Zadar - Wikipedia

“ Diklo ” redirects here. For the village, see Diklo ( greenwich village )
City in Zadar County, Croatia
Zadar ( ZAH-dar, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] croatian : [ zâdar ] ( ) ; [ 3 ] meet besides other names ) is the oldest continuously inhabited croatian city. It is situated on the Adriatic Sea, at the northwestern part of Ravni Kotari region. Zadar serves as the seat of Zadar County and of the wide northern dalmatian region. The city proper covers 25 km2 ( 9.7 sq nautical mile ) with a population of 75,082 in 2011, making it the second-largest city of the region of Dalmatia and the fifth-largest city in the area.

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The area of contemporary Zadar traces its early evidence of human life from the late Stone Age, while numerous settlements date vitamin a early as the Neolithic. [ citation needed ] Before the Illyrians, an ancient mediterranean people of an indo-european acculturation inhabited the area. Zadar traces its origin to its 9th-century BC establish as a village of the Illyrian tribe of Liburnians known as Iader. [ citation needed ] In 59 BC it was renamed Iadera when it became a Roman municipium. In 48 BC it became a Roman colonia. During Roman rule Zadar acquired the characteristics of a traditional Ancient Roman city with a regular road network, a public square ( forum ), and an raise capitolium with a synagogue. After the drop of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and the end of Salona by the Avars and Croats in 614, Zadar became the capital of the Byzantine theme of Dalmatia. In the beginning of the ninth century, Zadar came concisely under frankish rule, but the Pax Nicephori returned it to the Byzantines in 812. The beginning croatian rulers gained abbreviated control over the city in tenth hundred. In 998 Zadar curse allegiance to Doge Pietro Orseolo II and became a vassal of the Republic of Venice. In 1186 it placed itself under the protection of Béla III, King of Hungary and Croatia. In 1202 the Venetians, with the aid of Crusaders, reconquered and sacked Zadar. Hungary regained control over the city in 1358, when it was given to king Louis I of Hungary. In 1409 king Ladislaus I sold Zadar to the Venetians. When the Ottoman Empire conquered the Zadar backwoods at the beginning of the sixteenth hundred, the town became an important stronghold, ensuring venetian barter in the Adriatic, the administrative center of the venetian territories in Dalmatia and a cultural center. This fostered an environment in which arts and literature could flourish, and between the 15th and 17th centuries Zadar came under the charm of the Renaissance, giving wax to many important italian Renaissance figures like Giorgio Ventura and Giovanni Francesco Fortunio, who wrote the foremost italian grammar bible, and many croatian writers, such as Petar Zoranić, Brne Krnarutić, Juraj Baraković and Šime Budinić, who wrote in Croatian. After the fall of Venice in 1797, Zadar came under the austrian rule until 1918, except for the period of short-run french rule ( 1805–1813 ), still remaining the capital of Dalmatia. During french rule the first base newspaper in Croatian, Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin, was published in Zadar ( 1806–1810 ). During the nineteenth hundred Zadar functioned as a kernel of the croatian motion for cultural and national revival in a context of increasing polarization and politicization of heathen identities between Croats and dalmatian Italians. With the 1920 Treaty of Rapallo Zadar was given to the Kingdom of Italy. During World War II, it was bombed by the Allies and witnessed the emptying of cultural Italians. Partisans captured the city on 1 November [ citation needed ] 1944 ; in 1947 it officially became part of SR Croatia, a federal component of the SFR Yugoslavia, whose arm forces defended it in October 1991 from the Serb forces who aimed to capture it. today, Zadar is a historical center of Dalmatia, Zadar County ‘s chief political, cultural, commercial, industrial, educational, and transportation concentrate. Zadar is besides the episcopal interpret of the Archdiocese of Zadar. Because of its fat heritage, Zadar is nowadays one of the most popular croatian tourist destinations, named “ entertainment center of the Adriatic ” by The Times and “ Croatia ‘s new capital of cool ” by The Guardian. [ 4 ] UNESCO ‘s World Heritage Site list included the arm city of Zadar as region of venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries : Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar in 2017. [ 5 ]

etymology and historic names [edit ]

The name of the city of Zadar emerged as Iadera and Iader in ancient times, possibly ‘ ’ ’ Lavdera/ La·vídera ’ ’ ’ ( or a slightly corrupted version as Laudera ), most probably drawing from the ancient school of think dealing with angles and levels of SIGHT, but the beginning of the name is older. It was most probably related to a hydrographic terminus, coined by an ancient mediterranean people and their Pre-Indo-European linguistic process. They transmitted it to later settlers, the Liburnians. The name of the Liburnian settlement was first mentioned by a greek inscription from Pharos ( Stari alumnus ) on the island of Hvar in 384 BC, where the citizens of Zadar were noted as Ίαδασινοί ( Iadasinoi ). According to the Greek source Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax the city was Ίδασσα ( Idassa ), probably a greek transcription of the original Liburnian expression. During Antiquity the name was much recorded in sources in Latin in two forms : Iader in the inscriptions and in the writings of classical writers, Iadera predominantly among the late Antiquity writers, while common ethnonyms were Iadestines and Iadertines. The stress was on the first syllable in both Iader and Iadera forms, which influenced the early-Medieval dalmatian forms Jadra, Jadera and Jadertina, where the accent kept its original invest. In Dalmatian, Jadra ( Jadera ) was pronounced Zadra ( Zadera ), due to the phonetic transformation of Ja – to Za -. [ needs IPA ] That change was besides reflected in the croatian name Zadar ( recorded as Zader in the twelfth century [ 6 ] ), developed from masculine Zadъrъ. An ethnonym graphic Jaderani from the legend of Saint Chrysogonus in the ninth hundred, was identical to the initial old-Slavic form Zadъrane, or Renaissance Croatian Zadrani. The dalmatian names Jadra, Jadera were transferred to early languages ; in Venetian Jatara ( hyper-urbanism in the ninth hundred ) and Zara, Tuscan Giara, Latin Iadora and Diadora ( Constantine VII in De Administrando Imperio, tenth century, credibly an error in the transcription of di iadora ), Old French Jadres ( Geoffroy de Villehardouin in the chronicles of the Fourth Crusade in 1202 ), Arabic Jādhara ( جاذَرة ) and Jādara ( جادَرة ) ( Al-Idrisi, 12th century ), Iadora ( Guido, 12th century ), Catalan Jazara, Jara, Sarra ( fourteenth century ) and the others. [ 7 ] Jadera became Zara when it fell under the agency of the Republic of Venice in the fifteenth hundred. Zara was subsequently used by the austrian Empire in the nineteenth century, but it was provisionally changed to Zadar/Zara from 1910 to 1920 ; from 1920 [ 8 ] to 1947 [ 9 ] the city became part of Italy as Zara, and last was named Zadar in 1947 .

geography [edit ]

Zadar Bridge Zadar faces the islands of Ugljan and Pašman ( part of the Zadar Archipelago ), from which it is separated by the narrow Zadar Strait. The promontory on which the old city stands used to be separated from the mainland by a deep moat which has since been filled. The seaport, to the northeast of the township, is dependable and broad .

climate [edit ]

Zadar has a boundary line humid subtropical ( Cfa ) and Mediterranean climate ( Csa ), since only one summer calendar month has less than 40 millimetres ( 1.6 in ) of rain, preventing it from being classified as entirely humid subtropical or Mediterranean. Zadar has mild, wet winters and identical affectionate, humid summers. average annual rain is in excess of 917 millimeter ( 36.10 in ). July and August are the hottest months, with an average high temperature around 29–30 °C ( 84–86 °F ). The highest temperature always was 40.0 °C ( 104.0 °F ) on 5 August 2017 at the Zadar Zemunik station ( records since 1981 ) and 36.3 °C ( 97.3 °F ) at the honest-to-god Zadar climate place ( records since 1961 ). [ 10 ] Temperatures can systematically reach over 30 °C ( 86 °F ) during the summer months, but during spring and fall may besides reach 30 °C about every year. Temperatures below 0 °C ( 32 °F ) are rare, and are not maintained for more than a few days. January is the cold month, with an average temperature around 7.7 °C ( 46 °F ). The recorded the lowest temperature ever in Zadar was −12.0 °C ( 10.4 °F ) on 28 February 2018 at the Zadar Zemunik weather station and −9.1 °C ( 15.6 °F ) on 23 January 1963 at the previous Zadar climate station. [ 11 ] Through July and August temperature has never dropped below 10 °C ( 50 °F ). October and November are the wettest months, with a total precipitation of about 114 and 119 millimeter ( 4.49 and 4.69 in ), respectively. July is the driest calendar month, with a entire haste of around 35 millimeter ( 1.38 in ). winter is the wettest season, however it can rain in Zadar at any time of the year. Snow is extremely rare, but it may fall in December, January, February and a lot more rarely in March. On average Zadar has 1.4 days of snow a year, but it is more probably that the snow does not fall. besides the sea temperature is from 10 °C ( 50 °F ) in February to 25 °C ( 77 °F ) in July and August, but is possible to swim from May until October, sometimes even by November. sometimes in February the sea temperature can drop to merely 7 °C ( 45 °F ) and in July exceed 29 °C ( 84 °F ) .

history [edit ]

prehistory [edit ]

The zone of contemporary Zadar has been populated since prehistoric times. The earliest evidence of human life comes from the Late Stone Age, while numerous settlements have been dated ampere early as the Neolithic. Before the Illyrians, the area was inhabited by an ancient mediterranean people of a pre-Indo-European culture. They assimilated with the Indo-Europeans who settled between the 4th and 2nd millennium BC into a fresh cultural one, that of the Liburnians. Zadar was a Liburnian liquidation, laid out in the ninth hundred BC, built on a modest stone isle and embankments where the erstwhile city stands and tied to the mainland by the bubble over narrow isthmus, which created a natural port in its northern strait. [ 14 ]

antiquity [edit ]

The Liburnians, an illyrian tribe, were known as big sailors and merchants, but besides had a reputation for piracy in the late years. By the seventh century BC, Zadar had become an significant center for their deal activities with the Phoenicians, Etruscans, Ancient Greeks and early Mediterranean peoples. Its population at that time is estimated at 2,000. [ 15 ] From the 9th to the sixth hundred there was certain cultural oneness in the Adriatic Sea, with the general Liburninan varnish, whose naval domination meant both political and economic authority through respective centuries. [ 16 ] Due to its geographic put, Zadar developed into a independent seat of the Liburnian thalassocracy and took a run character in the Liburnian tetradekapolis, an arrangement of 14 communes. [ 17 ] The people of Zadar, Iadasinoi, were first mentioned in 384 BC as the allies of the natives of Hvar and the leaders of an eastern Adriatic slide coalition in the fight against the greek colonizers. An excursion of 10,000 men in 300 ships sailed out from Zadar and laid siege to the greek colony Pharos in the island of Hvar, but the Syracusan flit of Dionysus was alerted and attacked the siege fleet. The naval victory went to the Greeks which allowed them relatively safer foster colonization in the southerly Adriatic. [ 18 ]
Zadar ( Iader ) and the other cities of the Liburnian tetradecapolis in the age of the Roman conquest The archaeological remains have shown that the chief centres of Liburnian territorial units or municipalities were already urbanized in the survive centuries BC ; before the Roman conquest, Zadar held a territory of more than 600 km2 ( 230 sq myocardial infarction ) in the second hundred BC. In the in-between of the second hundred BC, the Romans began to gradually invade the region. Although being first Roman enemies in the Adriatic Sea, the Liburnians, largely stood apart in more than 230 years of Roman wars with the Illyrians, to protect their naval and trade connections in the sea. In 59 BC Illyricum was assigned as a provincia ( zone of province ) to Julius Caesar and Liburnian Iadera became a Roman municipium. The Liburnian naval push was dragged into the Roman civil war between Julius Caesar and Pompey in 49 BC, partially by power, partially because of the local anesthetic interests of the participants, the Liburnian cities. Caesar was supported by the urban Liburnian centres, like Iader ( Zadar ), Aenona ( Nin ) and Curicum ( Krk ), while the city of Issa ( Vis ) and the rest of the Liburnians gave their confirm to Pompey. In 49 BC near the island of Krk, the “ Navy of Zadar ”, equipped by the fleets of a few Liburnian cities and supported by some Roman ships, lost an authoritative naval battle against Pompey supporting the “ Liburnian navy ”. The civil war was prolonged until the end of 48 BC, when Caesar rewarded his supporters in Liburnian Iader and dalmatian Salona, by giving the status of the Roman colonies to their communities. [ 19 ] Thus the city was granted the entitle colonia Iulia Iader, after its founder, and in the future period some of the Roman colonists ( largely legionnaire veterans ) settled there. The real establishment of the Roman state of Illyricum occurred not earlier than 33 BC and Octavian ‘s military campaign in Illyria and Liburnia, when the Liburnians finally lost their naval independence and their galleys and sailors were incorporated into the Roman naval fleets .
The Roman forum remains in Zadar From the early days of Roman rule, Zadar gained its Roman urban character and developed into one of the most boom centres on the easterly Adriatic coast, a submit of affairs which lasted for several hundred years. The town was organised according to the typical Roman street system with a rectangular street plan, a forum, thermae, a sewage and water supply system that came from lake Vrana, by direction of a 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) farseeing aqueduct. It did not play a significant function in the Roman administration of Dalmatia, although the archaeological finds tell us about a significant emergence of economy and culture. christendom did not bypass the Roman province of Dalmatia. already by the end of the third hundred Zadar had its own bishop and initiation of its Christian community took place ; [ 20 ] a new religious kernel was built north of the forum together with a basilica and a baptismal font, arsenic well as other ecclesiastical buildings. According to some estimates, in the fourth century it had credibly about ten-spot thousand citizens, including the population from its ager, the nearby islands and backwoods, an admixture of the autochthonal Liburnians and Roman colonists .

early Middle Ages [edit ]

During the Migration Period and the barbarian invasions, Zadar stagnated. In 441 and 447 Dalmatia was ravaged by the Huns, after the descent of the Western Roman Empire, in 481 Dalmatia became separate of the Ostrogothic kingdom, which, besides Italy, already included the more northerly parts of Illyricum, i.e. Pannonia and Noricum. In the fifth hundred, under the convention of the Ostrogothic Kingdom, Zadar became poor with many civil buildings ruined due to its advanced long time. About the same clock ( sixth hundred ) it was hit by an earthquake, which destroyed integral complexes of monumental Roman computer architecture, whose parts would belated serve as material for building houses. This caused a loss of population and created demographic changes in the city, then gradually repopulated by the inhabitants from its backwoods. [ 21 ] however, during six decades of Gothic predominate, the Goths saved those erstwhile Roman Municipal institutions that were still in function, while religious life in Dalmatia even intensified in the last years, so that there was a need for the foundation garment of extra bishoprics. [ 22 ] In 536 the Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great started a military campaign to reconquer the territories of the former Western Empire ( see Gothic War ) ; and in 553 Zadar passed to the Byzantine Empire. In 568 Dalmatia was devastated by an Avar invasion ; although further waves of attacks by Avar and Slav tribes kept up the imperativeness, it was the only city which survived due to its protective belt of inland plains. The dalmatian das kapital Salona was captured and destroyed in the 640s, so Zadar became the raw induct of the Byzantine archonty of Dalmatia, territorially reduced to a few coastal cities with their agers and municipal lands at the seashore and the islands nearby. The prior of Zadar had legal power over all Byzantine Dalmatia, so Zadar enjoyed metropolitan status at the eastern Adriatic coast. At this time rebuilding began to take place in the city .
At the begin of the ninth century the Zadar bishop Donatus and the city duke Paul mediated in the quarrel between the Holy Roman conglomerate under Pepin and the Byzantine Empire. The Franks held Zadar for a short time, but the city was returned to Byzantium by a decision of the 812 Treaty of Aachen. [ 23 ] Zadar ‘s economy revolved around the sea, fish and sea barter in the first centuries of the Middle Ages. Thanks to saved Antique ager, adjusted municipal structure and a new strategic put, it became the most significant city between the Kvarner islands and Kaštela Bay. Byzantine Dalmatia was not territorially unified, but an alliance of city municipalities headed by Zadar, and the boastfully degree of city autonomy allowed the development of dalmatian cities as free communes. Forced to turn their attention seawards, the inhabitants of Zadar focused on ship, and the city became a naval ability to rival Venice. The citizens were dalmatian speakers, but from the seventh hundred Croatian started to spread in the region, becoming prevailing in the inland and the islands to the end of the ninth century. [ 24 ] The Mediterranean and Adriatic cities developed significantly during a time period of peace from the survive decades of the 9th to the center of the tenth century. Especially favorable conditions for seafaring in the Adriatic Sea occurred since the Saracen raids had finished. besides the adjustment of relations with the Croats enabled Zadar merchants to trade with its fat department of agriculture backwoods [ 25 ] where the Kingdom of Croatia had formed, and trade and political links with Zadar began to develop. croatian settlers began to arrive, becoming commonplace by the tenth hundred, occupying all city classes, vitamin a good as important posts, like those of prior, judge, priest and others. [ citation needed ] In 925, Tomislav, the Duke of Croatian Dalmatia, unite croatian Dalmatia and Pannonia establishing the croatian Kingdom. He was besides granted the position of defender of Dalmatia ( the cities ) by the Byzantine Emperor. [ citation needed ] He frankincense politically unite the dalmatian cities with their backwoods. [ citation needed ] Following the dynastic clamber between the descendants of king Stjepan Držislav after his end in 997, the city was besieged in 998 by the army of the Bulgarian emperor Samuel but managed to defend itself .

high Middle Ages [edit ]

At the time of Zadar ‘s medieval development, the city became a threat to Venice ‘s ambitions, because of its strategic place at the center of the eastern Adriatic slide. In 998 Zadar sought venetian security against the Neretvian pirates. [ 23 ] [ 26 ] The Venetians were quick to fully exploit this opportunity : in 998 a fleet commanded by Doge Pietro Orseolo II, after having defeated pirates, landed in Korčula and Lastovo. Dalmatia was taken by surprise and offered little serious resistance. Trogir was the exception and was subjected to Venetian rule only after a bloody struggle, whereas Dubrovnik was forced to pay tribute. [ 23 ] [ 27 ] Tribute previously paid by Zadar to croatian kings, was redirected to Venice, a state of affairs which lasted for respective years. Zadar citizens started to work for the full independence of Zadar and from the 1030s the city was formally a vassal of the Byzantine Empire. The head of this motion was the mightiest Zadar aristocrat kin – the Madi. [ 28 ] After negotiations with Byzantium, Zadar was attached to the croatian country led by king Petar Krešimir IV in 1069. Later, after the death of king Dmitar Zvonimir in 1089 and ensuing dynastic run-ins, in 1105 Zadar accepted the rule of the first Croato-Hungarian king, Coloman, King of Hungary. In the meanwhile Venice developed into a true trade force in the Adriatic and started attacks on Zadar. The city was repeatedly invaded by Venice between 1111 and 1154 and then once more between 1160 and 1183, when it last rebelled, appealing to the Pope and to the Croato-Hungarian enthrone for auspices .
Zadar was particularly devastated in 1202 after the venetian Doge Enrico Dandolo used the crusaders, on their fourthly Crusade to Palestine, to lay siege to the city. [ 29 ] The crusaders were obliged to pay Venice for sea tape drive to Egypt. As they were not able to produce enough money, the Venetians used them to initiate the Siege of Zadar, when the city was ransacked, demolished and robbed. [ 29 ] Emeric, king of Croatia and Hungary, condemned the crusade, because of an argument about the possible unorthodoxy committed by God ‘s army in attacking a christian city. Nonetheless, Zadar was devastated and captured, with the population escaping into the surrounding countryside. Pope Innocent III excommunicated the Venetians and crusaders involved in the siege. [ 29 ] Two years belated ( 1204 ), under the leadership of the croatian lord Domald from Šibenik, most of the refugees returned and liberated the city from what remained of the crusader violence. In 1204 Domald was comes ( duke ) of Zadar, but the follow year ( 1205 ) venetian authority was re-established and a peace agreement signed with hard conditions for the citizens. The only profit which the Communal Council of Zadar derived from this was one third of the city ‘s harbor taxes, credibly insufficient even for the most indispensable communal needs. [ 30 ]
This did not break the spirit of the city, however. Its commerce was suffering due to a miss of autonomy under Venice, while it enjoyed considerable autonomy under the much more feudal Kingdom of Croatia-Hungary. A number of insurrections followed ( 1242–1243, 1320s, 1345–1346 – the latter resulted in a sixteen-month-long Venetian siege ) which ultimately resulted in Zadar coming back under the peak of King Louis I of Croatia-Hungary under the Treaty of Zadar, in 1358. After the War of Chioggia between Genoa and Venice, Chioggia concluded on 14 March 1381 an alliance with Zadar and Trogir against Venice, and ultimately Chioggia became better protected by Venice in 1412, because Šibenik became in 1412 the seat of the main customs agency and the seat of the salt consumers office with a monopoly on the salt trade in Chioggia and on the solid Adriatic Sea. After the death of Louis, Zadar recognized the rule of king Sigismund, and after him, that of Ladislaus of Naples. During his reign Croatia-Hungary was enveloped in a bloody civil war. In 1409, Venice, seeing that Ladislaus was about to be defeated, and eager to exploit the situation despite its relative military weakness, offered to buy his “ rights ” on Dalmatia for a mere 100,000 ducats. Knowing he had lost the region in any case, Ladislaus accepted. Zadar was, thus sold back to the Venetians for a negligible sum. The population of Zadar during the Medieval period was predominantly croatian, according to numerous archival documents, [ 31 ] and Croatian was used in liturgy, [ 32 ] as shown by the writings of cardinal Boson, who followed Pope Alexander III en route to Venice in 1177. When the papal ships took shelter in the harbor of Zadar, the inhabitants greeted the Pope by singing lauds and canticles in Croatian. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] even though interspersed by sieges and end, the time between the 11th and 14th centuries was the golden senesce of Zadar. Thanks to its political and trade achievements, and besides to its skilled seamen, Zadar played an important character among the cities on the east coast of the Adriatic. This affected its appearance and culture : many churches, full-bodied monasteries and palaces for herculean families were built, together with the Chest of Saint Simeon. One of the best examples of the culture and prosperity of Zadar at that time was the initiation of the University of Zadar, built in 1396 by the dominican Order ( the oldest university in contemporary Croatia ) .

15th to 18th centuries [edit ]

The Adriatic in 1560, with Dalmatia and Zadar After the death of Louis I, Zadar came under the rule of Sigmund of Luxembourg and late Ladislaus of Naples, who, witnessing his loss of influence in Dalmatia, sold Zadar and his dynasty ‘s rights to Dalmatia to Venice for 100,000 ducats on 31 July 1409. Venice therefore obtained dominance over Zadar without a fight, but was confronted by the resistance and tensions of important Zadar families. These attempts were met with persecution and confiscation. Zadar remained the administrative seat of Dalmatia, but this time under the rule of Venice, which expanded over the wholly Dalmatia, except the Republic of Ragusa/Dubrovnik. During that time Giorgio district attorney Sebenico, a rebirth sculptor and architect, celebrated for his work on the Cathedral of Šibenik, was born in Zadar. other important people followed, such as Luciano and Francesco Laurana, known worldwide for their sculptures and buildings .
The 16th and 17th centuries were noted in Zadar for Ottoman attacks. Ottomans captured the continental separate of Zadar at the begin of the sixteenth century and the city itself was all the time in the image of turkish weapon. Due to that threat, the construction of a newfangled system of castles and walls began. These defense systems changed the way the city looked. To make place for the pentagon castles many houses and churches were taken down, along with an integral suburb : Varoš of St. Martin. After the 40-year-long construction Zadar became the biggest strengthen city in Dalmatia, empowered by a system of castles, bastions and canals filled with seawater. The city was supplied by the water from public city cisterns. During the dispatch makeover of Zadar, many raw civic buildings were built, such as the City Lodge and City Guard on the Gospodski Square, several united states army barracks, but besides some large newly palaces. In line to the insecurity and Ottoman sieges and destruction, an significant polish evolved midst the city walls. During the 16th and the seventeenth centuries Zadar was placid under the influence of the Renaissance, which had created an environment in which arts and literature could flourish, despite the ongoing conflicts outside the city walls. This period saw the rise of many significant italian Renaissance figures, such as the painters Giorgio Ventura and Andrea Meldolla, [ 35 ] and the human-centered learner Giovanni Francesco Fortunio, who wrote the first italian grammar book. interim, the bodily process of the croatian writers and poets became prolific ( Jerolim Vidolić, Petar Zoranić, Brne Karnarutić, Juraj Baraković, Šime Budinić ). During the continuous Ottoman risk the population stagnated by a meaning degree along with the economy. During the 16th and 17th centuries several large-scale epidemics of bubonic plague erupted in the city. After more than 150 years of turkish menace Zadar was not entirely barely in population, but besides in material wealth. Venice sent fresh colonists and, under the firm hand of archbishop Vicko Zmajević, the Arbanasi ( Catholic Albanian refugees ) settled in the city, forming a fresh suburb. Despite the deficit of money, the Teatro Nobile ( Theater for Nobility ) was built in 1783. It functioned for over 100 years .

19th and 20th centuries [edit ]

Gödöllő steamboat can be seen in the distance Zadar waterfront in 1909.can be seen in the distance In 1797 with the Treaty of Campo Formio, the Republic of Venice, including Zadar, came under the austrian crown. In 1806 it was briefly given to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, until in 1809 it was added to the french illyrian Provinces. In November 1813 an austrian force blockaded the township with the aid of two british Royal Navy frigates HMS Havannah and Weazle under the 3rd Earl of Cadogan. On 9 December the french garrison of Zadar capitulated, and by the end of the class all of Dalmatia was brought back under the control of the austrian Empire. After the Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) until 1918, the township ( bilingual name Zara – Zadar ) remained partially of the austrian monarchy ( Austria side after the compromise of 1867 ), head of the zone of the lapp identify, one of the 13 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Dalmatia. [ 36 ] The italian name was officially used before 1867. It remained besides the capital of Dalmatia state ( Kronland ). Although during the first one-half of the nineteenth century the city population stagnated due to first gear natural increase, the city started to spread from the old center ; citizens from the old city created the new suburb of Stanovi in the north. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] During the second half of the nineteenth hundred, there was constant increase of population ascribable to economic growth and immigration. Under the pressure of the population increase, the city continued to spread to Voštarnica and Arbanasi quarters, and the bridge in the city port was built. Except being the administrative focus on of the province, department of agriculture, industry of liqueurs and trade were developed, many brotherhoods were established, similar to the Central European deal guilds. The southern city walls were torn down, fresh coastal facilities were built and Zadar became an open port. [ 39 ] As the city developed economically, it developed culturally. A large number of printshops, modern libraries, archives, and theatres sprung up. At the end of the nineteenth hundred there was besides stronger industrial development, with 27 small or big factories before the World War I. [ 40 ]
Italian postmark Let(tera).arr(ivata). per mare 5-kreuzer KK postal card cancelled bilingual ZARA-ZADAR and TRIEST-TRIESTE in 1884 withpostmark After 1848, italian and croatian chauvinistic ideas arrived in the city, which became divided between the Croats and the Italians, both of whom founded their respective political parties. There are conflicting sources for both sides claiming to have formed the majority in Zadar in this period. The archives of the official Austro-Hungarian censuses conducted around the end of 19th hundred show that Italian was the elementary linguistic process spoken by the majority of the people in the city ( 9,018 Italians and 2,551 Croatians in 1900 ), but alone by a third of the population in the entire county ( 9,234 vs. 21,753 the same year ). [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] During the nineteenth century, the conflict between Zadar ‘s italian and croatian communities grew in saturation and changed its nature. Until the begin of the hundred it had been of moderate intensity and chiefly of a class nature ( under Venetian rule the Italians were employed in the most profitable activities, such as trade and administration ). With the development of the advanced concept of national identity across Europe, national conflicts started to mark the political liveliness of Zadar .
italian district of Zara/Zadar 1920–1947 During the second part of the nineteenth hundred, Zadar was national to the same policy enacted by the austrian Empire in South-Tyrol, the austrian Littoral and Dalmatia and consisting in fostering the local German or croatian acculturation at the expense of the Italian. [ 44 ] In Zadar and generally throughout Dalmatia, the austrian policy had the objective to reduce the possibility of any future territorial call by the Kingdom of Italy .

Italy ( 1918–1947 ) [edit ]

In 1915 Italy entered World War I under the provisions set in the Treaty of London. In exchange for its engagement with the Triple Entente and in the consequence of victory, Italy was to obtain the following territory in northern Dalmatia, including Zadar, Šibenik and most of the Dalmatian islands, except Krk and Rab. At the conclusion of the war, italian military forces invaded Dalmatia and seized control of Zara, with Admiral Enrico Millo being proclaimed the governor of Dalmatia. [ 45 ] Famous Italian nationalist Gabriele d’Annunzio supported the capture of Dalmatia, and proceeded to Zadar in an italian warship in December 1918. [ 45 ] During 1918, political liveliness in Zadar intensified. The flop of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy led to the reclamation of national conflicts in the city. With the arrival of an italian army of occupation in the city on 4 November 1918, the italian faction gradually assumed control, a process which was completed on 5 December when it took over the governorship. [ 46 ] With the Treaty of Versailles ( 10 January 1920 ) italian claims on Dalmatia contained in the Treaty of London were nullified, but subsequently on the agreements between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes specify in the Treaty of Rapallo ( 12 November 1920 ) gave Zadar with other little local territories to Italy. The Zadar enclave, a sum of 104 squarely kilometres ( 40 square miles ), included the city of Zadar, the municipalities of Bokanjac, Arbanasi, Crno, part of Diklo ( a total of 51 km2 of territory and 17,065 inhabitants ) and the islands of Lastovo and Palagruža ( 53 square kilometres ( 20 square miles ), 1,710 inhabitants ). The territory was organized into a little italian province. According to the 1921 census, in the comune of Zara there were 12075 Italians and 1255 Croatians. [ 47 ]

World War II [edit ]

Germany, Italy, and other Axis Powers, invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941. Zadar held a push of 9,000 and was one of the starting points of the invasion. The impel reached Šibenik and Split on 15 April ( 2 days before surrender ). Civilians were previously evacuated to Ancona and Pula [ citation needed ]. Occupying Mostar and Dubrovnik, on 17 April they met invading troops that had started out from Italian-occupied Albania. On 17 April the Yugoslav government surrendered, faced with the Wehrmacht ‘s overwhelm superiority. Mussolini required the newly formed Nazi puppet-state, the alleged Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) to hired hand over about all of Dalmatia ( including Split ) to Italy under the Rome Treaties. The city became the plaza of a newly italian territorial entity, the Governorate of Dalmatia, including the provinces of Zara ( now Zadar ), Cattaro ( now Kotor ), and Spalato ( Split ). Under italian rule, the Croats were subjected to a policy of force assimilation. This created huge resentment among the Yugoslav people. The Yugoslav Partisan apparent motion took root in Zadar, tied though more than 70 % of population of Zadar was italian.

After Mussolini was removed from power on 25 July 1943, Italy signed an armistice with the Allies, which was announced on 8 September 1943, and the italian army collapsed. then on 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued by the Germans, and formed the Nazi-puppet italian Social Republic. german troops ( 114th Jäger Division ) entered Zadar on 10 September and took over. This avoided a temp liberation by Partisans, as was the shell in Split and Šibenik. Zadar was placed under the control of the italian Social Republic. The NDH proclaimed the Treaty of Rome to be void and occupy Dalmatia with german support. But the NDH was prevented from taking over Zadar on the grounds that Zadar itself was not national to the conditions of the 1941 Treaty of Rome. Despite this, NDH leader Ante Pavelić designated Zadar as the capital of the Sidraga-Ravni Kotari County, although the county administrator could not enter the city. During World War II, Zadar was bombed by the Allies, from November 1943 to October 1944. Estimated fatalities range from under 1,000, up to ampere many as 4,000 of the city ‘s 20,000 inhabitants. Over the course of the bombing, 80 % of the city ‘s buildings were destroyed. Zadar has been called the “ Dresden of the Adriatic ” because of perceive similarities to the Allied bombing of Dresden. In deep October 1944 the german army and most of the italian civilian administration abandoned the city, except the Vice Prefect Giacomo Vuxani. On 31 October 1944, the Partisans seized the city, until then a share of Mussolini ‘s italian Social Republic. At the start of World War II, Zadar had a population of 24,000 ; by the end of 1944, this had decreased to 6,000. Though controlled by the Partisans, Zadar remained under nominal italian sovereignty until the Paris Peace Treaties that took consequence on 15 September 1947. [ 50 ] After the war dalmatian Italians of Zadar left Yugoslavia towards Italy ( Istrian-Dalmatian exodus ). [ 51 ]

SFR Yugoslavia ( 1947–1991 ) [edit ]

In 1947, Zadar became part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Socialist Republic of Croatia. In the first ten after the war, the city ‘s population increase was slow and still did not reach its pre-war numbers. The italian exodus from the city continued and in a few years was about sum. It is estimated that around 10,000 Italians emigrated from Zadar. In October 1953, the last italian schools in the area were closed. today the Italian community counts lone a few hundred people, gathered into a local anesthetic residential district ( Comunità degli Italiani di Zara ). [ 53 ] The city recorded a big population increase in the late 1950s and the 1960s, chiefly due to immigration as the government encouraged migration from rural areas to urban centers and their industrial development. construction of the Adriatic Highway, railway and civil airport contributed to the development of tourism and the handiness of Zadar. Population growth slowed down in the follow decades. In the late 1980s, due to the economic crisis in Yugoslavia, Zadar ‘s economy began stagnating .

croatian War of Independence ( 1991–1995 ) [edit ]

In 1990, Serb separatists from dalmatian Hinterland sealed roads and efficaciously blocked Dalmatia from the rest of Croatia during the Log Revolution. In March 1991, the Croatian War of Independence broke out that affected Zadar and its surroundings. A count of non-Serbs were expelled from the sphere and several croatian policemen were killed resulting in the 1991 anti-Serb riot in Zadar. [ 56 ] Serbs at that time accounted for about 14 % of the population. [ 57 ] The Yugoslav People ‘s Army ( JNA ) and forces of the SAO Krajina occupied parts of Zadar ‘s backwoods, converged on the city and subjected it to artillery barrage during the Battle of Zadar. Along with other croatian towns in the sphere, Serb forces shelled Zadar sporadically, damaging buildings and homes equally well as UNESCO protected sites. Serb forces besides attacked a total of nearby towns and villages, the most brutal fire being the Škabrnja massacre in which Krajina Territorial Defense troops killed 62 croatian civilians and five prisoners of war. Land connections with Zagreb were severed for over a class. The alone link between the north and south of the nation was via the island of Pag. The siege of the city lasted from 1991 until January 1993 when Zadar and the surrounding area came under the see of croatian forces and the bridge associate with the rest of Croatia was reestablished in Operation Maslenica. Attacks on the city continued until the conclusion of the war in 1995. Some of the countryside along the No. 8 highway running north east is still sectioned off due to land mines .

Main sights [edit ]

The independent sites of the city Roman Forum Five Wells Square in the even

computer architecture [edit ]

Zadar gained its urban structure in Roman times ; during the time of Julius Caesar and Emperor Augustus, the town was fortified and the city walls with towers and gates were built. On the western side of the town were the forum, the basilica and the temple, while outside the town were the amphitheater and cemeteries. The aqueduct which supplied the town with water is partially preserved. Inside the ancient township, a medieval town had developed with a series of churches and monasteries being built .
opinion of Zadar from the top of the Captain ‘s tugboat During the Middle Ages, Zadar in full gained its urban aspect, which has been maintained until nowadays. In the first base half of the sixteenth hundred, Venice fortified the township with a new organization of defensive walls on the side facing land. In the run of the century architectural build in the Renaissance style was continued and defensive trenches ( Foša ) were besides built. They were completely buried during the italian occupation until that in 1873, under austrian rule, the ramparts of Zadar were converted from fortifications into exalted promenades commanding across-the-board inshore and landward views, frankincense being the wall lines preserved ; of its four erstwhile gates one, the Porta Marina, incorporates the relics of a Roman arch, and another, the Porta di Terraferma, was designed in the sixteenth century by the veronese artist Michele Sanmicheli. In the bombardments during the second World War entire blocks were destroyed, but some structures survived. Most important landmarks include :

Roman Forum – the largest on the eastern side of the Adriatic,[58] founded by the first Roman Emperor Augustus, as shown by two stone inscriptions about its completion dating from the 3rd century.
Most Roman remains were used in the construction of the fortifications, but two squares are embellished with lofty marble columns; a Roman tower stands on the eastern side of the town; and some remains of a Roman aqueduct may be seen outside the ramparts.
Church of St. Donatus – a monumental round building from the 9th century in pre-Romanesque style, traditionally but erroneously said to have been erected on the site of a temple of Juno. It is the most important preserved structure of its period in Dalmatia; the massive dome of the rotunda is surrounded by a vaulted gallery in two stories which also extends around the three apses to the east. The church treasury contains some of the finest Dalmatian metalwork; notably the pastoral staff of Bishop Valaresso (1460).
St. Anastasia’s Cathedral (Croatian: Sv. Stošija), basilica in Romanesque style built in the 12th to 13th century (high Romanesque style), the largest cathedral in Dalmatia.
The churches of St. Chrysogonus and St. Simeon are also architectural examples in the Romanesque style. The latter houses the ark or reliquary of St. Simeon (1380), made in gilted silver by Francesco Antonio da Milano under commission of queen Elizabeth of Hungary.
St Chrysogonus’s Church – monumental Romanesque church of very fine proportions and refined Romanesque ornaments.
St Elijah’s Church (Croatian: Sv. Ilija)
St Francis’ Church, Gothic styled church, site of the signing of the Zadar Peace Treaty 1358. Its choir is home to several carved stalls, executed in 1394 by the Venetian Giovanni di Giacomo da Borgo San Sepolcro.
Five Wells Square
St Mary’s Church, which retains a fine Romanesque campanile from 1105, belongs to a Benedictine Convent founded in 1066 by a noblewoman of Zadar by the name of Cika with the permanent Ecclesiastical art exhibition “The Gold and Silver of Zadar”.
The Citadel. Built in 1409 southwest of the Land Gate, it has remained the same to this day.
The Land Gate – built to a design by the Venetian architect Michele Sanmicheli in 1543
The unique sea organ[59]
The Great Arsenal [60]
Among the other chief buildings are the Loggia del Comune, rebuilt in 1565, and containing a public library; the old palace of the priors, now the governor’s residence; and the episcopal palaces.

culture [edit ]

Bust reliquary of the Pope Sixtus I, showed at “ The Gold and Silver of Zadar ” permanent wave exhibition Archaeological museum The first university of Zadar was mentioned in writing american samoa early as in 1396 and it was a function of a dominican monastery. It closed in 1807. Between the 15th and 17th centuries Zadar was an significant Renaissance center field, producing an array of italian Dalmatia architects, sculptors, painters and scholars such as Giorgio district attorney Sebenico, Laurana and Francesco Laurana, Giorgio Ventura, Andrea Meldolla and Giovanni Francesco Fortunio ( who wrote the first italian grammar book ). Zadar was, along with Split and Dubrovnik, besides one of the centres of the exploitation of croatian literature. The 15th and 16th centuries were marked by crucial activities of Croatians writing in the national language : Jerolim Vidolić, Petar Zoranić ( who wrote the inaugural Croatian novel, Planine ), Brne Karnarutić, Juraj Baraković, Šime Budinić. Under french principle ( 1806–1810 ), the first dalmatian newspaper Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin was published in Zadar. It was printed in italian and croatian ; this last used for the beginning time in a newspaper. [ 61 ] In the second half of the nineteenth century, Zadar was a centre of the campaign for the cultural and national revivals in Dalmatia ( italian and croatian ). today Zadar ‘s cultural institutions include :

The Croatian Theatre House
The National Museum
The Archaeological Museum (established in 1830)
The Museum of Ancient Glass[62]
The University of Zadar (founded in 1396, active until 1807 and refounded in 2002)
The Maritime Museum
Permanent Exhibition of Sacral Art
Croatian Singing Musical Society Zoranić (established 1885)
Musical Evenings in St. Donatus[63] (established 1961)
International Choirs Competition[64] (established 1997)
Arsenal Zadar[60]

City government [edit ]

Narodni trg (People’s Square) The town hallway ( center ) in ( People ‘s Square ) The administrative area of the City of Zadar includes the nearby villages of Babindub, Crno, Kožino and Petrčane, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as the islands of Ist, Iž, Molat, Olib, Premuda, Rava and Silba. The entire city area, including the islands, covers 194 km2. Zadar is divided into 21 local districts : Arbanasi, Bili Brig, Bokanjac, Brodarica, Crvene Kuće, Diklo, Dračevac, Jazine I, Jazine II, Maslina, Novi Bokanjac, Poluotok, Ploča, Puntamika, Ričina, Sinjoretovo, Smiljevac, Stanovi, Vidikovac, Višnjik, Voštarnica. The current mayor of Zadar is Branko Dukić ( HDZ ). He was elected for a moment term on local anesthetic elections held on 21 May 2021. The City Council is composed of 27 representatives .

mayoral election [edit ]

The City Council is composed of 27 representatives from the follow political parties : [ 65 ]

Political party	Seats won	Government
HDZ	11 / 27	Government
SDP	8 / 27	Opposition
Independents	7 / 27	Opposition
Homeland Movement	1 / 27	Opposition

population [edit ]

Historical populations
of Zadar (municipal)
Year	Pop.	±%
1880	19,778	—
1890	21,933	+10.9%
1900	24,778	+13.0%
1910	27,426	+10.7%
1921	26,241	−4.3%
1931	26,882	+2.4%
1948	23,610	−12.2%
1953	25,465	+7.9%
1961	33,464	+31.4%
1971	50,520	+51.0%
1981	67,154	+32.9%
1991	80,355	+19.7%
2001	72,718	−9.5%
2011	75,062	+3.2%
Source: Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857–2001, DZS, Zagreb, 2005

Zadar is the fifth largest city in Croatia and the second largest in Dalmatia, with a population of 75,082 according to the 2011 census. [ 66 ] The 2001 census showed Zadar with a population of 72,718, with 93 % of its citizens being ethnic Croats. [ 67 ]

economy [edit ]

major industries include tourism, traffic, seaborne trade, agriculture, fish and fish agrarian activities ; metallic manufacture and mechanical engineering industries ; chemicals and non-metal industry ; and banking. Some of the largest companies with headquarters in Zadar are :

Tankerska plovidba[68] (maritime transport)
Cromaris[69] (food industry)
Bakmaz (retail)
Sonik (retail)
Turisthotel (tourism)
Maraska[70] (food industry)
Punta Sakla (tourism)
Intermod (furniture retail and tourism)
Adria, Mardešić (fish production)
Vodovod (water supply)
OTP Bank Hrvatska (finance industry)
SAS (machine tools)
Aluflexpack[71] (production of flexible packaging)
Arsenal Holdings[72] (tourism)
Liburnija (transportation)

The farmland just northeasterly of Zadar, Ravni Kotari, is a well known source of marasca cherries. Distilleries in Zadar have produced Maraschino since the sixteenth hundred .

education [edit ]

There are nine primary schools and 16 secondary schools, including six gymnasiums, in Zadar .

University [edit ]

University of Zadar was founded by the Dominicans in 1396 as Universitas Iadertina, a theological seminary. It was the first establish of higher determine in the area. In 1807 it ceased to become an independent institution and its functions were taken over by other local universities. In 1956 the University of Zagreb, the area ‘s second oldest university, re-established it as its satellite staff of Arts campus. The Faculty later became a separate of the University of Split, and in 2003, a full-fledged mugwump university. University comprises 25 departments with more than 6.000 students .

science [edit ]

In 1998, Zadar hosted the Central European Olympiad in Informatics ( CEOI ) .
Foša seaport

exile [edit ]

In the twentieth century, roads became more important than sea routes, but Zadar remained an crucial traffic point. The main road along the adriatic passes through the city. In the immediate vicinity, there is the Zagreb-Dubrovnik highway, finished up to Split in 2005. Zadrans can access to the highway by two interchanges : Zadar 1 passing in the north and Zadar 2 highway hub near Zemunik in the south. The southern interchange is connected to Zadar port of Gaženica by the D424 expressway. Since 1966, a railroad track has linked Zadar with Knin, where it joins the main railroad track from Zagreb to Split. The line was meant to be upgraded in around 2013 to be able to support speeds of up to 120 kilometers per hour. unfortunately, a serbian mine was discovered on contribution of the credit line, causing the visualize to be abandoned and the line closed. however, passenger trains between Knin and Zadar are presently replaced with the buses that run in organization of national railway caller. The buses run three times a day in each commission, taking around two hours. Zadar besides has an international ferry line to Ancona in Italy. Ships besides connect Zadar with islands of its archipelago from two ferry ports : one located in the township center serving catamaran services and other one located in the suburb of Gaženica serving ferry and aloof services. Zadar International Airport is located in Zemunik, around 14 kilometres ( 9 miles ) to the east of Zadar and accessible via the expressway. The airport is experiencing class on year an average of 30 % increase in passenger traffic chiefly ascribable to arrivals of lowcost carriers ( Ryanair, InterSky, JobAir, etc. ) connecting Zadar from the conclusion of March through October with over 20 cities throughout Europe .

Sports [edit ]

The basketball club is KK Zadar, the football club NK Zadar, and the local handball club RK Zadar. The bowling clubhouse Kuglački klub Zadar is besides very successful. Zadar is besides the hometown of Croatian handball player Ivan Ninčević and football players Luka Modrić, Šime Vrsaljko and Danijel Subašić .

Zadar – Wikipedia