This article is about the mobile operate on system developed by Apple. For the router/switch OS developed by Cisco Systems, see Cisco IOS. For other uses, see IOS ( disambiguation ) not to be confused with iPadOS For the Greek island, see Ios
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iOS ( once iPhone OS ) is a mobile operate system created and developed by Apple Inc. entirely for its hardware. It is the operational system that powers many of the company ‘s mobile devices, including the iPhone and iPod Touch ; the term besides included the versions running on iPads until the name iPadOS was introduced with translation 13 in 2019. It is the worldly concern ‘s second-most wide installed fluid operating system, after Android. It is the basis for three early operating systems made by Apple : iPadOS, tvOS, and watchOS. It is proprietorship software, although some parts of it are exposed informant under the Apple Public Source License and early licenses. [ 10 ] Unveiled in 2007 for the first-generation iPhone, io has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the ipod Touch ( September 2007 ) and the iPad ( introduced : January 2010 ; handiness : April 2010. ) As of March 2018, Apple ‘s App Store contains more than 2.1 million io applications, 1 million of which are native for iPads. [ 11 ] These mobile apps have jointly been downloaded more than 130 billion times. major versions of io are released per annum. The current stable version, io 15, was released to the public on September 20, 2021. [ 12 ]
history
first base io logo ( 2010–2013 ), using Myriad Pro Semibold font
second io logo ( 2013–2017 ), using Myriad Pro Light font
third io logo ( 2017–present ), using San Francisco Semibold baptismal font In 2005, when Steve Jobs began planning the iPhone, he had a choice to either “ shrink the Mac, which would be an epic feat of mastermind, or enlarge the ipod ”. Jobs favored the early approach but pitted the Macintosh and ipod teams, led by Scott Forstall and Tony Fadell, respectively, against each other in an internal contest, with Forstall winning by creating the iPhone OS. The decision enabled the success of the iPhone as a chopine for third-party developers : using a well-known background function system as its footing allowed the many third-party Mac developers to write software for the iPhone with minimal retraining. Forstall was besides responsible for creating a software development kit for programmers to build iPhone apps, a well as an App Store within iTunes. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The operating system was unveiled with the iPhone at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 9, 2007, and released in June of that year. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] At the time of its uncover in January, Steve Jobs claimed : “ iPhone runs OS X ” and runs “ background class applications ”, [ 18 ] [ 19 ] but at the time of the iPhone ‘s release, the operate on organization was renamed “ iPhone OS ”. [ 20 ] Initially, third-party native applications were not supported. Jobs ‘ reason was that developers could build web applications through the Safari world wide web browser that “ would behave like native apps on the iPhone ”. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] In October 2007, Apple announced that a native Software Development Kit ( SDK ) was under development and that they planned to put it “ in developers ‘ hands in February ”. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] On March 6, 2008, Apple held a crusade event, announcing the iPhone SDK. [ 26 ] [ 27 ]
The io App Store was opened on July 10, 2008, with an initial 500 applications available. [ 28 ] This promptly grew to 3,000 in September 2008, [ 29 ] 15,000 in January 2009, [ 30 ] 50,000 in June 2009, [ 31 ] 100,000 in November 2009, [ 32 ] [ 33 ] 250,000 in August 2010, [ 34 ] [ 35 ] 650,000 in July 2012, [ 36 ] 1 million in October 2013, [ 37 ] [ 38 ] 2 million in June 2016, [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] and 2.2 million in January 2017. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] As of March 2016, 1 million apps are natively compatible with the iPad tablet calculator. [ 44 ] These apps have jointly been downloaded more than 130 billion times. [ 39 ] App intelligence firm Sensor Tower has estimated that the App Store will reach 5 million apps by the year 2020. [ 45 ] In September 2007, Apple announced the ipod Touch, a redesigned ipod based on the iPhone shape factor. [ 46 ] On January 27, 2010, Apple introduced their much-anticipated media pad, the iPad, featuring a larger riddle than the iPhone and ipod Touch, and designed for world wide web browse, media consumption, and read, and offering multi-touch interaction with multimedia formats including newspapers, e-books, photos, videos, music, news process documents, video games, and most existing iPhone apps using a 9.7-inch riddle. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 49 ] It besides includes a mobile version of Safari for network browse, a good as access to the App Store, iTunes Library, iBookstore, Contacts, and Notes. Content is downloadable via Wi-Fi and optional 3G service or synced through the user ‘s computer. [ 50 ] AT & T was initially the lone U.S. supplier of 3G radio access for the iPad. [ 51 ] In June 2010, Apple rebranded iPhone OS as “ io ”. The brand “ IOS ” had been used by Cisco for over a decade for its function system, IOS, used on its routers. To avoid any potential lawsuit, Apple licensed the “ IOS ” brand from Cisco. [ 52 ] The Apple Watch smartwatch was announced by Tim Cook on September 9, 2014, being introduced as a intersection with health and fitness-tracking. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] It was released on April 24, 2015. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] It uses watchOS as surgical system, which is based on IOS. On November 22, 2016, a five-second video recording charge in the first place named “ IMG_0942.MP4 ” started crashing io on an increasing count of devices, forcing users to reboot. It gained massive popularity through social media channels and messaging services. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] In October 2016, Apple opened its first io Developer Academy in Naples inside University of Naples Federico II ‘s new campus. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] The course is wholly free, aimed at acquiring specific technical skills on the creation and management of applications for the Apple ecosystem platforms. [ 62 ] At the Academy there are besides issues of business administration ( business planning and business management with a concenter on digital opportunities ) and there is a path dedicated to the design of graphic interfaces. Students have the opportunity to participate in the “ Enterprise Track ”, an in-depth discipline experience on the stallion biography cycle of an app, from blueprint to implementation, to security, trouble-shoot, data storage and mottle usage. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] As of 2020, the Academy graduated about a thousand students from all over the global, who have worked on 400 app ideas and have already published about 50 apps on the io App Store. In the 2018/2019 academic year, students from more than 30 unlike countries arrived. 35 of these have been selected to attend the Worldwide Developer Conference, the annual Apple Developer Conference held annually in California in early June. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] On June 3, 2019, iPadOS, the brand version of io for iPad, was announced at the 2019 WWDC ; it was launched on September 25, 2019. [ 67 ]
Features
interface
The io exploiter interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch. Interface control elements include sliders, switches, and buttons. [ 68 ] Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device ( one coarse result is the untie command ) or rotating it in three dimensions ( one park result is switching between portrayal and landscape mode ). versatile approachability described in § Accessibility functions enable users with imagination and hearing disabilities to by rights use io. [ 69 ] io devices boot to the homescreen, the primary navigation and information “ hub ” on io devices, analogous to the desktop found on personal computers. io homescreens are typically made up of app icons and widgets ; app icons launch the consort app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content, such as a weather calculate, the exploiter ‘s e-mail inbox, or a news heart directly on the homescreen. [ 70 ] Along the top of the blind is a status cake, showing information about the device and its connectivity. The status stripe itself contains two elements, the Control Center and the Notification Center. The Control Center can be “ pull ” down from the top right of the notch, on the new iPhones, giving access to versatile toggles to manage the device more cursorily without having to open the Settings. It is possible to manage luminosity, book, radio connections, music player, etc. [ 71 ] alternatively, scrolling from the top left to the bottom will open the Notification Center, which in the latest versions of io is very alike to the lockscreen. It displays notifications in chronological order and groups them by application. From the notifications of some apps it is potential to interact immediately, for example by replying a message directly from it. Notifications are sent in two modes, the important notifications that are displayed on the engage filmdom and signaled by a distinctive heavy, accompanied by a admonitory banner and the app badge picture, and the secondary manner where they are displayed in the Notification Center, but they are not shown on the lock screen, nor are they indicated by warning banners, badge icons or sounds. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] It is possible to choose if notifications from an app can be shown on the lock screen, Notification Center, streamer, or all three ; whether the standard should be temp or permanent ; activate or deactivate the sound ; choose whether to group by app or not and whether to show previews when locked. It is possible to turn off undesirable app notifications. Older notifications are mechanically deleted after a few days. A homescreen may be made up of respective pages, between which the drug user can swipe spinal column and away, one of the ways to do this is to hold down on the “ dots ” shown on each foliate and swipe left or properly. To the right of the final page, the App Library lists and categorizes apps installed on the device. Apps within each class are arranged based on the frequency of their use. In addition to a class for indicate apps, a “ recent ” category lists apps recently installed aboard App Clips recently accessed. Users can search for the app they want or browse them in alphabetic ordain. io besides integrates seamlessly with other programming frameworks and technologies, such as Apple Pay, HomeKit, HealthKit, and ResearchKit. On io, the main page button is normally located at the top right. To go binding in an lotion there is about constantly a “ back ” button. You can go spinal column in 4 different ways, it varies depending on the context .
- Press the “Back” button at the top left of the display
- Swipe right from the left edge of the screen (gesture)
- Press the “Finish” action at the top right of the screen
- Scroll down on the screen content
The page title is much always confront and very visible, but it shrinks as the drug user scrolls down. Navigation destinations that can not be contained in the bottom yellow journalism browning automatic rifle can : be moved to a generic “ More ” check or appear as actions in the top forget or top right of other destinations. Modal views are single-screen activities that are displayed by swiping into the foreground, while allowing the previous sieve to peek up, retreating into the background. You can ignore them by scrolling down or tapping “ back ” at the exceed. Full filmdom views are media contentedness such as photos or videos that take up the integral screen. They disappear on scrolling down. occasionally on io, crucial page actions appear on a lower toolbar. Action menus can be activated by any button or by attempting to perform any carry through. They scroll from bottom to top. On earlier iPhones with home button, screenshots can be created with the coincident bid of the home and power buttons. In comparison to Android OS, which requires the buttons to be held down, a brusque press does suffice on io. [ 74 ] On the more recent iPhones which lack a physical home plate button, screenshots are captured using the volume-down and might buttons rather. [ 75 ] The television camera application used a skeuomorphistic close television camera shutter vivification anterior to iOS 7. Since then, it uses a bare light blackout effect. [ 76 ] noteworthy additions over time include HDR photography and the option to save both convention and gamey dynamic range photograph simultaneously where the former prevents ghosting effects from moving objects ( since iPhone 5, io 6 ), automatic HDR adjustment ( io 7.1 ), “ be photograph ” with curtly video recording bundled to each photograph if enabled ( iPhone 6s, io 9 ), and a digital soar shortcut ( iPhone 7 Plus, io 10 ). [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] Some television camera settings such as television resolving power and frame rate are not adjustable through the television camera interface itself, but are outsourced to the system settings. [ 80 ] A newfangled feature in io 13 called “ context menu ” shows related actions when you touch and hold an detail. When the context menu is displayed, the background is blurred. [ 81 ] To choose from a few options, a excerpt dominance is used. Selectors can appear anchored at the bottom or in lineage with the message ( called date selectors ). date selectors take on the appearance of any other choice see, but with a column for day, calendar month, and optionally year. Alerts appear in the center of the screen, but there are besides alerts that scroll up from the bed of the screen ( called “ action panels ” ). destructive actions ( such as eliminating any element ) are colored bolshevik. The official font of io is San Francisco. It is designed for humble text legibility, and is used throughout the manoeuver arrangement, including third-party apps. [ 81 ] The icons are 180x180px in size for iPhones with a larger screen, normally models over 6 inches, including iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 8 Plus, while it ‘s 120x120px on iPhones with smaller displays. [ 82 ] Apple ‘s official design language is called Human Interface. [ 83 ]
Applications
io devices come with preinstalled apps developed by Apple including Mail, Maps, television receiver, Music, FaceTime, Wallet, Health, and many more. Applications ( “ apps “ ) are the most general form of application software that can be installed on io. They are downloaded from the official catalogue of the App Store digital store, where apps are subjected to security system checks before being made available to users. In June 2017, Apple updated its guidelines to specify that app developers will no long have the ability to use custom prompts for encouraging users to leave reviews for their apps. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] IOS applications can besides be installed immediately from an IPA file provided by the software distributor, via unofficial ways. They are written using io Software Development Kit ( SDK ) and, much, combined with Xcode, using officially supported program languages, including Swift and Objective-C. other companies have besides created tools that allow for the development of native io apps using their respective scheduling languages. Applications for io are largely built using components of UIKit, a program model. It allows applications to have a consistent search and feel with the OS, however offering customization. Elements mechanically update along with io updates, automatically including raw interface rules. UIKit elements are identical adaptable, this allows developers to design a one app that looks the same on any io device. In accession to defining the io interface, UIKit defines the functionality of the lotion. At beginning, Apple did not intend to release an SDK to developers, because they did not want third-party apps to be developed for io, building web apps rather. however, this technology never entered into common use, this led Apple to change its opinion, so in October 2007 the SDK for developers was announced, last released on March 6, 2008. The SDK includes an inclusive set of development tools, [ 86 ] including an audio mixer and an iPhone simulator. It is a absolve download for Mac users. It is not available for Microsoft Windows PCs. To test the application, get technical support, and circulate applications through App Store, developers are required to subscribe to the Apple Developer Program. Over the years, the Apple Store apps surpassed multiple major milestones, including 50,000, [ 87 ] 100,000, [ 88 ] 250,000, [ 89 ] 500,000, [ 90 ] 1 million, [ 91 ] and 2 million apps. [ 92 ] The billionth application was installed on April 24, 2009. [ 93 ]
home screen
The home screen, rendered by SpringBoard, displays application icons and a dock at the bottom where users can pin their most frequently used apps. The home plate screen appears whenever the user unlocks the device or presses the physical “ Home ” button while in another app. [ 94 ] Before io 4 on the iPhone 3GS ( or belated ), the screen ‘s background could be customized only through jailbreaking, but can now be changed out-of-the-box. The screen has a status bar across the peak to display data, such as time, battery level, and bespeak strength. The rest of the screen is devoted to the stream lotion. When a passcode is set and a drug user switches on the device, the passcode must be entered at the Lock Screen before access to the Home screen is granted. [ 95 ] In iPhone OS 3, Spotlight was introduced, allowing users to search media, apps, emails, contacts, messages, reminders, calendar events, and like content. In io 7 and by and by, Spotlight is accessed by pulling down anywhere on the home screen ( except for the top and bottom edges that open Notification Center and Control Center ). [ 96 ] [ 97 ] In io 9, there are two ways to access Spotlight. As with io 7 and 8, pulling down on any homescreen will show Spotlight. however, it can besides be accessed as it was in io 3 – 6. This endows Spotlight with Siri suggestions, which include app suggestions, liaison suggestions and newsworthiness. [ 98 ] In io 10, Spotlight is at the peak of the now-dedicated “ today ” dialog box. [ 99 ] Since io 3.2, users are able to set a background image for the Home Screen. This feature is entirely available on third-generation devices— iPhone 3GS, third-generation ipod touch ( io 4.0 or newer ), and all iPad models ( since io 3.2 ) —or fresh. io 7 introduced a parallax effect on the Home Screen, which shifts the device ‘s wallpaper and icons in answer to the bowel movement of the device, creating a 3D effect and an illusion of floating icons. This effect is besides visible in the check see of Mail and Safari. [ 100 ] Researchers found that users organize icons on their homescreens based on usage frequency and relatedness of the applications, adenine well as for reasons of serviceability and aesthetics. [ 101 ]
arrangement font
io in the first place used Helvetica as the organization font. Apple switched to Helvetica Neue entirely for the iPhone 4 and its Retina Display, and retained Helvetica as the system baptismal font for older iPhone devices on io 4. [ 102 ] With io 7, Apple announced that they would change the arrangement font to Helvetica Neue Light, a decision that sparked criticism for inappropriate use of a light, sparse font for low-resolution fluid screens. Apple finally chose Helvetica Neue rather. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] The release of io 7 besides introduced the ability to scale textbook or apply other forms of textbook approachability changes through Settings. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] With io 9, Apple changed the baptismal font to San Francisco, an Apple-designed baptismal font aimed at utmost legibility and baptismal font consistency across its product lineup. [ 107 ] [ 108 ]
Folders
io 4 bring in folders, which can be created by dragging an application on top of another, and from then on, more items can be added to the booklet using the same procedure. A title for the folder is mechanically selected by the category of applications inside, but the identify can besides be edited by the user. [ 109 ] When apps inside folders receive presentment badges, the individual numbers of notifications are added improving and the sum number is displayed as a notification badge on the folder itself. [ 109 ] Originally, folders on an iPhone could include up to 12 apps, while folders on iPad could include 20. [ 110 ] With increasing display sizes on newer iPhone hardware, iOS 7 updated the folders with pages similar to the base screen layout, allowing for a significant expansion of folder functionality. Each foliate of a booklet can contain up to nine apps, and there can be 15 pages in sum, allowing for a total of 135 apps in a single folder. [ 111 ] In io 9, Apple updated folder sizes for iPad hardware, allowing for 16 apps per page, silent at 15 pages utmost, increasing the sum to 240 apps. [ 112 ]
notification Center
Before io 5, notifications were delivered in a modal window and could n’t be viewed after being dismissed. In io 5, Apple introduced Notification Center, which allows users to view a history of notifications. The user can tap a presentment to open its corresponding app, or clear it. [ 113 ] Notifications are now delivered in banners that appear briefly at the top of the filmdom. If a exploiter taps a get notification, the application that sent the presentment will be opened. Users can besides choose to view notifications in modal auxiliary verb alert windows by adjusting the lotion ‘s notification settings. Introduced with io 8, widgets are nowadays accessible through the Notification Center, defined by 3rd parties. When an app sends a notification while closed, a bolshevik badge appears on its icon. This badge tells the drug user, at a glance, how many notifications that app has sent. Opening the app clears the badge .
approachability
io offers versatile approachability features to help users with sight and hearing disabilities. One major feature, VoiceOver, provides a voice reading information on the blind, including contextual buttons, icons, links and other drug user interface elements, and allows the user to navigate the operating system through gestures. Any apps with default controls and developed with a UIKit model gets VoiceOver functionality built in. [ 114 ] One exemplar includes holding up the iPhone to take a photograph, with VoiceOver describing the photograph scenery. [ 115 ] As part of a “ Made for iPhone ” program, introduced with the passing of io 7 in 2013, Apple has developed engineering to use Bluetooth and a special engineering protocol to let compatible third-party equipment connect with iPhones and iPads for streaming sound recording directly to a drug user ‘s ears. extra customization available for Made for iPhone products include battery track and adjustable legal settings for different environments. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Apple made further efforts for handiness for the publish of io 10 in 2016, adding a raw pronunciation editor to VoiceOver, adding a Magnifier arrange to enlarge objects through the device ‘s camera, software TTY subscribe for deaf people to make telephone calls from the iPhone, and giving tutorials and guidelines for third-party developers to incorporate proper handiness functions into their apps. [ 118 ] In 2012, Liat Kornowski from The Atlantic wrote that “ the iPhone has turned out to be one of the most revolutionary developments since the invention of Braille “, [ 119 ] and in 2016, Steven Aquino of TechCrunch described Apple as “ leading the means in assistive engineering ”, with Sarah Herrlinger, Senior Manager for Global Accessibility Policy and Initiatives at Apple, stating that “ We see approachability as a basic human right. Building into the kernel of our products supports a imagination of an inclusive populace where opportunity and access to information are barrier-free, empowering individuals with disabilities to achieve their goals ”. [ 120 ] criticism has been aimed at io depending on both internet connection ( either WiFi or through iTunes ) and a bring SIM poster upon first activation. [ 121 ] This restriction has been loosened in io 12, which no longer requires the latter. [ 122 ]
Multitasking
Multitasking for io was first gear released in June 2010 along with the release of io 4. [ 123 ] [ 124 ] alone certain devices— iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 3rd generation—were able to multitask. [ 125 ] The iPad did not get multitasking until io 4.2.1 in that November. [ 126 ] The implementation of multitasking in io has been criticized for its approach, which limits the work that applications in the backdrop can perform to a restrict affair stage set and requires application developers to add denotative support for it. [ 125 ] [ 127 ] Before io 4, multitasking was limited to a choice of the applications Apple included on the device. Users could however “ break ” their device in order to unofficially multitask. [ 128 ] Starting with io 4, on third-generation and newer io devices, multitasking is supported through seven background APIs : [ 129 ]
- Background audio – application continues to run in the background as long as it is playing audio or video content[130]
- Voice over IP – application is suspended when a phone call is not in progress[130]
- Background location – application is notified of location changes[130]
- Push notifications
- Local notifications – application schedules local notifications to be delivered at a predetermined time[130]
- Task completion – application asks the system for extra time to complete a given task[130]
- Fast app switching – application does not execute any code and may be removed from memory at any time[130]
In io 5, three new background APIs were introduced :
- Newsstand – application can download content in the background to be ready for the user[130]
- External Accessory – application communicates with an external accessory and shares data at regular intervals[130]
- Bluetooth Accessory – application communicates with a bluetooth accessory and shares data at regular intervals[130]
In io 7, Apple introduced a fresh multitasking feature, providing all apps with the ability to perform background updates. This feature of speech prefers to update the exploiter ‘s most frequently used apps and prefers to use Wi-Fi networks over a cellular network, without markedly reducing the device ‘s battery liveliness .
Switching applications
In io 4.0 to iOS 6.x, double-clicking the home push button activates the application switcher. A scrollable dock-style interface appears from the buttocks, moving the contents of the screen up. Choosing an picture switches to an application. To the far left field are icons which function as music controls, a rotation interlock, and on io 4.2 and above, a volume restrainer. With the presentation of io 7, double-clicking the home button besides activates the application switcher. however, unlike previous versions it displays screenshots of open applications on acme of the picture and horizontal scroll allows for browsing through previous apps, and it is possible to close applications by dragging them up, alike to how WebOS handled multiple cards. [ 131 ] With the initiation of io 9, the application switcher received a significant ocular change ; while still retaining the wag metaphor introduced in io 7, the application icon is smaller, and appears above the screenshot ( which is nowadays larger, due to the removal of “ Recent and Favorite Contacts ” ), and each application “ wag ” overlaps the other, forming a rolodex effect as the user scrolls. now, alternatively of the home screen appearing at the leftmost of the application switcher, it appears rightmost. [ 132 ] In io 11, the application switcher receives a major redesign. In the iPad, the Control Center and app switcher are combined. The app switcher in the iPad can besides be accessed by swiping up from the penetrate. In the iPhone, the app switcher can not be accessed if there are no apps in the RAM .
Ending tasks
In io 4.0 to iOS 6.x, concisely holding the icons in the application switcher makes them “ joggle ” ( similarly to the homescreen ) and allows the drug user to force quit the applications by tapping the loss minus circle that appears at the corner of the app ‘s icon. [ 133 ] Clearing applications from multitasking stayed the lapp from io 4.0 through 6.1.6, the last adaptation of io 6. As of io 7, the procedure has become faster and easier. In io 7, rather of holding the icons to close them, they are closed by just swiping them upwards off the screen. Up to three apps can be cleared at a time compared to one in versions up to iOS 6.1.6. [ 134 ]
task completion
Task completion allows apps to continue a certain job after the app has been suspended. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] As of io 4.0, apps can request up to ten minutes to complete a task in the background. [ 137 ] This does n’t extend to background uploads and downloads though ( e.g. if a exploiter starts a download in one application, it wo n’t finish if they switch away from the application ) .
Siri
Siri ( ) is an intelligent personal adjunct integrated into io. The adjunct uses part queries and a lifelike terminology drug user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a fixed of Internet services. The software adapts to users ‘ individual terminology usages, searches, and preferences, with continue use. Returned results are individualized. primitively released as an app for io in February 2010, [ 138 ] it was acquired by Apple two months by and by, [ 139 ] [ 140 ] [ 141 ] and then integrated into iPhone 4S at its release in October 2011. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] At that clock, the separate app was besides removed from the io App Store. [ 144 ] Siri supports a broad range of exploiter commands, including performing earphone actions, checking basic information, scheduling events and reminders, handling device settings, searching the Internet, navigating areas, finding data on entertainment, and is able to engage with iOS-integrated apps. [ 145 ] With the unblock of io 10 in 2016, Apple opened up restrict third-party access to Siri, including third-party message apps, american samoa well as payments, ride-sharing, and Internet calling apps. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] With the liberation of io 11, Apple updated Siri ‘s voices for more absolved, human voices, it immediately supports follow-up questions and lyric translation, and extra third-party actions. [ 148 ] [ 149 ]
Game Center
Game Center is an on-line multiplayer “ social gambling net ” [ 150 ] released by Apple. [ 151 ] It allows users to “ invite friends to play a game, start a multiplayer plot through matchmaking, track their achievements, and compare their high gear scores on a leaderboard. ” iOS 5 and above adds corroborate for profile photos. [ 150 ] Game Center was announced during an io 4 preview event hosted by Apple on April 8, 2010. A preview was released to registered Apple developers in August. [ 150 ] It was released on September 8, 2010, with io 4.1 on iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 2nd generation through 4th generation. [ 152 ] Game Center made its public debut on the iPad with io 4.2.1. [ 153 ] There is no confirm for the iPhone 3G, master iPhone and the first-generation ipod Touch ( the latter two devices did not have Game Center because they did not get io 4 ). [ 154 ] however, Game Center is unofficially available on the iPhone 3G via a hack. [ 155 ]
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hardware
The main hardware platform for io is the ARM architecture ( the ARMv7, ARMv8-A, ARMv8.2-A, ARMv8.3-A ). io releases before io 7 can alone be run on io devices with 32-bit ARM processors ( ARMv6 and ARMv7-A architectures ). In 2013, iOS 7 was released with wax 64-bit support ( which includes a native 64-bit kernel, libraries, drivers american samoa well as all built-in applications ), [ 156 ] after Apple announced that they were switching to 64-bit ARMv8-A processors with the introduction of the Apple A7 chip. [ 157 ] 64-bit support was besides enforced for all apps in the App Store ; All modern apps submitted to the App Store with a deadline of February 2015, and all app updates submitted to the App Store with a deadline of June 1, 2015. [ 158 ] iOS 11 drops support for all io devices with 32-bit ARM processors deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as 32-bit applications, [ 159 ] [ 160 ] making io 64-bit only. [ 161 ]
Development
The io SDK ( Software Development Kit ) allows for the development of mobile apps on io. While in the first place developing iPhone prior to its introduction in 2007, Apple ‘s then- CEO Steve Jobs did not intend to let third-party developers build native apps for io, alternatively directing them to make web applications for the Safari web browser. [ 162 ] however, recoil from developers prompted the company to reconsider, [ 162 ] with Jobs announcing in October 2007 that Apple would have a software growth kit out available for developers by February 2008. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] The SDK was released on March 6, 2008. [ 165 ] [ 166 ] The SDK is a free download for users of Mac personal computers. [ 167 ] It is not available for Microsoft Windows PCs. [ 167 ] The SDK contains sets giving developers entree to diverse functions and services of io devices, such as hardware and software attributes. [ 168 ] It besides contains an iPhone simulator to mimic the look and find of the device on the calculator while developing. [ 168 ] New versions of the SDK company fresh versions of io. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] In order to test applications, get technical corroborate, and circulate apps through App Store, developers are required to subscribe to the Apple Developer Program. [ 167 ] Combined with Xcode, the io SDK helps developers write io apps using officially supported program languages, including Swift and Objective-C. [ 171 ] other companies have besides created tools that allow for the growth of native io apps using their respective programming languages. [ 172 ] [ 173 ]
Apple provides major updates to the io operating system annually via iTunes and since io 5, besides over-the-air. [ 175 ] The device checks an XML-based PLIST file on mesu.apple.com for updates. The updates are delivered in plain unencrypted ZIP files. On all late io devices, iOS regularly checks on the handiness of an update, and if one is available, will prompt the drug user to permit its automatic initiation. The latest static adaptation is io 14, released on September 16, 2020. It is available for iPhone 6S and late, and the seventh-generation ipod Touch. [ 176 ] In addition to the release of io 14, iPadOS 14 was released aboard io 14. Apple debuted io 14 and iPadOS 14 at its annual WWDC keynote on June 22, 2020. [ 177 ] iPadOS 14 is available on iPad Air 2 and late, iPad fifth-generation and late, iPad miniskirt 4 and late and all versions of the iPad Pro. [ 178 ] The update introduced new features such as better family screen widgets, the App Library, App Clips, and more. [ 179 ] in the first place, ipod Touch users had to pay for system software updates. This was ascribable to accounting rules that designated it not a “ subscription device ” like iPhone or Apple television, and improvements to the device required payments. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] The prerequisite to pay to upgrade cause iPod touch owners to stay away from updates. [ 182 ] however, in September 2009, a transfer in accounting rules won probationary blessing, affecting Apple ‘s earnings and sprout price, and allowing ipod Touch updates to be delivered for free. [ 183 ] [ 184 ] Apple has significantly extended the motorbike of updates for io supported devices over the years. The iPhone ( 1st generation ) and iPhone 3G lone received two io updates, while late models had corroborate for five, six, and seven years. [ 185 ] [ 186 ]
XNU kernel
The io kernel is the XNU kernel of Darwin. The master iPhone OS ( 1.0 ) astir to iPhone OS 3.1.3 used Darwin 9.0.0d1. iOS 4 was based on Darwin 10. io 5 was based on Darwin 11. io 6 was based on Darwin 13. io 7 and iOS 8 are based on Darwin 14. io 9 is based on Darwin 15. io 10 is based on Darwin 16. io 11 is based on Darwin 17. io 12 is based on Darwin 18. io 13 is based on Darwin 19. [ 187 ] In io 6 the kernel is subject to ASLR, exchangeable to that of OS X Mountain Lion. This makes feat possibilities more complex since it is not potential to know the location of kernel code. Since XNU is based on the BSD kernel, it is exposed informant. [ 188 ] The source is under a 3-clause [ 189 ] BSD license for the original BSD parts, with parts added by Apple under the Apple Public Source License. [ 190 ] The versions contained in io are not available ; only the versions used in macOS are available. io does not have kernel extensions ( kexts ) in the file system, even if they are actually show. The kernel hoard can be decompressed to show the correct kernel, along with the kexts ( all packed in the __PRELINK_TEXT segment ) and their plists ( in the __PRELINK_INFO section ). The kernel hoard can besides be directly decompressed ( if decrypted ) using third-party tools. With the advent of io 10 betas and default plain textbook kernelcaches, these tools can alone be used after unpacking and applying lzssdec to unpack the kernel cache to its wax size. The kextstat provided by the Cydia option software does not work on io because the kextstat is based on kmod_get_info(...), which is a deprecate API in io 4 and Mac OS X Snow Leopard. There are other option software that can besides dump raw XML data. On developing devices, the kernel is constantly stored as a statically linked hoard stored in /System/Library/Caches/com.apple.kernelcaches/kernelcache which is unpack and executed at bang. In the begin, io had a kernel version normally higher than the equate adaptation of macOS. Over prison term, the kernels of io and macOS have gotten closer. This is not storm, considering that io introduced new features ( such as the ASLR Kernel, the default deep-freeze, and versatile security-strengthening features ) that were first incorporated and subsequently arrived on macOS. It appears Apple is gradually merging the io and macOS kernels over time. The build go steady for each version varies slightly between processors. This is due to the fact that the builds are consecutive. The latest interpretation of the Darwin Kernel updated to iOS 13.6 is 19.6.0, dated July 27, 2020, while for io 14 beta 4 it is 20.0.0, dated July 27, 2020 .
Kernel Builds
iOS Version
Kernel Build
Notes
1A420
Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Thu Mar 8 01:38:53 PST 2007; root:xnu-933.0.0.144.obj~1/DEVELOPMENT_ARM_S5L8900XRB
1.0
Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Tue May 22 21:15:55 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.0.178.obj~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB
1.0.1
Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Fri Jun 22 00:38:56 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.1.178.obj~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB
1.0.2
1.1
Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Thu Sep 6 23:26:45 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.0.203.obj~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB
iPod touch only
1.1.1
Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Sep 19 00:08:42 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.203~21/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB
First kernel that was 8900 encrypted
1.1.2
Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Oct 10 00:07:49 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.204~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB
1.1.3
Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Dec 12 00:16:00 PST 2007; root:xnu-933.0.211~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB
1.1.4
1.1.5
iPod touch only
1.2 beta
?
2.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Wed Mar 19 22:40:09 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.34~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X
2.0 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Tue Apr 1 21:58:46 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.39~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X
2.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Tue Apr 15 21:09:34 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.49~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X
2.0 beta 5
?
2.0 beta 6
?
2.0 beta 7
?
2.0 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Sun Jun 15 21:37:01 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.76~45/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X
2.0
2.0.1
2.0.2
2.1 beta
?
2.1 beta 2
?
2.1 beta 3
?
2.1 beta 4
?
2.1
Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Sun Aug 10 21:25:25 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.7.27~12/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X
2.1.1
2.2 beta
?
2.2 beta 2
?
2.2
Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Sat Nov 1 19:13:13 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.7.36~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X
2.2.1
Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Mon Dec 8 21:02:57 PST 2008; root:xnu-1228.7.37~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X
3.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Mon Mar 9 22:51:44 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.65~12/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X
3.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Mar 25 21:56:57 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.71~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X
3.0 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Apr 10 15:52:33 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.78~8/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X
3.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Apr 22 21:48:01 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.83~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X
3.0 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Apr 29 22:05:19 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.86~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X
3.0 GM
?
3.0
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed May 13 22:16:49 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.89~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X
3.0.1
3.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jun 24 21:55:27 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.22~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X
3.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jul 8 21:57:20 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.23~8/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X
3.1 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jul 22 21:39:52 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.24~13/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X
3.1
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Aug 14 13:23:32 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.30~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X
3.1.2
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Sep 25 23:35:35 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.30~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X
3.1.3
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Dec 18 01:34:28 PST 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.30~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X
3.2
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Mon Mar 15 23:15:33 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.2.27~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
iPad only
3.2.1
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Fri May 28 16:46:17 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.2.50~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
3.2.2
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 19:08:04 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.2.60~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Sat Apr 3 03:06:07 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.51.1~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X
4.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Apr 14 23:43:59 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.51~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X
4.0 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Apr 28 20:47:20 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.61~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X
4.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue May 11 22:12:23 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.69~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X
4.0 GM
?
4.0
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed May 26 22:28:33 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.73~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.0.1
4.0.2
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 18:46:06 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.80~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Mon Jul 5 20:15:12 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.27~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue Jul 20 21:31:09 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.32~9/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.1 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Jul 28 01:26:23 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.33~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.1
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 22:35:51 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.33~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.2 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue Sep 7 23:33:25 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.18~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.2 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Thu Sep 23 20:56:24 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.21~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.2 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Tue Oct 5 21:42:47 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.25~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.2 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Wed Oct 20 20:14:45 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.28~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.2.1 GM
4.2.1
Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Wed Oct 20 20:14:45 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.28~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.2.5
Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Thu Dec 30 19:38:02 PST 2010; root:xnu-1504.62~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
iPhone 4 only.
4.2.6
4.2.7
4.2.8
4.2.9
Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Fri Jul 8 18:32:26 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1504.63~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.2.10
4.3 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Jan 4 21:36:31 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.24~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.3 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon Jan 10 22:08:15 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.30~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.3 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Fri Jan 28 13:55:49 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.39.80~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.3 GM
?
4.3
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Feb 10 21:46:56 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.46~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.3.1
4.3.2
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Mar 30 18:51:10 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1735.46~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.3.3
4.3.4
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sat Jul 9 00:59:43 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1735.47~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.3.5
5.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon May 30 20:28:35 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.2.52~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X
5.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Jun 19 18:59:56 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.3.20~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X
5.0 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Jun 30 23:23:57 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.10~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X
5.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Jul 17 19:21:53 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.20~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X
5.0 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Aug 2 22:31:30 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.80~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
5.0 beta 6
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Aug 14 19:04:49 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.31~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
5.0 beta 7
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Aug 25 20:47:50 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.38~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
5.0 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Sep 15 23:34:16 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.43~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
5.0
5.0.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Oct 19 19:05:07 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.45~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
5.0.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Nov 1 20:34:16 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.46~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X
5.0.1
5.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Nov 13 19:10:13 PST 2011; root:xnu-1878.10.61~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
5.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Dec 4 18:57:33 PST 2011; root:xnu-1878.10.68~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
5.1 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon Jan 2 18:46:01 PST 2012; root:xnu-1878.10.74~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
5.1
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Feb 1 23:18:07 PST 2012; root:xnu-1878.11.8~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8945X
5.1.1
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Apr 8 21:51:26 PDT 2012; root:xnu-1878.11.10~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
6.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed May 30 19:23:03 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.1.78~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
6.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Jun 17 19:47:47 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.1.61~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
6.0 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Jul 8 20:15:17 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.9~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
6.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Jul 29 20:15:28 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.26~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
6.0 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Aug 19 00:27:34 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.33~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
6.0
6.0.1
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed Oct 10 23:32:19 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.34~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
6.0.2
iPhone 5 only.
6.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Oct 21 19:28:43 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.51~17/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
6.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Nov 4 19:02:54 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.53~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
6.1 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Mon Nov 26 21:17:13 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.53~27/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
6.1 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Dec 9 19:22:45 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.55~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
6.1 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Dec 16 20:01:39 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.55~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
6.1
6.1.1 beta
6.1.1
iPhone 4s only
6.1.2
6.1.3 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed Feb 13 21:35:42 PST 2013; root:xnu-2107.7.55.2.2~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X
6.1.3
6.1.4
iPhone 5 only.
6.1.5
iPod touch (4th generation) only.
6.1.6
iPod touch (4th generation) and iPhone 3GS only.
7.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed May 29 23:53:59 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.1.1.2~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
7.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jun 17 00:51:51 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.28~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
7.0 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jul 1 04:25:28 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.40~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
7.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jul 22 02:12:11 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.55~8/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
7.0 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Aug 4 22:40:14 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.70~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
7.0 beta 6
7.0 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Aug 13 21:39:05 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.73~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
7.0
7.0.1
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Sep 9 20:56:02 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.74~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
iPhone 5c and 5s only
7.0.2
7.0.3
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Sep 27 23:08:32 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.3.12~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
7.0.4
7.0.5
iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s only.
7.0.6
7.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Nov 11 04:18:01 PST 2013; root:xnu-2423.10.33~9/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
7.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Dec 10 21:25:34 PST 2013; root:xnu-2423.10.38.1.1~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
7.1 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Jan 2 01:55:45 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.45~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
7.1 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 13 03:33:00 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.49.0.1~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
7.1 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 27 23:55:13 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.58~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
7.1 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Feb 21 19:41:10 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.67~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
7.1
7.1.1
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Mar 28 21:22:10 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.70~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
7.1.2
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu May 15 23:17:54 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.71~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
8.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon May 26 22:09:06 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2729.0.0.0.9~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8942X
8.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sat Jun 14 16:36:40 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2775.0.0.1.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
8.0 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 2 18:51:34 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.21~19/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
8.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 16 21:55:26 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.40.0.3~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
8.0 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 30 23:04:17 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.62~20/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
8.0 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Aug 19 15:09:47 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.72~8/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
8.0
8.0.1
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Sep 18 21:52:21 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.72~23/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
8.0.2
8.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sat Sep 27 18:49:49 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.12~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
8.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Oct 3 21:52:09 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.13~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
8.1
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Oct 7 00:04:37 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.13~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
8.1.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Nov 2 20:21:29 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.21~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
8.1.1
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Nov 3 22:54:30 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.22~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
8.1.2
8.1.3
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 2 21:29:20 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.3.26~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
8.2 beta
?
8.2 beta 2
?
8.2 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Dec 14 20:59:15 PST 2014; root:xnu-2783.5.29.0.1~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X
8.2 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Jan 6 21:02:10 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.5.32~9/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X
8.2 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 26 22:16:17 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.5.37~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X
8.2
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Feb 9 22:07:57 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.5.38~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
8.3 beta
?
8.3 beta 2
?
8.3 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Mar 4 20:55:58 PST 2015; root:xnu-2784.20.25~26/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
8.3 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Mar 19 00:16:36 PST 2015; root:xnu-2784.20.31~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
8.3
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Mar 29 19:44:04 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.20.34~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
8.4 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Apr 8 21:26:37 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.1~29/RELEASE_ARM64_T7000
8.4 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Apr 21 21:49:05 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.2~9/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
8.4 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue May 5 23:09:22 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.5~7/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
8.4 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Wed 3 23:19:49 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.7~13/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
8.4
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jun 24 00:50:15 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.7~30/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
8.4.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Jul 9 21:54:11 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.40.6~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
8.4.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Jul 28 16:34:51 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.40.6~15/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
8.4.1
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Aug 5 19:24:44 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.40.6~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
9.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri May 29 22:14:48 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3216.0.0.1.15~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Mon Jun 15 21:51:54 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3247.1.6.1.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Sat Jul 11 20:01:45 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3247.1.56~13\/RELEASE_ARM64_T7001
9.0 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Mon Aug 3 19:58:41 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3247.1.88.1.1~1\/RELEASE_ARM64_T7001
9.0 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Thu Aug 6 22:27:22 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.1.2~3\/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X
9.0
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Thu Aug 20 13:11:13 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.1.3~1\/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
9.0.1
9.0.2
9.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Sat Aug 29 17:41:04 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.10.27~10\/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X
9.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Mon Sep 14 01:24:55 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.10.38~3\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.1 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri Sep 25 17:14:21 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.10.41~11\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.1 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri Oct 2 14:07:07 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.10.42~4\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.1 beta 5
9.1
9.2 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Sun Oct 18 23:34:30 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.20.33.0.1~7\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
9.2 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Sun Oct 25 21:50:56 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.20.39~8\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
9.2 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri Nov 6 22:12:13 PST 2015; root:xnu-3248.21.1~2\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.2 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri Nov 13 16:08:07 PST 2015; root:xnu-3248.21.2~1\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.2
9.2.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Wed Dec 9 22:19:38 PST 2015; root:xnu-3248.31.3~2\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.2.1 beta 2
9.2.1
9.3 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Tue Jan 5 21:24:25 PST 2016; root:xnu-3248.40.155.1.1~3\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.3 beta 1.1
9.3 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Tue Jan 19 00:18:39 PST 2016; root:xnu-3248.40.166.0.1~10\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
9.3 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Sun Jan 31 22:48:58 PST 2016; root:xnu-3248.40.173.0.1~13\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
9.3 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Sun Feb 14 23:17:56 PST 2016; root:xnu-3248.41.3~16\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
9.3 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Sun Feb 22 01:48:23 PST 2016; root:xnu-3248.41.4~36\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
9.3 beta 6
9.3 beta 7
Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Fri Feb 19 13:54:52 PST 2016; root:xnu-3248.41.4~28\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 15.5.0: Thu Mar 31 17:49:02 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.50.18~19\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
9.3.2 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 15.5.0: Tue Apr 5 15:12:03 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.50.20~12\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
9.3.2 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 15.5.0: Mon Apr 18 16:44:07 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.50.21~4\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
9.3.2 beta 4
9.3.2
9.3.3 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 15.6.0: Tue May 17 19:53:27 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.60.3~3\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.3.3 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 15.6.0: Tue May 31 19:52:45 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.60.4~1\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
9.3.3 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 15.6.0: Thu Jun 16 18:08:00 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.60.8~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
9.3.3 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 15.6.0: Mon Jun 20 20:10:21 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.60.9~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
9.3.3 beta 5
9.3.3
9.3.4
9.3.5
Darwin Kernel Version 15.6.0: Fri Aug 19 10:37:56 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.61.1~1\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.3.6
10.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Wed May 25 21:19:24 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3705.0.0.2.3~1\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Tue Jun 28 21:38:14 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3757~291\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.0 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Sat Jul 9 23:57:18 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3777.0.0.0.1~28\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Wed Jul 27 19:44:34 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.1.4.2.1~1\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.0 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Fri Aug 5 22:15:30 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.1.24~11\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.0 beta 6
Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Wed Aug 10 21:55:58 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.2.2~4\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.0 beta 7
10.0 beta 8
10.0
Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Wed Aug 10 22:33:10 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.2.2~3\/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
10.0.1 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Sun Aug 28 20:36:54 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.2.4~3\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.0.1
10.0.2
10.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 16.1.0: Fri Sep 16 03:53:22 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.20.46~54\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 16.1.0: Thu Sep 29 21:56:12 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.22.3~1\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.1 beta 3
10.1 beta 4
10.1
10.1.1
10.2 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Sun Oct 23 20:18:32 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.30.76~6\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.2 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Tue Nov 1 22:23:11 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.30.86~54\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.2 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Mon Nov 7 22:58:42 PST 2016; root:xnu-3789.30.92~36\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.2 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Mon Nov 7 19:32:10 PST 2016; root:xnu-3789.30.92~29\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.2 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Tue Nov 29 21:40:09 PST 2016; root:xnu-3789.32.1~4\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.2 beta 6
10.2 beta 7
10.2
10.2.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Thu Dec 1 19:49:21 PST 2016; root:xnu-3789.42.1~1\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.2.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Thu Dec 15 22:41:46 PST 2016; root:xnu-3789.42.2~1\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.2.1 beta 3
10.2.1 beta 4
10.2.1
10.3 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 16.5.0: Mon Jan 16 21:43:53 PST 2017; root:xnu-3789.50.189~28\/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
10.3 beta 2
Kernel Version 16.5.0: Tue Jan 31 21:09:24 PST 2017; root:xnu-3789.50.195.1.1~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
10.3 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 16.5.0: Fri Feb 10 22:11:20 PST 2017; root:xnu-3789.50.208~47/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
10.3 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 16.5.0: Thu Feb 23 23:48:09 PST 2017; root:xnu-3789.52.2~9\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.3 beta 5
10.3 beta 6
10.3 beta 7
10.3
Darwin Kernel Version 16.5.0: Thu Feb 23 23:22:54 PST 2017; root:xnu-3789.52.2~7\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.3.1
10.3.2 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 16.6.0: Mon Mar 20 22:28:31 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.60.12~10\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.3.2 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 16.6.0: Tue Apr 4 21:19:08 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.60.15~13\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.3.2 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 16.6.0: Tue Apr 11 22:03:42 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.60.20~11\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.3.2 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 16.6.0: Mon Apr 17 20:33:39 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.60.24~25/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.3.2 beta 5
10.3.2
Darwin Kernel Version 16.6.0: Mon Apr 17 17:33:34 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.60.24~24/RELEASE_ARM_S8000
10.3.3 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Mon May 8 21:45:24 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.70.9~13/RELEASE_ARM64_T7000
10.3.3 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Wed May 24 22:28:55 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.70.11~6/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
10.3.3 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Tue Jun 6 21:56:23 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.70.15~6/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
10.3.3 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Thu Jun 15 22:48:15 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.70.16~6/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.3.3 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Thu Jun 15 22:48:16 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.70.16~6/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
10.3.3 beta 6
Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Thu Jun 15 18:33:36 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.70.16~4/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.3.3
10.3.4
Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Wed Jul 26 11:08:56 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.70.16~21/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
11.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Sat May 27 21:47:07 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4397.0.0.2.4~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
11.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Tue Jun 13 21:19:50 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4481.0.0.2.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
11.0 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Thu Jun 29 22:31:39 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4532.0.0.0.1~30/RELEASE_ARM64_T7000
11.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Thu Jul 20 19:49:59 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4556.0.0.2.5~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
11.0 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Tue Aug 1 21:11:37 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.1.24.2.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
11.0 beta 6
Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Wed Aug 9 22:41:48 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.2.3~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
11.0 beta 7
Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Fri Aug 18 20:14:27 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.2.5~84/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
11.0 beta 8
11.0 beta 9
11.0 beta 10
11.0 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Fri Sep 1 14:59:17 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.2.5~167/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
11.0
11.0.1
11.0.2
11.0.3
11.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 17.2.0: Sun Sep 17 22:21:07 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.20.55~10/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 17.2.0: Sat Sep 30 23:14:15 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.20.62~9/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.1 beta 3
11.1 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 17.2.0: Fri Sep 29 18:14:51 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.20.62~4/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.1 beta 5
11.1
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.2 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 17.3.0: Wed Oct 25 19:27:20 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.30.79~22/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.2 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 17.3.0: Sun Oct 29 17:18:38 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.30.85~18/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.2 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 17.3.0: Mon Nov 6 22:29:20 PST 2017; root:xnu-4570.32.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.2 beta 4
11.2 beta 5
11.2 beta 6
Darwin Kernel Version 17.3.0: Mon Nov 6 21:19:16 PST 2017; root:xnu-4570.32.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.2
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.2.5 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 17.4.0: Sat Dec 2 21:26:33 PST 2017; root:xnu-4570.40.6~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.2.5 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 17.4.0: Wed Dec 13 22:51:57 PST 2017; root:xnu-4570.40.9~7/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.2.5 beta 3
11.2.5 beta 4
11.2.5 beta 5
11.2.5 beta 6
11.2.5 beta 7
Darwin Kernel Version 17.4.0: Fri Dec 8 19:35:51 PST 2017; root:xnu-4570.40.9~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.2.5
11.2.6
11.3 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Sat Jan 13 00:03:04 PST 2018; root:xnu-4570.50.243~9/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.3 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Fri Jan 26 22:56:33 PST 2018; root:xnu-4570.50.257~6/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.3 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Sat Feb 10 17:01:35 PST 2018; root:xnu-4570.50.279~9/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.3 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Sat Feb 24 20:24:10 PST 2018; root:xnu-4570.50.294~5/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.3 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Tue Mar 6 20:47:58 PST 2018; root:xnu-4570.52.2~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.3 beta 6
11.3
Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Tue Mar 13 21:32:11 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.52.2~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
11.3.1
11.4 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Sun Mar 25 20:49:19 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.60.10.0.1~16/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.4 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 17.6.0: Thu Apr 5 22:33:56 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.60.16~9/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.4 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 17.6.0: Sun Apr 22 03:29:53 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.60.19~25/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.4 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 17.6.0: Tue May 1 16:16:12 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.60.21~7/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.4 beta 5
11.4 beta 6
11.4
Darwin Kernel Version 17.6.0: Mon Apr 30 18:48:32 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.60.21~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.4.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 17.7.0: Mon May 21 19:02:13 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.70.14~16/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.4.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 17.7.0: Sun Jun 3 20:38:12 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.70.19~13/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.4.1 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 17.7.0: Tue Jun 12 20:37:30 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.70.24~9/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.4.1 beta 4
11.4.1 beta 5
11.4.1
Darwin Kernel Version 17.7.0: Mon Jun 11 19:06:27 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.70.24~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Fri May 25 21:25:37 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.200.199.12.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Wed Jun 13 21:04:46 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.200.249.22.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.0 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Tue Jun 26 21:06:03 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.200.274.32.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Mon Jul 9 21:17:19 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.200.304.42.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.0 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Wed Jul 25 22:51:45 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.200.327.52.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.0 beta 6
Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Wed Aug 1 21:11:01 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.200.342.62.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.0 beta 7
Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Sun Aug 5 21:44:00 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.200.354~11/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.0 beta 8
Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Fri Aug 10 21:57:57 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.202.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.0 beta 9
Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Wed Aug 15 21:51:15 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.202.2~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.0 beta 10
12.0 beta 11
12.0 beta 12
12.0 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Tue Aug 14 22:07:16 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.202.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.0
12.0.1
12.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Mon Sep 10 22:05:56 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.220.42~21/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Sun Sep 23 20:16:38 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.220.48~40/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.1 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Wed Oct 3 02:49:20 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.222.1~7/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.1 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Tue Oct 9 18:52:50 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.222.4~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.1 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Tue Oct 16 22:15:34 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.222.5~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.1
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Tue Oct 16 21:02:33 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.222.5~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.1.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Thu Oct 25 21:36:46 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.230.15~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.1.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Sat Nov 3 03:45:48 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.232.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.1.1 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Mon Nov 12 21:07:36 PST 2018; root:xnu-4903.232.2~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.1.1
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Mon Nov 12 20:32:01 PST 2018; root:xnu-4903.232.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.1.2 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Sun Dec 2 20:53:08 PST 2018; root:xnu-4903.240.8~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.1.2
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Mon Nov 12 20:32:01 PST 2018; root:xnu-4903.232.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.1.3 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Sun Dec 16 20:44:43 PST 2018; root:xnu-4903.240.10~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.1.3 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Wed Dec 19 22:27:19 PST 2018; root:xnu-4903.242.2~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.1.3 beta 4
12.1.3
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Wed Dec 19 20:28:53 PST 2018; root:xnu-4903.242.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.1.4
12.2 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Sun Jan 13 21:01:59 PST 2019; root:xnu-4903.250.305~10/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.2 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Wed Jan 30 19:26:26 PST 2019; root:xnu-4903.250.319~58/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.2 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Sun Feb 10 20:48:56 PST 2019; root:xnu-4903.250.336.0.1~10/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.2 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Sun Feb 24 21:50:15 PST 2019; root:xnu-4903.250.349~13/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.2 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Tue Mar 5 21:34:09 PST 2019; root:xnu-4903.252.2~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.2 beta 6
12.2
Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Tue Mar 5 19:52:18 PST 2019; root:xnu-4903.252.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.3 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Mon Mar 18 23:03:29 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.260.65.100.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.3 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Mon Apr 1 21:12:58 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.260.74.100.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.3 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Thu Apr 18 19:45:13 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.260.85.0.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.3 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Thu Apr 25 23:57:27 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.262.2~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.3 beta 5
12.3 beta 6
12.3
Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Thu Apr 25 22:14:10 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.262.2~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.3.1 (12F203)
12.3.1 (12F8202)
Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Thu May 9 15:45:33 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.262.2~4/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
12.3.2
Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Thu Apr 25 22:14:08 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.262.2~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.4 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Tue May 7 23:38:12 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.270.19.100.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.4 beta 2
12.4 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Tue May 21 01:53:36 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.270.29~10/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.4 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Wed Jun 5 21:04:51 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.270.37~24/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.4 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Fri Jun 14 21:12:14 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.270.38~24/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.4 beta 6
Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Tue Jun 25 22:53:57 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.270.47~11/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.4 beta 7
12.4
Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Fri Jun 21 22:24:16 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.270.47~7/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.4.1
Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Mon Aug 19 22:24:08 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.272.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.4.2
Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Mon Aug 19 22:24:08 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.272.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T7000
12.4.3
12.4.4
12.4.5
12.4.6
12.4.7
12.4.8
13.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Tue May 21 03:52:25 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6041.0.0.112.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
13.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Sun Jun 9 18:57:16 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6110.0.0.120.8~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
13.0 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Thu Jun 27 20:08:29 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.13.132.4~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
13.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Tue Jul 9 00:52:55 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.59.0.2~63/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
13.0 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Sun Jul 21 19:17:20 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.98.0.2~30/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
13.0 beta 6
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Tue Jul 30 23:56:43 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.103.8~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
13.0 beta 7
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Fri Aug 9 23:13:23 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.103.11~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
13.0 beta 8
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Thu Aug 15 21:21:27 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.103.12~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
13.0 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Mon Aug 12 20:19:35 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.103.12~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
13.0
13.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Sun Aug 18 23:18:25 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.166~14/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
13.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Thu Aug 29 23:02:07 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.2.2~5/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
13.1 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Fri Sep 6 09:12:32 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.2.3~7/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
13.1 beta 4
13.1
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Tue Sep 3 21:52:14 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.2.3~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030
13.1.1
13.1.2
13.1.3
13.2 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Sun Sep 22 21:45:32 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.40.121.0.1~23/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
13.2 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Thu Oct 3 23:49:24 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.40.150.100.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030
13.2 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Fri Oct 11 02:14:05 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.42.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.2 beta 4
13.2
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Wed Oct 9 22:42:11 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.42.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030
13.2.2
13.2.3
13.3 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 19.2.0: Thu Oct 31 02:33:36 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.60.58.0.1~22/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.3 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 19.2.0: Wed Nov 6 02:29:57 PST 2019; root:xnu-6153.60.66~54/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030
13.3 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 19.2.0: Tue Nov 12 22:06:16 PST 2019; root:xnu-6153.60.66~63/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030
13.3 beta 4
13.3
Darwin Kernel Version 19.2.0: Mon Nov 4 17:44:49 PST 2019; root:xnu-6153.60.66~39/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.3.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 19.3.0: Sun Dec 8 21:03:13 PST 2019; root:xnu-6153.80.8.0.1~13/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.3.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 19.3.0: Thu Jan 9 22:14:53 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.82.3~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.3.1 beta 3
13.3.1
Darwin Kernel Version 19.3.0: Thu Jan 9 21:10:55 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.82.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.4 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Wed Jan 29 20:44:26 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.100.178.100.2~4/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.4 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Tue Feb 11 21:22:30 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.100.196~52/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.4 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Thu Feb 20 00:09:27 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.102.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.4 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Wed Feb 26 00:59:07 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.102.3~5/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.4 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Wed Feb 26 00:59:07 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.102.3~5/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.4 beta 6
Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Mon Feb 24 22:04:12 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.102.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.4
13.4.1
13.4.5 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Tue Mar 24 15:35:36 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.120.15~29/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.4.5 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Sun Apr 5 22:05:12 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.120.27~19/RELEASE_ARM64_T8027
13.5 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Sun Apr 19 23:40:03 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.120.31~15/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.5 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Wed Apr 29 21:33:50 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.122.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8027
13.5 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Tue Apr 28 22:25:26 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.122.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.5
13.5.1
Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Tue May 26 20:56:04 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.122.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
13.5.5 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Sun May 17 23:49:11 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.140.21~11/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.6 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Tue Jun 2 23:09:45 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.140.27.0.1~17/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.6 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Sun Jun 21 23:18:41 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.142.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.6 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Sat Jun 27 04:36:25 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.142.1~4/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030
13.6
13.6.1
13.7 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Sat Jul 11 00:58:54 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.142.1~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
14.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Thu Jun 11 21:44:34 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7090.0.0.112.4~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
14.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Tue Jun 30 22:45:10 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7147.0.0.122.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
14.0 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Mon Jul 13 22:51:19 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7168.0.0.132.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030
14.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Mon Jul 27 02:44:58 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.8.0.1~21/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
14.0 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Wed Aug 12 22:56:55 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.33~64/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
14.0 beta 6
Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Mon Aug 17 09:09:19 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.41~15/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
14.0 beta 7
Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Wed Aug 26 23:29:06 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.46~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
14.0 beta 8
14.0 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Fri Aug 28 23:05:58 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.46~9/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
14.0
14.0.1
14.1 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Wed Sep 30 03:24:26 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.46~41/RELEASE_ARM64_T8101
14.1
14.2 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Fri Sep 11 19:19:05 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.84.172.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
14.2 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Mon Sep 21 00:08:44 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.113.0.2~22/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
14.2 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Wed Oct 7 00:36:56 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.141~32/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
14.2 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Tue Oct 13 09:52:10 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.143~17/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
14.2 RC
Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Thu Oct 22 12:48:34 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.42.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8101
Kernel image
The kernel image base is randomized by the boot loader ( iBoot ). This is done by creating random data, doing a SHA-1 hash of it and then using a byte from the SHA-1 hash for the kernel slide. The slide is calculated with this formula :
base=0x01000000+(slide_byte*0x00200000)
If the skid is 0, the inactive offset of 0x21000000 is used rather. The adjust base is passed to the kernel in the bang arguments structure at offset 0x04, which is equivalent to gBootArgs- > virtBase .
Kernel Map
The kernel map is used for kernel allocations of all types ( kalloc(), kernel_memory_allocate(), etc. ) and spans all of kernel space ( 0x80000000 – 0xFFFEFFFF ). The kernel based maps are submaps of the kernel_map, for exemplar zone_map, ipc_kernel_map, etc. The strategy is to randomize the base of the kernel_map. A random 9-bit value is generated right after kmem_init() which establishes kernel_map, is multiplied by the page size. The resulting measure is used as the size for the initial kernel_map allocation. future kernel_map ( and submap ) allocations are pushed forward by a random measure. The allotment is mutely removed after the first garbage collection and reused. This demeanor can be overridden with the “ kmapoff “ boot parameter .
Attacks
Kext_request() allows applications to request information about kernel modules, divided into active and passive operations. active voice operations ( load, unload, begin, end, etc. ) require root access. io removes the ability to load kernel extensions. passive operations were in the first place ( before io 6 ) unrestricted and allowed unprivileged users to query kernel module base addresses. iOS6 unwittingly removed some limitations ; merely the load address requests are disallowed. So attackers can use kKextRequestPredicateGetLoaded to get load addresses and mach-o heading dumps. The burden address and mach-o segment headers are obscured to hide the ASLR slide, but mach-o part headers are not. This reveals the virtual addresses of load kernel sections. This information leak has been closed with io 6.0.1 .
Versions codenames
internally, io identifies each translation by a codename, frequently used internally only, normally to maintain privacy of the project. For example, the codename for io 14 is Azul.
Jailbreaking
Since its initial spill, io has been discipline to a variety of different hacks centered around adding functionality not allowed by Apple. [ 191 ] Prior to the 2008 introduction of Apple ‘s native io App Store, the primary motif for jailbreaking was to bypass Apple ‘s leverage mechanism for installing the App Store ‘s native applications. [ 192 ] Apple claimed that it would not release io software updates designed specifically to break these tools ( other than applications that perform SIM unlocking ) ; however, with each subsequent io update, previously un-patched break exploits are normally patched. [ 193 ] When a device is booting, it loads Apple ‘s own kernel initially, so a jailbroken device must be exploited and have the kernel patched each time it is booted up. There are different types of break. An untethered break uses exploits that are mighty enough to allow the user to turn their device off and back on at will, with the device starting up completely, and the kernel will be patched without the help of a calculator – in early words, it will be jailbroken even after each boot. however, some jailbreaks are tethered. A tethered break is only able to temporarily jailbreak the device during a single boot. If the drug user turns the device off and then boots it back up without the serve of a break tool, the device will nobelium long be running a piece kernel, and it may get stuck in a partially started department of state, such as Recovery Mode. In order for the device to start wholly and with a patch kernel, it must be “ re-jailbroken ” with a calculator ( using the “ kick tethered ” feature of a joyride ) each time it is turned on. All changes to the files on the device ( such as install software files or edited system files ) will persist between reboots, including changes that can only function if the device is jailbroken ( such as install package files ). In more recent years, two early solutions have been created – semi-tethered and semi-untethered. A semi-tethered solution is one where the device is able to start up on its own, but it will no long have a patched kernel, and therefore will not be able to run modified code. It will, however, silent be functional for normal functions, barely like breed io. To start with a patch kernel, the exploiter must start the device with the aid of the break tool. A semi-untethered break gives the ability to start the device on its own. On first boot, the device will not be running a piece kernel. however, preferably than having to run a instrument from a calculator to apply the kernel patches, the drug user is able to re-jailbreak their device with the avail of an app ( normally sideloaded using Cydia Impactor ) running on their device. In the case of the io 9.2-9.3.3 break, a Safari-based exploit was available, thereby meaning a web site could be used to rejailbreak. In more detail : Each io device has a bootchain that tries to make sure only trusted/signed code is loaded. A device with a tether break is able to boot up with the help oneself of a jailbreaking tool because the tool executes exploits via USB that bypass parts of that “ chain of entrust ”, bootstrapping to a pwned ( no touch check ) iBSS, iBEC, or iBoot to finish the boot work. Since the arrival of Apple ‘s native io App Store, and—along with it—third-party applications, the general motives for jailbreaking have changed. [ 194 ] People jailbreak for many unlike reasons, including gaining filesystem access, installing custom device themes, and modifying SpringBoard. An extra motivation is that it may enable the facility of pirate apps. On some devices, jailbreaking besides makes it possible to install alternative operating systems, such as Android and the Linux kernel. Primarily, users jailbreak their devices because of the limitations of io. Depending on the method acting used, the effects of jailbreaking may be permanent wave or impermanent. [ 195 ] In 2010, the Electronic Frontier Foundation ( EFF ) successfully convinced the U.S. Copyright Office to allow an exemption to the general prohibition on circumvention of copyright protective covering systems under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ( DMCA ). The exemption allows jailbreaking of iPhones for the sole determination of allowing legally obtained applications to be added to the iPhone. [ 196 ] The exemption does not affect the contractual relations between Apple and an iPhone owner, for exemplar, jailbreaking voiding the iPhone guarantee ; however, it is entirely based on Apple ‘s delicacy on whether they will fix jailbroken devices in the consequence that they need to be repaired. At the same time, the Copyright Office exempted unlocking an iPhone from DMCA ‘s anticircumvention prohibitions. [ 197 ] Unlocking an iPhone allows the iPhone to be used with any wireless aircraft carrier using the lapp GSM or CDMA technology for which the particular telephone model was designed to operate. [ 198 ]
Unlocking
initially most radio carriers in the US did not allow iPhone owners to unlock it for use with early carriers. however AT & T allowed iPhone owners who have satisfied compress requirements to unlock their iPhone. [ 199 ] Instructions to unlock the device are available from Apple, [ 200 ] but it is ultimately the lone discretion of the carrier to authorize the device to be unlock. [ 201 ] This allows the use of a carrier-sourced iPhone on other networks. modern versions of io and the iPhone in full support LTE across multiple carriers despite where the earphone was in the first place purchased from. [ 202 ] There are programs to remove SIM lock restrictions, but are not supported by Apple and most often not a permanent wave unlock – a soft-unlock. [ 203 ] A software unlock is the summons by which the iPhone is modified such that the baseband will accept the SIM circuit board of any GSM aircraft carrier. This is wholly different from a break ; jailbreaking one ‘s iPhone does not unlock it. A break is, however, required for all presently public, unofficial software unlocks. The legality of software unlocking varies in each country ; for example, in the US, there is a DMCA exemption for unofficial software unlock, but the exemption is limited to devices purchased before January 26, 2013 ( so software unlocks for newer devices are in a legal grey area ). [ 204 ]
Digital rights management
The close and proprietary nature of io has garnered criticism, particularly by digital rights advocates such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation, calculator engineer and militant Brewster Kahle, Internet-law specialist Jonathan Zittrain, and the Free Software Foundation who protested the iPad ‘s introductory event and have targeted the iPad with their “ defective by Design “ political campaign. [ 205 ] [ 206 ] [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Competitor Microsoft, via a PR spokesman, criticized Apple ‘s control over its platform. [ 209 ] At issue are restrictions imposed by the design of io, namely digital rights management ( DRM ) intended to lock buy media to Apple ‘s platform, the development model ( requiring a annual subscription to distribute apps developed for the io ), the centralized approval action for apps, ampere well as Apple ‘s general control and lockdown of the platform itself. particularly at return is the ability for Apple to remotely disable or delete apps at will. Some in the technical school community have expressed concern that the locked-down io represents a growing drift in Apple ‘s approach to computing, particularly Apple ‘s stir away from machines that hobbyists can “ tinker with ” and note the likely for such restrictions to stifle software initiation. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Former Facebook developer Joe Hewitt protested against Apple ‘s control over its hardware as a “ atrocious common law ” but praised io ‘s sandboxing of apps. [ 212 ]
security and privacy
io utilizes many security features in both hardware and software. Below are summaries of the most big features .
secure Boot
Before in full booting into io, there is low-level code that runs from the Boot ROM. Its undertaking is to verify that the Low-Level Bootloader is signed by the Apple Root CA public key before running it. This serve is to ensure that no malicious or otherwise unauthorized software can be run on an io device. After the subordinate Bootloader finishes its tasks, it runs the higher level bootloader, known as iBoot. If all goes well, iBoot will then proceed to load the io kernel a well as the rest of the operate organization. [ 213 ]
impregnable Enclave
The Secure Enclave is a coprocessor found in io devices separate of the A7 and newer chips used for data protection, Touch ID and Face ID. The aim of the Secure Enclave is to handle keys and other information such as biometrics that is sensitive enough to not be handled by the Application Processor ( AP ). It is isolated with a hardware filter so the AP can not access it. It shares RAM with the AP, but its share of the RAM ( known as TZ0 ) is encrypted. The impregnable enclave itself is a flashable 4MB AKF central processing unit core called the batten enclave processor ( SEP ) as documented in Apple Patent Application 20130308838. The engineering used is similar to ARM ‘s TrustZone/SecurCore but contains proprietary code for Apple KF cores in general and SEP specifically. It is besides creditworthy for generating the UID key on A9 or newer chips that protects user data at rest. [ 214 ] It has its own secure bang march to ensure that it is wholly procure. A hardware random number generator is besides included as a function of this coprocessor. Each device ‘s Secure Enclave has a unique ID that is given to it when it is made and can not be changed. This identifier is used to create a temp key that encrypts the memory in this share of the system. The secure Enclave besides contains an anti-replay counter to prevent animal coerce attacks. [ 213 ] The SEP is located in the devicetree under IODeviceTree : /arm-io/sep and managed by the AppleSEPManager driver. [ 215 ] In 2020, security flaws in the SEP were discovered, causing concerns about Apple devices such as iPhones. [ 216 ]
face ID
Face ID is a face scanner that is embedded in the pass on iPhone models X, XS, XS Max, XR, 11, 11 Pro, 11 Pro Max, 12, 12 Mini, 12 Pro, and 12 Pro Max, and 13, 13 Mini, 13 Pro, and 13 Pro Max. It can be used to unlock the device, make purchases, and logarithm into applications among other functions. When used, Face ID lone temporarily stores the grimace data in code memory in the Secure Enclave, as described below. There is no way for the device ‘s chief processor or any other depart of the system to access the crude data that is obtained from the Face ID detector. [ 213 ]
Passcode
io devices can have a passcode that is used to unlock the device, make changes to system settings, and encrypt the device ‘s contents. Until recently, these were typically four numeral digits long. however, since unlocking the devices with a fingerprint by using Touch ID has become more widespread, six-digit passcodes are now the default on io with the option to switch back to four or use an alphanumeric passcode. [ 213 ]
touch ID
touch ID is a fingerprint scanner that is embedded in the home button and can be used to unlock the device, make purchases, and logarithm into applications among other functions. When used, Touch ID merely temporarily stores the fingerprint data in code memory in the Secure Enclave, as described above. There is no way for the device ‘s main processor or any other depart of the system to access the raw fingerprint data that is obtained from the Touch ID detector. [ 213 ]
Address Space Layout Randomization
Address Space Layout Randomization ( ASLR ) is a subordinate proficiency of preventing memory corruption attacks such as cushion overflows. It involves placing data in randomly selected locations in memory in order to make it more unmanageable to predict ways to corrupt the system and create exploits. ASLR makes app bugs more likely to crash the app than to silently overwrite memory, regardless of whether the behavior is accidental or malicious. [ 217 ]
Non-Executable memory
io utilizes the ARM architecture ‘s Execute Never ( XN ) feature. This allows some portions of the memory to be marked as non-executable, working aboard ASLR to prevent buff overflow attacks including return-to-libc attacks. [ 213 ]
encoding
As mentioned above, one use of encoding in io is in the memory of the Secure Enclave. When a passcode is utilized on an io device, the contents of the device are encrypted. This is done by using a hardware AES 256 implementation that is very efficient because it is placed directly between the flash storehouse and RAM. [ 213 ] io, in combination with its particular hardware, uses crypto-shredding when erasing all message and settings by obliterating all the keys in ‘ effaceable storage ‘. This renders all user data on the device cryptographically inaccessible. [ 218 ]
Keychain
The io keychain is a database of login information that can be shared across apps written by the lapp person or organization. [ 213 ] This overhaul is often used for storing passwords for network applications. [ 219 ]
App Security
Third-party applications such as those distributed through the App Store must be code signed with an Apple-issued certificate. In principle, this continues the chain of trust all the way from the Secure Boot work as mentioned above to the actions of the applications installed on the device by users. Applications are besides sandboxed, meaning that they can entirely modify the data within their individual home directory unless explicitly given permission to do differently. For exercise, they can not access data owned by other user-installed applications on the device. There is a identical across-the-board determined of privacy controls contained within io with options to control apps ‘ ability to access a wide-eyed kind of permissions such as the camera, contacts, background app freshen, cellular data, and access to other data and services. Most of the code in io, including third-party applications, runs as the “ mobile ” user which does not have root privileges. This ensures that arrangement files and other io arrangement resources remain shroud and inaccessible to user-installed applications. [ 213 ]
App Store bypasses
Companies can apply to Apple for enterprise developer certificates. These can be used to sign apps such that io will install them directly ( sometimes called “ sideloading ” ), without the app need to be distributed via the App Store. [ 220 ] The terms under which they are granted make open that they are lone to be used for companies who wish to distribute apps directly to their employees. [ 220 ] Circa January–February 2019, it emerged that a number of software developers were misusing enterprise developer certificates to distribute software immediately to non-employees, thereby bypassing the App Store. Facebook was found to be abusing an Apple enterprise developer certificate to distribute an application to underage users that would give Facebook access to all secret data on their devices. [ 221 ] [ 222 ] [ 223 ] Google was abusing an Apple enterprise developer certificate to distribute an app to adults to collect data from their devices, including unencrypted data belonging to one-third parties. [ 224 ] [ 220 ] TutuApp, Panda Helper, AppValley, and TweakBox have all been abusing enterprise developer certificates to distribute apps that offer pirated software. [ 225 ]
Network Security
io supports TLS with both low- and high-level APIs for developers. By nonpayment, the App Transport Security framework requires that servers use at least TLS 1.2. however, developers are release to override this framework and utilize their own methods of communicating over networks. When Wi-Fi is enabled, io uses a randomize MAC address thus that devices can not be tracked by anyone sniffing radio traffic. [ 213 ]
Two-Factor authentication
Two-factor authentication is an option in io to ensure that even if an unauthorized person knows an Apple ID and password combination, they can not gain access to the explanation. It works by requiring not only the Apple ID and password, but besides a confirmation code that is sent to an iDevice or mobile call number that is already known to be trusted. [ 213 ] If an unauthorized drug user attempts to sign in using another exploiter ‘s Apple ID, the owner of the Apple ID receives a telling that allows them to deny access to the unrecognized device. [ 226 ]
reception
marketplace contribution
io is the second most democratic mobile operating system in the world, after Android. Sales of iPads in recent years are besides behind Android, while, by web use ( a proxy for all use ), iPads ( using io ) are hush the most popular. [ 227 ] By the in-between of 2012, there were 410 million devices activated. [ 228 ] At WWDC 2014, Tim Cook said 800 million devices had been sold by June 2014. [ 229 ] During Apple ‘s quarterly earnings margin call in January 2015, the company announced that they had sold over one billion io devices since 2007. [ 230 ] [ 231 ] By late 2011, io accounted for 60 % of the market share for smartphones and tablets. [ 232 ] By the end of 2014, io accounted for 14.8 % of the smartphone market [ 233 ] and 27.6 % of the pad and two-in-one marketplace. [ 234 ] In February 2015, StatCounter reported io was used on 23.18 % of smartphones and 66.25 % of tablets worldwide, measured by internet usage rather of sales. [ 235 ] In the third quarter of 2015, research from Strategy Analytics showed that io adoption of the worldwide smartphone market was at a commemorate gloomy 12.1 %, attributed to lackluster performance in China and Africa. Android accounted for 87.5 % of the market, with Windows Phone and BlackBerry accounting for the stay. [ 236 ] [ 237 ]
Devices
See besides
References
foster reading
Read more: Paris Saint-Germain F.C.