Penalty kick (association football)

type of direct barren kick in association football
For other uses, see Penalty shot

centre, in white) preparing to take a penalty kick, 2013. Player ( ) preparing to take a penalty kick, 2013.

Reading: Penalty kick (association football)

A penalty kick ( normally known as a penalty or a pen., besides called a spot kick ) is a method acting of restarting bring in affiliation football, in which a player is allowed to take a single shoot on the goal while it is defended only by the opposing team ‘s goalkeeper. It is awarded when a crime penal by a direct release kick is committed by a player in their own penalty sphere. The shoot is taken from the punishment mark, which is 11 megabyte ( 12 yards ) from the goal line and centred between the touch lines. In practice, punishment kicks result in goals more much than not, evening against the best and most feel goalkeepers. This means that penalty awards are game-changing decisions and much critical, peculiarly in low-scoring games. similar kicks are made in a penalty gunfight in some tournaments to determine which team is triumphant after a string match ; these are governed by slightly different rules .

procedure [edit ]

Diagram of the punishment area The ball is placed on the penalty mark, careless of where in the penalty area the foul occurred. The player taking the kick must be identified to the referee. only the kicker and the defending team ‘s goalkeeper are allowed to be within the penalty area ; all early players must be within the field of toy, outside the penalty area, behind the penalty crisscross, and a minimal of 9.15m ( 10 yd ) from the penalty commemorate ( this distance is denoted by the punishment arch ). [ 1 ] The goalkeeper is allowed to move before the ball is kicked, but must remain on the goal-line between the goal-posts, facing the kicker, without touching the goalposts, crossbar, or goal final. At the consequence the gripe is taken, the goalkeeper must have at least part of one foot touch, or in pipeline with, the goal line. The adjunct referee responsible for the goal pipeline where the penalty kick is being taken is positioned at the intersection of the penalty area and goal line, and assists the referee in looking for infringements and/or whether a goal is scored. The referee blows the whistle to indicate that the penalty kick may be taken. The kicker may make feint ( deceptive or distracting ) movements during the run-up to the ball, but may not do sol once the runup is completed. The ball must be stationary before the kick, and it must be kicked advancing. The testis is in act once it is kicked and moves, and at that time other players may enter the punishment area and punishment discharge. The kicker may not touch the ball a second time until it has been touched by another player of either team or goes out of play ( including into the finish ) .

Infringements [edit ]

In sheath of an violation of the laws of the game during a penalty kick, most normally entering the penalty area illegally, the referee must consider both whether the ball entered the goal, and which team ( s ) committed the umbrage. If both teams commit an offense, a rekick is taken .

Result of the kick
No violation
Violation by the attacking team only
Violation by the defence only

Enters the goal
Goal
Rekick
Goal

Goes directly out of bounds
Goal kick
Goal kick
Rekick

Rebounds into play from goal frame/goalkeeper
Play continues
Indirect free kick
Rekick

Saved & held by goalkeeper
Play continues
Play continues
Rekick

Deflected out of bounds by goalkeeper
Corner kick
Indirect free kick
Rekick

The follow infringements committed by the kick team result in an indirect complimentary kick for the champion team, regardless of the result of the bang :

a teammate of the identified kicker kicks the ball instead (the player who took the kick is cautioned)
kicker feints kicking the ball at the end of the run-up (the kicker is cautioned)
kick does not go forward
kicker touches the ball a second time before it touches another player (includes rebounds off the goal posts or crossbar)

In the casing of a musician repeatedly infringing the laws during the penalty gripe, the referee may caution the player for persistent violation. note that all offences that occur before kick may be dealt with in this manner, regardless of the placement of the offense. If the ball touches an away agent ( i.e., an object extraneous to the act battlefield ) as it moves forward from the kick back, the kick is retaken .

Tap punishment [edit ]

A two-man penalty, or “ tap ” penalty, occurs when the kicker, rather of shooting for goal, taps the ball slightly forward so that a teammate can run on to it and shoot or pass. If by rights executed, it is a legal bring since the kicker is not required to shoot for goal and need only kick the ball fore. This scheme relies heavy on the chemical element of surprise, as it first requires the goalkeeper to believe the kicker will actually shoot, then dive or travel to one side in answer. It then requires the goalkeeper to remain out of position long enough for the kicker ‘s teammate to reach the ball before any defenders, and for that teammate to place a shoot on the assailable side of the goal. The first gear recorded pat penalty was taken by Jimmy McIlroy and Danny Blanchflower of Northern Ireland against Portugal on 1 May 1957. [ 2 ] Another was taken by Rik Coppens and André Piters in the World Cup Qualifying match Belgium v Iceland on 5 June 1957. Another attack was made by Mike Trebilcock and John Newman, playing for Plymouth Argyle in 1964. [ 3 ] In 1982, Johan Cruyff passed to his Ajax team-mate Jesper Olsen, who then passed back, allowing Cruyff to tap in for finish. [ 3 ] armory players Thierry Henry and Robert Pires failed in an attempt at a similar penalty in 2005, during a Premier League catch against Manchester City at Highbury. Pires ran in to take the kick, attempted to pass to the onrushing Henry, but miskicked and the ball barely moved ; as he had slenderly touched the ball, he could not touch it again, and City defender Sylvain Distin cleared the ball before Henry could shoot. [ 4 ] Lionel Messi tapped a penalty for Luis Suárez as Suárez completed his hat-trick on 14 February 2016 against league opponents Celta de Vigo. [ 5 ]

Saving tactics [edit ]

“ read ” the kicker

[edit ]

A goalkeeper makes a save from a penalty complain Defending against a penalty kick is one of the most unmanageable tasks a goalkeeper can face. Owing to the brusque outdistance between the penalty spot and the goal, there is very little fourth dimension to react to the injection. Because of this, the goalkeeper will normally start his or her dive before the ball is actually struck. In effect, the goalkeeper must act on their best prediction about where the shoot will be aimed. Some goalkeepers decide which manner they will dive advance, frankincense giving themselves a good chance of diving in fourth dimension. Others try to read the kicker ‘s apparent motion form. On the other side, kickers frequently simulate and prefer a relatively slowly shoot in an attack to foil the goalkeeper. The potentially most fruitful approach, shooting high and center, i.e., in the outer space that the goalkeeper will evacuate, besides carries the highest risk of shooting above the browning automatic rifle. As the shot makes his approach to the ball, the goalkeeper has merely a divide of a irregular to “ read ” the shooter ‘s motions and decide where the ball will go. If their guess is adjust, this may result in a miss penalty. Helmuth Duckadam, Steaua București ‘s goalkeeper, saved a record four back-to-back penalties in the 1986 european Cup Final against Barcelona. He dived three times to the veracious and a one-fourth time to his leave to save all penalties taken, securing victory for his team .

Use of cognition of kicker ‘s history [edit ]

A goalkeeper may besides rely on cognition of the shooter ‘s by behavior to inform his decision. An exercise of this would be by former Netherlands national team goalkeeper Hans van Breukelen, who constantly had a box with cards with all the information about the adversary ‘s penalty specialist. ecuadorian goalkeeper Marcelo Elizager saving a penalty from Carlos Tevez in a match between Ecuador and Argentina, revealed that he had studied some penalty kicks from Tevez and suspected he was going to shoot to the goalkeeper ‘s leave english. Two other examples occurred during the 2006 FIFA World Cup :

Portugal national team goalkeeper Ricardo in a quarter-final match against England, where he saved three penalties out of four.
The quarter-final match between Argentina and Germany also came down to penalties, and German goalkeeper Jens Lehmann was seen looking at a piece of paper kept in his sock before each Argentinian player would come forward for a penalty kick. It is presumed that information on each kicker’s “habits” were written on this paper. Lehmann saved two of the four penalties taken and came close to saving a third.

This approach may not always be successful ; the musician may intentionally switch from his favoured spot after witnessing the goalkeeper obtaining cognition of his kicks. Most times, particularly in amateur football, the goalkeeper is often forced to guess. Game theoretical research shows that both the penalty taker and besides the goalkeeper must randomize their strategies in accurate ways to avoid having the opposition remove advantage of their predictability. [ 6 ]

distraction [edit ]

The goalkeeper besides may try to distract the penalty taker, as the expectation is on the penalty taker to succeed, therefore more pressure on the penalty taker, making them more vulnerable to mistakes. For example, in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Chelsea, United goalkeeper Edwin van five hundred Sar pointed to his leave side when Nicolas Anelka stepped up to take a shot in the penalty photograph come out of the closet. This was because all of Chelsea ‘s penalties went to the left field. Anelka ‘s guess alternatively went to Van five hundred Sar ‘s right, which was saved. Liverpool goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar used a method of distracting the players called the “ spaghetti leg ” magic trick to help his club defeat Roma to win the 1984 european Cup. This tactic was emulated in the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final, which Liverpool besides won, by Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek, helping his team defeat Milan. An illegal method of saving penalties is for the goalkeeper to make a quick and abruptly jump ahead just before the punishment taker connects with the ball. This not only shuts down the angle of the shoot, but besides distracts the penalty taker. The method was used by brazilian goalkeeper Cláudio Taffarel. FIFA was less hard-and-fast on the rule during that time. In more holocene times, FIFA has advised all referees to rigorously obey the principle koran. [ citation needed ] similarly, a goalkeeper may besides attempt to delay a punishment by cleaning his boots, asking the referee to see if the ball is placed by rights and other delaying tactics. This method builds more press on the penalty taker, but the goalkeeper may risk punishments, most probable a yellow circuit board. A goalkeeper can besides try to distract the taker by talking to them anterior to the penalty being taken. Netherlands national team goalkeeper Tim Krul used this technique during the penalty gunfight in the quarter-final match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup against Costa Rica. As the rib Rican players were preparing to take the kick, Krul told them that he ”knew where they were going to put their penalty ” in club to ”get in their heads ”. [ 7 ] This resulted in him saving two penalties and the Netherlands winning the gunfight 4–3. Under new IFAB rule changes, if the punishment taker attempts to feint or dummy the opposing goalkeeper after completing the runup to the ball, the taker will be punished with a yellow batting order, and will not be allowed to retake the recoil. [ 8 ] [ 9 ]

Scoring statistics [edit ]

even if the goalkeeper succeeds in blocking the shoot, the ball may rebound back to the penalty taker or one of his teammates for another stroke, with the goalkeeper frequently in a poor people position to make a irregular salvage. This makes saving punishment kicks more unmanageable. This is not a concern in penalty shoot-outs, where only a single fritter is permitted. While penalty kicks are well more much successful than not, missed penalty kicks are not rare : for case, of the 78 penalty kicks taken during the 2005–06 English Premier League season, 57 resulted in a goal, frankincense about 30 % of the penalties were unsuccessful. [ 10 ] A german professor who has been studying punishment statistics in the german Bundesliga for 16 years found 76 % of all the penalties during those 16 years went in, and 99 % of the shots in the higher half of the goal went in [ citation needed ], although the higher half of the goal is a more unmanageable prey to aim at. During his career, italian striker Roberto Baggio had two occurrences where his blast hit the upper bar, bounced downwards, rebounded off the keeper and passed the finish line for a goal .

Saving statistics [edit ]

Some goalkeepers have become well known for their ability to save penalty kicks. One such goalkeeper is Brazil ‘s and Flamengo ‘s Diego Alves, who boasts a 49 percentage salvage success rate. early goalkeepers with high save rates include Claudio Bravo, Kevin Trapp, Samir Handanović, Gianluigi Buffon, Tim Krul, Danijel Subašić, and Manuel Neuer. [ 11 ] [ 12 ]

Offences for which the penalty kick is awarded [edit ]

A penalty recoil is awarded whenever one of the follow offences is committed by a player within that player ‘s own punishment area while the ball is in dally ( note that the ball must be in play at the time of the offense, but it does not need to be within the penalty-area at that clock time ). [ 13 ] [ 14 ]

handball (excluding handling offences committed by the goalkeeper)[15]
any of the following offences against an opponent, if committed in a manner considered by the referee to be careless, reckless or using excessive force:[15]
- charges
- jumps at
- kicks or attempts to kick
- pushes
- strikes or attempts to strike (including head-butt)
- tackles or challenges
- trips or attempts to trip
holding an opponent[16]
impeding an opponent with contact[16]
biting or spitting at someone[16]
throwing an object at the ball, an opponent or a match official, or making contact with the ball with a held object (the location of the offence is considered to be the position where the object struck or would have struck the person or the ball, or the nearest boundary line if this is off the field of play).[16]
any physical offence against a team-mate, substitute, substituted or sent-off player, team official or a match official[17]
a player who requires the referee’s permission to re-enter the field of play, substitute, substituted player, sent-off player, or team official enters the field of play without the referee’s permission, and interferes with play[18]
a player who requires the referee’s permission to re-enter the field of play, substitute, substituted player, sent-off player or team official is on the field of play without the referee’s permission while that person’s team scores a goal (the location of the offence is considered to be the location of the offender at the time the goal was scored).[19]
a player temporarily off the field of play, substitute, substituted player, sent-off player or team official throws or kicks an object onto the field of play, and the object interferes with play, an opponent, or a match official (in this case, the location of the offence is considered to be the place where the thrown or kicked object interfered with play, or struck or would have struck the opponent, match official or the ball; a penalty-kick is awarded if this location is within the offending team’s own penalty area).[20]

A penalty kick is besides awarded if, while the testis is in play, a player, substitute, substituted player, sent-off player or team official commits any conduct free-kick offense against a match official or against an opposing player, substitute, substituted player, sent-off player, or team official outside the airfield of free rein, provided that the closest boundary line to the localization of the offense is within the offending team ‘s own penalty area. [ 21 ]

history [edit ]

early proposals [edit ]

The original laws of the crippled, in 1863, had no defined punishments for infringements of the rules. [ 22 ] In 1872, the indirect unblock kick was introduced as a punishment for illegal handle of the ball ; it was late extended to other offences. [ 23 ] This indirect free-kick was thought to be an inadequate rectify for a handball which prevented an otherwise-certain finish. [ 24 ] As a resultant role of this, in 1882 a law was introduced to award a goal to a team prevented from scoring by an opposition ‘s handball. This law lasted only one season before being abolished in 1883 .

insertion of the penalty-kick [edit ]

When first introduced in 1891, the penalty was awarded for offences within 12 yards ( 11 megabyte ) of the goal-line. The invention of the penalty kick is credited to the goalkeeper and businessman William McCrum in 1890 in Milford, County Armagh. [ 25 ] The Irish Football Association presented the theme to the International Football Association Board ‘s 1890 meet, where it was deferred until the adjacent meet in 1891. [ 26 ] Two incidents in the 1890–1 season lent extra wedge to the argument for the penalty kick. On 20 December 1890, in the scots Cup quarter-final between East Stirlingshire and Heart of Midlothian Jimmy Adams [ 27 ] fisted the ball out from under the measure, [ 28 ] [ 29 ] and on 14 February 1891, there was a blatant goal-line handball by a Notts County player in the FA Cup quarter-final against Stoke City finally after much argue, the International Football Association Board approved the mind on 2 June 1891. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] The penalty-kick law run :

If any player shall intentionally trip or hold an opposing actor, or intentionally handle the ball, within twelve yards [ 11 m ] from his own goal-line, the referee shall, on appeal, award the opposing side a punishment bang, to be taken from any point twelve yards [ 11 m ] from the goal-line, under the follow conditions : — All players, with the exception of the actor taking the penalty kick and the opposing goalkeeper ( who shall not advance more than six yards [ 5.5 molarity ] from the goal-line ) shall stand at least six yards [ 5.5 thousand ] behind the ball. The ball shall be in play when the kick is taken, and a finish may be scored from the penalty kick. [ 32 ]

Some noteworthy differences between this master 1891 police and nowadays ‘s penalty-kick are listed below :

It was awarded for an offence committed within 12 yards (11 m) of the goal-line (the penalty area was not introduced until 1902).
It could be taken from any point along a line 12 yards (11 m) from the goal-line (the penalty spot was likewise not introduced until 1902).
It was awarded only after an appeal.
There was no restriction on dribbling.
The ball could be kicked in any direction.
The goal-keeper was allowed to advance up to 6 yards (5.5 m) from the goal-line.

The world ‘s first penalty kick was awarded to Airdrieonians in 1891 at Broomfield Park, [ 33 ] and the first penalty gripe in the Football League was awarded to Wolverhampton Wanderers in their equal against Accrington at Molineux Stadium on 14 September 1891. The penalty was taken and scored by “ Billy ” Heath [ 34 ] as Wolves went on to win the crippled 5–0 .

subsequent developments [edit ]

The laws of 1902 introduced the modern penalty sphere and the penalty spot In 1892, the player taking the penalty-kick was forbidden to kick the ball again before the ball had touched another player. A provision was besides added that “ [ one ] farad necessary, time of play shall be extended to admit of the penalty kick being taken ”. [ 35 ] In 1896, the ball was required to be kicked forward, and the requirement for an appeal was removed. [ 36 ] In 1902, the punishment area was introduced with its current dimensions ( a rectangle extending 18 yards ( 16 thousand ) from the goal-posts ). The penalty spotlight was besides introduced, 12 yards ( 11 meter ) from the finish. All other players were required to be outside the penalty area. [ 37 ] In 1905, the goal-keeper was required to remain on the goal-line. [ 38 ] In 1923, all other players were required to be at least 10 yards ( 9.15 thousand ) from the penalty-spot ( in accession to being outside the penalty-area ). [ 39 ] This change was made in arrange to stop defenders from lining up on the edge of the penalty area to impede the musician taking the gripe. [ 40 ]
Suggested “ disposition of players at penalty kick back ” ( 1923 ), reflecting the pre-1923 laws In 1930, a footnote was appended to the laws, stating that “ the goal-keeper must not move his feet until the punishment bang has been taken ”. [ 41 ] In 1937, an bow ( colloquially known as the “ D ” ) was added to the peddle markings, to assist in the enforcement of the 10-yard ( 9.15 m ) limitation. [ 42 ] The goal-keeper was required to stand between the goal-posts. [ 43 ] In 1939, it was specified that the ball must travel the distance of its circumference before being in play. [ 44 ] In 1997, this necessity was eliminated : the musket ball became in fun equally soon as it was kicked and moved forward. [ 45 ] In 2016, it was specified that the ball must “ intelligibly ” move. [ 46 ] In 1995, all early players were required to remain behind the penalty smudge. The Scottish Football Association claimed that this raw provision would “ eliminate versatile problems which have arisen regarding the side of players who stand in front of the penalty-mark at the take of a penalty-kick as is presently permitted ”. [ 47 ] In 1997, the goal-keeper was once again allowed to move the feet, and was besides required to face the kicker. [ 48 ] The question of “ feinting ” during the runup to a punishment was popularized by Pelé in the 1970s and it was called paradinha, which in Portuguese means “ little stop ” [ 49 ] and it has occupied the International FA Board since 1982, when it decided that “ if a player stop in his run-up it is an offense for which he shall be cautioned ( for ungentlemanly conduct ) by the referee ”. [ 50 ] however, in 1985 the lapp body reversed itself, deciding that the “ assumption that feigning was an discourtesy ” was “ wrong ”, and that it was up to the Referee to decide whether any example should be penalized as ungentlemanly conduct. [ 51 ] From 2000 to 2006, documents produced by IFAB specified that feinting during the runup to a penalty-kick was permitted. [ 52 ] In 2007, this steering emphasized that “ if in the opinion of the referee the feint is considered an act of unsporting behavior, the musician shall be cautioned ”. [ 53 ] In 2010, because of business over “ an increasing swerve in players feinting a punishment kick to deceive the goalkeeper ”, a proposal was adopted to specify that while “ feinting in the runup to take a penalty gripe to confuse opponents is permitted as function of football ”, “ feinting to kick the musket ball once the musician has completed his runup is considered an violation of Law 14 and an act of cheating behavior for which the player must be cautioned ”. [ 54 ]

compendious [edit ]

Date

Location of offence

Location of penalty-kick

Position of goal-keeper

Position of other players

Goal-keeper may move feet

Taker may kick ball twice

Ball may be kicked backward

Kicker may feint

Goal may be scored

Date

1891

Within 12 yards (11 m) of the goal-line

From any point 12 yards (11 m) from the goal-line

Within 6 yards (5.5 m) of the goal-line

At least 6 yards (5.5 m) behind the ball

Yes

Unless considered ungentlemanly behaviour

Yes

1891

1892

1896

1902

Within the penalty area

From the penalty spot

Within the goal area

Outside the penalty area

1902

1905

On the goal line

1905

1923

Outside the penalty area, and at least 10 yards (9.15 m) from the ball

1923

1930

1937

Within 6 yards (5.5 m) of the goal-line

1937

1982

1985

Unless considered ungentlemanly / unsporting behaviour

1985

1995

Outside the penalty area, at least 10 yards (9.15 m) from the ball, and behind the ball

1995

1997

Yes

1997

2010

Unless the run-up is complete

2010

Offences for which a punishment kick was awarded [edit ]

Since its initiation in 1891, a penalty gripe has been awarded for two broad categories of offences :

handball
serious offences involving physical contact

The number of offences eligible for punishment by a penalty-kick, small when initially introduced in 1891, expanded quickly thereafter. This led to some confusion : for exemplar, in September 1891, a reviewer awarded a penalty kick against a goalkeeper who “ [ lost ] his temper and [ kicked ] an adversary ”, even though under the 1891 laws this discourtesy was penal merely by an indirect free-kick. [ 55 ] The table below shows the punishments [ 56 ] specified by the laws for offences involving handling the ball or forcible contact, between 1890 and 1903 : [ 57 ]

Date

Handball

Tripping

Pushing

Holding

Kicking a player

Jumping at a player

Charging from behind[58]

Technical handling violations by the goalkeeper[59]

Dangerous play[60]

Date

1890

Indirect free-kick

Not prohibited

1890

1891