Izmir ( IZ-meer, iz-MEER ; turkish : İzmir, turkish pronunciation : [ ˈizmiɾ ] ) is a metropolitan city in the western extremity of Anatolia, capital of the state of the lapp name. It is the third most populous city in Turkey, after Istanbul and Ankara ; and the second gear largest urban agglomeration on the Aegean Sea after Athens.
Reading: İzmir – Wikipedia
As of the final 31/12/2019 appraisal, the city of İzmir had a population of 2,965,900, while İzmir Province had a total population of 4,367,251. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Its built-up ( or metro ) area was home to 3,209,179 inhabitants extending on 9 out of 11 urban districts ( all but Urla and Guzelbahce not however agglomerated ) plus Menemen and Menderes largely conurbated. It extends along the outlying waters of the Gulf of İzmir and inland to the north across the Gediz River Delta ; to the east along an alluvial complain created by several humble streams ; and to slightly more rugged terrain in the confederacy. [ 5 ]
Izmir embankment İzmir has more than 3,000 years of recorded urban history, and up to 8,500 years of history as a human village since the Neolithic period. In classical music ancientness the city was known as Smyrna ( SMUR-nə ; greek : Σμύρνη, romanized : Smýrni/Smýrnē ) – a name which remained in use in English and assorted other languages until around 1930, when government efforts led the original Greek name to be gradually phased out internationally in favor of its turkish counterpart İzmir. [ 6 ] Lying on an advantageous placement at the head of a gulf running down in a deep indentation, center along the western Anatolian coast, İzmir has been one of the principal mercantile cities of the Mediterranean Sea for much of its history. It hosted the Mediterranean Games in 1971 and the World University Games ( Universiade ) in 2005. The city participated in Climathon in 2019. [ 7 ]
main features [edit ]
İzmir has over 3000 years of recorded urban history and astir to 8500 years of history as a human colony since the Neolithic period. Set in an advantageous location at the steer of a gulf in a deep indentation midway along the western Anatolian coast, the city has been one of the star mercantile ports of the Mediterranean Sea for much of its history. Modern İzmir besides incorporates the nearby ancient cities of Ephesus, Pergamon, Sardis and Klazomenai, and centers of external tourism such as Kuşadası, Çeşme, Mordoğan and Foça. When the Ottomans took over İzmir in the fifteenth century, they did not inherit compelling diachronic memories, unlike the other key points of the Ottoman barter network, namely Constantinople ( Istanbul ), Damascus, Baghdad and Cairo. The emergence of İzmir as a major international port by the seventeenth century was largely a result of the drawing card it exercised over foreigners and the city ‘s european predilection. [ 8 ] Politically, İzmir is considered a stronghold of Kemalism and the republican People ‘s Party ( CHP ). Izmir ‘s port is Turkey ‘s primary port for exports in terms of the cargo handled and its spare zone, a Turkish-U.S. joint-venture established in 1990, is the drawing card among the twenty in Turkey. The work force, and peculiarly its rising course of new professionals, is concentrated either in the city or in its immediate vicinity ( such as in Manisa and Turgutlu ), and as either larger companies or SMEs, affirm their names with an increasingly across-the-board ball-shaped scale and intensity. [ 9 ] İzmir hosted the Mediterranean Games in 1971 and the World University Games ( Universiade ) in 2005. In March 2008, İzmir submitted its command to the BIE for hosting the Universal Expo 2015, but it was won by Milan, Italy .
Names and etymology [edit ]
In ancient Anatolia, the name of a vicinity called Ti-smurna is mentioned in some of the Level II tablets from the assyrian akkadian colony in Kültepe ( first half of the 2nd millennium BC ), with the prefix ti- identifying a proper list, although it is not established with certainty that this name refers to contemporary İzmir. [ 10 ] The mod name İzmir is the turkish render of the greek name Smyrna and “ Smyrne ” ( Σμύρνη ). In chivalric times, Westerners used forms like Smire, Zmirra, Esmira, Ismira, which was rendered as İzmir into Turkish, in the first place written as ايزمير with the Ottoman Turkish rudiment. [ 11 ] The region of İzmir was situated on the southern fringes of the Yortan culture in Anatolia ‘s prehistory, cognition of which is about entirely drawn from its cemeteries. [ 12 ] In the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, it was in the western end of the extension of the inactive largely obscure Arzawa Kingdom, an outgrowth and normally a addiction of the Hittites, who themselves spread their direct principle american samoa far as the slide during their Great Kingdom. That the kingdom of the thirteenth hundred BC local Luwian ruler, who is depicted in the Kemalpaşa Karabel rock carving at a distance of only 50 km ( 31 michigan ) from İzmir was called the Kingdom of Myra may besides leave grounds for association with the city ‘s name. [ 13 ] The latest known render in Greek of the city ‘s name is the Aeolic Greek Μύρρα Mýrrha, corresponding to the later Ionian and Attic Σμύρνα ( Smýrna ) or Σμύρνη ( Smýrnē ), both presumably descendants of a Proto-Greek form * Smúrnā. Some would see in the city ‘s name a reference point to the name of an Amazon called Smyrna said to have seduced Theseus, leading him to name the city in her honor. [ 14 ] Others link the name to the Myrrha commifera shrub, a plant producing the aromatic resin called myrrh that is autochthonal to the Middle East and northeastern Africa, which was the city ‘s chief export in antiquity. [ 15 ] The Romans took over this name as Smyrna, which is still the name used in English when referring to the city in pre-Turkish times. In Ottoman Turkish the town ‘s name was ايزمير Izmīr. In English, the city was called Smyrna into the twentieth hundred. Izmir ( sometimes İzmir ) was adopted in English and most extraneous languages after Turkey adopted the Latin rudiment in 1928 and urged early countries to use the city ‘s turkish identify. [ 16 ] however, the historic name Smyrna is even used today in some languages, such as armenian ( Զմյուռնիա, Zmyurnia ), italian ( Smirne ), and Catalan, Portuguese, and spanish ( Esmirna ) .
A bird’s-eye watch of the Alsancak quarter within the Konak district of İzmir
history [edit ]
Ancient times [edit ]
The city is one of the oldest settlements of the Mediterranean river basin. The 2004 discovery of Yeşilova Höyük and the adjacent Yassıtepe, in the small delta of Meles River, now the Bornova plain, reset the starting date of the city ‘s by further back than previously thought. Findings from two seasons of excavations carried out in the Yeşilova Höyük by a team of archaeologists from İzmir ‘s Ege University indicate three levels, two of which are prehistoric. level 2 bears traces of early to mid- Chalcolithic, and Level 3 of neolithic age settlements. These two levels would have been inhabited by the autochthonal peoples of the sphere, very roughly, between the 7th millennium BC to 4th millennium BC. As the seashore receded with clock, the locate was late used as a cemetery. respective graves containing artifacts dating roughly from 3000 BC, and contemporary with the first city of Troy, were found. [ 17 ] The first settlement to have commanded the Gulf of İzmir as a hale was established on top of Mount Yamanlar, to the northeast of the inside gulf. In connection with the silt up brought by the streams which join the ocean along the coastline, the settlement to form late the core of “ Old Smyrna ” was founded on the slopes of the like mountain, on a hill ( then a small peninsula connected to the mainland by a small isthmus ) in the contemporary vicinity of Tepekule in Bayraklı. The Bayraklı colony is thought to have stretched back in fourth dimension american samoa army for the liberation of rwanda as the 3rd millennium BC. [ citation needed ] Archaeological findings of the deep Bronze Age show a certain decree of Mycenaean influence in the liquidation and the surrounding region, though far excavations of Bronze Age layers are needed to propose Old Smyrna of that time as a Mycenaean settlement. [ 18 ] In the thirteenth century BC, however, invasions from the Balkans ( the alleged Sea Peoples ) destroyed Troy VII, and Central and Western Anatolia as a whole fell into what is by and large called the period of “ anatolian ” and “ greek ” Dark Ages of the Bronze Age collapse .
Old Smyrna [edit ]
coinage of Klazomenai, circa 386–301 BC in Urla, slightly outside İzmir urban partition, is associated with some of the oldest know records of trade in olive petroleum At the dawn of İzmir ‘s read history, Pausanias describes “ discernible tokens ” such as “ a port called after the name of Tantalus and a burial chamber of him by no means obscure ”, corresponding to the city ‘s area and which have been tentatively located to go steady. [ 19 ] The term “ Old Smyrna ” is used to describe the Archaic Period city located at Tepekule, Bayraklı, to make a eminence with the city of Smyrna rebuild late on the slopes of Mount Pagos ( contemporary Kadifekale ). The greek settlement in Old Smyrna is attested by the presence of pottery dating from about 1000 BC onwards. The most ancient ruins preserved to our times date back to 725– 700 BC. According to Herodotus the city was founded by Aeolians and late seized by Ionians. [ 20 ] The oldest house discovered in Bayraklı has been dated to 925 and 900 BC. The walls of this well-preserved firm ( 2.45 by 4 metres or 8.0 by 13.1 feet ), consisting of one small room typical of the Iron Age, were made of sun-dried bricks and the ceiling of the house was made of reeds. [ citation needed ] The oldest exemplary of a multiple-roomed house of this period was found in Old Smyrna. Known to be the oldest family having indeed many rooms under its roof, it was built in the second gear half of the seventh century BC. The house has two floors and five rooms with a court. Around that time, people started to build blockheaded, protective ramparts made of sun-dried bricks around the city. Smyrna was built on the Hippodamian system, in which streets run north-south and east-west and intersect at right angles, in a traffic pattern familiar in the Near East but the earliest model in a western city. The houses all faced south. The most ancient paved streets in the ionian civilization have besides been discovered in ancient Smyrna. [ citation needed ]
statue of the river god Kaystros with a profusion, at the museum of History and Art, Kültürpark, Izmir. Homer, referred to as Melesigenes meaning “ Child of the Meles Brook ”, is said to have been born in Smyrna in the 7th or eighth century BC. Combined with written tell, it is generally admitted that Smyrna and Chios put forth the strongest arguments in claiming Homer and the main impression is that he was born in Ionia. A River Meles, still bearing the same name, is located within the city limits, although associations with the Homeric river is subject to controversy. From the seventh hundred onwards, Smyrna achieved the identity of a city state. About a thousand people lived inside the city walls, with others living in nearby villages, where fields, olive trees, vineyards, and the workshops of potters and stonecutters were located. People generally made their survive from department of agriculture and fishing. The most important refuge of Old Smyrna was the Temple of Athena, which dates back to 640–580 BC and is partially restored today. Smyrna, by this luff, was nobelium longer a small township, but an urban center taking part in the Mediterranean deal. The city finally became one of the twelve ionian cities and was well on its way to becoming a foremost cultural and commercial center in the Mediterranean basin of that period, reaching its flower between 650–545 BC. [ citation needed ]
lydian rule [edit ]
The city ‘s port position near their capital drew the Lydians to Smyrna. The army of Lydia ‘s Mermnad dynasty conquered the city erstwhile around 610–600 BC [ 21 ] and is reported to have burned and destroyed parts of the city, although late analyses on the remains in Bayraklı show that the temple had been in continuous use or was very promptly repaired under the lydian rule .
iranian rule [edit ]
soon afterwards, an invasion from outside Anatolia by the Persian Empire effectively ended Old Smyrna ‘s history as an urban center of eminence. The irani emperor butterfly Cyrus the Great attacked the coastal cities of the Aegean after conquering the capital of Lydia. As a resultant role, Old Smyrna was destroyed in 545 BC .
Alexander the bang-up [edit ]
Alexander the Great re-founded the city at a new placement beyond the Meles River around 340 BC. Alexander had defeated the Persians in several battles and finally the Emperor Darius III himself at Issus in 333 BC. Old Smyrna on a small hill by the ocean was large enough lone for a few thousand people. consequently, the slopes of Mount Pagos ( Kadifekale ) were chosen for the basis of the new city, for which Alexander is credited, and this dissemble laid the grind for a revival in the city ‘s population .
Roman rule [edit ]
In 133 BC, Eumenes III, the survive king of the Attalid dynasty of Pergamum, was about to die without an successor. In his will, he bequeathed his kingdom to the Roman Republic, and this included Smyrna. The city thus came under Roman rule as a civil diocese within the Province of Asia and enjoyed a new period of prosperity. Towards the close of the first hundred AD, Smyrna appeared as one of the seven churches of Asia ( Revelation 2:9 ). Apostle John urged his followers to remain Christians : “ Be congregation to the point of death, and I will give you the pate of liveliness ” ( Revelation 2:10 ). Given the importance of the city, Roman emperors who came to Anatolia besides visited Smyrna. In early AD 124, Emperor Hadrian visited Smyrna on his travel across the Empire [ 22 ] and possibly Caracalla came in 214–215. Smyrna was a fine city with stone-paved streets. In AD 178, the city was devastated by an earthquake. Emperor Marcus Aurelius contributed greatly to the rebuild of the city. During this period the agora was restored. many of the works of architecture from the city ‘s pre-Turkish period date from this period. After the Roman Empire was divided into two distinct entities, Smyrna became a territory of the Eastern Roman Empire. The city kept its status as a luminary religious center in the early Byzantine menstruation, but never returned to the Roman levels of prosperity .
medieval menstruation [edit ]
The Turks foremost captured Smyrna under the Seljuk commander Çaka Bey in 1076, along with Klazomenai, Foça and a total of the Aegean Islands. Çaka Bey ( known as Tzachas among the Byzantines ) used İzmir as a base for his naval operations. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] In 1097, the Byzantine commanding officer John Doukas recovered the city and the neighbor region. [ 25 ] [ 24 ] The interface city was then captured by the Knights of St John when Constantinople was conquered by the Crusaders during the Fourth Crusade in 1204, but the Nicaean Empire would reclaim possession of the city soon afterwards, albeit by according huge concessions to their genoese allies who kept one of the city ‘s castles and the lordship of the towns of Old Phocaea and New Phocaea ( now part of the İzmir Province ) from 1275 to 1340. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Smyrna was captured again by the Turks in the early fourteenth hundred. Umur Bey, the son of the founder of the Beylik of Aydın, took first the upper berth fortify of Mount Pagos ( thereafter called Kadifekale ), and then the lower port palace of Neon Kastron ( called St. Peter by the Genoese and as “ Ok Kalesi ” by the Turks ). As Tzachas had done two centuries before, Umur Bey used the city as a free-base for naval raids. In 1344, a coalescence of forces coordinated by Pope Clement VI took back the lower castle in a surprise attack in the Smyrniote crusades. A sixty-year period of awkward cohabitation between the two powers, the Turks holding the upper berth castle and the Knights the lower, followed Umur Bey ‘s death .
Ottoman rule [edit ]
The port of İzmir, from an 1883 encyclopedia. The upper berth city of İzmir was captured from its Aydinid rulers by the Ottomans for the beginning time in 1389 during the reign of Bayezid I, who led his armies toward the five western anatolian Beyliks in the winter of the same year he had come to the enthrone. In 1402, however, Timur ( Tamerlane ) won the Battle of Ankara against the Ottomans, putting a serious see on the Ottoman state for the two following decades and handing back the territories of most of the Beyliks to their early govern dynasties. Timur attacked and destroyed Smyrna and was creditworthy for the massacre of most of the Christian population, which constituted the huge majority in Smyrna. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] In 1415, Mehmet I took back İzmir for the Ottomans for the second time. With the death of the last bey of Aydın, İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey, in 1426 the city passed fully under Ottoman control condition. İzmir ‘s first Ottoman governor was Alexander, a convert son of the Bulgarian Shishman dynasty. During the campaigns against Cüneyd, the Ottomans were assisted by the forces of the Knights Hospitaller who pressed the Sultan to return the port palace to them. however, the sultan refused to make this concession, despite the resulting tensions between the two camps, and he gave the Hospitallers permission to build a castle ( the contemporary Bodrum Castle ) in Petronium ( Bodrum ) alternatively. [ citation needed ] In a landward-looking musical arrangement reasonably against its nature, the city and its contemporary dependencies became an Ottoman sanjak ( sub-province ) either inside the larger vilayet ( province ) of Aydın part of the eyalet of Anatolia, with its capital in Kütahya or in “ Cezayir ” ( i.e. “Islands” referring to “ the Aegean Islands “ ). In the fifteenth century, two celebrated events for the city were a storm venetian foray in 1475 and the arrival of Sephardic Jews from Spain after 1492 ; they later made İzmir one of their star urban centers in Ottoman lands. İzmir may have been a quite sparsely populate position in the 15th and 16th centuries, as indicated by the first extant Ottoman records describing the town and dating from 1528. In 1530, 304 adult males, both tax-paying and tax-exempt were on record, 42 of them Christians. There were five urban wards, one of these situated in the contiguous vicinity of the port, rather active despite the town ‘s belittled size and where the non-Muslim population was concentrated. By 1576, İzmir had grown to sign of the zodiac 492 taxpayers in eight urban wards and had a number of dependent villages. [ 30 ] This corresponded to a entire population estimated between 3500 and 5000 .
International port city [edit ]
İzmir ‘s remarkable growth began in the late sixteenth hundred when cotton and other products of the area brought French, English, Dutch and venetian traders here. [ citation needed ] With the privilege trade conditions accorded to foreigners in 1620 ( these were the ill-famed capitulations that were by and by to cause a dangerous terror and reverse for the Ottoman state in its decline ), İzmir began to be one of the foremost deal centers of the Empire. Foreign consulates moved from Chios to the city by the early seventeenth hundred ( 1619 for the french Consulate, 1621 for the british ), serving as trade centers for their nations. Each consulate had its own quay, where the ships under their flag would anchor. The long campaign for the seduction of Crete ( 22 years between 1648 and 1669 ) besides well enhanced İzmir ‘s position within the Ottoman kingdom since the city served as a port of dispatch and add for the troops. [ 32 ]
Despite facing a plague in 1676, an earthquake in 1688, and a big fire in 1743, the city continued to grow. By the end of the seventeenth hundred, the population was estimated at around ninety thousand, the Turks forming the majority ( about 60,000 ) ; there were besides 15,000 Greeks, 8,000 Armenians and 6,000 to 7,000 Jews, ampere well as a considerable segment made up of French, English, Dutch and italian merchants. [ 33 ] In the meanwhile, the Ottomans had allowed İzmir ‘s inside alcove dominated by the port castle to silt up increasingly ( the localization of the contemporary Kemeraltı bazaar zone ) and the port palace ceased to be of use. In 1770, the Ottoman flit was destroyed by russian forces at the Battle of Çeşme, located near the city. This triggered fanatic Muslim groups to proceed to the slaughter of c. 1,500 local Greeks. [ 34 ] Later, in 1797 a riot resulting from the indiscipline of janissaries corps led to massive end of the frankish merchant residential district and the kill of 1,500 members of the city ‘s Greek community. [ 35 ] The first base railroad track lines to be built within the contemporary district of Turkey went from İzmir. A 130 kilometer ( 81 mi ) İzmir- Aydın railroad track was started in 1856 and finished in 1867, a year belated than the Smyrna-Cassaba Railway, itself started in 1863. [ 36 ] The broad bow of the Smyrna-Cassaba line advancing in a wide bow to the northwest from İzmir, through the Karşıyaka suburb, contributed greatly to the development of the northerly shores as urban areas. These new developments, distinctive of the industrial age and the way the city attracted merchants and middlemen gradually changed the demographic structure of the city, its culture and its Ottoman fictional character. In 1867, İzmir ultimately became the center of its own vilayet, still called by neighboring Aydın ‘s name but with its own administrative area covering a large part of Turkey ‘s contemporary aegean Region. In the late nineteenth hundred, the larboard was threatened by a build-up of silt up in the gulf and an enterprise, unique in the history of the Ottoman Empire, was undertaken in 1886. In order to redirect the silt, the bed of the Gediz River was redirected to its contemporary northerly course, so that it no longer flowed into the gulf. The beginning of the twentieth hundred saw İzmir take on the expression of a global city with a cosmopolitan city center. According to the 1893 Ottoman census, more than half of the population was turkish, with 133,800 Greeks, 9,200 Armenians, 17,200 Jews, and 54,600 foreign nationals. [ 37 ] According to author Katherine Flemming, by 1919, Smyrna ‘s 150,000 Greeks made up just under half of the population, outnumbering the Turks in the city two to one, [ 38 ] while the American Consul General, George Horton, records 165,000 Turks, 150,000 Greeks, 25,000 Jews, 25,000 Armenians, and 20,000 foreigners ( Italians, French, British, Americans ). [ 39 ] According to Henry Morgenthau and Trudy Ring, before World War I, the Greeks alone numbered 130,000, out of a total population of 250,000. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] furthermore, according to versatile scholars, anterior to the war, the city hosted more Greeks than Athens, the capital of Greece. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] The Ottoman ruling class of that earned run average referred to the city as Infidel Smyrna ( Gavur İzmir ) due to its solid greek presence. [ 40 ] [ 41 ]
Modern times [edit ]
MaviBahçe
Hilltown Karşıyaka Shopping malls in the Mavişehir stern of Karşıyaka Following the frustration of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the victors had, for a time, intended to carve up big parts of Anatolia into respective zones of charm and offered the western regions of Turkey to Greece under the Treaty of Sèvres. On 15 May 1919, the greek Army landed in Smyrna, but the greek excursion towards central Anatolia was black for both that country and for the local anesthetic Greeks of Anatolia. By September 1922 the greek united states army had been defeated and was in full retreat, the final greek soldiers leaving Smyrna on 8 September 1922 .
İzmir Chamber of Commerce in Konak The turkish Army recapture possession of the city on 9 September 1922, effectively ending the Greco-Turkish War ( 1919–1922 ). Four days former, on 13 September 1922, a great displace broke out in the city, lasting until 22 September. The open fire completely destroyed the Greek and armenian quarters, while the Muslim and jewish quarters escaped damage. [ 44 ] Estimated Greek and Armenians deaths resulting from the fire compass from 10,000 [ 45 ] [ 46 ] to 100,000 [ 47 ] [ 48 ] approximately 50,000 [ 49 ] to 400,000 [ 50 ] Greek and armenian refugees crammed the waterfront to escape from the fire and were forced to remain there under harsh conditions for closely two weeks. The systematic emptying of Greeks on the quay started on 24 September when the first greek ships entered the harbor under the supervision of Allied destroyers. [ 51 ] Some 150,000 to 200,000 Greeks were evacuated in sum. [ 46 ] The remaining Greeks left for Greece in 1923, as separate of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, a condition of the Treaty of Lausanne, which formally ended the Greco-Turkish War .
The war, and specially the events that took position in İzmir, such as the fire, probably the greatest catastrophe the city has ever experienced, continue to influence the psyches of the two nations to this day. The Turks have claimed that the greek army bring was marked from the very first base day by the “ beginning fastball ” fired on greek detachments by the journalist Hasan Tahsin and the bayonet to death of Colonel Fethi Bey and his unarmed soldiers in the city ‘s historic barracks ( Sarı Kışla — the Yellow Barracks ), for refusing to shout “ Zito o Venizelos “ ( “ long survive Venizelos ” ). The Greeks, on the other hand, have cited the numerous atrocities committed by the turkish soldiers against the Greeks and Armenians ( locals or hinterland refugees ) in İzmir. These include the lynch of the Orthodox Metropolitan Chrysostomos following the recapture of the city on 9 September 1922 and the slaughter of armenian and greek males, who were then sent to the alleged labor battalions. [ 52 ] The city was, once again, gradually rebuilt after the proclamation of the Turkish Republic in 1923. In 2020, the city was damaged by the Aegean Sea earthquake and tsunami, which was the deadliest seismic event in that class. 117 people died and 1,034 more were injured in Turkey, all but one of whom were from the city of İzmir. [ 53 ] today, the city of İzmir is composed of several metropolitan districts. Of these, the zone of Konak corresponds to historic İzmir, with this zone ‘s area having constituted the city ‘s cardinal “ İzmir municipality ” ( turkish : İzmir Belediyesi ) until 1984. With the formation of the “ İzmir Metropolitan Municipality ” ( turkish : İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi ), the city of İzmir at first grouped together its football team ( initially nine ) urban districts – namely Balçova, Bayraklı, Bornova, Buca, Çiğli, Gaziemir, Güzelbahçe, Karabağlar, Karşıyaka, Konak, and Narlıdere – and later consolidated them with an extra nine of the state ‘s districts outside the city proper. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] In 2013, the passing of Act 6360 established all thirty of İzmir Province ‘s districts as character of İzmir ‘s metropolitan area. [ 56 ]
Demographics [edit ]
| Year | Population | Year | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1595 | 2,000[57] | 1955 | 286,000 |
| 1640 | 35,000–40,000[57] | 1960 | 371,000 |
| 1660 | 60,000–70,000[57] | 1965 | 442,000 |
| 1890 | 200,000[57] | 1970 | 554,000 |
| 1918 | 300,000[57] | 1985 | 1,489,817 |
| 1927 | 154,000 | 1990 | 1,758,780 |
| 1935 | 171,000 | 2000 | 2,232,265 |
| 1940 | 184,000 | 2007 | 2,606,294 |
| 1945 | 200,000 | 2009 | 2,727,968 |
| 1950 | 231,000 | 2014 | 2,847,691 |
The menstruation after the 1960s and the 1970s saw another blow to the fabric of İzmir, when local administrations tended to neglect İzmir ‘s traditional values and landmarks. For many inhabitants, this was american samoa dangerous as the 1922 open fire. Some administrators were not always in tune with the central government in Ankara and regularly fell short of government subsidies, and the city absorbed huge waves of immigration from inland Anatolia, causing a population explosion. today, it is not surprising that many inhabitants of İzmir ( alike to residents of early outstanding turkish cities ) look back with nostalgia to a cozier, more manageable city, which came to an end in the last few decades. The Floor Ownership Law of 1965 ( Kat Mülkiyeti Kanunu ), allowing and encouraging arrangements between house or land proprietors and building contractors by which each would share the benefits of renting out eight-floor apartment blocks built to replace early single-family houses, proved particularly black for the urban landscape. Modern İzmir is growing in respective directions at the lapp time. The north-western corridor extending to Aliağa brings together both mass caparison projects, including villa-type projects and intensive industrial area, including an oil refinery. In the southern corridor towards Gaziemir however another important growth swerve is observed, contributed to by the Aegean Free Zone, light diligence, the airport and mass house projects. The presence of the Tahtalı Dam, built to provide drink in water, and its protected zone did not check urban spread hera, which has offshoots in cooperatives outside the metropolitan area as army for the liberation of rwanda south as the Ayrancılar– Torbalı axis. To the east and the northeast, urban development ends near the natural barriers constituted respectively by the Belkahve ( Mount Nif ) and Sabuncubeli ( Mount Yamanlar – Mount Sipylus ) passes. But the settlements both above Bornova, inside the metropolitan zone, and around Kemalpaşa and Ulucak, outside the metropolitan zone, see batch house and secondary residences development .
More recently, the metropolitan area displays growth, specially along the western corridor, encouraged by the Çeşme expressway and extending to districts outside the city of İzmir proper, such as Seferihisar and Urla. [ 58 ] The population of the city is predominantly Muslim, but it was predominantly non-Muslim up to the earlier quarter of the twentieth century. [ 59 ] İzmir is besides home to Turkey ‘s second largest Jewish community after Istanbul, numbering about 2,500. [ 60 ] The residential district is distillery concentrated in their traditional one-fourth of Karataş. Smyrniot Jews like Sabbatai Zevi and Darío Moreno were among celebrated figures in the city ‘s Jewish community. Others include the Pallache family with three grand piano rabbi : Haim, Abraham, and Nissim .
The Levantines of İzmir, who are by and large of Genoese and to a lesser degree of French and Venetian descent, live chiefly in the districts of Bornova and Buca. One of the most outstanding contemporary figures of the community is Caroline Giraud Koç, wife of the celebrated Turkish industrialist Mustafa Koç, whose company, Koç Holding, is one of the largest family-owned industrial conglomerates in the worldly concern. İzmir once had a large Greek and Armenian residential district, but after the great fire of 1922 and the end of the Greco-Turkish War, many of the Christians remaining in the city fled or were transferred to Greece under the terms of the 1923 population central between Greece and Turkey .
climate [edit ]
İzmir has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa, Trewartha climate classification : Cs ), which is characterized by drawn-out, hot, dry summers, and mild to cool, showery winters. İzmir ‘s average annual precipitation is quite ample, at 730.5 millimeter ( 28.76 in ) ; however, the huge majority of the city ‘s rain occurs from November through March, and there is normally identical little to no rain from June through August, with frequent summer droughts. The city received its greatest rain, 145.3 millimeter ( 5.72 in ), on September 29, 2006, while the highest wind rush of 127.1 km/h ( 79.0 miles per hour ) was recorded on March 29, 1970. maximum temperatures during the winter months are largely between 10 and 16 °C ( 50 and 61 °F ). Although it is rare, snow can fall in İzmir from December to February, which normally stays for a few hours quite than a whole day or more. The record 32 curium ( 13 in ) of bamboozle depth was recorded on January 31, 1945. During summer, the atmosphere temperature can climb ampere high as 40 °C ( 104 °F ) from June to September ; however, the high temperatures are normally between 30 and 36 °C ( 86 and 97 °F ). Etesian winds ( turkish : meltem, greek : μελτέμι meltemi ) of the Aegean Sea occur regularly in the Gulf and city of İzmir .
| Climate data for İzmir (1991–2020, extremes 1938–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.4 (72.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
30.5 (86.9) |
32.5 (90.5) |
37.6 (99.7) |
41.3 (106.3) |
42.6 (108.7) |
43.0 (109.4) |
40.1 (104.2) |
36.0 (96.8) |
30.3 (86.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
43.0 (109.4) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
17.2 (63.0) |
21.3 (70.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
31.3 (88.3) |
33.8 (92.8) |
33.6 (92.5) |
29.5 (85.1) |
24.6 (76.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.0 (48.2) |
9.9 (49.8) |
12.4 (54.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
26.0 (78.8) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.5 (83.3) |
24.2 (75.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
18.4 (65.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 6.0 (42.8) |
6.6 (43.9) |
8.6 (47.5) |
11.8 (53.2) |
16.2 (61.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
10.9 (51.6) |
7.7 (45.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −8.2 (17.2) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
0.6 (33.1) |
4.3 (39.7) |
9.5 (49.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
11.5 (52.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
3.6 (38.5) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 127.5 (5.02) |
107.2 (4.22) |
77.8 (3.06) |
50.1 (1.97) |
32.9 (1.30) |
14.4 (0.57) |
3.0 (0.12) |
6.7 (0.26) |
23.5 (0.93) |
56.5 (2.22) |
99.6 (3.92) |
131.3 (5.17) |
730.5 (28.76) |
| Average precipitation days | 11.57 | 12.00 | 10.23 | 9.00 | 7.10 | 3.67 | 0.67 | 0.83 | 3.07 | 6.67 | 9.07 | 13.30 | 87.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 76 | 73 | 69 | 66 | 63 | 55 | 52 | 52 | 58 | 67 | 75 | 76 | 65 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 139.5 | 146.9 | 204.6 | 237.0 | 300.7 | 345.0 | 381.3 | 359.6 | 291.0 | 235.6 | 174.0 | 130.2 | 2,945.4 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 4.5 | 5.2 | 6.6 | 7.9 | 9.7 | 11.5 | 12.3 | 11.6 | 9.7 | 7.6 | 5.8 | 4.2 | 8.0 |
| Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[61] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Karabağlar Municipality (humidity)[62] | |||||||||||||
Main sights [edit ]
The Clock Tower is the symbol of the city Standing on Mount Yamanlar, the grave of Tantalus was excavated by Charles Texier in 1835 and is an example of the historic traces in the region prior to the Hellenistic Age, along with those found in nearby Kemalpaşa and Mount Sipylus .
Asansör (1907) offers panoramic views of the city The Agora of Smyrna is well preserved, and is arranged into the Agora Open Air Museum of İzmir, although authoritative parts buried under advanced buildings wait to be brought to unhorse. dangerous consideration is besides being given to uncovering the ancient theater of Smyrna where St. Polycarp was martyred, buried under an urban zone on the slopes of Kadifekale. It was distinct until the nineteenth century, as discernible by the sketches done at the meter. At top of the like hill stands an ancient castle, one of İzmir ‘s landmarks. One of the more pronounce elements of İzmir ‘s harbor is the Clock Tower, a marble tower in the middle of the Konak zone, standing 25 megabyte ( 82 foot ) in altitude. It was designed by Levantine French architect Raymond Charles Père in 1901 to commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the rise of Abdülhamid II to the Ottoman throne in 1876. The column features four fountains placed around the foundation in a circular model, and the column are inspired by north african themes .
The Kemeraltı bazaar partition set up by the Ottomans, combined with the Agora, rests near the slopes of Kadifekale. İzmir has had three castles historically – Kadifekale ( Pagos ), the portuary Ok Kalesi ( Neon Kastron, St. Peter ), and Sancakkale, which remained full of life to İzmir ‘s security for centuries. Sancakkale is situated in the contemporary İnciraltı quarter between the Balçova and Narlıdere districts, on the southern shore of the Gulf of İzmir. It is at a cardinal degree where the strait allows entrance into the inmost tip of the Gulf at its narrowest, and due to shallow waters through a big separate of this pass, ships have sailed close to the palace. [ 63 ] There are nine synagogues in İzmir, concentrated either in the traditional jewish quarter of Karataş or in Havra Sokak ( Synagogue street ) in Kemeraltı, and they all bear the signature of the nineteenth century when they were built or re-constructed in depth on the footing of former buildings .
Arkas Art Center in Izmir The Atatürk Mask ( turkish : Atatürk Maskı ) is a large concrete easing of the question of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, collapse of modern Turkey, located to the south of Kadifekale the diachronic castle of İzmir. The İzmir Bird Paradise ( İzmir Kuş Cenneti ) in Çiğli, a bird chancel near Karşıyaka, has 205 recorded species of birds, including 63 species that are house physician year-round, 54 species of summer migrant birds, 43 species of winter migratory birds, and 30 transeunt species. 56 species of birds have bred in the ballpark. The chancel, which covers 80 feather kilometres, was registered as “ the protected area for water birds and for their breeding ” by the Turkish Ministry of Forestry in 1982. A large alfresco menagerie was established in the like district of Çiğli in 2008 under the appoint Sasalı Park of Natural Life.
culture [edit ]
A watch of Kültürpark in central İzmir
İzmir International Fair [edit ]
İzmir prides itself with its interfering schedule of trade fairs, exhibitions and congresses. The fair and the festival are held in the compound of İzmir ‘s huge inner city park named Kültürpark in the first days of September, and organized by İZFAŞ, a depending company of İzmir Metropolitan Municipality .
Festivals [edit ]
The annual International İzmir Festival, which begins in mid-june and continues until mid-july, has been organized since 1987. During the festival, many first performers such as soloists and virtuosi, orchestras, dance companies, rock and wind groups have given recitals and performances at versatile venues in the city and its surrounding areas ; including the ancient theatres at Ephesus ( near Selçuk ) and Metropolis ( an ancient ionian city situated near the town of Torbalı. ) The festival is a member of the European Festivals Association since 2003. The İzmir european Jazz Festival is among the numerous events organized every year by the İKSEV ( İzmir Foundation for Culture, Arts and Education ) since 1994. The festival aims to bring together masters and lovers of jazz with the purpose to generate feelings of love, friendship and peace. The International İzmir Short Film Festival is organized since 1999 and is a penis of the european Coordination of Film Festivals. İzmir Metropolitan Municipality has built the Ahmet Adnan Saygun Art Center on a 21,000 m2 land plot in the Güzelyalı zone, in order to contribute to the city ‘s culture and artwork life. The acoustics of the center have been prepared by ARUP which is a notice company in this field. [ 64 ]
cuisine [edit ]
İzmir ‘s cuisine has largely been affected by its multicultural history, therefore the big diverseness of food originating from the Aegean and Mediterranean regions. Population movement from Eastern and South East Anatolia regions has enriched the local anesthetic cuisine. Another gene is the big and fat area of farming surrounding the region which grows a rich choice of vegetables. There is considerable culinary usage of green flick vegetables and rampantly plants amongst the residents, specially those with insular heritage, such as the immigrants from Crete. Some of the coarse dishes found here are the tarhana soup ( made from dried yogurt and tomatoes ), “ İzmir ” köfte, sulu köfte, keşkek ( boiled pale yellow with kernel ), zerde ( sweetened rice with saffron ) and mücver ( made from zucchine and eggs ). A Sephardic contribution to the turkish cuisine, boyoz and lokma are pastries associated with İzmir. Kumru is a particular kind of sandwich that is associated particularly with the Çeşme district and features tall mallow and tomato in its basics, with sucuk besides added sometimes. [ 65 ]
economy [edit ]
Skyscrapers in the Bayraklı zone of İzmir The port of Izmir is Turkey ‘s chief port for exports in terms of the freight handled and its free zone is the leader among the twenty in Turkey. Trade through the city ‘s port had a determinant importance for the economy of the Ottoman Empire at the begin of the nineteenth century and the economic foundations of the early decades of Turkey ‘s Republican earned run average were besides laid here during the İzmir Economic Congress. At present, İzmir area ‘s economy is divided in value between assorted types of activities, as follows : 30.5 % for industry, 22.9 % for deal and refer services, 13.5 % for exile and communication and 7.8 % for agribusiness. In 2008, İzmir provided 10.5 % of all tax revenues collected by Turkey and its exports corresponded to 6 % and its imports to 4 % of Turkey ‘s extraneous trade. The province as a whole is Turkey ‘s one-third largest exporter after Istanbul and Bursa, and the one-fifth largest importer. 85–90 % of the region ‘s exports and approximately one fifth of all turkish exports are made through the Port of Alsancak with an annual container loading capacity of close to a million. [ 66 ]
Sports [edit ]
respective authoritative international sports events have been held in İzmir :
The 51,295 capability ( all-seater ) İzmir Atatürk Stadium regularly hosts, aside from turkish Super League games of İzmir-based teams, many other Super League and Turkish Cup bowler hat matches .
celebrated football clubs in İzmir include : Göztepe, Altay, Altınordu, Menemenspor, Karşıyaka, Ci Group Buca, Bucaspor, and İzmirspor. Bucaspor were relegated from the exceed tier, turkish Super League, at the end of the 2010–11 season. Göztepe made sports history in Turkey by having played the semi-finals of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup ( which by and by became the UEFA Cup ) in the 1968–69 temper, and the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup Winners ‘ Cup in the 1969–70 season ; becoming the first always Turkish football club to play a semi-final game in Europe and the alone one for two decades, until Galatasaray reached the semi-finals of the 1988–89 european Cup. Göztepe and Altay have won the turkish Cup doubly for İzmir and all of İzmir ‘s teams have sporadically jumped in and out of Süper Lig. Historically, İzmir is besides the birthplace of two greek sports clubs, namely the multi-sport club Panionios and association football club Apollon Smyrni F.C. which were founded in the city and moved to Athens after 1922 .
Karşıyaka ‘s basketball department Karşıyaka Basket won the turkish Basketball League doubly ( in the 1986–87 and 2014–15 seasons ), the turkish Cup once ( in the 2013–14 season ) and the Presidential Cup twice ( in 1987 and 2014 ). The team plays its games at the Karşıyaka Arena. The 10,000 capacity ( all-seater ) Halkapınar Sports Hall is presently İzmir ‘s largest indoor sports stadium and was among the venues of the 2010 FIBA World Championship in Turkey .
Arkas Spor is a successful volleyball club in the city, having won the turkish Men ‘s Volleyball League and the turkish Cup respective times, and the CEV Challenge Cup in the 2008–09 season. İzmir Atatürk Volleyball Hall regularly hosts the games of the city ‘s volleyball teams. The city boasts of respective sports legends, by and stage. already at the click of its history, noteworthy natives such as the son of its first port ‘s founder Pelops had attained fame and kingdom with a chariot slipstream and Onomastus is one of history ‘s first recorded sportspeople, having won the box contest in the Olympiad of 688 BC. Born in İzmir, and nicknamed Taçsız Kral ( The Uncrowned King ), 1960s football star Metin Oktay is a legend in Turkey. Oktay became the first gear celebrated turkish football player to play afield, with Palermo in Italy ‘s Serie A, during the 1961–1962 season. Two early noteworthy football figures from İzmir are Alpay Özalan and Mustafa Denizli, the beginning having played for Aston Villa F.C. between 2000 and 2003 and the second, after a long play career as the captain of İzmir ‘s Altay S.K., still pursues a successful career as a coach, being the merely director in Turkish Super League history to win a championship title with each of Istanbul ‘s “ Big Three ” clubs ( Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe S.K., and Beşiktaş J.K. ) and having guided the turkish national football team to the UEFA Euro 2000 Quarter-Finals. İzmir Metropolitan Municipality ( İBB ) Sports Club ‘s ice ice hockey team began playing in the turkish Ice Hockey Super League during the 2011–2012 season
Politics [edit ]
Political party
The current mayor of the İzmir Metropolitan Municipality is Tunç Soyer from the republican People ‘s Party ( CHP ), in office since 2019. His harbinger, the previous mayor Aziz Kocaoğlu ( CHP ) was beginning elected in 2004, and he was re-elected in both 2009 and 2014. İzmir has traditionally been a stronghold for the CHP, the centre-left Kemalist political party which forms the main opposition in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Being the third largest city in Turkey, İzmir is viewed as the CHP ‘s most prize electoral stronghold, since the party has a more circumscribed digest base in both İstanbul and Ankara. Since the rightist Justice and Development Party ( AKP ) gained exponent in 2002, the electorate of İzmir has been luminary for voting strongly in favor of the CHP in every general and local election. In the 2007 and 2010 and 2017 referendums, the İzmir electorate powerfully rejected the AKP politics ‘s constitutional reform proposals. Almost all of the city ‘s districts have returned strong pluralities or majorities for the CHP in past elections, although the party lost earth in the 2014 local elections. due to the economic and historic importance of the city, İzmir has long been a strategic electoral prey for the AKP, since beating the CHP in their most meaning stronghold would be politically solid. The majority of the citizens in İzmir have continued to vote for the centre-left political parties ( in particular the CHP ), despite large-scale pledges by the AKP promise investing and new infrastructure. [ 67 ] For general elections, İzmir returns 28 members of parliament to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The province is split into two electoral districts which roughly divide the city into a northerly and southern zone, each electing 14 MPs. [ 68 ] Anti-government protests in 2013 and 2014 against the AKP were particularly potent in İzmir. [ 69 ] During the 2014 presidential election, 58.64 % of the city ‘s electorate voted for the CHP candidate Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu. In contrast, the AKP candidate Recep Tayyip Erdoğan received 33.38 % of the vote. The pro-Kurdish campaigner Selahattin Demirtaş received 7.98 %. [ 70 ] Political party
Media [edit ]
Izmir has its own local media companies : there are 9 television receiver channels headquartered in İzmir and broadcasting in the Aegean Region, 26 local radio receiver stations and 15 local newspapers. TRT Belgesel ( TRT Documentary ) is a turkish national television receiver channel broadcasting from the TRT build in Izmir. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ circular reference ]
television receiver channels broadcasting in Izmir [edit ]
▪Ege television receiver |Local television receiver ▪Kanal 35 |Local television ▪Sky TV | Local TV ▪Kordon TV | Local TV ▪FRM TV | Online TV ▪Ege Üniversitesi TV |Local television receiver ▪Ben television receiver | Online TV Ben TV – Ege ve İzmir Haberleri, Güncel Haberler ▪Yenigün TV | Online TV ▪TRT Belgesel | National television
local radio stations [edit ]
▪Radyo İzmir ▪Romantik Radyo ▪Romantik Türk ▪Radyo 35 ▪Kordon FM ▪İmbat FM ▪Radyo Kordelya ▪Radyo Efe ▪Oynak FM ▪Duygusal FM ▪Sky Radyo ▪Radyo Pause ▪Radyo Ege ▪Ege FM ▪Ege’nin Sesi Radyosu ▪Herkül FM ▪Can Radyo ▪Batı Radyo ▪Radyo Gökkuşağı ▪Yıldız FM ▪Buca FM ▪Radyo Ege Kampüs 100.8 ▪Rock City FM ▪öRT FM ▪Y.Tire FM ▪DEÜ FM [ 74 ]
Newspapers and magazines [edit ]
▪Ege Telgraf [ 3 ] ▪Ekonomik Çözüm ▪Gözlem ▪Haber Ekspres ▪Ticaret ▪Yenigün ▪Yeni Asır ▪Yeni Ekonomi ▪Yenigün Gazetesi ▪9 Eylül Gazetesi ▪Küçük Menderes Gazetesi ▪Büyük Tire ▪Ege Gazetesi [ 75 ] Tüm adresleri tek adreste [ 76 ]
Izmir in luminary literary and artistic works [edit ]
Health [edit ]
Air contamination in Turkey is a problem in the city, in part due to vehicle consume : a 2020 study of coal-fired residential heating estimated the cost of replacing it versus the reduction in illness and previous death. [ 78 ] There are 21 public hospitals in Izmir. The healthcare system in Turkey consists of a mix of public and individual hospitals. Turkey besides has a universal joint health care policy system ( SGK ) [ 79 ] which provides medical discussion complimentary of load in populace hospitals to residents registered with a turkish identity card number. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] One of the largest hospitals in the Aegean Region is presently under construction in the Bayraklı district of İzmir, with a reported price of 780 million Euros. [ 83 ] [ 84 ]
education [edit ]
There are a sum of nine active universities in and near İzmir. The city is besides home to well-rooted higher-education establishments that are renowned across Turkey, such as the İzmir Anatolian Vocational High School of Commerce ( İzmir Anadolu Ticaret Lisesi ) established in 1854, and the american Collegiate Institute ( ACI ) which was established in 1878. historically, during the late 19th and early twentieth centuries, the city was an educational center of the Greek worldly concern, with a sum of 67 male and 4 female schools. The most crucial greek educational institution was the Evangelical School which operated from 1733 to 1922. [ 85 ] İzmir is besides home to the third base U.S. Space Camp in the earth, Space Camp Turkey. [ 86 ]
Universities established in İzmir [edit ]
Universities established near İzmir [edit ]
Key Museum in Izmir has a solicitation of 130 automobiles and 40 motorcycles. It is the largest car museum in Turkey
International schools in İzmir [edit ]
- Deutsche Schule Izmir (German school)[89]
- Scuola Primaria e dell’Infanzia Italiana di Smirne (Italian school)[90][91]
conveyance [edit ]
İzmir is served by domestic and international flights through the Adnan Menderes International Airport and by modern rapid transit systems serving the entirety of İzmir ‘s metropolitan area. The city has attracted investors through its strategic placement and its relatively newfangled and highly develop technological infrastructure in transportation, telecommunications, and energy. [ 92 ] [ 93 ]
Inter-city ecstasy [edit ]
Air [edit ]
The Adnan Menderes International Airport ( ADB ) is well served with connections to Turkish and external destinations. It is located in the Gaziemir zone of İzmir .
bus [edit ]
A big bus end, the Otogar in the Pınarbaşı vicinity of the city, has intercity buses to destinations across Turkey. Bus companies ‘ shuttle services pick up customers from each of their branch offices scattered across the city at regular intervals, often dislodge of care. To facilitate easier access, a Halkapınar—Otogar metro line has long been deliberated but construction has never begun – though throughout his campaign and upon his election as mayor of İzmir in 2019, Tunç Soyer has outlined it as one of his priorities. [ 94 ]
rail [edit ]
İzmir has two historical rail terminals in the city center. Alsancak Terminal, built in 1858, and Basmane Terminal, built in 1866, are the two main railway stations of the city. The turkish State Railways operates regional service to Ödemiş, Tire, Selçuk, Aydın, Söke, Nazilli, Denizli and Uşak, adenine well as longer-distance intercity overhaul to Ankara, Afyon and Bandırma ( and from there to İstanbul via İDO connection ) .
Inner-city transport [edit ]
Coordinated public transportation was introduced to İzmir in 1999. A body known as UKOME gives strategic direction to the Metro, the ESHOT bus division, ferry operations, utilities and road developments. İzmir has an electronic, integrate pre-pay tag known as the İzmirim Kart ( ‘My Izmir ‘ Card ). The wag is valid on all metro and commuter rail lines, buses, ferries, trams, and in certain other municipal facilities. The İzmirim Kart allows for the use of multiple forms of transport within a 90-minute window, combining for a single fare price. [ 95 ]
bus [edit ]
All of İzmir ‘s major districts are serviced by a dense municipal bus network under the name ESHOT. The acronym stands for “ E elektrik ( electricity ) ; S su ( water ) ; H havagazı ( gas ) ; O otobüs ( busbar ) and T troleybüs ( trolleybus ). ” electricity, water and accelerator are now supplied by branch undertakings, and İzmir ‘s trolleybus arrangement ceased to operate in 1992. however, the bus caller has inherited the original name. ESHOT operates 322 lines with about 1,500 buses and a staff of 2,700. It has five garages at Karataş, Gümrük, Basmane, Yeşilyurt, and Konak. A privately owned company, İzulaş, operates 400 buses from two garages, running services under contract for ESHOT. These schedule services are supplemented by the privately owned minibus or dolmuş services. [ 95 ]
urban ferries [edit ]
Taken over by İzmir Metropolitan Municipality since 2000 and operated within the social organization of their individual subsidiary company party ( İzdeniz ), İzmir ‘s urban ferry services for passengers and vehicles are very much a separate of the biography of the city ‘s inhabitants. 24 ferries shuttle between 9 quays ( clockwise : Bostanlı, Karşıyaka, Bayraklı, Alsancak, Pasaport, Konak, Karantina, Göztepe and Üçkuyular. ) special lines to points further out in the gulf are besides put in service during summer, transporting excursion or vacation makers. These services are cheap and it is not unusual to see natives or visitors taking a ferry ride merely as a pastime. [ 95 ]
Metro [edit ]
İzmir has a metro network that is constantly being extended with new stations being put in service. The “ İzmir Metro “ network, presently consisting of one main line, starts from the Fahrettin Altay station in Balçova in the western assign of the metropolitan area and runs northeast through the city to Bornova. The pipeline is 20 kilometer ( 12.4 michigan ) long. [ 95 ]
Light track [edit ]
İZBAN, once known as Egeray, is a commuter rail system connecting metropolitan and suburban sphere of İzmir. It is the busiest commuter railway in Turkey, serving about 150,000 passengers daily. [ 96 ] İZBAN is a portmanteau of the words “ İz mir ” and “ Ban liyö ”. Established in 2006, İZBAN was formed to revive commuter rail in İzmir. İZBAN began operations in 2010 and presently operates a 136 kilometer ( 85 mile ) long system with 40 stations, consisting of two lines : the Southern Line and the Northern Line. [ 97 ] İZBAN A.Ş. operates the railroad track and is owned 50 % by the turkish State Railways and 50 % by the İzmir Metropolitan Municipality .
streetcar [edit ]
İzmir ‘s latest streetcar system is owned by the metropolitan municipality and operated by İzmir Metro A.Ş. in two mugwump lines – one in Karşıyaka, opened in 2017, and the early in Konak, opened in 2018. [ 95 ]
populace fare statistics [edit ]
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in İzmir, for example to and from bring, on a weekday is 62 min, and 13 % of public passage riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average sum of clock time people wait at a stop or station for populace transit is 15 min, while 27 % of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people normally ride in a single trip with public theodolite is 10.4 kilometer, while 22 % travel for over 12 km in a single direction. [ 98 ]
celebrated people [edit ]
Twin towns and sister cities [edit ]
The pursuit is a list of İzmir ‘s sister cities : [ 99 ]