Taekwondo, Tae Kwon Do or Taekwon-Do ( ; [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] korean : 태권도/跆拳道 [ tʰɛ.k͈wʌn.do ] ( ) ) is a korean mannequin of warlike arts, characterized by punching and kicking techniques, with emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping spinning kicks, and firm kicking techniques. The literal transformation for tae kwon do is “ kicking, ” “ punch, ” and “ the art or way of. ” [ 6 ] They are a kind of soldierly arts in which one attacks or defends with hands and feet anytime or anywhere, without the consumption of weapons. The physical aim undertake in Taekwondo is purposeful and fosters strength of take care through genial arming. [ 7 ] tae kwon do practitioners wear a uniform, known as a dobok. It is a battle frolic and was developed during the 1940s and 1950s by korean martial artists with know in warlike arts such as karate, chinese warlike arts, and autochthonal korean soldierly arts traditions such as Taekkyon, Subak, and Gwonbeop. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The oldest government body for Taekwondo is the Korea Taekwondo Association ( KTA ), formed in 1959 through a collaborative feat by representatives from the nine original kwans, or soldierly arts schools, in Korea. The independent international organizational bodies for Taekwondo today are the International Taekwon-Do Federation ( ITF ), founded by Choi Hong Hi in 1966, and the partnership of the Kukkiwon and World Taekwondo ( WT, once World Taekwondo Federation or WTF ), founded in 1972 and 1973 respectively by the Korea Taekwondo Association. [ 10 ] Gyeorugi ( [ kjʌɾuɡi ] ), a type of full-contact spar, has been an Olympic event since 2000. The governing body for Taekwondo in the Olympics and Paralympics is World Taekwondo.
Reading: Taekwondo
history [edit ]
Beginning in 1945, shortly after the end of World War II and japanese Occupation, new martial arts schools called kwans opened in Seoul. These schools were established by Korean martial artists with backgrounds in japanese [ 11 ] and chinese martial arts. At the time, autochthonal disciplines ( such as Taekkyeon ) were all but forgotten, due to years of decline and repression by the japanese colonial politics. The umbrella term traditional Taekwondo typically refers to the warlike arts practiced by the kwans during the 1940s and 1950s, though in reality the term “ Taekwondo ” had not so far been coined at that fourth dimension, and indeed each kwan ( school ) was practicing its own unique fighting style. In 1952, south korean president Syngman Rhee witnessed a warlike arts demonstration by ROK Army officers Choi Hong-hi and Nam Tae-hi from the 29th Infantry Division. He misrecognized the proficiency on display as Taekkyeon, [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] and urged soldierly arts to be introduced to the army under a individual organization. Beginning in 1955 the leaders of the kwans began discussing in earnest the possibility of creating a unite korean soldierly art. Until then, Tang Soo Do was used to name korean Karate, using the korean hanja pronunciation of the japanese kanji ( 唐手道 ). The list Tae Soo Do ( 跆手道 ) was besides used to describe a unify style Korean warlike arts. [ citation needed ] This diagnose consists of the hanja 跆 tae “ to stomp, trample ”, 手 su “ hand ” and 道 do “ way, discipline “. Choi Hong Hi advocated the use of the list Tae Kwon Do, i.e. replacing su “ hand ” by 拳 kwon ( Revised Romanization : gwon ; McCune–Reischauer : kkwŏn ) “ fist ”, the condition besides used for “ soldierly arts ” in Chinese ( pinyin quán ). [ 15 ] The name was besides the closest to the pronunciation of Taekkyeon, [ 16 ] in accordance with the views of the president of the united states. [ 12 ] [ 17 ] The newly diagnose was initially dull to catch on among the leaders of the kwans. During this time Taekwondo was besides adopted for use by the south korean military, which increased its popularity among civilian martial arts schools. [ 10 ] [ 12 ] In 1959 the Korea Taekwondo Association or KTA ( then-Korea Tang Soo Do Association ) was established to facilitate the fusion of korean martial arts. General Choi, of the Oh Do Kwan, wanted all the other member kwans of the KTA to adopt his own Chan Hon-style of Taekwondo, as a unite style. This was, however, met with resistance as the other kwans alternatively wanted a unify style to be created based on inputs from all the kwans, to serve as a way to bring on the heritage and characteristics of all of the styles, not merely the dash of a single kwan. [ 10 ] As a answer to this, along with disagreements about teaching Taekwondo in North Korea and unifying the whole korean Peninsula, Choi broke with the KTA in 1966, in order to establish the International Taekwon-Do Federation ( ITF ) — a separate govern body devoted to institutionalizing his own style of Taekwondo in Canada. [ 10 ] [ 12 ] initially, the south korean president, having close ties to General Choi, gave General Choi ‘s ITF limited confirm. [ 10 ] however, the confederacy korean government wished to avoid north korean influence on the soldierly art. conversely, ITF president of the united states Choi Hong Hi sought patronize for his style of Taekwondo from all quarters, including North Korea. In response, in 1972 South Korea withdrew its support for the ITF. The ITF continued to function as an mugwump confederation, then headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Choi continued to develop the ITF-style, notably with the 1983 publication of his Encyclopedia of Taekwondo. After Choi ‘s retirement, the ITF split in 2001 and then again in 2002 to create three divide federations each of which continues to operate today under the same name. [ 10 ] In 1972 the KTA and the south korean politics ‘s Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism established the Kukkiwon as the raw national academy for Taekwondo. Kukkiwon immediately serves many of the functions previously served by the KTA, in terms of defining a government-sponsored coordinated style of Taekwondo. In 1973 the KTA and Kukkiwon supported the institution of the World Taekwondo Federation ( WTF, renamed to World Taekwondo in 2017 due to confusion with the initialism [ 18 ] ) to promote the coltish side of Kukki-Taekwondo. WT competitions employ Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo. [ 10 ] [ 19 ] For this reason, Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo is frequently referred to as WT-style Taekwondo, sport-style Taekwondo, or Olympic-style Taekwondo, though in reality the stylus is defined by the Kukkiwon, not the WT. Since 2021, Taekwondo has been one of three asian martial arts ( the others being judo and karate ), and one of six total ( the others being the previously mentioned, classical wrestle, freestyle wrestle, and boxing ) included in the Olympic Games. It started as a demonstration event at the 1988 games in Seoul, a year after becoming a decoration event at the Pan Am Games, and became an official decoration event at the 2000 games in Sydney. In 2010, Taekwondo was accepted as a Commonwealth Games sport. [ 20 ]
Features [edit ]
Flying twin infantry english kick
A jump invert hook complain Taekwondo is characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jump and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. In fact, World Taekwondo sparring competitions prize extra points for strikes that incorporate spinning kicks, kicks to the question, or both. [ 21 ] To facilitate fast, turning kicks, Taekwondo broadly adopts stances that are narrower and taller than the broader, broad stances used by martial arts such as karate. The tradeoff of decrease stability is believed to be worth the commensurate increase in agility, particularly in Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo .
theory of world power [edit ]
The stress on speed and agility is a defining characteristic of Taekwondo and has its origins in analyses undertaken by Choi Hong Hi. The results of that analysis are known by ITF practitioners as Choi ‘s Theory of Power. Choi based his agreement of power on biomechanics and newtonian physics ampere well as chinese soldierly arts. For example, Choi observed that the kinetic energy of a strike increases quadratically with the speed of the fall, but increases only linearly with the mass of the fall object. In other words, speed is more significant than size in terms of generating office. This principle was incorporated into the early design of Taekwondo and is placid used. [ 12 ] [ 22 ] Choi besides advocated a relax/strike rationale for Taekwondo ; in early words, between blocks, kicks, and strikes the practitioner should relax the consistency, then tense the muscles only while performing the proficiency. It is believed that the relax/strike principle increases the baron of the technique, by conserving the torso ‘s energy. He expanded on this principle with his advocacy of the sine wave proficiency. This involves raising one ‘s center of graveness between techniques, then lowering it as the proficiency is performed, producing the up-and-down movement from which the term “ sine brandish ” is derived. [ 22 ] The sine wave is broadly practiced, however, alone in schools that follow ITF-style Taekwondo. Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo, for exercise, does not employ the sine wave and advocates a more uniform acme during movements, drawing might chiefly from the rotation of the pelvis. The components of the Theory of Power include : [ 23 ]
- Reaction Force: the principle that as the striking limb is brought forward, other parts of the body should be brought backwards in order to provide more power to the striking limb. As an example, if the right leg is brought forward in a roundhouse kick, the right arm is brought backwards to provide the reaction force.
- Concentration: the principle of bringing as many muscles as possible to bear on a strike, concentrating the area of impact into as small an area as possible.
- Equilibrium: maintaining a correct centre-of-balance throughout a technique.
- Breath Control: the idea that during a strike one should exhale, with the exhalation concluding at the moment of impact.
- Mass: the principle of bringing as much of the body to bear on a strike as possible; again using the turning kick as an example, the idea would be to rotate the hip as well as the leg during the kick in order to take advantage of the hip’s additional mass in terms of providing power to the kick.
- Speed: as previously noted, the speed of execution of a technique in Taekwondo is deemed to be even more important than mass in terms of providing power.
typical course of study [edit ]
A young red/black-belt performs Koryo While organizations such as ITF or Kukkiwon define the general style of Taekwondo, individual clubs and schools tend to tailor their Taekwondo practices. Although each Taekwondo baseball club or school is different, a student typically takes separate in most or all of the play along : [ 24 ]
- Forms (pumsae / poomsae 품새, hyeong / hyung 형/型 or teul / tul 틀): these serve the same function as kata in the study of karate
- Sparring (gyeorugi 겨루기 or matseogi 맞서기): sparring includes variations such as freestyle sparring (in which competitors spar without interruption for several minutes); seven-, three-, two-, and one-step sparring (in which students practice pre-arranged sparring combinations); and point sparring (in which sparring is interrupted and then resumed after each point is scored)
- Breaking (gyeokpa 격파/擊破 or weerok): the breaking of boards is used for testing, training, and martial arts demonstrations. Demonstrations often also incorporate bricks, tiles, and blocks of ice or other materials. These techniques can be separated into three types:
- Power breaking – using straightforward techniques to break as many boards as possible
- Speed breaking – boards are held loosely by one edge, putting special focus on the speed required to perform the break
- Special techniques – breaking fewer boards but by using jumping or flying techniques to attain greater height, distance, or to clear obstacles
- Self-defense techniques (hosinsul 호신술/護身術)
- Learning the fundamental techniques of Taekwondo; these generally include kicks, blocks, punches, and strikes, with somewhat less emphasis on grappling and holds
- Throwing and/or falling techniques (deonjigi 던지기 or tteoreojigi 떨어지기)
- Both anaerobic and aerobic workout, including stretching
- Relaxation and meditation exercises, as well as breathing control
- A focus on mental and ethical discipline, etiquette, justice, respect, and self-confidence
- Examinations to progress to the next rank
- Development of personal success and leadership skills
Though weapons training is not a conventional part of most Taekwondo confederation course of study, individual schools will much incorporate extra train with weapons such as staffs, knives, and sticks .
equipment and facilities [edit ]
A Taekwondo practitioner typically wears a uniform ( dobok 도복/道服 ), much white but sometimes black ( or early colors ), with a swath tied around the waist. White uniforms are considered the traditional coloring material and are normally encouraged for use at formal ceremonies such as belt tests and promotions. Colored uniforms are often reserved for particular teams ( such as demonstration teams or leadership teams ) or higher-level instructors. There are at least three major styles of dobok, with the most obvious differences being in the style of crown :
- The cross-over front jacket (usually seen in ITF style), in which the opening of the jacket is vertical.
- The cross-over Y-neck jacket (usually seen in the Kukkiwon/WT style, especially for poomsae competitions), in which the opening of the jacket crosses the torso diagonally.
- The pull-over V-neck jacket (usually seen in Kukkiwon/WT style, especially for sparring competitions).
White uniforms in the Kukkiwon/WT tradition will typically be white throughout the jacket ( black trim along the collars merely for dan grades ), while ITF-style uniforms are normally trimmed with a black bound along the collar and penetrate of the jacket ( for dan grades ). The knock color and any insignia thereon indicate the student ‘s social station. different clubs and schools use different color schemes for belts. In general, the dark the color, the higher the rank. Taekwondo is traditionally performed in unsheathed feet, although martial arts training shoes may sometimes be worn. When spar, cushioned equipment is normally wear. In the ITF tradition, typically only the hands and feet are padded. For this reason, ITF sparring much employs only light-contact spar. In the Kukkiwon/WT custom, full-contact spar is facilitated by the employment of more across-the-board equipment : padded helmets called homyun are always worn, as are padded torso protectors called hogu ; feet, shins, groins, hands, and forearms protectors are besides worn. The educate or place where direction is given is called a dojang ( 도장, 道場 ). specifically, dojang refers to the area within the school in which martial arts teaching takes place ; the discussion dojang is sometimes translated as gymnasium. In coarse use, the terminus dojang is frequently used to refer to the school as a solid. advanced dojangs often incorporate pad shock, much incorporating red-and-blue patterns in the flooring to reflect the colors of the taegeuk symbol. Some dojangs have wooden floor rather. The dojang is normally decorated with items such as flags, banners, belts, instructional materials, and traditional korean calligraphy .
Styles and organizations [edit ]
A “ family tree ” illustrating how the five original kwans gave rise to multiple styles of Taekwondo. There are a number of major Taekwondo styles angstrom well as a few niche styles. Most styles are associated with a governing body or federation that defines the style. [ 25 ] The major technical differences among Taekwondo styles and organizations by and large revolve around :
- the patterns practiced by each style (called hyeong 형, pumsae 품새, or tul 틀, depending on the style); these are sets of prescribed formal sequences of movements that demonstrate mastery of posture, positioning, and technique
- differences in the sparring rules for competition.
- martial arts philosophy.
1946 : traditional tae kwon do [edit ]
The term traditional Taekwondo typically refers to martial arts practised in Korea during the 1940s and 1950s by the nine original kwans, or warlike arts schools, after the conclusion of the japanese occupation of Korea at the end of World War II. The term Taekwondo had not so far been coined, and in reality, each of the nine original kwans practised its own style of martial art. The term traditional Taekwondo serves largely as an umbrella terminus for these respective styles, as they themselves used respective other names such as Tang Soo Do ( Chinese Hand Way ), [ b-complex vitamin ] Kong Soo Do ( Empty Hand Way ) [ c ] and Tae Soo Do ( Foot Hand Way ). [ five hundred ] Traditional Taekwondo is hush practised today but broadly under other names, such as Tang Soo Do and Soo Bahk Do. [ 10 ] [ 12 ] In 1959, the name Taekwondo was agreed upon by the nine original kwans as a common term for their martial arts. As part of the union action, The Korea Taekwondo Association ( KTA ) was formed through a collaborative feat by representatives from all the kwans, and the work began on a coarse course of study, which finally resulted in the Kukkiwon and the Kukki Style of Taekwondo. The master kwans that formed KTA continues to exist today, but as freelancer fraternal membership organizations that support the World Taekwondo and Kukkiwon. The kwans besides function as a channel for the issue of Kukkiwon dan and poom certification ( black belt ranks ) for their members. The official course of study of those kwans that joined the union is that of the Kukkiwon, with the celebrated exception of half the Oh Do Kwan which joined the ITF rather and therefore uses the Chan Hon course of study .
1966 : ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo [edit ]
International Taekwon-Do Federation ( ITF ) -style Taekwondo, more accurately known as Chang Hon-style Taekwondo, is defined by Choi Hong Hi ‘s Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do published in 1983. [ 22 ] In 1990, the Global Taekwondo Federation ( GTF ) split from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding the ITF ; the GTF continues to practice ITF-style Taekwondo, however, with extra elements incorporated into the style. Likewise, the ITF itself rip in 2001 and again in 2002 into three discriminate federations, headquartered in Austria, the United Kingdom, and Spain respectively. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] The GTF and all three ITFs commit Choi ‘s ITF-style Taekwondo. In ITF-style Taekwondo, the news used for “ forms ” is tul ; the specific hardened of tul used by the ITF is called Chang Hon. Choi defined 24 Chang Hon tul. The names and symbolism of the Chang Hon tul refer to elements of korean history, culture and religious doctrine. The GTF-variant of ITF practices an extra six tul. Within the ITF Taekwondo custom there are two sub-styles :
- The style of Taekwondo practised by the ITF before its 1973 split with the KTA is sometimes called by ITF practitioners “traditional Taekwondo”, though a more accurate term would be traditional ITF Taekwondo.
- After the 1973 split, Choi Hong Hi continued to develop and refine the style, ultimately publishing his work in his 1983 Encyclopedia of Taekwondo. Among the refinements incorporated into this new sub-style is the “sine wave”; one of Choi Hong Hi’s later principles of Taekwondo is that the body’s centre of gravity should be raised-and-lowered throughout a movement.
Some ITF schools adopt the sine wave style, while others do not. basically all ITF schools do, however, use the patterns ( tul ) defined in the Encyclopedia, with some exceptions related to the forms Juche and Ko-Dang .
1969 : ATA/Songahm-style tae kwon do [edit ]
In 1969, Haeng Ung Lee, a early Taekwondo teacher in the south korean military, relocated to Omaha, Nebraska and established a chain of warlike arts schools in the United States under the standard of the American Taekwondo Association ( ATA ). Like Jhoon Rhee Taekwondo, ATA Taekwondo has its roots in traditional Taekwondo. The dash of Taekwondo practised by the ATA is called Songahm Taekwondo. The ATA went on to become one of the largest chains of Taekwondo schools in the United States. [ 29 ] The ATA established external spin-offs called the Songahm Taekwondo Federation ( STF ) and the World Traditional Taekwondo Union ( WTTU ) to promote the rehearse of Songahm Taekwondo internationally. In 2015, all the spin-offs were reunited under the umbrella of ATA International .
1970s : Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo [edit ]
not to be confused with Rhee Taekwon-Do In 1962 Jhoon Rhee relocated to the United States and established a chain of warlike arts schools chiefly in the Washington, D.C. area that practised traditional Taekwondo. [ east ] In the 1970s, at the urge of Choi Hong Hi, Rhee adopted ITF-style Taekwondo within his chain of schools, but like the GTF late departed from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding Choi and the ITF. Rhee went on to develop his own stylus of Taekwondo called Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo, incorporating elements of both traditional and ITF-style Taekwondo adenine well as master elements. [ 30 ] Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo is still practised primarily in the United States and eastern Europe .
relative popularity of Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo around the universe In 1972 the Korea Taekwondo Association ( KTA ) Central Dojang opened in Seoul ; in 1973 the name was changed to Kukkiwon. Under the sponsorship of the south korean government ‘s Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism the Kukkiwon became the new home academy for Taekwondo, thereby establishing a newfangled “ unite ” manner of Taekwondo. [ 19 ] In 1973 the KTA established the World Taekwondo Federation ( WTF, immediately called World Taekwondo, WT ) to promote the coltish side of Kukki-Taekwondo. The International Olympic Committee recognized the WT and Taekwondo spar in 1980. For this reason, the Kukkiwon-defined expressive style of Taekwondo is sometimes referred to as Sport-style Taekwondo, Olympic-style Taekwondo, or WT-style Taekwondo, but the style itself is defined by the Kukkiwon, not by the WT, and the WT competition ruleset itself only allows the use of a very little issue of the total number of techniques included in the dash. [ 31 ] Therefore, the compensate terminus for the south korean government sponsored style of Taekwondo associated with the Kukkiwon, is Kukki Taekwondo, meaning “ national Taekwondo ” in Korean. The color belts range from white to junior black knock ( half black, half red ) or plain crimson [ citation needed ]. The order and colours used may vary between schools, but a common [ according to whom? ] rate is ashen, yellow, green, bluing, red, black [ citation needed ]. however, other variations with a higher count of discolor is besides normally seen. A usual commit [ according to whom? ], when employing merely four coloured belts, is to stay at each belt color for the duration of two gup ranks, making a total of eight gup ranks between whiten belt and 1st. dan black swath. In order to make a ocular dispute between the beginning and second gup rank of given knock color, a stripe in the like color as the adjacent swath color is added to the second cup rank in some schools. In Kukki-style Taekwondo, the password used for “ forms ” is poomsae. In 1967 the KTA established a new set of forms called the Palgwae poomsae, named after the eight trigrams of the I Ching. In 1971 however ( after extra kwans had joined the KTA ), the KTA and Kukkiwon adopted a new stage set of color-belt forms alternatively, called the Taegeuk poomsae. Black belt forms are called yudanja poomsae. While ITF-style forms refer to key elements of korean history, Kukki-style forms refer rather to elements of sino-Korean philosophy such as the I Ching and the taegeuk. WT-sanctioned tournaments allow any person, careless of school affiliation or martial arts dash, to compete in WT events a long as he or she is a penis of the WT Member National Association in his or her state ; this allows basically anyone to compete in WT-sanctioned competitions .
other styles and hybrids [edit ]
As previously mentioned, in 1990 the Global Taekwondo Federation ( GTF ) rip from the International Taekwon-Do Federation ( ITF ) to form its own expressive style of Taekwondo based on ITF-style. basically this can be considered a variation of ITF-style. besides in 1990, martial artist and actor Chuck Norris, an alumnus of Hwang Kee ‘s Moo Duk Kwan organization, established a hybrid warlike artwork system called Chun Kuk Do. Chun Kuk Do shares many techniques, forms and names with Tang Soo Do and Taekwondo, and therefore can be considered a variation of traditional Taekwondo. similarly, Lim Ching Sing ‘s Hup Kwon Do and Kwang-jo Choi ‘s Choi Kwang Do besides derive from Taekwondo. additionally, there are hybrid martial arts that combine Taekwondo with other styles. These include :
- Extreme Taekwondo: a complex version of World Taekwondo Federation, which combines elements from all Taekwondo styles, Tricking (martial arts), similarities from other martial arts
- Kun Gek Do[32] (also Gwon Gyokdo): combines Taekwondo and muay thai.
- Han Moo Do: Scandinavian martial art that combines Taekwondo, hapkido, and hoi jeon moo sool.
- Han Mu Do: Korean martial art that combines Taekwondo and hapkido.
- Teukgong Moosool: Korean martial art that combines elements of Taekwondo, hapkido, judo, kyuk too ki, and Chinese martial arts.
- Yongmudo: developed at Korea’s Yong-In University, combines Taekwondo, hapkido, judo, and ssireum.
Forms ( patterns ) [edit ]
Finland A demonstration at Kuopio-halli in Kuopio Three korean terms may be used with reference to Taekwondo forms or patterns. These forms are equivalent to kata in karate .
- Hyeong (sometimes romanized as hyung) is the term usually used in traditional Taekwondo (i.e., 1950s–1960s styles of Korean martial arts).
- Poomsae (sometimes romanized as pumsae or poomse) is the term officially used by Kukkiwon/WT-style and ATA-style Taekwondo.
- Teul (officially romanized as tul) is the term usually used in ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo.
A hyeong is a systematic, prearranged sequence of soldierly techniques that is performed either with or without the use of a weapon. In dojangs ( Taekwondo training gymnasiums ) hyeong are used primarily as a form of interval educate that is useful in developing mushin, proper kinetics and mental and forcible fortitude. Hyeong may resemble combat, but are artistically non-combative and waver together so as to be an effective discipline creature. One ‘s aptitude for a particular hyeong may be evaluated in rival. In such competitions, hyeong are evaluated by a gore of judges who base the score on many factors including energy, preciseness, amphetamine, and control. In western competitions, there are two general classes of hyeong : creative and standard. creative hyeong are created by the performer and are generally acrobatic in nature and do not inevitably reflect the kinetic principles intrinsic in any soldierly system. Different Taekwondo styles and associations ( ATA, ITF, GTF, WT, etc. ) use unlike Taekwondo forms. even within a individual affiliation, different schools in the association may use slightly unlike variations on the forms or use different names for the lapp form ( specially in older styles of Taekwondo ). This is specially true for founder forms, which tend to be less standardized than mainstream forms .
Ranks, belts, and promotion [edit ]
Taekwondo ranks vary from dash to style and are not standardized. typically, these ranks are separated into “ junior ” and “ senior ” sections, colloquially referred to as “ color belts ” and “ black belt ” :
- The junior section of ranks—the “color belt” ranks—are indicated by the Korean word geup 급 ( 級 ) (also Romanized as gup or kup). Practitioners in these ranks generally wear belts ranging in color from white (the lowest rank) to red or brown (higher ranks, depending on the style of Taekwondo). Belt colors may be solid or may include a colored stripe on a solid background. The number of geup ranks varies depending on the style, typically ranging between 8 and 12 geup ranks. The numbering sequence for geup ranks usually begins at the larger number of white belts, and then counts down to “1st geup” as the highest color-belt rank.
- The senior section of ranks—the “black belt” ranks—is typically made up of nine ranks. Each rank is called a dan 단 ( 段 ) or “degree” (as in “third dan” or “third-degree black belt”). The numbering sequence for dan ranks is opposite that of geup ranks: numbering begins at 1st dan (the lowest black-belt rank) and counts upward for higher ranks. A practitioner’s degree is sometimes indicated on the belt itself with stripes, Roman numerals, or other methods.
Some styles incorporate an extra crying between the geup and dan levels, called the “ bo-dan ” rank—essentially, a campaigner social station for black swath promotion. additionally, the Kukkiwon/WT-style of Taekwondo recognizes a “ poom ” absolute for practitioners under the age of 15 : these practitioners have passed dan-level tests but will not receive dan-level rank until age 15. At age 15, their poom rank is considered to transition to equivalent dan absolute mechanically. In some schools, holders of the poom social station wear a half-red/half-black belt out quite than a solid black belt. To advance from one rate to the adjacent, students typically complete promotion tests in which they demonstrate their proficiency in the versatile aspects of the art before their teacher or a panel of judges. forwarding tests vary from school to school, but may include such elements as the execution of patterns, which combine assorted techniques in specific sequences ; the better of boards to demonstrate the ability to use techniques with both baron and control ; sparring and self-defense to demonstrate the practical application and control of techniques ; physical fitness normally with push-ups and sit-ups ; and answering questions on terminology, concepts, and history to demonstrate cognition and understand of the art. For higher dan tests, students are sometimes required to take a written test or submit a research paper in accession to taking the hardheaded quiz. promotion from one geup to the next can proceed quickly in some schools since schools frequently allow geup promotions every two, three, or four months. Students of geup rank learn the most basic techniques first, and then move on to more advance techniques as they approach first dan. Many of the older and more traditional schools frequently take longer to allow students to test for higher ranks than newer, more contemporaneous schools, as they may not have the necessitate test intervals. In contrast, promotion from one dan to the following can take years. In fact, some styles impose senesce or time-in-rank limits on dan promotions. For example, the number of years between one dan forwarding to the future may be limited to a minimum of the practitioner ‘s current dan-rank, so that ( for example ) a fifth dan practitioner must wait 5 years to test for 6th dan. Black belt ranks may have titles associated with them, such as “ victor ” and “ teacher ”, but Taekwondo organizations vary widely in rules and standards when it comes to ranks and titles. What holds true in one organization may not hold true in another, as is the case in many warlike artwork systems. For case, achieving inaugural dan ( black belt) rank with three years ‘ coach might be typical in one arrangement but considered besides quick in another administration, and similarly for other ranks. similarly, the deed for a given dan rank in one constitution might not be the lapp as the title for that dan rank in another administration. In the International Taekwon-Do Federation, instructors holding 1st to 3rd dan are called Boosabum ( adjunct teacher ), those holding 4th to 6th dan are called Sabum ( teacher ), those holding 7th to 8th dan are called Sahyun ( master ), and those holding 9th dan are called Saseong ( grandmaster ). [ 39 ] This system does not, however, necessarily apply to other Taekwondo organizations. In the American Taekwondo Association, teacher designations are separate from rank. Black belt out may be designated as an teacher trainee ( crimson, white and blasphemous apprehension ), peculiarity flight simulator ( red and black collar ), certified flight simulator ( black-red-black collar ) and certified teacher ( black apprehension ). After a annual waiting period, instructors who hold the one-sixth dan are eligible for the style of Master. Seventh dan black belts are eligible for the deed Senior Master and eighth dan black belts are eligible for the title Chief Master. In WT/Kukki-Taekwondo, instructors holding 1st. to 3rd. dan are considered adjunct instructors ( kyosa-nim ), are not however allowed to issue ranks, and are by and large thought of as hush having much to learn. Instructors who hold a fourth. to 6th. dan are considered master instructors ( sabum-nim ), and are allowed to grade students to color belt ranks from 4th. dan, and to black belt/dan-ranks from 6th. dan. Those who hold a 7th–9th dan are considered Grandmasters. These ranks besides hold an age necessity of 40+. [ 40 ] In this vogue, a tenth dan crying is sometimes awarded posthumously for practitioners with a life of demonstrable contributions to the rehearse of Taekwondo.
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diachronic influences [edit ]
The oldest korean martial arts were an amalgamation of disarm combat styles developed by the three rival korean Kingdoms of Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje, [ 41 ] where young men were trained in disarm fight techniques to develop strength, amphetamine, and survival skills. The most popular of these techniques were ssireum, subak, and Taekkyon. The Northern Goguryeo kingdom was a dominant force in Northern Korea and North Eastern China anterior to the first century CE, and again from the third century to the sixth century. Before the accrue of the Goguryeo Dynasty in the sixth century, the Silla Kingdom asked for help oneself in training its people for defense against commandeer invasions. During this clock time a few choose Silla warriors were given training in Taekkyon by the early masters from Goguryeo. These Silla warriors then became known as Hwarang or “ bloom knights. ” The Hwarang set up a military academy for the sons of royalty in Silla called Hwarang-do { 花郎徒 }, which means “ flower-youth corporation. ” The Hwarang studied Taekkyon, history, confucian philosophy, ethics, Buddhist ethical motive, sociable skills, and military tactics. The guiding principles of the Hwarang warriors were based on Won Gwang ‘s five codes of homo impart and included loyalty, filial duty, trustworthiness, heroism, and department of justice. [ 42 ] In hurt of Korea ‘s ample history of ancient and martial arts, korean martial arts faded during the late Joseon Dynasty. korean society became highly centralized under korean Confucianism, and warlike arts were ill regarded in a club whose ideals were epitomized by its scholar-kings. [ 43 ] Formal practices of traditional martial arts such as subak and Taekkyon were reserved for ratified military uses. however, Taekkyon persisted into the nineteenth hundred as a family game during the May-Dano festival, and was still taught as the formal military warlike art throughout the Joseon Dynasty. [ 41 ] early on progenitors of Taekwondo—the founders of the nine original kwans —who were able to study in Japan were exposed to japanese martial arts, including karate, judo, and kendo, [ 44 ] while others were exposed to the martial arts of China and Manchuria, angstrom well as to the autochthonal korean martial artwork of Taekkyon. [ 9 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Hwang Kee fall through of Moo Duk Kwan, further integrate elements of korean Gwonbeop from the Muye Dobo Tongji into the style that finally became Tang Soo Do. The historical influences of Taekwondo is controversial with a split between two schools of idea : traditionalism and revisionism. traditionalism holds that the origins of Taekwondo can be traced through korean martial arts while revisionism, which has become the prevailing theory, argues that Taekwondo is rooted in Karate. [ 48 ] Traditionalism has chiefly been supported by the korean politics as a concert attempt to divorce korean martial arts from their japanese past to give Korean a “ legitimate cultural past ”. [ 49 ]
philosophy [edit ]
unlike styles of Taekwondo adopt different philosophical underpinnings. many of these underpinnings however refer back to the Five Commandments of the Hwarang as a historical referent. For example, Choi Hong Hi expressed his philosophical basis for Taekwondo as the Five Tenets of Taekwondo : [ 50 ]
- Courtesy (yeui / 예의, 禮儀)
- Integrity (yeomchi / 염치, 廉恥)
- Perseverance (innae / 인내, 忍耐)
- Self-control (geukgi / 극기, 克己)
- Indomitable spirit (baekjeolbulgul / 백절불굴, 百折不屈)
These tenets are far articulated in a Taekwondo curse, besides authored by Choi :
- I shall observe the tenets of Taekwondo
- I shall respect the instructor and seniors
- I shall never misuse Taekwondo
- I shall be a champion of freedom and justice
- I shall build a more peaceful world
Modern ITF organizations have continued to update and expand upon this philosophy. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] The World Taekwondo Federation ( WTF ) besides refers to the commandments of the Hwarang in the articulation of its Taekwondo doctrine. [ 53 ] Like the ITF philosophy, it centers on the development of a peaceful society as one of the overarch goals for the rehearse of Taekwondo. The WT ‘s state doctrine is that this goal can be furthered by adoption of the Hwarang spirit, by behaving rationally ( “ education in accordance with the reason of eden ” ), and by realization of the philosophies embodied in the taegeuk ( the yin and the yang, i.e., “ the one of opposites ” ) and the surface-to-air missile taegeuk ( understand switch in the worldly concern as the interactions of the heavens, the Earth, and Man ). The philosophical position articulated by the Kukkiwon is besides based on the Hwarang custom. [ 54 ]
competition [edit ]
Sparring in a Taekwondo class Taekwondo rival typically involves sparring, breaking, and patterns ; some tournaments besides include particular events such as demonstration teams and self-defense ( hosinsul ). In Olympic Taekwondo competition, however, only sparring ( using WT contest rules ) is performed. [ 55 ] There are two kinds of rival sparring : degree spar, in which all strikes are alight contact and the clock is stopped when a bespeak is scored ; and Olympic spar, where all strikes are full liaison and the clock continues when points are scored. Sparring involves a Hogu, or a breast defender, which muffles any kick ‘s damage to avoid serious injuries. Helmets and other gear are provided ampere good. Though other systems may vary, a common point system works like this : one bespeak for a unconstipated gripe to the Hogu, two for a turn behind the complain, three for a back recoil, and four for a spinning kick back to the drumhead .
World Taekwondo ( WT ) contest [edit ]
hogu), forearm guards and shin guards official WT trunk defender ( ), forearm guards and tibia guards Under World Taekwondo ( WT, once WTF ) and Olympic rules, spar is a full-contact event, employing a continuous score system where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring each proficiency, taking place between two competitors in either an area measuring 8 meters square or an octagon of alike size. [ 56 ] Competitors are matched within gender and system of weights division—eight divisions for World Championships that are condensed to four for the Olympics. A win can occur by points, or if one rival is unable to continue ( knockout ). however, there are respective decisions that can lead to a gain, a well, including superiority, withdrawal, disqualification, or even a referee ‘s punitive declaration. [ 57 ] Each peer consists of three two-minute rounds, with one minute perch between rounds, though these are frequently abbreviated or shortened for some junior and regional tournaments. [ 56 ] Competitors must wear a hogu, head defender, shin pads, infantry socks, forearm guards, hand gloves, a mouthpiece, and a groin cup. Tournaments sanctioned by national governing bodies or the WT, including the Olympics and World Championship, use electronic hogus, electronic animal foot socks, and electronic promontory protectors to register and determine scoring techniques, with human judges used to assess and score technical ( spinning ) techniques and grudge punches. [ 56 ] Points are awarded for permit techniques delivered to the legal score areas as determined by an electronic score system, which assesses the forte and location of the liaison. The merely techniques allowed are kicks ( delivering a strike using an area of the foot below the ankle ), punches ( delivering a strike using the closed fist ), and pushes. In some smaller tournaments, and in the past, points were awarded by three corner judges using electronic seduce tallies. All major national and international tournaments have moved in full ( as of 2017 ) to electronic score, including the manipulation of electronic headgear. This limits corner judges to scoring alone technical points and punches. Some believe that the new electronic score system reduces controversy concerning judge decisions, [ 58 ] but this engineering is hush not universally accepted., [ 59 ] In particular, the move to electronic headgear has replaced controversy over judging with controversy over how the engineering has changed the sport. Because the headgear is not able to determine if a kick was a correct Taekwondo technique, and the pressure brink for detector activation for headdress is kept low for safety reasons, athletes who improvised ways of placing their foundation on their opponents head were able to score points, regardless of how genuine to Taekwondo those techniques were. [ 60 ] Techniques are divided into three categories : scoring techniques ( such as a kick to the hogu ), permitted but non-scoring techniques ( such as a kick back that strikes an arm ), and not-permitted techniques ( such as a kick below the waist ) .
- A punch that makes strong contact with the opponent’s hogu scores 1 point. The punch must be a straight punch with arm extended; jabs, hooks, uppercuts, etc. are permitted but do not score. Punches to the head are not allowed.
- A regular kick (no turning or spinning) to the hogu scores 2 points.
- A regular kick (no turning or spinning) to the head scores 3 points
- A technical kick (a kick that involves turning or spinning) to the hogu scores 4 points.
- A technical kick to the head scores 5 points.
- As of October 2010, 4 points were awarded if a turning kick was used to execute this attack. As of June 2018, this was changed to 5 points.[61]
The referee can give penalties at any time for rule-breaking, such as hitting an area not recognized as a prey, normally the legs or neck. Penalties, called “ Gam-jeom ” are counted as an addition of one point for the oppose contestant. Following 10 “ Gam-jeom ” a player is declared the failure by referee ‘s punitive resolution [ 56 ] At the end of three rounds, the rival with most points wins the match. In the event of a draw, a fourthly “ sudden death ” overtime turn, sometimes called a “ gold point ”, is held to determine the achiever after a one-minute rest time period. In this round, the first gear rival to score a point wins the match. If there is no score in the extra round, the achiever is decided by transcendence, as determined by the referee officials [ 61 ] or number of clog committed during that round. If a rival has a 20-point jumper cable at the end of the second base round or achieves a 20-point star at any point in the third round, then the match is over and that rival is declared the achiever. [ 56 ] In addition to sparring contest, World Taekwondo sanctions competition in poomsae or forms, although this is not an Olympic event. Single competitors perform a indicate pattern of movements, and are assessed by judges for accuracy ( accuracy of movements, balance, preciseness of details ) and display ( rush and power, rhythm method of birth control, energy ), both of which meet numeral scores, with deductions made for errors. [ 62 ] Pair and team rival is besides recognized, where two or more competitors perform the lapp shape at the same fourth dimension. In addition to competition with the traditional forms, there is experiment with freestyle forms that allow more creativity. [ 62 ] The World Taekwondo Federation directly sanctions the take after competitions : [ 63 ]
International Taekwon-Do Federation ( ITF ) competition [edit ]
common styles of ITF point sparring equipment The International Taekwon-Do Federation ‘s spar rules are like to the WT ‘s rules but differ in several aspects .
- Hand attacks to the head are allowed.[66]
- The competition is not full contact, and excessive contact is not allowed.
- Competitors are penalized with disqualification if they injure their opponent and he can no longer continue (knockout).
- The scoring system is:
- 1 point for Punch to the body or head.
- 2 points for Jumping kick to the body or kick to the head, or a jumping punch to the head
- 3 points for Jumping kick to the head
- The competition area is 9×9 meters for international events.
Competitors do not wear the hogu ( although they are required to wear approve foot and hand security equipment, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as optional promontory guards ). This scoring system varies between individual organisations within the ITF ; for example, in the TAGB, punches to the head or body sexual conquest 1 point, kicks to the body score 2 points, and kicks to the head score 3 points. A continuous point system is utilized in ITF rival, where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring a technique. excessive liaison is generally not allowed according to the official ruleset, and judges penalize any rival with disqualification if they injure their opponent and he can no longer continue ( although these rules vary between ITF organizations ). At the end of two minutes ( or some other intend clock time ), the rival with more scoring techniques wins. Fouls in ITF sparring include : attacking a fallen opponent, leg sweeping, holding/grabbing, or designed attack to a target other than the opposition. [ 67 ] ITF competitions besides feature performances of patterns, breaking, and ‘special techniques ‘ ( where competitors perform prescribed board breaks at bang-up heights ) .
Multi-discipline competition [edit ]
Some organizations deliver multi-discipline competitions, for exemplar the british Student Taekwondo Federation ‘s inter-university competitions, which have included freestanding WT rules sparring, ITF rules sparring, Kukkiwon patterns and Chang-Hon patterns events run in latitude since 1992. [ 68 ]
other organizations [edit ]
american english Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) competitions are very exchangeable, except that different styles of pads and gear are allowed. [ 69 ] apart from WT and ITF tournaments, major Taekwondo competitions ( all featuring WT Taekwondo only ) include :
Taekwondo is besides an optional sport at the Commonwealth Games .
Weight divisions [edit ]
The watch slant divisions are in effect ascribable to the WT [ 70 ] and ITF [ 71 ] tournament rules and regulations :
Olympics
male
female
−58 kg
−49 kg
−68 kg
−57 kg
−80 kg
−67 kg
+80 kg
+67 kg
WT Male
Championships
Juniors
Adults
−45 kg
−54 kg
−48 kg
−51 kg
−55 kg
−59 kg
−58 kg
−63 kg
−63 kg
−68 kg
−68 kg
−73 kg
−74 kg
−78 kg
+78 kg
−80 kg
−87 kg
+87 kg
WT Female
Championships
Juniors
Adults
−42 kg
−46 kg
−44 kg
−46 kg
−49 kg
−49 kg
−52 kg
−53 kg
−55 kg
−59 kg
−57 kg
−63 kg
−62 kg
−68 kg
−67 kg
+68 kg
−73 kg
+73 kg
ITF Male Championships
Juniors
Adults ( 18—39 year )
Veterans over 40
Veterans over 50
−45 kg
−50 kg
−64 kg
−66 kg
−51 kg
−57 kg
−57 kg
−64 kg
−73 kg
−63 kg
−71 kg
−69 kg
−78 kg
−80 kg
−80 kg
−75 kg
−85 kg
−90 kg
+75 kg
+85 kg
+90 kg
+80 kg
ITF Female Championships
Juniors
Adults ( 18—39 year )
Veterans over 40
Veterans over 50
−40 kg
−45 kg
−54 kg
−60 kg
−46 kg
−51 kg
−52 kg
−57 kg
−61 kg
−58 kg
−63 kg
−64 kg
−69 kg
−68 kg
−75 kg
−70 kg
−75 kg
−75 kg
+70 kg
+75 kg
+75 kg
+75 kg
korean Taekwondo vocabulary [edit ]
Some common Taekwondo terminology and parts of the body In Taekwondo schools—even outside Korea— Korean terminology commands and vocabulary are frequently used. korean numerals may be used as prompts for commands or for counting repeat exercises. Different schools and associations will use different vocabulary, however, and may even refer to entirely different techniques by the lapp name. As one exemplar, in Kukkiwon/WT-style Taekwondo, the term ap seogi refers to an erect walk-to stance, while in ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo ap seogi refers to a long, low, movement stance. korean vocabulary normally used in Taekwondo schools includes :
Basic Commands
English
Hangul (한글)
Hanja (한자/漢字)
Revised Romanization
Attention
차렷
Charyeot
Ready
준비
準備
Junbi
Begin
시작
始作
Sijak
Finish / Stop
그만
Geuman
Bow
경례
敬禮
Gyeonglye
Resume / Continue
계속
繼續
Gyesok
Return to ready
바로
Baro
Relax / At ease
쉬어
Swieo
Rest / Take a break
휴식
休息
Hyusik
Turn around / About face
뒤로돌아
Dwirodora
Yell
기합
氣合
Gihap
Look / Focus
시선
視線
Siseon
By the count
구령에 맞춰서
口令에 맞춰서
Guryeong-e majchwoseo
Without count
구령 없이
口令 없이
Guryeong eobs-i
Switch feet
발 바꿔
Bal bakkwo
Dismissed
해산
解散
Haesan
Hand Techniques
English
Hangul (한글)
Hanja (한자/漢字)
Revised Romanization
Hand Techniques
수 기
手技
Su gi
Attack / Strike / Hit
공격
攻擊
Gong-gyeog
Strike
치기
Chigi
Block
막기
Magki
Punch/hit
권
拳
Gwon
Punch
지르기
Jireugi
Middle punch
중 권
中拳
Jung gwon
Middle Punch
몸통 지르기
Momtong jireugi
Back fist
갑 권
甲拳 / 角拳
Gab gwon
Back fist
등주먹
Deungjumeog
Knife hand (edge)
수도
手刀
Su Do
Knife hand (edge)
손날
Son Kal
Thrust / spear
관
貫
Gwan
Thrust / spear
찌르기
Jjileugi
Spear hand
관 수
貫手
Gwan su
Spear hand (lit. fingertip)
손끝
Sonkkeut
Ridge hand
역 수도
逆手刀
Yeog su do
Ridge hand (lit. reverse hand blade)
손날등
Sonnaldeung
Hammer fist
권도
拳刀 / 拳槌
Gweon do
Pliers hand
집게 손
Jibge son
Palm heel
장관
掌貫
Jang gwan
Palm heel
바탕손
Batangson
Elbow
팔꿈
Palkkum
Gooseneck
손목 등
Sonmog deung
Side punch
횡진 공격
橫進攻擊
Hoengjin gong gyeog
Side punch
옆 지르기
Yeop jileugi
Mountain block
산 막기
山막기
San maggi
One finger fist
일 지 권
一指拳
il ji gwon
1 finger spear hand
일 지관 수
一指貫手
il ji gwan su
2 finger spear hand
이지관수
二指貫手
i ji gwan su
Double back fist
장갑권
長甲拳
Jang gab gwon
Double hammer fist
장 권도
長拳刀
Jang gwon do
Foot Techniques
English
Hangul (한글)
Hanja (한자/漢字)
Revised Romanization
Foot Techniques
족기
足技
Jog gi
Kick
차기
Chagi
Front snap kick
앞 차기
Ap chagi
…also Front snap kick
앞 차넣기
Ap chaneohgi
…also Front snap kick
앞 뻗어 차기
Ap ppeod-eo chagi
Inside-out heel kick
안에서 밖으로 차기
An-eseo bakk-eulo chagi
Outside-in heel kick
밖에서 안으로 차기
Baggeso aneuro chagi
Stretching front kick
앞 뻗어 올리 기
Ap ppeod-eo olli gi
Roundhouse kick
돌려 차기
Dollyeo chagi
…also Roundhouse kick
Ap dollyeo chagi
Side kick
옆 차기
Yeop chagi
…also Snap Side kick
옆 뻗어 차기
Yeop ppeod-eo chagi
Hook kick
후려기 차기
Hulyeogi chagi
…also hook kick
후려 차기
Huryeo chagi
Back kick
뒤 차기
Dwi chagi
…also Spin Back kick
뒤 돌려 차기
Dwi dollyeo chagi
Spin hook kick
뒤 돌려 후려기 차기
Dwi dollyeo hulyeogi chagi
Knee strike
무릎 차기
Mu reup chagi
Reverse round kick
빗 차기
Bit chagi
Stances
English
Hangul (한글)
Hanja (한자/漢字)
Revised Romanization
Stances
자세
姿勢
Seogi (stance) or Jase (posture)
Ready stance
준비 자세
準備 姿勢
Junbi seogi (or jase)
Front Stance
전굴 자세
前屈 姿勢
Jeongul seogi (or jase)
Back Stance
후굴 자세
後屈 姿勢
Hugul seogi (or jase)
Horse-riding Stance
기마 자세
騎馬 姿勢
Gima seogi (or jase)
…also Horse-riding Stance
기마립 자세
騎馬立 姿勢
Gimalip seogi (or jase)
…also Horse-riding Stance
주춤 서기
Juchum seogi
Side Stance
사고립 자세
四股立 姿勢
Sagolib seogi (or jase)
Cross legged stance
교차 립 자세
交(叉/差)立 姿勢
Gyocha lib seogi (or jase)
Technique Direction
English
Hangul (한글)
Hanja (한자/漢字)
Revised Romanization
Moving forward
전진
推進
Jeonjin
Backing up / retreat
후진
後進
Hujin
Sideways/laterally
횡진
橫進
Hoengjin
Reverse (hand/foot)
역진
逆進
Yeogjin
Lower
하단
下段
Hadan
Middle
중단
中段
Jungdan
Upper
상단
上段
Sangdan
Two handed
쌍수
雙手
Ssangsu
Both hands
양수
兩手
Yangsu
Lowest
최 하단
最下段
Choe hadan
Right side
오른 쪽
Oleun jjog
Left side
왼 쪽
Oen jjog
Other side/Twist
틀어
Teul-eo
Inside-outside
안에서 밖으로
An-eseo bakk-eulo
Outside inside
밖에서 안으로
Bakk-eseo an-eulo
Jumping / 2nd level
이단
二段
Idan
Hopping / Skipping
뜀을
Ttwim-eul
Double kick
두 발
Du bal
Combo kick
연속
連續
Yeonsog
Same foot
같은 발
Gat-eun bal
Titles
English
Hangul (한글)
Hanja (한자/漢字)
Revised Romanization
Founder/President
관장 님
館長님
Gwanjang nim
Master instructor
사범 님
師範님
Sabeom nim
Teacher
교사 님
敎師님
Gyosa nim
Black Belt
단
段
Dan
Student or Color Belt
급
級
Geup
Master level
고단자
高段者
Godanja
Other/Miscellaneous
English
Hangul (한글)
Hanja (한자/漢字)
Revised Romanization
School
관
館
Gwan (kwan)
Country Flag
국기
國旗
Guggi
Salute the flag
국기 배례
國旗 拜禮
Guggi baerye
Pay respect / bow
경례
敬禮
Gyeongnye
Moment of silence
묵념
默念
Mugnyeom
Sit down!
앉아!
Anj-a!
Thank you
감사합니다
感謝합니다
Gamsa habnida
Informal thank you
고맙습니다
Gomabseubnida
You’re welcome
천만에요
Cheonman-eyo
Uniform
도복
道服
Dobok
Belt
띠
帶
Tti
Studio / School / Gym
도장
道場
Dojang
Test
심사
審査
Simsa
Self Defense
호신술
護身術
Hosinsul
Sparring (Kukkiwon/WT-style)
겨루기
Gyeorugi
…also Sparring (Chang Hon/ITF-style)
맞서기
Matseogi
…also Sparring
대련
對練
Daelyeon
Free sparring
자유 대련
自由 對練
Jayu daelyeon
Ground Sparring
좌 대련
座 對練
Jwa daelyeon
One step sparring
일 수식 대련
一數式 對練
il su sig daelyeon
Three step sparring
삼 수식 대련
三數式 對練
Sam su sig daelyeon
Board Breaking
격파
擊破
Gyeog pa
celebrated practitioners [edit ]
For practitioners of Taekwondo, see class : tae kwon do practitioners
Olympic medalists [edit ]
Grandmasters [edit ]
Kickboxers and Mixed Martial Artists [edit ]
fame practitioners [edit ]
honorary Black swath [edit ]
See besides [edit ]
Notes [edit ]
References [edit ]
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