team frolic played with a spherical ball
This article is about the sport of association football. For early codes of football, see Football
Association football, more normally known as just football or soccer, [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players. It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies, making it the world ‘s most popular frolic. The bet on is played on a rectangular airfield called a slope with a finish at each end. The object of the game is to score more goals than the opposition by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing finish, normally within a time skeleton of 90 or more minutes.

football is played in accord with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The ball is 68–70 curium ( 27–28 in ) in circumference and known as the football. The two teams compete to get the ball into the other team ‘s goal ( between the posts and under the bar ), thereby scoring a goal. Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in playing period, except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area. Players may use any early contribution of their body to strike or pass the ball, and chiefly use their feet. The team that scores more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an adequate number of goals, either a puff is declared or the crippled goes into supernumerary time or a penalty gunfight, depending on the format of the competition. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official province as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the mint flip prior to kick-off or punishment kicks. [ 4 ] football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football ( FIFA ; french : Fédération Internationale de Football Association ), which organises World Cups for men and women every four years. [ 5 ] The men ‘s FIFA World Cup has taken place every four years since 1930, with the exception of 1942 and 1946 tournaments, which were cancelled due to World War II. approximately 190–200 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the oscilloscope of continental confederations for a place in the finals. The finals tournament is held every four years and involves 32 national teams competing over four weeks. [ boron ] It is the most prestigious men ‘s football tournament in the worldly concern, and the most widely viewed and followed dissipated consequence in the global, exceeding the Olympic Games. similarly, the FIFA Women ‘s World Cup has been played every four years since 1991, though football has been played by women since it has existed. A record-breaking 1.12 billion viewers watched the 2019 FIFA Women ‘s World Cup in France. [ 6 ] The most esteemed competitions in european club football are the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Women ‘s Champions League, which attract an extensive television audience throughout the world. The final of the men ‘s tournament has been, in late years, the most-watched annual sporting event in the world. [ 7 ] The top five european men ‘s leagues are the Premier League ( England ), La Liga ( Spain ), Bundesliga ( Germany ), Serie A ( Italy ), and Ligue 1 ( France ). Attracting most of the world ‘s best players, each of the leagues has a entire wage cost in excess of £600 million/€763 million/US $ 1.185 billion. [ 8 ]

name

football is one of a syndicate of football codes, which emerged from respective ball games played cosmopolitan since ancientness. The term soccer comes from Oxford “ -er ” slang, which was prevailing at Oxford University in England from about 1875, and is thought to have been borrowed from the slang of Rugby School. The slang besides gave rise to rugger for Rugby football, fiver and tenner for a five-pound and ten-pound notice, and the now archaic footer for association football. [ 9 ] The give voice soccer ( which arrived at its final mannequin in 1895 ) was beginning recorded in 1889 in the earlier phase of socca. [ 10 ] Within the english-speaking world, association football is now normally called “ football ” in the United Kingdom, whereas people normally call it “ soccer ” in countries where other codes of football are prevailing, such as Australia, [ 11 ] Canada, South Africa, Ireland [ 12 ] and the United States. A noteworthy exception is New Zealand, where in the first two decades of the twenty-first hundred, under the influence of external television, “ football ” has been gaining prevalence, despite the laterality of other codes of football, namely rugby union, and rugby league. [ 13 ]

history

Kicking ball games arose independently multiple times across multiple cultures. The chinese competitive game cuju ( 蹴鞠, literally “ kick testis ” ) resembles modern association football. [ 15 ] Cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an open into a net. During the Han Dynasty ( 206 BCE – 220 CE ), cuju games were standardised and rules were established. [ 16 ] Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] An trope of an episkyros musician depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens [ 14 ] appears on the UEFA European Championship trophy. [ 19 ] Athenaeus, writing in 228 CE, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and ferocity. They all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestle and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. [ 16 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] As with pre-codified “ mob football “, the ancestor of all modern football codes, these three games involved more handling the ball than kicking. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] early games included kemari in Japan and chuk-guk in Korea. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] In North America, pasuckuakohowog was a ball game played by the Algonquians ; it was described as “ about identical to the kind of tribe football being played in Europe at the same time, in which the ball was kicked through goals ”. [ 29 ] Association football in itself does not have a classical music history. [ 19 ] Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the worldly concern FIFA has recognised that no diachronic connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. [ 30 ] The advanced rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the wide varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The history of football in England dates back to at least the one-eighth hundred CE. [ 31 ]
Cambridge Rules) of 1856 The “ Laws of the University Foot Ball Club ” ( ) of 1856 The Cambridge rules, beginning drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meet attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the english-speaking populace, to play respective forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club, formed by early public school pupils in 1857, [ 32 ] which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School besides devised an influential sic of rules. [ 33 ] These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association ( The FA ) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons ‘ Tavern in Great Queen Street, London. [ 34 ] The merely school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemasons ‘ Tavern was the plant for five more meetings between October and December, which finally produced the first comprehensive examination dress of rules. At the final suffer, the first FA treasurer, the example from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting : the first allowed for running with the ball in handwriting ; the moment for obstructing such a guide by hacking ( kicking an adversary in the shins ), tripping and holding. other english rugby clubs followed this conduct and did not join the FA and rather in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game. [ 34 ] These rules included wield of the ball by “ marks ” and the miss of a crossbar, rules which made it signally like to victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was fiddling difference between the games. [ 35 ] The world ‘s oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by the football player and cricketer Charles W. Alcock, and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The foremost official external football equal besides took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the abetment of C.W. Alcock. England is besides home to the earth ‘s foremost football league, which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor. [ 36 ] The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and Northern England. [ 37 ]
The laws of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board ( IFAB ). [ 38 ] The board was formed in 1886 [ 39 ] after a meet in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. FIFA, the external football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association. [ 40 ] The growing popularity of the international game led to the entree of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board consists of four representatives from FIFA and one spokesperson from each of the four british associations. [ 41 ] football is played at a professional level all over the world. Millions of people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their favored teams, [ 42 ] while billions more watch the game on television or on the internet. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] A very big issue of people besides play football at an amateurish level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in 2001, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly play football. [ 45 ] Football has the highest global television audience in sport. [ 46 ] In many parts of the universe football evokes great passions and plays an crucial function in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations. R. Kapuscinski says that Europeans who are civilized, meek, or base fall easily into ramp when play or watching football games. [ 47 ] The Ivory Coast national football team helped secure a armistice to the state ‘s civil war in 2006 [ 48 ] and it helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a meet in the insurgent capital of Bouaké, an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time. [ 49 ] By contrast, football is wide considered to have been the concluding proximate lawsuit for the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras. [ 50 ] The sport besides exacerbated tensions at the begin of the croatian Independence War of the 1990s, when a peer between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into rioting in May 1990. [ 51 ]

Women may have been playing “ football ” for a long as the game has existed. evidence shows that an ancient interpretation of the game ( Tsu Chu ) was played by women during the Han Dynasty ( 25–220 CE ). Two female figures are depicted in Han Dynasty ( 25–220 CE ) frescoes, playing Tsu Chu. [ 52 ] There are, however, a number of opinions about the accuracy of dates, the earliest estimates at 5000 BCE .
“ union ” team of the british Ladies ‘, the first women ‘s football team always, here pictured in March 1895 Association football, the modern game, besides has documented early interest of women. An annual contest in Mid-Lothian, Scotland during the 1790s is reported, besides. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] In 1863, football govern bodies introduced standardize rules to prohibit ferocity on the pitch, making it more socially acceptable for women to play. [ 56 ] The first equal recorded by the Scottish Football Association took place in 1892 in Glasgow. In England, the beginning record game of football between women took stead in 1895. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] The best-documented early european team was founded by activist Nettie Honeyball in England in 1894. It was named the british Ladies ‘ Football Club. Nettie Honeyball is quoted, “ I founded the association late last year [ 1894 ], with the fixed dissolve of proving to the world that women are not the ‘ornamental and useless ‘ creatures men have pictured. I must confess, my convictions on all matters where the sexes are so widely divided are all on the side of emancipation, and I look forth to the time when ladies may sit in Parliament and have a part in the steering of affairs, particularly those which business them most. ” [ 58 ] Honeyball and those like her paved the way for women ‘s football. however, the women ‘s game was frowned upon by the british football associations, and continued without their patronize. It has been suggested that this was motivated by a perceived terror to the ‘masculinity ‘ of the bet on. [ 59 ] Women ‘s football became popular on a large scale at the clock of the First World War, when employment in heavy industry spurred the increase of the game, much as it had done for men 50 years earlier. The most successful team of the era was Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C. of Preston, England. The team played in the inaugural women ‘s external matches in 1920, against a team from Paris, France, in April, and besides made up most of the England team against a scottish Ladies XI in 1920, and winning 22–0. [ 54 ] Despite being more popular than some men ‘s football events ( one match saw a 53,000 potent crowd ), [ 60 ] women ‘s football in England suffered a shock in 1921 when The Football Association outlawed the play of the game on Association members ‘ pitches, on the grounds that the plot ( as played by women ) was distasteful. [ 61 ] Some speculated that this may have besides been due to envy of the bombastic herd that women ‘s matches attracted. [ 62 ] This led to the formation of the English Ladies Football Association and play moved to rugby grounds. [ 63 ] Association football has been played by women since at least the time of the first recorded women ‘s games in the late nineteenth century. [ 64 ] [ 65 ] It has traditionally been associated with jacob’s ladder games and physical exercise, peculiarly in the United Kingdom. [ 65 ] In the recently 1960s and early 1970s, women ‘s association football was organised in the United Kingdom, finally becoming the most big team sport for british women. [ 65 ]

20th and 21st hundred

Young Finnish girls football team of Kolarin Kontio in Piteå Sweden, in 2014 The growth in women ‘s football has seen major competitions being launched at both national and international flush mirroring the male competitions. Women ‘s football has faced many struggles. It had a “ aureate old age ” in the United Kingdom in the early 1920s when crowd reached 50,000 at some matches ; [ 66 ] this was stopped on 5 December 1921 when England ‘s Football Association voted to ban the crippled from grounds used by its member clubs. The FA ‘s ban was rescinded in December 1969 with UEFA voting to formally recognise women ‘s football in 1971. [ 65 ] The FIFA Women ‘s World Cup was inaugurated in 1991 and has been held every four years since, [ 67 ] while women ‘s football has been an Olympic event since 1996. [ 68 ]

Gameplay

Association football is played in accordance with a typeset of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a ball-shaped ball of 68–70 centimeter ( 27–28 in ) circumference, [ 69 ] known as the football ( or soccer ball ). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the testis into the early team ‘s goal ( between the posts and under the measure ), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the achiever ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a drawing card. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the mint flip anterior to kick-off or penalty kicks. [ 4 ]
A goalkeeper saving a close-range inject from inside the penalty area The chief law is that players other than goalkeepers may not intentionally handle the ball with their hands or arms during meet, though they must use both their hands during a throw-in resume. Although players normally use their feet to move the ball around they may use any character of their body ( notably, “ head ” with the brow ) [ 70 ] other than their hands or arms. [ 71 ] Within normal shimmer, all players are unblock to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though players may not pass to teammates who are in an offside position. [ 72 ] During gameplay, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a teammate, and by taking shots at the finish, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain restraint of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opposition in possession of the ball ; however, forcible contact between opponents is restricted. football is broadly a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when dally is stopped by the referee for an violation of the rules. After a blockage, play recommences with a specify resume. [ 73 ]
A musician executing a slide rigging to dispossess an adversary At a professional flat, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the 2005–06 temper of the English Premier League produced an median of 2.48 goals per match. [ 74 ] The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper, [ 75 ] but a number of specialize roles have evolved. [ 76 ] Broadly, these include three main categories : strikers, or forwards, whose chief tax is to score goals ; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring ; and midfielders, who dispossess the resistance and keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper. These positions are far subdivided according to the area of the field in which the actor spends the most time. For exemplar, there are central defenders and left and right field midfielders. The ten-spot outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The act of players in each status determines the vogue of the team ‘s act ; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific status, there are few restrictions on player bowel movement, and players can switch positions at any time. [ 77 ] The layout of a team ‘s players is known as a formation. Defining the team ‘s geological formation and tactics is normally the prerogative of the team ‘s director. [ 78 ]

Laws

“ Rules of football ” redirects here. For the rules of other football games, see Football There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a collection of condition and guidelines. The like laws are designed to apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors, women and people with physical disabilities are permitted. The laws are much framed in wide terms, which allow tractability in their application depending on the nature of the game. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International Football Association Board ( IFAB ). [ 79 ] In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football. [ 80 ] [ 81 ]

Players, equipment, and officials

The referee officiates in a football match Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players ( excluding substitutes ), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. competition rules may express a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is normally seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the punishment area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety show of positions in which the outfield ( non-goalkeeper ) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws. [ 75 ] The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. An athletic patron and protective cup is highly recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] Headgear is not a ask while of basic equipment, but players nowadays may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury. [ 84 ] Players are prevent to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewelry or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothe that is easily distinct from that worn by the early players and the equal officials. [ 85 ] A numeral of players may be replaced by substitutes during the class of the game. The utmost number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three in ninety minutes with each team being allowed one more if the game should go into extra-time, though the allow number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, fatigue, ineffectiveness, a tactical substitution, or timewasting at the end of a finely poise plot. In standard adult matches, a musician who has been substituted may not take far part in a peer. [ 86 ] IFAB recommends “ that a peer should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team ”. Any decisiveness regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations. [ 87 ] A game is officiated by a referee, who has “ full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed ” ( Law 5 ), and whose decisions are concluding. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees. In many high-level games there is besides a fourthly official who assists the referee and may replace another official should the motivation arise. [ 88 ] Goal trace technology is used to measure if the whole ball has crossed the goal-line thereby determining whether a goal has been scored or not ; this was brought in to prevent there being controversy. Video assistant referees ( VAR ) have besides been increasingly introduced in high-level matches to assist officials through video replays to correct clear and obvious mistakes. There are four types of calls that can be reviewed : misguided identity in awarding a bolshevik or yellow batting order, goals and whether there was a misdemeanor during the buildup, target red card decisions, and penalty decisions. [ 89 ]

testis

The musket ball is spherical with a circumference of between 68 and 70 centimeter ( 27 and 28 in ), a weight unit in the stove of 410 to 450 guanine ( 14 to 16 oz ), and a coerce between 0.6 and 1.1 standard atmospheres ( 8.5 and 15.6 pounds per square column inch ) at sea degree. In the past the ball was made up of leather panels sewn together, with a latex bladder for pressurisation but modern balls at all levels of the game are now man-made. [ 90 ] [ 91 ]

pitch

As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered entirely by the four british football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football slope were primitively expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents ( followed by traditional units in brackets ), though use of imperial units remains popular in english-speaking countries with a relatively late history of metrification ( or only fond metrification ), such as Britain. [ 92 ] The length of the pitch, or field, for international pornographic matches is in the rate of 100–110 m ( 110–120 yd ) and the width is in the scope of 64–75 thousand ( 70–80 yd ). Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m ( 100–130 yd ) length and 45–90 thousand ( 50–100 yd ) in width, provided that the deliver does not become straight. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a repair size of 105 thousand ( 115 yd ) retentive and 68 molarity ( 74 yd ) wide as a standard deliver dimension for international matches ; [ 93 ] however, this decision was late put on defy and was never actually implemented. [ 94 ]

The longer boundary lines are touchlines, while the shorter boundaries ( on which the goals are placed ) are goal lines. A rectangular goal is positioned on each finish line, midway between the two touchlines. [ 95 ] The inside edges of the vertical goal posts must be 7.32 thousand ( 24 foot ) apart, and the lower border of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be 2.44 meter ( 8 foot ) above the ground. Nets are normally placed behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws. [ 96 ] In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m ( 18 yd ) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 thousand ( 18 yd ) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most big being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty clog by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a punishment kick. other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, finish kicks, punishment kicks and corner kicks. [ 97 ]

duration and tie-breaking methods

90-minute ordinary time

A standard adult football couple consists of two-halves of 45 minutes each. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the testis is out of play. There is normally a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time. [ 98 ] The referee is the official timepiece for the equal, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, hurt players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This add clock time is called additional time in FIFA documents, [ 99 ] [ 100 ] but is most normally referred to as stoppage time or injury time, while lost time can besides be used as a synonym. The duration of stop time is at the sole discretion of the referee. blockage time does not in full compensate for the prison term in which the ball is out of act, and a 90-minute game typically involves about an hour of “ effective play time ”. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] The referee entirely signals the end of the match. In matches where a one-fourth official is appointed, towards the end of the half, the reviewer signals how many minutes of stop time they intend to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The sign arrest time may be promote extended by the referee. [ 98 ] Added time was introduced because of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa. Trailing 1–0 and with just two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a punishment. Villa ‘s goalkeeper kicked the ball out of the anchor, and by the time the musket ball had been recovered, the 90 minutes had elapsed and the game was all over. [ 103 ] The same law besides states that the duration of either half is extended until the penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed, frankincense no bet on shall end with a penalty to be taken. [ 104 ]

Tie-breaking

Most football competitions use a penalty gunfight to decide the achiever if a catch ends as a draw In league competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner is required versatile methods may be employed to break such a deadlock ; some competitions may invoke replays. [ 105 ] A bet on tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two far 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after excess clock time, some competitions allow the habit of punishment shootouts ( known formally in the Laws of the Game as “ kicks from the penalty punctuate ” ) to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count towards the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the adjacent part of the tournament ( with goals scored in a punishment gunfight not making up separate of the final score ). [ 4 ] In competitions using two-legged matches, each team competes at dwelling once, with an aggregate grade from the two matches deciding which team progresses. Where aggregates are equal, the away goals rule may be used to determine the winners, in which case the winner is the team that scored the most goals in the leg they played away from home. If the solution is still adequate, extra fourth dimension and potentially a punishment gunfight are required. [ 4 ]

testis in and out of play

A player takes a complimentary bang, while the resistance form a “ wall ” to try to block the ball Under the Laws, the two basic states of play during a game are ball in play and ball out of play. From the begin of each playing period with a kick-off until the end of the play time period, the ball is in play at all times, except when either the ball leaves the field of bet, or act is stopped by the reviewer. When the testis becomes out of play, play is restarted by one of eight restart methods depending on how it went out of play :

  • Kick-off: following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin each period of play.[73]
  • Throw-in: when the ball has crossed the touchline; awarded to the opposing team to that which last touched the ball.[106]
  • Goal kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a player of the attacking team; awarded to defending team.[107]
  • Corner kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a player of the defending team; awarded to attacking team.[108]
  • Indirect free kick: awarded to the opposing team following “non-penal” fouls, certain technical infringements, or when play is stopped to caution or dismiss an opponent without a specific foul having occurred. A goal may not be scored directly (without the ball first touching another player) from an indirect free kick.[109]
  • Direct free kick: awarded to fouled team following certain listed “penal” fouls.[109] A goal may be scored directly from a direct free kick.
  • Penalty kick: awarded to the fouled team following a foul usually punishable by a direct free kick but that has occurred within their opponent’s penalty area.[110]
  • Dropped-ball: occurs when the referee has stopped play for any other reason, such as a serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or a ball becoming defective.[73]

mismanage

On-field

Players are cautioned with a yellow card, and dismissed from the game with a red card. These colours were foremost introduced at the 1970 FIFA World Cup and used systematically since. A foul occurs when a player commits an crime listed in the Laws of the Game while the ball is in gambling. The offences that constitute a foul are listed in Law 12. Handling the ball measuredly, tripping an opponent, or pushing an opposition, are examples of “ penal clog ”, punishable by a direct free bang or penalty kick depending on where the offense occurred. other fouls are punishable by an indirect free complain. [ 71 ] The reviewer may punish a player ‘s or substitute ‘s misbehave by a circumspection ( yellow circuit board ) or dismissal ( red menu ). A second scandalmongering tease in the same game leads to a red calling card, which results in a dismissal. A player given a jaundiced card is said to have been “ reserve ”, the referee writing the player ‘s name in their official notebook. If a musician has been dismissed, no substitute can be brought on in their position and the player may not participate in far play. misbehave may occur at any time, and while the offences that constitute mismanage are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the crime of “ cheating behavior ” may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, tied if they are not listed as specific offences. A reviewer can show a yellow or red circuit board to a musician, alternate or substituted player. Non-players such as managers and defend staff can not be shown the yellow or red batting order but may be expelled from the technical area if they fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner. [ 71 ] preferably than stopping bid, the referee may allow play to continue if doing so will benefit the team against which an crime has been committed. This is known as “ playing an advantage ”. [ 111 ] The referee may “ call back ” free rein and penalise the original offense if the anticipate advantage does not ensue within “ a few seconds ”. even if an offense is not penalised ascribable to advantage being played, the wrongdoer may distillery be sanctioned for misconduct at the adjacent stop of play. [ 112 ] The referee ‘s decision in all on-pitch matters is considered final. [ 113 ] The score of a equal can not be altered after the game, even if later tell shows that decisions ( including awards/non-awards of goals ) were faulty .

Off-field

Along with the general presidency of the sport, football associations and competition organisers besides enforce good conduct in wide aspects of the game, dealing with issues such as comments to the press, clubs ‘ fiscal management, dope, historic period fraud and meet neutering. Most competitions enforce mandatary suspensions for players who are sent off in a game. [ 114 ] Some on-field incidents, if considered identical unplayful ( such as allegations of racial pervert ), may result in competitions deciding to impose heavier sanctions than those normally associated with a bolshevik batting order. [ carbon ] Some associations allow for appeals against musician suspensions incurred on-field if clubs feel a referee was faulty or unduly coarse. [ 114 ] Sanctions for such infractions may be levied on individuals or on to clubs as a unharmed. Penalties may include fines, points deductions ( in league competitions ) or even extrusion from competitions. For example, the English Football League withhold 12 points from any team that enters fiscal government. [ 115 ] Among other administrative sanctions are penalties against game forfeit. Teams that had forfeited a game or had been forfeited against would be awarded a technical loss or acquire .

Governing bodies

Headquarters of FIFA, the world governing soundbox of football The recognize external governing body of football ( and associated games, such as futsal and beach soccer ) is FIFA. The FIFA headquarters are located in Zürich, Switzerland. Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA ; these are : [ 116 ]
National associations oversee football within individual countries. These are broadly synonymous with autonomous states, ( for case : the Cameroonian Football Federation in Cameroon ) but besides include a smaller act of associations responsible for sub-national entities or autonomous regions ( for model the Scottish Football Association in Scotland ). 209 national associations are affiliated both with FIFA and with their respective continental confederations. [ 116 ] While FIFA is responsible for arranging competitions and most rules related to external competition, the actual Laws of the Game are set by the International Football Association Board, where each of the UK Associations has one vote, while FIFA jointly has four votes. [ 41 ]

International competitions

The FIFA World Cup is the largest international competition in football and the earth ‘s most see dissipated event International competitions in association football chiefly consist of two varieties : competitions involving spokesperson home teams or those involving clubs based in multiple nations and national leagues. International football, without reservation, most frequently refers to the erstwhile. In the case of international club rival, it is the country of origin of the clubs involved, not the nationalities of their players, that renders the contest international in nature. The major international competition in football is the World Cup, organised by FIFA. This contest takes place every four years since 1930 with the exception of 1942 and 1946 tournaments, which were cancelled due to World War II. approximately 190–200 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the oscilloscope of continental confederations for a place in the finals. The finals tournament, which is held every four years, involves 32 home teams competing over a four-week period. [ b ] The World Cup is the most esteemed association football tournament in the world deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as the most wide viewed and followed clean event in the world, exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the accumulative hearing of all matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match, a ninth of the entire population of the planet. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] [ 119 ] [ 120 ] The current champions are France, who won their second deed at the 2018 tournament in Russia. The FIFA Women ‘s World Cup has been held every four years since 1991. Under the tournament ‘s stream format, national teams vie for 23 slots in a three-year reservation phase. ( The host nation ‘s team is automatically entered as the 24th slot. ) The stream champions are the United States, after winning their one-fourth entitle in the 2019 tournament .
spanish footballers Fernando Torres, Juan Mata, and Sergio Ramos celebrating winning the UEFA European Championship There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. [ 121 ] Before the origin of the World Cup, the Olympics ( specially during the 1920s ) were the most esteemed international event. primitively, the tournament was for amateurs alone. [ 40 ] As professionalism spread around the world, the break in quality between the World Cup and the Olympics widened. The countries that benefited most were the soviet Bloc countries of Eastern Europe, where top athletes were state-sponsored while retaining their status as amateurs. between 1948 and 1980, 23 out of 27 Olympic medals were won by Eastern Europe, with alone Sweden ( gold in 1948 and bronze in 1952 ), Denmark ( bronze in 1948 and silver in 1960 ) and Japan ( bronze in 1968 ) breaking their dominance. For the 1984 Los Angeles Games, the IOC decided to admit professional players. Since 1992, male competitors must be under 23 years old, although since 1996, three players over the senesce of 23 have been allowed per team. A women ‘s tournament was added in 1996 ; in contrast to the men ‘s event, broad international sides without age restrictions play the women ‘s Olympic tournament. [ 122 ] After the World Cup, the most important international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams. These are the european Championship ( UEFA ), the Copa América ( CONMEBOL ), african Cup of Nations ( CAF ), the asian Cup ( AFC ), the CONCACAF Gold Cup ( CONCACAF ) and the OFC Nations Cup ( OFC ). The FIFA Confederations Cup was contested by the winners of all six continental championships, the stream FIFA World Cup champions and the country which was hosting the future World Cup. This was generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the approaching FIFA World Cup and did not carry the lapp prestige as the World Cup itself. The tournament was discontinued following the 2017 edition. The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are broadly contested between national champions, for exemplar the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores in South America. The winners of each continental contest contest the FIFA Club World Cup. [ 123 ]

domestic competitions

The governing bodies in each nation operate league systems in a domestic season, normally comprising respective divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them in order according to points accrued. Most normally, each team plays every early team in its league at home and away in each season, in a round-robin tournament. At the end of a season, the top team is declared the champion. The top few teams may be promoted to a higher division, and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower division. [ 125 ] The teams finishing at the top of a nation ‘s league may be eligible besides to play in international club competitions in the follow season. The chief exceptions to this system occur in some latin american leagues, which divide football championships into two sections named Apertura and Clausura ( spanish for Opening and Closing ), awarding a champion for each. [ 126 ] The majority of countries supplement the league system with one or more “ cup ” competitions organised on a knock-out basis. Some countries ‘ top divisions feature highly paid star topology players ; in smaller countries, lower divisions, and most of women ‘s clubs, players may be part-timers with a moment job, or amateurs. The five exceed european leagues – the Bundesliga ( Germany ), Premier League ( England ), [ 127 ] La Liga ( Spain ), Serie A ( Italy ), and Ligue 1 ( France ) – attract most of the world ‘s best players and each of the leagues has a total wage cost in excess of £600 million/€763 million/US $ 1.185 billion. [ 8 ]

Notes

Listen to this article

( 2 parts,

51

minutes

)

Spoken Wikipedia icon These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 5 September 2007

 ( )

, and do not reflect subsequent edits .

References