Rio mayor Eduardo Paes was besides accused of corruption and imposter in sexual intercourse to the construction of a number of venues for the Games. [ 104 ] [ 105 ]
Zika virus [edit ]
São Paulo agent for endemic diseases of the city of Votuporanga An outbreak of the mosquito-borne Zika virus in Brazil raised fears regarding its likely impact on athletes and visitors. To prevent puddles of stagnant water that allow mosquitoes to breed, organizers announced plans to perform casual inspections of Olympic venues. [ 106 ] Zika virus transmission was besides attributed to ineffective sewage treatment in the area, an issue that was besides in the process of being addressed for the Games. [ 107 ] In May 2016, a group of 150 physicians and scientists sent an open letter to the World Health Organization ( WHO ), calling upon them to, according to co-author Arthur Caplan, have “ an assailable, crystalline discussion of the risks of holding the Olympics as planned in Brazil ”. The WHO dismissed the request, stating that “ cancelling or changing the location of the 2016 Olympics [ would ] not importantly alter the international spread of Zika virus ”, and that there was “ no populace health justification ” for postponing them. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] Some athletes did not attend the Games because of the epidemic. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] On 2 September 2016, however, the World Health Organization reported that there were no confirm cases of Zika among athletes or visitors during the 2016 Olympics. [ 113 ]
environmental problems [edit ]
The Guanabara Bay, whose waters were used for sailing and windsurfing competitions, is heavily polluted. Among the headman causes of the pollution are uncollected rubbish fed into the bay via contaminated rivers and slums along the coast. befoulment of the Guanabara has been a long-run issue. At the Earth Summit in 1992, officials promised they would begin to address the befoulment, but former attempts to do therefore have been insufficient. As an aspect of their offer for the Games, Rio once again committed to making efforts towards cleaning the bay. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] however, some of these proposed initiatives have faced budgetary issues. [ 34 ] Prior to these efforts, entirely 17 % of Rio ‘s sewage was treated ; [ 116 ] this naked sewage besides leaked into the bay. Although Rio mayor Eduardo Paes stated that the city might not be able to reach its goal of having 80 % of sewage treated, [ 117 ] at least 60 % of sewage was treated by March 2016, with a project finish of 65 % of sewage being treated by the begin of the Olympics. [ 118 ]
security [edit ]
Rio ‘s crime problems besides received renewed attention after it was awarded the 2016 Games ; mayor Paes stated that the city was facing “ big issues ” in heightening security, but that such concerns and issues were presented to the IOC throughout the wish process. [ 119 ] The governor of Rio de Janeiro besides highlighted the fact that London faced security problems, with a terrorist attack occurring equitable a day after it was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics. The estimate was that 5,000 men of the National Public Security Force and 22,000 military officers ( 14,800 Army ; 5,900 Navy and 1,300 of the Brazilian Air Force ), in addition to the fixed quota of Rio January, would act during the Olympic Games. [ 120 ] On 21 July 2016, two weeks before the schedule begin of the Games, the brazilian Federal Police broke up an Islamic jihadist terrorist ring by arresting 12 people. [ 121 ]
russian dope scandal [edit ]
In December 2014, media attention began growing when german broadcaster ARD reported on state-sponsored dope in Russia, comparing it to doping in East Germany. In November 2015, the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) published a report, and the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) suspended Russia indefinitely from earth racetrack and field events. The United Kingdom Anti-Doping agency former assisted WADA with testing in Russia. In June 2016, they reported they were ineffective to in full carry out their work, and noted intimidation by arm Federal Security Service ( FSB ) agents. [ 122 ] After a russian early lab conductor made allegations about the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, WADA commissioned an independent probe led by Richard McLaren, which found corroborating evidence, concluding in a report card published in July 2016 that the Ministry of Sport and the FSB had operated a “ state-directed failsafe system ” using a “ vanish positive [ trial ] methodology ” ( DPM ) from “ at least recently 2011 to August 2015 ”. [ 123 ] In response to these findings, WADA announced that RUSADA should be regarded as non-compliant with respect to the World Anti-Doping Code, and recommended that Russia be banned from competing in the 2016 Summer Olympics. [ 124 ] The IOC rejected the recommendation, stating that the IOC and each sport ‘s international federation would make decisions on each athlete ‘s individual footing. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] A sidereal day before the open ceremony, 278 athletes were cleared to compete under the russian sag, while 111 were removed because of doping. [ 127 ] In contrast, the integral Kuwaiti team was banned from competing under their own flag for a non-doping relate matter. [ 128 ] [ 129 ] Unlike the IOC, the International Paralympic Committee voted unanimously to ban the entire russian team from the 2016 Summer Paralympics, and suspended the Russian Paralympic Committee after it found tell that the DPM was besides in operation at the 2014 Winter Paralympics. [ 130 ]
See besides [edit ]
Notes [edit ]
References [edit ]
Read more: Lille OSC