“ Boulogne ” redirects here. For other places called Boulogne, see Boulogne ( disambiguation )
Subprefecture and commune in Hauts-de-France, France
Reading: Boulogne-sur-Mer – Wikipedia
Boulogne-sur-Mer ( french : [ bulɔɲ syʁ mɛʁ ] ( ) ; Picard : Boulonne-su-Mér ; dutch : Bonen ; Latin : Gesoriacum or Bononia ), often called just Boulogne (, ), is a coastal city in Northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department of Pas-de-Calais. Boulogne lies on the Côte d’Opale, a touristic reach of french coast on the english Channel between Calais and Normandy, and the most visit location in the region after the Lille conurbation. [ 3 ] Boulogne is its department ‘s second-largest city after Calais, and the 183rd-largest in France. [ 4 ] It is besides the nation ‘s largest fish port, specialising in herring. [ 5 ] Boulogne is an ancient town, and was the major Roman port for trade and communication with its Province of Britain. After a period of Germanic presence following the collapse of the Empire, Boulogne was at the center of the County of Boulogne of the Kingdom of France during the Middle Ages, and was occupied by the Kingdom of England numerous times due to conflict between the two nations. In 1805 it was a spy area for Napoleon ‘s troops for several months during his design invasion of the United Kingdom. The city ‘s 12th-century belfry is recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site ( along with other belfries of Belgium and France ), [ 6 ] while another popular drawing card is the nautical conservation centre Nausicaa .
name [edit ]
The french list Boulogne derives from the Latin Bononia, which was besides the Roman name for Bologna in Italy. Both places—and Vindobona ( Vienna ) —are thought to have derived from native Celtic placenames, with bona possibly meaning “ foundation ”, “ bastion ”, or “ granary ”. [ citation needed ] The french name sur-Mer ( “ on-the-sea ” ) distinguishes the city from Boulogne-Billancourt on the edge of Paris. In turn, the Boulogne in Boulogne-Billancourt originates from a church there dedicated to Notre-Dame de Boulogne, “ Our lady of Boulogne [ -sur-Mer ] ” .
history [edit ]
origin of the city [edit ]
The foundation of the city known to the Romans as Gesoriacum is credited to the Celtic Boii. In the past, it was sometimes conflated with Caesar ‘s Portus Itius, but that is now thought to have been a site near Calais which has since silted up. A tall beacon was built at Gesoriacum circa 39 AD by ordering of the Emperor Caligula, [ 7 ] possibly in training for an invasion of Britain. Known as the Tour d’Ordre, coastal erosion caused it to topple into the ocean in 1644 .
The Tour d’Ordre, a Roman beacon, in 1550. It fell into the sea in 1644, having stand for over 1600 years. From the time of Claudius ‘s invasion in AD 43, Gesoriacum formed the major port connecting the rest of the conglomerate to Britain. It was the headman nucleotide of the Roman navy ‘s Britannic fleet until the rebellion of its admiral Carausius in 286. As part of the imperial reception, the junior emperor Constantius Chlorus successfully besieged it by land and sea in 293. [ 8 ] The name of the village was changed to Bononia at some distributor point between the net of Gesoriacum and 310, possibly as a consequence of its refounding or possibly by the surrogate of the sack and lower-lying city by another nearby community. [ 9 ] The city was an important township of the Morini ( the ‘sea people ‘ ), and Zosimus called it Germanorum ( “ Germanic-speaking ” ) at the end of the fourth century. [ 10 ]
Middle Ages [edit ]
In the Middle Ages Boulogne was the capital of an eponymous county, founded in the mid-9th century. An important Count, Eustace II, assisted William the Conqueror in his seduction of England. His wife founded the city ‘s Notre Dame cathedral, which became a site of pilgrimage from the twelfth century onwards, attended by fourteen french kings and five of England. It was an significant whale center anterior to 1121. [ 11 ] The city survived on herring fishing and received its municipal charter from Count Renaud of Dammartin in 1203. [ 8 ] The area was fought over by the french and the English, including several english occupations during the course of the Hundred Years War. In 1492 Henry VII laid siege to Boulogne before the dispute was ended by the Peace of Étaples. Boulogne was again occupied by the English from 1544 to 1550. In 1550, The Peace of Boulogne ended the war of England with Scotland and France. France bought back Boulogne for 400,000 crowns. A culture of smuggling was show in the city until 1659, when french gains in Flanders from the Treaty of the Pyrenees moved the frame northwards .
napoleonic period [edit ]
Boulogne received its current status as a subprefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department in 1800 ascribable to the territorial re-organisation in rotatory France. Three years by and by, it was given the title of an Imperial City (Ville Impériale). [ 8 ] The nineteenth century was a comfortable one for Boulogne, which became a bathe resort for affluent Parisians after the completion of a railway line to the french capital. [ 8 ] In the nineteenth hundred, the Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne was reconstructed by the priest Benoît Haffreingue, who claimed to have received a shout from God to reconstruct the town ‘s ruined basilica. During the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon amassed La Grande Armée in Boulogne to invade the United Kingdom in 1805. however, his plans were halted by other european matters and the domination of the Royal Navy. A nephew of Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, belated Napoleon III, returned to France in secret from his exile in Britain, passing through Boulogne in August 1840. He was late jailed for trying to lead a disgust in Strasbourg .
World wars [edit ]
During the First World War, this was the entrepôt for the first base unit of the british Expeditionary Force to land in France and for many others thereafter. Boulogne was one of the three base ports most extensively used by the Commonwealth armies on the western Front throughout the First World War. It was closed and cleared on 27 August 1914 when the Allies were forced to fall back ahead of the german progress, but was opened again in October and from that calendar month to the end of the war, Boulogne and Wimereux formed one of the headman hospital areas. Until June 1918, the dead from the hospitals at Boulogne were buried in the Cimetiere de L’Est, one of the town ‘s cemeteries, the Commonwealth graves forming a hanker, narrow strip along the proper hand edge of the cemetery. In the leap of 1918, it was found that space was running short-change in the easterly Cemetery in malice of recur extensions to the south and the locate of the new cemetery at Terlincthun was chosen. [ 12 ] It besides was the site of an Allied ( french and british ) armaments product conference .
german invasion barges in Boulogne Harbour during the Battle of Britain in summer 1940 On 22 May 1940 during the Battle of France, two british Guards battalions and some pioneers attempted to defend Boulogne against an attack by the german 2nd Panzer Division. Despite boisterous crusade, the british were overwhelm and the survivors were evacuated by Royal Navy destroyers while under direct german gunfire. [ 13 ] On 15 June 1944, 297 aircraft ( 155 Avro Lancasters, 130 Handley Page Halifaxes, and 12 De Havilland Mosquitos ) of the Royal Air Force bombed Boulogne seaport to suppress german naval bodily process following D-Day. Some of the Lancasters carried Tallboy bombs and the harbor and the surrounding area were completely destroyed. In August 1944 the town was declared a “ fortress ” by Adolf Hitler but it succumbed to Operation Wellhit, the assault and dismissal by the 3rd canadian Infantry Division in September. In one incident, a french civilian guided the Canadians to a “ secret enactment ” leading into the wall previous town and by-passing the german defenders. [ 14 ] To replace the demolish urban infrastructure, low-cost house and public facility projects in functional, brutalist construct styles were carried out in the 1950s and 60s .
geography [edit ]
pedestrian street in the city center .
localization [edit ]
Boulogne-sur-Mer is in Northern France, at the edge of the Channel and in the sass of the river “ Liane “. In a direct production line, Boulogne is approximately at 30 kilometres ( 19 miles ) from Calais, 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) from Folkestone, 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) from Lille and Amiens, 150 kilometres ( 93 miles ) from Rouen and London and 215 kilometres ( 134 miles ) from Paris. Boulogne is a relatively important city of the North, exercising an influence on the “ Boulonnais “ territory ( 74 towns and villages which surround Boulogne ). The coast consists of significant tourist natural sites, like the capes Gris Nez and Blanc Nez ( which are the closest points of France to England ), and attractive seaside resorts like Wimereux, Wissant, Hardelot and Le Touquet. The backwoods is chiefly rural and agricultural .
transportation [edit ]
Gare de Boulogne-Tintelleries Boulogne is close to the A16 expressway ( Paris-Amiens-Calais-Dunkerque ). Metropolitan bus services are operated by “ Marinéo ”. The company Flixbus propose a bus line connecting Paris to Boulogne. There are passenger car services to Calais and Dunkerque. The city has railway stations, which the most authoritative is Boulogne-Ville station, located in the south of the city. Boulogne-Tintelleries station is used by regional trains. It is located near the university and the city center. The former Boulogne-Maritime and Boulogne-Aéroglisseurs stations served as a boat association ( to England ) for the railroad track.
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Boulogne has no cross channel ferry services since the settlement of the route to Dover by LD Lines in 2010. The regional trains are TER Nord-Pas-de-Calais run by SNCF. The star service runs from Gare de Boulogne-Ville via Gare de Calais-Fréthun, Gare de Calais-Ville to Gare de Lille-Flandres .
urbanization [edit ]
walk along the beach. The city is divided into several parts :
- City centre : groups historic and administrative buildings, and also accommodations, stores, banks, churches, pedestrian streets and places.
- Fortified town : old-town where are a lot of historic monuments (the castle-museum, the basilica, the belfry, the imperial palace) and also the city hall and the courthouse. it is surrounded by 13th-century ramparts very appreciated today by walkers.
- Gambetta-Sainte-Beuve : tourist area situated in the northwest of the city, on the edge of the beach and the recreational harbour.
- Capécure : economic and industrial area, situated in the west of the city, around the harbour.
- Saint-Pierre (Saint Peter) : former neighborhood of the fishermen, destroyed during World War II and reconstructed after.
- Chemin Vert (Green path) : zone created in the 1950s, knowing today poverty and unemployment. it is the neighborhood of Franck Ribéry.
- Dernier Sou (Last penny) : residential area situated in the east of the city.
- Beaurepaire (Beautiful hideout) : residential area situated in the north of the city.
- Bréquerecque : residential area situated in the south of the city.
climate [edit ]
Boulogne-sur-Mer has an oceanic climate that has chilly winters not far above freezing and cool summers tempered by its exposure to the sea. Considering its position, the climate is quite cold in relative to south and east coast locations in England year round. precipitation is besides higher than in said southerly English locations .
| Climate data for Boulogne-sur-Mer (1981–2010 averages) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) |
18.9 (66.0) |
22.7 (72.9) |
26.0 (78.8) |
31.2 (88.2) |
33.3 (91.9) |
37.9 (100.2) |
34.8 (94.6) |
31.5 (88.7) |
27.2 (81.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
17.2 (63.0) |
37.9 (100.2) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.8 (44.2) |
6.9 (44.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.4 (59.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
20.1 (68.2) |
20.5 (68.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
14.8 (58.6) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.5 (45.5) |
13.4 (56.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 2.9 (37.2) |
2.7 (36.9) |
4.6 (40.3) |
6.3 (43.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
12.1 (53.8) |
14.4 (57.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
10.0 (50.0) |
6.3 (43.3) |
3.5 (38.3) |
8.4 (47.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −13.4 (7.9) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
1.6 (34.9) |
4.0 (39.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
9.0 (48.2) |
5.8 (42.4) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 67.9 (2.67) |
46.7 (1.84) |
53.3 (2.10) |
51.4 (2.02) |
55.8 (2.20) |
50.7 (2.00) |
53.5 (2.11) |
50.9 (2.00) |
68.8 (2.71) |
94.5 (3.72) |
97.0 (3.82) |
87.4 (3.44) |
777.9 (30.63) |
| Average precipitation days | 13.0 | 9.5 | 10.3 | 9.4 | 9.3 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 7.9 | 10.2 | 12.7 | 13.3 | 12.9 | 125.3 |
| Average snowy days | 3.4 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 12.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 87 | 85 | 84 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 85 | 87 | 83.3 |
| Source 1: Météo France[15][16] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961–1990)[17] | |||||||||||||
Sights [edit ]
The Belfry is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Boulogne ‘s 12th-century campanile is one of 56 number Belfries of Belgium and France, all in northeastern France and Belgium, with shared World Heritage Site condition because of their architecture and testimony to the lift of municipal ability in the area. [ 18 ] It is the oldest build in the upper city of Boulogne, and presently serves as the home to a museum of celtic remains from the Roman occupation. Founded as the Count ‘s dungeon, the top floor was added in the thirteenth century. damage by a fire in 1712 was built over by 1734. [ 6 ] early than the campanile there are besides the following sights :
- Medieval walls 1,500 metres long, with 4 gates and 17 towers from the 13th century
- Medieval castle, whose foundations date to Roman times. It houses an Egyptian art collection, and the ancient Greek Suicide of Ajax Vase.
- Gothic church of St Nicholas, housing several 15th-century statues
- Cathedral basilica of Notre-Dame, with a dome standing at over 100 m. The crypt is one of the largest in France, and has Roman, Romanesque and Gothic elements.
- Opened in 1991, Nausicaä – The French National Sea Centre is a science centre entirely dedicated to the relationship between mankind and the sea. It houses Aquaria, exhibitions on marine fauna, and the exploitation and management of marine resources (fisheries, aquaculture, coastal planning, maritime transport, exploitation of energies and mineral, tourism).
- The Boulogne Eastern Cemetery, created during the Great War
- Colonne de la Grande Armée – Statue of Napoleon I
official web site : tourism in Boulogne sur Mer
Official web site : tourism in Boulogne sur Mer and the Boulonnais region
economy [edit ]
Boulogne-sur-Mer is an crucial fishing port, with 7,000 inhabitants deriving character, or all, of their livelihoods from fish. IFREMER ( the french Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea ) and the Pasteur Institute are located in Boulogne Port. Certain brands, including Crown and Findus, have regional offices in Boulogne .
Media [edit ]
- Radio : France Bleu Nord, Virgin Radio Côte d’Opale
- Television : France 3 Côte d’Opale
- Print : La Voix du Nord (édition de Boulogne sur Mer), La Semaine dans le Boulonnais, Touzazimut
Events [edit ]
In 1905, the first base World Esperanto Congress was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, where the historic Declaration of Boulogne was ratified. L. L. Zamenhof, the godhead of Esperanto, was among the attendees. In 2005, there was an anniversary celebration to mark the centennial with more than 500 attendees .
administration [edit ]
- Boulogne is the seat of the Communauté d’agglomération du Boulonnais
| Duration | Name | Party | Particularities |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014–2020 | Frédéric Cuvillier | PS | Deputy, Minister |
| 2012–2014 | Mireille Hingrez-Céréda | PS | |
| 2004–2012 | Frédéric Cuvillier | PS | Deputy, Minister |
| 1996–2004 | Guy Lengagne | PS | Deputy, Minister |
| 1989–1996 | Jean Muselet | Conservative | |
| 1977–1989 | Guy Lengagne | PS | Deputy, Minister |
| 1945–1977 | Henri Henneguelle | PS | |
| Past mayors are unknown. | |||
population [edit ]
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| Source: EHESS[19] and INSEE (1968-2017)[20] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
education [edit ]
Boulogne-sur-Mer hosts one of the oldest Universités de l’été – summer courses in french language and polish. It is known as the Université d’été de Boulogne-sur-Mer. The Saint-Louis construct of the University of the Côte d’Opale ‘s Boulogne campus opened its doors in 1991, on the site of the former St. Louis Hospital, the front capture to which remains a overriding architectural sport. Its 6 major specialisms are modern Languages, french Literature, Sport, Law, History and Economics. The university is situated in the township center, about 5 minutes [ clarification needed ] from the Boulogne Tintelleries railway station .
University [edit ]
Public primary and secondary [edit ]
- High schools : Lycée Auguste Mariette, Edouard Branly, Cazin (professional).
- College : College Langevin, Angelier, Daunou.
secret elementary and secondary [edit ]
- High schools: Lycée Nazareth, Haffreingue, Saint-Joseph
- College: College Godefroy de Bouillon, Haffreingue, Nazareth, Saint-Joseph
Health [edit ]
Two health centres are located in Boulogne, the public Hospital Duchenne and the private Clinique de la côte d’opale .
Sports [edit ]
Boulogne ‘s football club, US Boulogne Côte d’Opale ( US refers to Union Sportive ), is one of the oldest in France due to the city ‘s proximity to England, founded in 1898. The clubhouse presently [ when? ] shimmer in the third grade, the Championnat National, and host home matches at the 14,500-capacity Stade de la Libération. [ 21 ] Boulogne native and FIFA World Cup finalist Franck Ribéry began his career at the club. [ 22 ] Basketball teams in Boulogne include Stade Olympique Maritime Boulonnais and ESSM Le Portel of Pro A ( first-tier men ‘s professional basketball league in France ) .
culture [edit ]
- The Château de Boulogne-sur-Mer (now a castle museum) of Boulogne, in the fortified town, houses the most important exhibition of masks from Alaska in the world, the second largest collection of Greek ceramics in France (after the Louvre), collections of Roman and medieval sculptures, paintings (15th–20th century), an Egyptian collection, African Arts etc. As these collections are exhibited in a medieval castle, one can also discover the Roman walls (in the underground) as well as rooms built in the 13th century (La Barbière, banqueting hall, chapel, covered parapet walk…)
- La Casa San Martin is currently a museum where José de San Martín the leader of independence struggle in Argentina (also Chile and Peru) died in 1850, from 1930 to 1967 this house was the consulate of Argentina in France. There is a statue dedicated to his colleague Simón Bolívar, other liberator of South America in the revolutions against Spanish colonial rule in the 1810s. Bolivar planned to head in exile to this very part of France before his death in 1830. Historic emigration in the 19th century from the Nord-Pas de Calais region to Argentina and Chile can explain some cultural ties with South America of the Boulognais and Latino/Ibero-American culture.[ quotation needed]
- Nausicaä, the French national sealife centre.
food [edit ]
As an international maritime larboard on the english Channel ( La Manche ), the town of Boulogne-sur-Mer has european and american influences in local cuisine. They include :
- Welsh rarebit (from Wales, United Kingdom)
- Sandwich américain (an American sandwich introduced from the USA)
- Kipper (Flemish: smoked herring)
luminary people [edit ]
Born in Boulogne [edit ]
Others associated with Boulogne [edit ]
International relations [edit ]
Boulogne-sur-Mer is twinned with :