Wikipedia

City in Texas, United States
Dallas ( ), colloquially referred to as Big D, is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city in and seat of Dallas County, with portions extending into Collin, Denton, Kaufman and Rockwall counties. With a 2020 census population of 1,304,379, [ 3 ] it is the one-ninth most-populous city in the U.S. [ 10 ] and the third-largest in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. [ 11 ] Located in North Texas, the city of Dallas is the chief core of the largest metropolitan sphere in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea. [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people. [ 12 ] Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major dragoon lines through the area allowing entree to cotton, cattle and late vegetable oil in North and East Texas. The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas ‘s bulge as a transportation system hub, with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a one-fifth interstate coil around it. Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and fiscal center and a major inland interface, due to the overlap of major railroad lines, interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, one of the largest and busiest airports in the populace. [ 13 ] In addition, Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored educate lines that transport throughout the Metroplex. [ 14 ]

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dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense, fiscal services, information technology, telecommunications, and exile. [ 15 ] Dallas is home to nine Fortune 500 companies within the city limits [ 16 ] while the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex hosts twenty-two Fortune 500 companies, the second most in Texas and fourth most in the United States. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area, which is the most of any metropolitan sphere in Texas. The city has a population from a countless of heathen and religious backgrounds and one of the largest LGBT communities in the U.S. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] WalletHub named Dallas the fifth most divers city in the United States in 2018. [ 21 ]

history [edit ]

Preceded by thousands of years of varying cultures, the Caddo people inhabited the Dallas area before spanish colonists claimed the district of Texas in the eighteenth hundred as a part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Later, France besides claimed the area but never established much settlement. In all, six flags have flown over the area precede and during the city ‘s history : those of France, Spain, and Mexico, the masthead of the Republic of Texas, the Confederate pin, and the pin of the United States of America. [ 22 ] In 1819, the Adams–Onís Treaty between the United States and Spain defined the Red River as the northerly limit of New Spain, formally placing the future location of Dallas well within spanish district. [ 23 ] [ page needed ] The sphere remained under spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico declared independence from Spain, and the area was considered part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836, Texians, with a majority of anglo-american settlers, gained independence from Mexico and formed the Republic of Texas. [ 24 ]
A postcard of the lynch of Allen Brooks in business district Dallas, 1910 Three years after Texas achieved independence, John Neely Bryan surveyed the area around contemporary Dallas. [ 25 ] In 1839, accompanied by his frank and a Cherokee he called Ned, he planted a stake in the reason on a bluff located near three forks of the Trinity River and left. [ 26 ] Two years by and by, in 1841, he returned to establish a permanent wave village named Dallas. [ 27 ] The origin of the appoint is uncertain. The official diachronic marker states it was named after Vice President George M. Dallas of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. however, this is disputed. other likely theories for the origin include his brother, Commodore Alexander James Dallas, equally well as brothers Walter R. Dallas or James R. Dallas. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] A farther theory gives the ultimate origin as the village of Dallas, Moray, Scotland, [ barn ] exchangeable to the way Houston, Texas, was named after Sam Houston whose ancestors came from the scots village of Houston, Renfrewshire. The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845 and Dallas County was established the take after year. Dallas was formally incorporated as a city on February 2, 1856. [ 13 ] In the mid-1800s, a group of french Socialists established La Réunion, a ephemeral community, along the Trinity River in what is now West Dallas. [ 30 ] With the construction of railroads, Dallas became a business and trade center and was booming by the end of the nineteenth century. It became an industrial city, attracting workers from Texas, the South, and the Midwest. The praetorian Building in Dallas of 15 stories, built in 1909, was the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi and the tallest build in Texas for some time. [ 31 ] It marked the prominence of Dallas as a city. A racetrack for thoroughbreds was built and their owners established the Dallas Jockey Club. Trotters raced at a traverse in Fort Worth, where a exchangeable drivers club was based. The rapid expansion of population increased rival for jobs and house. In 1910, a white throng of hundreds of people lynched a black world, Allen Brooks, accused of raping a little daughter. The syndicate tortured Brooks, then killed him at the downtown intersection of Main and Akard by hanging him from a cosmetic arch inscribed with the words “ welcome Visitors ”. Thousands of Dallasites came to gawk at the anguish view, collecting keepsakes and posing for photograph. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] In 1921, the Mexican president Álvaro Obregón along with the former revolutionary general visited Downtown Dallas ‘s Mexican Park in Little Mexico ; the little ballpark was on the corner of Akard and Caruth Street, site of the current Fairmont Hotel. [ 34 ] The small vicinity of Little Mexico was home to a latin american population that had been drawn to Dallas by factors including the american Dream, better populate conditions, [ 35 ] and the mexican Revolution. [ 36 ] During World War II, Dallas was a major manufacture plaza for military automobiles and aircraft for the United States and Allied forces. Over 94,000 jeeps and over 6,000 military trucks were produced at the Ford plant in East Dallas. [ 37 ] north american Aviation manufactured over 18,000 aircraft at their plant in Dallas, including the T-6 Texan flight simulator, P-51 Mustang fighter, and B-24 Liberator bomber. [ 38 ] On November 22, 1963, United States President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on Elm Street while his motorcade passed through Dealey Plaza in Downtown Dallas. [ 39 ] The amphetamine two floors of the build up from which the Warren Commission reported assassin Lee Harvey Oswald shot Kennedy [ 40 ] have been converted into a historical museum covering the erstwhile president ‘s life and accomplishments. Kennedy was pronounced dead at Dallas Parkland Memorial Hospital just over 30 minutes after the shoot. On July 7, 2016, multiple shots were fired at a Black Lives Matter protest in Downtown Dallas, held against the patrol killings of two black men from other states. The gunman, late identified as Micah Xavier Johnson, began firing at police officers at 8:58 post meridiem, killing five officers and injuring nine. Two bystanders were besides injured. This marked the deadliest sidereal day for U.S. law enforcement since the September 11 attacks. Johnson told police during a draw that he was upset about recent police shootings of bootleg men and wanted to kill whites, particularly blank officers. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] After hours of negotiation failed, police resorted to a robot-delivered bomb calorimeter, killing Johnson inside Dallas College El Centro Campus. The shoot occurred in an area of hotels, restaurants, businesses, and residential apartments only a few blocks away from Dealey Plaza .

geography [edit ]

Dallas is situated in the Southern United States, in North Texas. It is the county seat of Dallas County and portions of the city extend into neighboring Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties. many suburbs surround Dallas ; three enclaves are within the city boundaries— Cockrell Hill, Highland Park, and University Park. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 385.8 square miles ( 999.3 km2 ) ; 340.5 square miles ( 881.9 km2 ) of Dallas is estate and 45.3 square miles ( 117.4 km2 ) of it ( 11.75 % ) is water system. [ 43 ] Dallas makes up one-fifth of the much larger urbanized area known as the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, in which one quarter of all Texans live .

architecture [edit ]

Dallas ‘s horizon has twenty buildings classified as skyscrapers, over 150 meters in height. [ 44 ] Despite its tallest build not reaching 300 meters, Dallas does have a signature build in Bank of America Plaza which is lit up in neon but falls outside the lead two hundred tallest buildings in the world. Although some of Dallas ‘s architecture dates from the late 19th and early twentieth centuries, most of the celebrated architecture in the city is from the modernist and postmodernist eras. iconic examples of modernist architecture include Reunion Tower, the JFK Memorial, I. M. Pei ‘s Dallas City Hall and the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center. [ 45 ] good examples of postmodernist skyscrapers are Fountain Place, Bank of America Plaza, Renaissance Tower, JPMorgan Chase Tower, and Comerica Bank Tower. Downtown Dallas besides has residential offerings in downtown, some of which are signature horizon buildings. respective smaller structures are fashioned in the Gothic Revival style, such as the Kirby Building, and the neoclassic style, as seen in the Davis and Wilson Buildings. One architectural “ hotbed ” in the city is a elongate of historic houses along swiss Avenue, which has all shades and variants of computer architecture from priggish to neoclassic. [ 46 ] The Dallas Downtown Historic District protects a cross-section of Dallas commercial architecture from the 1880s to the 1940s .

Neighborhoods [edit ]

The city of Dallas is home to many areas, neighborhoods, and communities. Dallas can be divided into several geographic areas which include larger geographic sections of territory including many subdivisions or neighborhoods, forming macroneighborhoods .

Central Dallas [edit ]

Elm Street at night, January 1942 Central Dallas is anchored by Downtown, the center of the city, along with Oak Lawn and Uptown, areas characterized by dense retail, restaurants, and nightlife. [ 47 ] Downtown Dallas has a diverseness of mention districts, including the West End Historic District, the Arts District, the Main Street District, Farmers Market District, the City Center Business District, the Convention Center District, and the Reunion District. “ hot spots ” in this sphere include Uptown, Victory Park, Harwood, Oak Lawn, Dallas Design District, Trinity Groves, Turtle Creek, Cityplace, Knox/Henderson, Greenville, and West Village .

East Dallas [edit ]

Old and newfangled homes side by side in Old East Dallas East Dallas is home to Deep Ellum, a trendy arts area close to Downtown, the homelike Lakewood neighborhood ( and adjacent areas, including Lakewood Heights, Wilshire Heights, Lower Greenville, Junius Heights, and Hollywood Heights/Santa Monica ), historic Vickery Place and Bryan Place, and the architecturally significant neighborhoods of Swiss Avenue and Munger Place. Its historic district has one of the largest collections of Frank Lloyd Wright -inspired prairie-style homes in the United States. In the northeast quadrant of the city is Lake Highlands, one of Dallas ‘s most incorporate middle-class neighborhoods. [ 48 ]

South Dallas [edit ]

South Dallas, a distinct region southeast of Downtown, lays claim to the Cedars, an eclectic artist hotbed, Fair Park, home of the annual State Fair of Texas, held from late September through mid-October, and Exposition Park, Dallas, a small enclave filled with artists, art galleries, and bars along tree-lined Exposition Avenue. [ 49 ] Southwest of Downtown lies Oak Cliff, a cragged area that has undergo gentrification in late years, in neighborhoods such as the Bishop Arts District. Oak Cliff was a township founded in the mid-1800s and annex in 1903 by Dallas. [ 50 ] Today, most of the area ‘s northern residents are hispanic and romance american. The ghost town of La Reunion once occupied the north topple of Oak Cliff. South Oak Cliff ‘s population is a mix of african American, Hispanic, and native American. South Side Dallas is a democratic placement for nightly entertainment at the NYLO rooftop patio and lounge, [ 51 ] The Cedars Social. [ 52 ] The neighborhood has undergo extensive development and community integration. What was once an area characterized by high rates of poverty and crime is now one of the city ‘s most attractive social and support destinations. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] promote east, in the southeast quadrant of the city, is the big neighborhood of Pleasant Grove. once an autonomous city, it is a collection of largely lower-income residential areas stretching to Seagoville in the southeast. Though a city vicinity, Pleasant Grove is surrounded by unexploited estate on all sides. Swampland and wetlands separating it from South Dallas are function of the Great Trinity Forest, [ 55 ] a subsection of the city ‘s Trinity River Project, newly appreciated for habitat and flood control .

Districts [edit ]

Skyline of Dallas ( 2015 ) Uptown Dallas has been in the state of Manhattanization since the mid 2010s

topography [edit ]

Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden Dallas and its surround sphere are by and large apartment. The city lies at elevations ranging from 450 to 550 feet ( 137 to 168 m ) above ocean grade. The western edge of the Austin Chalk Formation, a limestone escarpment ( besides known as the “ White Rock Escarpment ” ), rises 230 feet ( 70 meter ) and runs approximately north–south through Dallas County. South of the Trinity River, the uplift is particularly noticeable in the neighborhoods of Oak Cliff and the adjacent cities of Cockrell Hill, Cedar Hill, Grand Prairie, and Irving. Marked variations in terrain are besides found in cities immediately to the west in Tarrant County surrounding Fort Worth, angstrom well as along Turtle Creek north of Downtown. Dallas, like many other cities, was founded along a river. The city was founded at the location of a “ white rock crossing ” of the Trinity River, where it was easier for wagons to cross the river in the days before ferries or bridges. The Trinity River, though not usefully navigable, is the major waterway through the city. Interstate 35E parallels its path through Dallas along the Stemmons Corridor, then south alongside the western part of Downtown and past South Dallas and Pleasant Grove, where the river is paralleled by Interstate 45 until it exits the city and heads southeast towards Houston. The river is flanked on both sides by 50 feet ( 15 molarity ) tall earthen levees to protect the city from frequent floods. [ 56 ] Since it was rerouted in the late 1920s, the river has been short more than a drain dump within a floodplain for several miles above and below Downtown, with a more normal course far upstream and downstream, but as Dallas began shifting towards postindustrial society, populace outshout about the lack of aesthetic and recreational use of the river ultimately gave way to the Trinity River Project, [ 57 ] which was begun in the early 2000s. The plan sphere reaches for over 20 miles ( 32 kilometer ) in distance within the city, while the overall geographic land sphere addressed by the Land Use Plan is approximately 44,000 acres ( 180 km2 ) in size—about 20 % of the down area in Dallas. green space along the river encompasses approximately 10,000 acres ( 40 km2 ), making it one of the largest and diverse urban parks in the populace. [ 58 ] White Rock Lake, a reservoir built at the begin of the twentieth hundred, is Dallas ‘s other significant water feature of speech. The lake and surrounding park is a democratic finish for boaters, rowers, joggers, and bikers, arsenic well as visitors seeking passive respite from the city at the 66-acre ( 267,000 m2 ) Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden, on the lake ‘s eastern shore. White Rock Creek feeds into White Rock Lake, and then exits onto the Trinity River southeast of Downtown Dallas. Trails along White Rock Creek are region of the extensive Dallas County Trails System. Bachman Lake, just northwest of Love Field Airport, is a smaller lake besides popularly used for diversion. northeast of the city is Lake Ray Hubbard, a huge 22,745-acre ( 92 km2 ) reservoir in an extension of Dallas surrounded by the suburb of Garland, Rowlett, Rockwall, and Sunnyvale. [ 59 ] To the west of the city is Mountain Creek Lake, once family to the Naval Air Station Dallas ( Hensley Field ) and a number of defense aircraft manufacturers. [ 60 ] North Lake, a small body of water in an extension of the city limits surrounded by Irving and Coppell, initially served as a body of water generator for a nearby power plant but is now being targeted for renovation as a recreational lake ascribable to its proximity to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, a plan the lake ‘s neighbor cities oppose. [ 61 ]

climate [edit ]

Dallas, Texas

Climate chart (explanation)

j
degree fahrenheit
megabyte
A
thousand
j
joule
A
s
oxygen
nitrogen
five hundred

2.6

2.8

3.5

3.2

4.6

3.8

1.7

2.2

3.1

4.8

2.9

3.2

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inchesSource: NOAA[62]

Metric conversion

joule
f
megabyte
A
megabyte
j
j
A
randomness
oxygen
nitrogen
vitamin d

116

Demographics [edit ]

Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±
18501,073—1860698−34.9%18703,000329.8%188010,358245.3%189038,069267.5%190042,63912.0%191092,104116.0%1920158,97672.6%1930269,47569.5%1940294,7349.4%1950434,46247.4%1960679,68456.4%1970844,40124.2%1980904,0787.1%19901,006,97711.4%20001,188,58018.0%20101,197,8160.8%20201,304,3798.9%U.S. Decennial Census[77]
2010–2020[3]
Dallas is the ninth-most-populous city in the United States and third in Texas after the cities of Houston and San Antonio. [ 10 ] Its metropolitan area encompasses one-fourth of the population of Texas, and is the largest in the Southern U.S. and Texas followed by the Greater Houston metropolitan area. At the 2020 United States census the city of Dallas had 1,304,379 residents, [ 3 ] an increase of 106,563 since the 2010 United States census. [ 78 ] There were 521,198 households at the 2018 estimates, [ 79 ] up from 2010 ‘s 458,057 households, out of which 137,758 had children under the age of 18 animation with them. [ 80 ] approximately 36.6 % of households were headed by marry couples living together, 14.6 % had a single homeowner with no spouse introduce, and 43.9 % were classified as non-family households. [ 79 ] In 2010, 33.7 % of all households had one or more people under 18 years of age, and 17.6 % had one or more people who were 65 years of age or older. The median family size in 2018 was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.48. [ 80 ] In 2018, the owner-occupied house pace was 40.2 % and the renter-occupied house rate was 59.8 %. [ 81 ] At the 2010 census, the city ‘s senesce distribution of the population showed 26.5 % under the age of 18 and 8.8 % who were 65 years of age or older. The median old age was 31.8 years. In 2010, 50.0 % of the population was male and 50.0 % was female. [ 82 ] In 2018, the median age 33.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. [ 83 ] According to the 2018 American Community Survey, the medial income for a family in the city was $ 52,210. [ 84 ] In 2003-2007 ‘s survey, male full-time workers had a median income of $ 32,265 versus $ 32,402 for female full-time workers. The per caput income for the city was $ 25,904. About 18.7 % of families and 21.7 % of the population were below the poverty pipeline, including 33.6 % of those under age 18 and 13.4 % of those aged 65 or over. Per 2007 ‘s sketch, the median price for a house was $ 129,600. [ 85 ]

race and ethnicity [edit ]

White, Black, Asian Hispanic, or Other (yellow) Map of racial distribution in Dallas, 2010 U.S. Census. Each scatter is 25 people :, or ( yellow ) Dallas ‘s population was historically predominantly White ( non-Hispanic Whites made up 82.8 % of the population in 1930 ), [ 88 ] but its population has diversified due to immigration and White flight over the twentieth century. Today the non-Hispanic White population has declined to less than one-third of the city ‘s population. [ 90 ] According to the 2010 U.S. census, 50.7 % of the population was White ( 28.8 % non-Hispanic White ), 24.8 % was Black or african American, 0.7 % american english Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9 % asian, and 2.6 % from two or more races ; 42.4 % of the sum population was of Hispanic or latin american origin ( they may be of any subspecies ). [ 91 ] At the United States Census Bureau ‘s 2019 estimates, 29.1 % were non-Hispanic White, 24.3 % Black and african American, 0.3 % american Indian or Alaska Native, 3.7 % asian, and 1.4 % from two or more races. [ 92 ] Native Hawaiian and early Pacific Islanders made up a full of 312 residents according to 2019 ‘s census estimates, down from 606 in 2017. [ 93 ] Hispanic or Latin Americans of any rush made up 41.2 % of the estimated population in 2019. Among the Hispanic or latin american population in 2019, 34.6 % of Dallas was Mexican, 0.4 % Puerto Rican, 0.2 % Cuban and 6.0 % other Hispanic or romance american english. In 2017 ‘s American Community Survey estimates among the demographic 35.5 % were Mexican, 0.6 % Puerto Rican, 0.4 % Cuban, and 5.4 % early Hispanic or Latino. [ 94 ] The Dallas area is a major destination for mexican Americans and Hispanic and latin american immigrants. The southwestern dowry of the city, particularly Oak Cliff is chiefly inhabited by Hispanic and romance american residents. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] The southeast parcel of the city Pleasant Grove is chiefly inhabited by african American and Hispanic or latin american residents, while the southern assign of the city is predominantly black. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] The west and east sides of the city are predominantly Hispanic or romance american ; Garland besides has a large spanish-speaking population. North Dallas has many enclaves of predominantly white, black and specially Hispanic or latin american residents . A trilingual augury featuring English, Spanish, and Amharic The Dallas area is besides a major address for Black and african Americans. between 2000 and 2010, the Dallas area gained 223,000 raw Black and african american english residents only behind the Atlanta metropolitan area. The celebrated inflow of african Americans is partially due to the New Great Migration. [ 99 ] There is a significant number of people from the Horn of Africa, immigrants from Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia. The Dallas–Fort-Worth metroplex had an estimated 70,000 Russian-speakers ( as of November 6, 2012 ) largely immigrants from the early soviet Bloc. [ 100 ] Included in this population are Russians, russian Jews, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Moldavians, Uzbek, Kirghiz, and others. The russian-speaking population of Dallas has continued to grow in the sector of “ American husbands-Russian wives ”. russian DFW has its own newspaper, The Dallas Telegraph. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] In addition, Dallas and its suburbs are home to a large number of asian Americans including those of indian, vietnamese, chinese, Korean, Filipino, Japanese, and other inheritance. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] Among large-sized cities in the United States, Plano, the northerly suburb of Dallas, has the 6th largest chinese american population as of 2016. The Plano-Richardson area in particular had an estimated 30,000 irani Americans in 2012. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] With so many immigrant groups, there are often multilingual signs in the linguistic landscape. According to U.S. Census Bureau data released in December 2013, 23 percentage of Dallas County residents were foreign-born, while 16 percentage of Tarrant County residents were foreign-born. [ 107 ] The 2018 census estimates determined that the city of Dallas ‘s foreign-born population consisted of 25.4 % naturalize citizens and 74.6 % non-citizens. [ 108 ]

sexual orientation course and gender identity [edit ]

Recognized for having one of the largest lesbian, brave, bisexual, and transgender ( LGBT ) populations in the nation, Dallas and the Metroplex are widely noted for being home to a vibrant and diverse LGBT community. [ 19 ] [ 109 ] Throughout the year there are many well-established LGBT events held in the area, most notably the annual Alan Ross Texas Freedom ( Pride ) Parade and Festival in June which draws approximately 50,000. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] For decades, the Oak Lawn and Bishop Arts districts have been known as the epicenters of LGBT acculturation in Dallas. [ 112 ]

religion [edit ]

Religious affiliation (2014)[113]
Christian

78%

Protestant

59%

Catholic

15%

Other Christian

Unaffiliated

18%

Jewish

Muslim

Other faiths

christendom is the most prevalently practiced religion in Dallas and the wide metropolitan area according to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center ( 78 % ), [ 114 ] [ 115 ] and the Public Religion Research Institute ‘s 2020 sketch ( 77 % ). [ 116 ] There is a big Protestant Christian influence in the Dallas community, though the city of Dallas and Dallas County have more catholic than protestant church residents, while the converse is normally dependable for the suburban areas of Dallas and the city of Fort Worth. Dallas has been called the “ Prison Ministry Capital of the World ” by the prison ministry community. [ 117 ] It is a home for the International Network of Prison Ministries, the Coalition of Prison Evangelists, Bill Glass Champions for Life, Chaplain Ray ‘s International Prison Ministry, and 60 early prison ministries. [ 118 ] methodist, Baptist, and presbyterian churches are outstanding in many neighborhoods and anchor two of the city ‘s major secret universities ( southern Methodist University and Dallas Baptist University ). Dallas is besides dwelling to two evangelical seminaries : the Dallas Theological Seminary and Criswell College. many bible schools including Christ For The Nations Institute are besides headquartered in the city. The christian creationist apologetics group Institute for Creation Research is headquartered in Dallas. According to the Pew Research Center, Evangelical Protestantism constituted the largest form of Protestantism in the area as of 2014. [ 119 ] The largest unmarried Evangelical Protestant group were Baptists. The largest baptist denomination was the southern Baptist Convention, followed by the historically black National Baptist Convention USA. [ 119 ] African-initiated Protestant churches including ethiopian evangelical churches can be found throughout the metropolitan area. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] The Catholic Church is besides a significant religious organization in the Dallas area and operates the University of Dallas, a liberal-arts university in the Dallas suburb of Irving. The Cathedral Santuario de la Virgen de Guadalupe in the Arts District is home to the second-largest Catholic church membership in the United States and oversea, [ 122 ] consisting over 70 parishes in the Dallas Diocese. The society of Jesus operates the Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas. Dallas is besides home to numerous Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches including Saint Seraphim Cathedral, understand of the Orthodox Church in America ‘s southerly Diocese. [ 123 ] The greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America ( Ecumenical Patriarchate ) has one parish in the city of Dallas. [ 124 ] The city is home to a ample Latter Day Saint community. The church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has twenty-three stakes throughout Dallas and surrounding suburbs. [ 125 ] The organization built the Dallas Texas Temple, the first synagogue in Texas, in the city in 1984. [ 126 ] Jehovah ‘s Witnesses besides have a large number of members throughout the Dallas metropolitan division. In addition, there are respective unitarian Universalist congregations, including First unitarian Church of Dallas, founded in 1899. [ 127 ] A large community of the United Church of Christ exists in the city. The most outstanding UCC-affiliated church is the Cathedral of Hope, a predominantly LGBT-affirming church. [ 128 ] Dallas ‘s jewish population of approximately 45,000 is one of the largest of any city in Texas. [ 129 ] Since the establishment of the city ‘s beginning jewish cemetery in 1854 and its first congregation ( which would finally be known as Temple Emanu-El ) in 1873, Dallasite Jews have been well represented among leaders in commerce, politics, and versatile professional fields in Dallas and elsewhere. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] Furthermore, a large Muslim community exists in the north and northeastern portions of Dallas, deoxyadenosine monophosphate good as in the northerly Dallas suburb. [ 132 ] The oldest mosque in Dallas is Masjid Al-Islam just south of Downtown. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Dallas has a large Buddhist residential district. Immigrants from East Asia, Southeast Asia, Nepal, and Sri Lanka have all contributed to the Buddhist population, which is concentrated in the northerly suburbs of Garland, Plano and Richardson. numerous buddhist temples dot the Metroplex including The Buddhist Center of Dallas, Lien Hoa Vietnamese Temple of Irving, and Kadampa Meditation Center Texas and Wat Buddhamahamunee of Arlington. A big and growing Hindu Community lives in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Most live in Collin County and the northerly portions of Dallas County. Over 28 Hindu Temples exist in the area. Some luminary ones include North Texas Hindu Mandir, Radha Krishna Temple, Dallas and Karya Siddhi Hanuman Temple. [ 135 ] There are besides at least three Sikh Gurudwaras in this metropolitan sphere. [ 136 ] [ 137 ] [ 138 ] For irreligious people, the Winter Solstice Celebration is held in the Metroplex although some of its participants are besides neo-pagans and New Agers. [ 139 ]

crime [edit ]

According to the FBI, a city to city comparison of crime rates can be deceptive, because recording practices vary from city to city, citizens report different percentages of crimes from one city to the adjacent, and the actual count of people physically present in a city is obscure. [ 140 ] With that in mind, Dallas ‘s crimson crime rate ( 12.06 per 1,000 people ) is lower than St Louis ( 24.81 ), Detroit ( 24.22 ), Baltimore ( 16.96 ), Philadelphia ( 15.62 ), Cleveland ( 15.47 ), Miami ( 15.09 ), Washington, D.C. ( 14.48 ), Kansas City ( 14.44 ) and Boston ( 13.39 ). however, Houston ( 11.69 ), Los Angeles ( 7.87 ), and New York City ( 6.38 ) have lower violent crime rates than Dallas. [ 141 ]

economy [edit ]

Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas In its beginnings, Dallas relied on farm, neighboring Fort Worth ‘s Stockyards, and its prime location on native american trade routes to sustain itself. Dallas ‘ key to emergence came in 1873 with the construction of multiple rail lines through the city. As Dallas grew and engineering developed, cotton became its boon and by 1900, Dallas was the largest inland cotton market in the world, becoming a drawing card in cotton gin machinery manufacture. By the early 1900s, Dallas was a hub for economic activeness all over the Southern United States and was selected in 1914 as the seat of the Eleventh Federal Reserve District. By 1925, Texas churned out more than ⅓ of the nation ‘s cotton crop, with 31 % of Texas cotton produced within a 100-mile ( 160 kilometer ) radius of Dallas. In the 1930s, petroleum was discovered east of Dallas, near Kilgore. Dallas ‘ proximity to the discovery put it immediately at the center of the nation ‘s petroleum market. Petroleum discoveries in the permian Basin, the Panhandle, the Gulf Coast, and Oklahoma in the stick to years far solidified Dallas ‘ position as the hub of the market. [ 143 ] The end of World War II left Dallas seeded with a nexus of communications, mastermind, and production talent by companies such as Collins Radio Corporation. Decades late, the telecommunications and information revolutions still drive a large parcel of the local anesthetic economy. The city is sometimes referred to as the heart of “ Silicon Prairie “ because of a high concentration of telecommunications companies in the region, the epicenter of which lies along the Telecom Corridor in Richardson, a northern suburb of Dallas. The Telecom Corridor is home to more than 5,700 companies including Texas Instruments ( headquartered in Dallas ), Nortel Networks, Alcatel Lucent, AT & T, Ericsson, Fujitsu, Nokia, Rockwell Collins, Cisco Systems, T-Mobile, Verizon Communications, and CompUSA ( which is now headquartered in Miami, Florida ). [ 144 ] Texas Instruments, a major manufacturer, employs 10,400 people at its bodied headquarter and chip plants in Dallas. [ 145 ] In the 1980s Dallas was a substantial estate hotbed, with the increasing metropolitan population bringing with it a demand for newly housing and office space. respective of Downtown Dallas ‘ largest buildings are the fruit of this boom, but over-speculation, the savings and lend crisis and an oil break brought the 1980s building boom to an goal for Dallas vitamin a well as its sister city Houston. Between the late 1980s and the early 2000s, central Dallas went through a slow period of growth. however, since the early 2000s the central core of Dallas has been enjoying steady and significant emergence encompassing both repurposing of older commercial buildings in Downtown Dallas into residential and hotel uses, equally good as the construction of new office and residential towers. The open of Klyde Warren Park, built across Woodall Rodgers Freeway seamlessly connecting the cardinal Dallas CBD to Uptown/Victory Park, has acted synergistically with the highly successful Dallas Arts District, so both have become catalysts for significant new growth in central Dallas. The residential real estate market in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex has not merely been bouncy but has once again returned to a thunder condition. Dallas and the greater metro sphere have been leading the nation in apartment construction and net lease, with rents reaching all-time highs. Single class family sales, whether pre-owned or new construction, along with home price appreciation, were leading the nation since 2015. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] A sudden dismiss in the price of petroleum, starting in mid-2014 and accelerating throughout 2015, has not significantly affected Dallas and its greater metro sphere due to the highly diversify nature of its economy. Dallas and the metropolitan region continue to see strong demand for house, apartment and agency rent, shopping center space, warehouse and industrial space with overall job increase remaining very robust. Oil-dependent cities and regions have felt significant effects from the downturn, but Dallas ‘s growth has continued unabated, strengthening in 2015. meaning national headquarters relocations to the area ( as exemplified by Toyota ‘s decision to leave California and establish its modern north american headquarters in the Dallas area ) coupled with meaning expansions of regional offices for a kind of corporations and along with party relocations to Downtown Dallas helped drive the boom in the Dallas economy. Dallas led Texas ‘s largest cities in Forbes magazine ‘s 2015 ranking of “ The Best place for Business and Careers ”. [ 148 ] In 2020, Dallas ranked No. 2 in Forbes magazine ‘s rate of “ The Best place for Business and Careers ”. [ 149 ] The Dallas–Fort Worth area has one of the largest concentrations of bodied headquarters for publicly traded companies in the United States. Fortune Magazine ‘s 2021 annual number of the Fortune 500 in America indicates the city of Dallas had nine Fortune 500 companies, [ 16 ] and the DFW region as a whole had 22. [ 17 ] As of 2021, Dallas–Fort Worth represents the second-largest concentration of Fortune 500 headquarters in Texas and fourth-largest in the United States, behind the metropolitan areas of Houston ( 24 ), Chicago ( 35 ) and New York ( 64 ). [ 18 ] In 2008, AT & T relocated their headquarters to Downtown Dallas ; [ 150 ] AT & T is the largest telecommunications company in the global and was the ninth largest company in the state by gross for 2017. [ 151 ] Additional Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Dallas in order of ranking include Energy Transfer Equity, Tenet Healthcare, Southwest Airlines, Texas Instruments, Jacobs Engineering, HollyFrontier, Dean Foods, and Builders FirstSource. In October 2016, Jacobs Engineering, one of the worldly concern ‘s largest engineer companies, relocated from Pasadena, California to Downtown Dallas. [ 152 ] nearby Irving is home to six Fortune 500 companies of its own, including ExxonMobil, [ 153 ] the largest oil company in the global and the third largest company in the nation by gross for 2020, [ 154 ] Fluor ( engineer ), Kimberly-Clark, Celanese, Michaels Companies, and Vistra Energy. [ 154 ] Plano is home to an extra four Fortune 500 companies, including J.C. Penney, Alliance Data Systems, Yum China, and Dr. Pepper Snapple. [ 154 ] Fort Worth is home to two Fortune 500 companies, including American Airlines, the largest airline in the world by tax income, flit size, profit, passengers carried and gross passenger nautical mile and D.R. Horton, the largest homebuilder in America. [ 154 ] One Fortune 500 party, Gamestop, is based in Grapevine. Additional major companies headquartered in Dallas and its metro area include Comerica, which relocated its national headquarter to Downtown Dallas from Detroit in 2007, [ 155 ] NTT DATA Services, Regency Energy Partners, Atmos Energy, Neiman Marcus, Think Finance, 7-Eleven, Brinker International, Primoris Services, AMS Pictures, id Software, Mary Kay Cosmetics, Chuck E. Cheese ‘s, Zale Corporation, and Fossil, Inc. Many of these companies—and others throughout the DFW metroplex—comprise the Dallas Regional Chamber. Susan G. Komen for the Cure, the populace ‘s largest front cancer organization, was founded and is headquartered in Dallas. [ 156 ] In summation to its large number of businesses, Dallas has more shop centers per head than any early city in the United States and is besides family to the second shopping center ever built in the United States, Highland Park Village, which opened in 1931. [ 157 ] Dallas is home of the two other major malls in North Texas, the Dallas Galleria and NorthPark Center, which is the second largest plaza in Texas. Both malls feature high-end stores and are major tourist describe for the area. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] According to Forbes magazine ‘s annual number of “ The Richest People in America ” published September 21, 2011, the city is home to 17 billionaires, up from 14 in 2009. In 2009 ( with 14 billionaires ) the city placed one-sixth global among cities with the most billionaires. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Dallas is the third gear most popular destination for business travel in the United States, and the Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center is one of the largest and busiest convention centers in the country, at over 1,000,000 square feet ( 93,000 m2 ), and the populace ‘s single-largest column-free parade hall. [ 162 ] VisitDallas is the 501 ( c ) ( 6 ) organization contracted to promote tourism and attract conventions but an audit released in January 2019 frame doubts on its effectiveness in achieving those goals. [ 163 ]

Arts and acculturation [edit ]

Arts and museums [edit ]

Perot Museum of Nature and Science in downtown Dallas The Arts District in the northerly incision of Downtown is home to respective arts venues and is the largest contiguous arts zone in the United States. [ 164 ] Notable venues in the district include the Dallas Museum of Art ; the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center, home to the Dallas Symphony Orchestra and Dallas Wind Symphony ; the Nasher Sculpture Center ; and the Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art. The Perot Museum of Nature and Science, besides in Downtown Dallas, is a natural history and skill museum. Designed by 2005 Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate Thom Mayne and his firm Morphosis Architects, the 180,000-square-foot facility has six floors and stands about 14 stories eminent .
The Winspear Opera House Venues that are function of the AT & T Dallas Center for the Performing Arts include Moody Performance Hall, home to the Dallas Chamber Symphony ; the Dee and Charles Wyly Theatre, home to the Dallas Theater Center and the Dallas Black Dance Theater ; and the Winspear Opera House, home to the Dallas Opera and Texas Ballet Theater. [ 165 ] [ 166 ] not far north of the sphere is the Meadows Museum at Southern Methodist University. In 2009, it joined up with Madrid ‘s Prado Museum for a three-year partnership. The Prado focuses on spanish ocular art and has a collection of spanish art in North America, with works by de Juanes, El Greco, Fortuny, Goya, Murillo, Picasso, Pkensa, Ribera, Rico, Velasquez, Zurbaran, and early Spaniards. These works, arsenic good as non-Spanish highlights like sculptures by Rodin and Moore, have been so successful of a collaboration that the Prado and Meadows have agreed upon an extension of the partnership. [ 167 ]
Stone Street Gardens is lined with bistros, pubs, and restaurants connecting Main to Elm Streets in Downtown Dallas. The Institute for Creation Research operates the ICR Discovery Center for Science & Earth History, a creationism museum, in Dallas. [ 168 ] The former Texas School Book Depository, from which, according to the Warren Commission Report, Lee Harvey Oswald inject and killed President John F. Kennedy in 1963, has served since the 1980s as a county government office building, except for its sixth and seventh floors, which house the Sixth Floor Museum. The american english Museum of the Miniature Arts is at the Hall of State in Fair Park. The Arts District is besides home to DISD ‘s Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts, a attraction school that was recently expanded. [ 169 ] City Center District, next to the Arts District, is dwelling to the Dallas Contemporary. Deep Ellum, immediately east of Downtown, originally became democratic during the 1920s and 1930s as the prime wind and blues hot blot in the South. [ 170 ] Artists such as Blind Lemon Jefferson, Robert Johnson, Huddie “ Lead Belly “ Ledbetter, and Bessie Smith played in original Deep Ellum clubs such as the Harlem and the Palace. today, Deep Ellum is home to hundreds of artists who live in lofts and operate in studios throughout the zone aboard bars, pubs, and concert venues. [ 171 ] A major art infusion in the sphere results from the city ‘s lax position on graffito, and a number of public spaces, including tunnels, sides of buildings, sidewalks, and streets, are covered in murals. One major exemplar, the Good-Latimer tunnel, was torn down in recently 2006 to accommodate the construction of a easy rail credit line through the web site. [ 172 ] Like Deep Ellum before it, the Cedars neighborhood to the confederacy of Downtown has besides seen a growing population of studio artists and an expanding roll of entertainment venues. The area ‘s art scene began to grow in the early 2000s with the opening of Southside on Lamar, an old Sears Roebuck and Company warehouse converted into lofts, studios, and retail. [ 173 ] Current attractions include Gilley ‘s Dallas and Poor David ‘s Pub. [ 174 ] [ 175 ] Dallas Mavericks owner and local entrepreneur Mark Cuban purchased bring along Lamar Street near Cedars Station in September 2005, and locals speculate he is planning an entertainment building complex for the locate. [ 176 ] South of the Trinity River, the Bishop Arts District in Oak Cliff is home to a number of studio artists living in convert warehouses. Walls of buildings along alleyways and streets are painted with murals, and the surrounding streets contain many eclectic restaurants and shops. [ 177 ] Dallas has an Office of Cultural Affairs as a department of the city government. The function is responsible for six cultural centers throughout the city, funding for local artists and theaters, initiating public art projects, and running the city-owned classical radio station WRR. [ 178 ] The Los Angeles-class submarine USS Dallas was planned to become a museum embark near the Trinity River after her decommission in September 2014, but this has since been delayed. [ 179 ] It will be taken apart into massive sections in Houston and be transported by trucks to the museum web site and will be put back in concert .

Libraries [edit ]

The J. Erik Jonsson Central Library in the Government District of Downtown Dallas The city is served by the Dallas Public Library system. The system was created by the Dallas Federation of Women ‘s Clubs with efforts spearheaded by then president of the united states May Dickson Exall. Her fund-raise efforts led to a grant from philanthropist and steel baron Andrew Carnegie, which allowed the library system to build its first branch in 1901. [ 180 ] today, the library operates 29 branch locations throughout the city, including the 8-story J. Erik Jonsson Central Library in the Government District of Downtown. [ 181 ]

Places of matter to [edit ]

cuisine [edit ]

Dallas is known for its barbecue, authentic Mexican, and Tex-Mex cuisine. celebrated products of the Dallas culinary view include the Frozen margarita car by restaurateur Mariano Martinez ( entrepreneur ) in 1971. [ 182 ]

Events [edit ]

The State Fair of Texas has been held annually at Fair Park since 1886, and generates an estimate $ 50 million to the city ‘s economy annually. [ 183 ] The Red River Shootout, [ 184 ] a football plot that pits the University of Texas at Austin against the University of Oklahoma at the Cotton Bowl, besides brings significant crowd to the city. The city besides hosts the State Fair Classic and Heart of Dallas Bowl at the Cotton Bowl. other festivals include several Cinco de Mayo celebrations hosted by the city ‘s large mexican american population and a Saint Patrick ‘s Day parade along Lower Greenville Avenue, Juneteenth festivities, Taste of Dallas, the Deep Ellum Arts Festival, the greek Food Festival of Dallas, the annual Halloween event “ The Wake ”, and two annual events on Halloween, including a Halloween parade on Cedar Springs Road and a “ zombi walk ” held in Downtown Dallas in the Arts District. With the opening of Victory Park, WFAA began hosting an annual New Year ‘s Eve celebration in AT & T Plaza that the television station hoped would reminisce of celebrations in New York ‘s Times Square ; on New Year ‘s Eve 2011 set a fresh record of 32,000 people in attendance. [ 185 ] After the discontinuance of the “ Big D NYE ” festivities a few years subsequently, a new end-of-year consequence was started downtown, with a big firework show put on at Reunion Tower, which has since aired on KXAS and early television receiver stations around the state and area. besides, respective Omni hotels in the Dallas area host big events to welcome in the modern year, including murder mystery parties, rave-inspired events, and other events .

Sports [edit ]

The Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area is home to five major league sports teams : the Dallas Cowboys ( National Football League ), Dallas Mavericks ( National Basketball Association ), Texas Rangers ( Major League Baseball ), Dallas Stars ( National Hockey League ), and FC Dallas ( Major League Soccer ). It besides hosts one team in a major women ‘s league : the Dallas Wings ( Women ‘s National Basketball Association ) .

Major league [edit ]

Dirk Nowitzki with the Mavericks The Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League ( NFL ) playing period in nearby Arlington. Since joining the league as an expansion team in 1960, the Cowboys have enjoyed substantial achiever, advancing to eight Super Bowls and winning five. The Cowboys are financially the most valuable sports franchise in the worldly concern, worth approximately $ 4 billion. [ 186 ] In 2009, the Cowboys relocated to their newfangled 80,000-seat stadium in Arlington, which was the web site of Super Bowl XLV. [ 187 ] The Cowboys are presently partially of the East Division of the National Football Conference ( NFC ). The Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) play at Globe Life Field in Arlington. [ 188 ] [ 189 ] The team won the American League pennant in 2010 and 2011. The franchise relocated from Washington D.C. in 1972. They play in the West Division of the American League. The Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) play at the American Airlines Center. They joined the league as an expansion team in 1980. They won their beginning National Basketball Association backing in 2011 led by Dirk Nowitzki. [ 190 ] They play in the Southwest Division of the western Conference. The Dallas Wings dally in the Women ‘s National Basketball Association ( WNBA ). They came to The Metroplex in 2016 after relocating from Tulsa. All dwelling games are played at the College Park Center in Arlington. The Dallas Stars are members of the National Hockey League ( NHL ). The Stars have won eight division titles in Dallas, two President ‘s Trophies as the top unconstipated season team in the NHL, the western Conference backing three times, and in 1998–99, the Stanley Cup. The team plays at the American Airlines Center. They play in the Central Division of the westerly Conference. FC Dallas of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) play in Frisco at Toyota Stadium ( once FC Dallas Stadium and Pizza Hut Park ), a stadium that opened in 2005. [ 191 ] They presently play in MLS ‘s western Conference. The team was in the first place called the Dallas Burn and used to play in the Cotton Bowl. Although FC Dallas has not so far won a MLS Cup, they won the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup in 1997 and 2016 and the Supporters ‘ Shield in 2016. previously, the Dallas Tornado played in the union american Soccer League from 1968 to 1981 .

Minor league [edit ]

The Dallas Renegades are a professional football team in the relaunched XFL that plays their dwelling games at Globe Life Park, the former home of the Texas Rangers. [ 192 ] The Dallas Sidekicks ( 2012 ) are an american master indoor soccer team based in Allen, Texas, a suburb of Dallas. They play their home games in the Allen Event Center. The team is named after the original Dallas Sidekicks that operated from 1984 to 2004. The MLS-affiliated North Texas SC team is a extremity of USL League One and plays in Frisco at Toyota Stadium. It is the reserve team of FC Dallas. The Dallas Mavericks own an NBA G League team, the Texas Legends. Rugby is a developing sport in Dallas and Texas in general. The multiple clubs, ranging from men ‘s and women ‘s clubs to collegiate and high school, are contribution of the Texas Rugby Football Union. [ 193 ] Dallas was one of only 16 cities in the United States included in the Rugby Super League, [ 194 ] represented by Dallas Harlequins. [ 195 ] In 2020, Major League Rugby announced the Dallas Jackals as a new franchise. [ 196 ] australian rules football is besides growing in Dallas. The Dallas Magpies, founded in 1998, compete in the United States Australian Football League .

college [edit ]

The alone Division I sports course of study within the Dallas political boundary is the Dallas Baptist University Patriots baseball team. [ 197 ] [ 198 ] Although outside the city limits, the Mustangs of Southern Methodist University are in the enclave of University Park. Neighboring cities Fort Worth, Arlington, and Denton are home to the Texas Christian University Horned Frogs, UT Arlington Mavericks, and University of North Texas Mean Green respectively. The Dallas area hosted the Final Four of the 2014 NCAA Men ‘s division I Basketball tournament at AT & T Stadium. The college Cotton Bowl Classic football plot was played at the Cotton Bowl through its 2009 game, but has moved to AT & T Stadium. The Red River Showdown is an american college football competition game played annually at the Cotton Bowl Stadium during the moment weekend of the State Fair of Texas in October. The game is played by the Oklahoma Sooners football team of the University of Oklahoma and the Texas Longhorns football team of the University of Texas at Austin. The 10,000-capacity Forester Stadium, which is used chiefly for football and soccer, is besides located in Dallas. [ 199 ] [ 200 ]

Parks and refreshment [edit ]

Dallas maintains and operates 406 parks on 21,000 acres ( 85 km2 ) of park. [ 201 ] [ 202 ]
The city ‘s parks contain 17 break lakes, including White Rock and Bachman lakes, spanning a full of 4,400 acres ( 17.81 km2 ). In summation, Dallas is traversed by 61.6 miles ( 99.1 kilometer ) of bicycle and jog trails, including the Katy Trail, and is home to 47 community and neighborhood diversion centers, 276 sports fields, 60 swim pools, 232 playgrounds, 173 basketball courts, 112 volleyball courts, 126 act slab, 258 region tennis courts, 258 field day areas, six 18-hole golf courses, two drive ranges, and 477 athletic fields as of 2013. [ 203 ]

Fair Park [edit ]

Dallas ‘s flagship parking lot is Fair Park. Built in 1936 for the Texas Centennial Exposition earth ‘s fair, Fair Park is the worldly concern ‘s largest collection of Art Deco show buildings, art, and sculptures ; Fair Park is besides home to the State Fair of Texas, the largest state fair in the United States. In November 2019, consultants presented to the public a maestro plan to revitalize the area. [ 204 ]

Klyde Warren Park [edit ]

Klyde Warren Park Named after Klyde Warren, the young son of billionaire Kelcy Warren, Klyde Warren Park was built above Woodall Rodgers Freeway and connects Uptown and Downtown, specifically the Arts District. Klyde Warren Park is home to countless amenities, including an amphitheater, jogging trails, a children ‘s park, My Best Friend ‘s Park ( dog parking lot ), a putting green, croquet, ping niff, chess, an outdoor library, and two restaurants : taste and Relish. Food trucks give hungry people another option of dine and are lined along the park ‘s Downtown side. There are besides hebdomadally planned events, including yoga, Zumba, horizon tours, Tai Chi, and meditation. [ 205 ] Klyde Warren Park is home to a free streetcar arrest on olive St., which riders can connect to Downtown, McKinney Avenue, and West Village .

Turtle Creek Parkway park [edit ]

horizon of Turtle Creek and Turtle Creek Boulevard from a Katy Trail overpass Built in 1913, Turtle Creek Parkway park is a 23.7-acre linear ballpark in between Turtle Creek and Turtle Creek Boulevard in the competently named Turtle Creek neighborhood. [ 206 ] Archaeological surveys discovered dart points and flinty chips dating 3,000 years to 1,000 BC. This site was by and by discovered to be home to Native Americans who cherished the trees and natural bounce water. The park is across Turtle Creek from Kalita Humphreys Theater, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright .

Lake Cliff Park [edit ]

Lake Cliff Park Opened on July 4, 1906, Lake Cliff Park was called “ the Southwest ‘s Greatest resort area ”. The park was home to an amusement park, a large pool, waterslides, the world ‘s largest skating rink, and three theaters, the largest being the 2,500-seat Casino Theater. After the streetcar bridge that brought most of the park visitors collapsed, Lake Cliff Park was sold. The Casino Theater moved and the pool was demolished after a poliomyelitis panic in 1959. The pool was Dallas ‘s first base municipal pool. [ 207 ]

Reverchon Park [edit ]

Reverchon Park bridge The Trinity River as viewed from Reunion Tower in Dallas in August 2015 In 1935, Dallas purchased 36 acres ( 15 hour angle ) from John Cole ‘s estate to develop Reverchon Park. [ 208 ] Reverchon Park was named after botanist Julien Reverchon, who left France to live in the La Reunion colony, which was founded in the mid-1800s [ 209 ] and was situated in contemporary West Dallas. Reverchon Park was planned to be the pate jewel of the Dallas park organization and was even referred to as the “ Central Park “ of Dallas. Improvements were made throughout the years, including the Iris Bowl, field day settings, a baseball diamond, and tennis courts. The Iris Bowl celebrated many greek pageants, dances, and other performances. The Gill Well was installed for nearby residents and draw people all across Texas who wanted to experience the water ‘s bring around powers. [ 210 ] The baseball ball field was host to a 1953 exhibition game for the New York Giants and the Cleveland Indians. [ 211 ]

Trinity River Project [edit ]

As part of the ongoing Trinity River Project, the Great Trinity Forest, at 6,000 acres ( 24 km2 ), is the largest urban hardwood forest in the United States and is part of the largest urban park in the United States. [ 55 ] The Trinity River Audubon Center is a new addition to the park. Opened in 2008, it serves as a gateway to many trails and other nature-viewing activities in the area. The Trinity River Audubon Center is the first base LEED-certified construct built by the City of Dallas Parks and Recreation Department .

Katy Trail [edit ]

Named after its former railroad name, the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad ( or “ MKT ” dragoon ), the 3.5-mile stretch of railroad track was purchased by the city of Dallas and transformed into the city ‘s premier trail. Stretching from Victory Park, the 30-acre Katy Trail passes through the Turtle Creek and Knox Park neighborhoods and runs along the east side of Highland Park. The trail ends at Central Expressway, but extensions are afoot to extend the lead to the White Rock Lake Trail in Lakewood. [ 207 ] In 2015, the Katy Trail was awarded “ Best public Place ” from the Urban Land Institute. [ 212 ]

Preserves [edit ]

Dallas hosts three of the twenty-one preserves of the across-the-board 3,200 acres ( 13 km2 ) Dallas County Preserve System. The Joppa Preserve, the McCommas Bluff Preserve, and the Cedar Ridge Preserve are within the Dallas city limits. The Cedar Ridge Preserve was known as the Dallas Nature Center, but the Audubon Dallas group now manages the 633-acre ( 2.56 km2 ) natural habitat park on behalf of the city of Dallas and Dallas County. The conserve sits at an acme of 755 feet ( 230 molarity ) above sea degree and offers a variety of outdoor activities, including 10 miles ( 16 kilometer ) of hiking trails and picnic areas .

Dallas Zoo [edit ]

The city is besides home to Texas ‘s first and largest menagerie, the 106-acre ( 0.43 km2 ) Dallas Zoo, which opened at its stream location in 1888. [ 213 ] [ 214 ]

government [edit ]

local representation [edit ]

The city uses a council-manager government, with Eric Johnson serving as mayor, [ 215 ] T.C. Broadnax serving as city director, [ 216 ] and 14 council members serving as representatives to the 14 council districts in the city. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] [ 219 ] This organizational structure was contested by some in party favor of a strong-mayor city charter, [ 220 ] only to be rejected by Dallas voters. [ 221 ] In 1969, Anita N. Martínez become the first latin american to sit as a councilwoman in Dallas ‘s city council. [ 222 ] In the 2017–2018 fiscal year, the city ‘s total budget ( the sum of operate on and capital budgets ) was $ 3.3 billion. [ 223 ] The city has seen a steady increase in its budget due to sustain emergence : the budget was $ 1.7 billion in 2002–2003, [ 224 ] $ 1.9 billion in 2003–2004, [ 224 ] $ 2.0 billion in 2004–2005, [ 225 ] and $ 2.2 billion in 2005–2006. [ 225 ]

Federal and country representation [edit ]

National and express legislators representing Dallas :
The United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, which exercises master legal power over 100 counties in North and West Texas, convenes in the Earle Cabell Federal Building and Courthouse in the Government District of Downtown. The same construction additionally houses United States Bankruptcy and Magistrate Courts and a United States Attorney agency. Dallas besides is the seat of the Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas .

Politics [edit ]

The city of Dallas is a democratic stronghold, with over 69 % of voters supporting Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election and 67 % of voters supporting Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election ( excluding write-ins ). [ 230 ] democratic voters dominate the majority of the city, specially the central urban effect and southern sectors, with Republicans spreading a sliver of suburban neighborhoods in North Dallas. In the 2004 U.S. presidential elections, 57 % of Dallas voters voted for John Kerry over George W. Bush. [ 231 ] Dallas County was closely divided, with 50 % of voters voting for Bush and 49 % vote for Kerry. [ 232 ] Results in the 2008 and 2012 elections favored Barack Obama, with the 44th President receiving 57 % of Dallas County voters in both years, with greater margins in the city of Dallas. In the 2016 U.S. presidential election, approximately 66 % of Dallas voters voted for Hillary Clinton, with 28 % of city voters voting for Donald Trump. [ 230 ] Dallas County as a hale attend 61 % of voters voting for Clinton, with 35 % corroborate for Trump. [ 230 ] In 2004, Lupe Valdez was elected Dallas County Sheriff. An exposed lesbian, Valdez was the merely female sheriff in the state of Texas until her resignation. Despite controversies in her wield of county jails, she won re-election in 2008 with a 10-point victory over Republican rival Lowell Cannaday. [ 233 ]

education [edit ]

There are 337 populace schools, 89 individual schools, 38 colleges, and 32 libraries in Dallas. [ 234 ] Dallas–Fort Worth is besides home plate to six Nobel Laureates. [ 235 ]

Colleges and universities [edit ]

The Dallas area has a high number of colleges and universities. In accession to those in the city, the surrounding cities besides have a number of universities, colleges, deal schools, and early educational institutions. The succeed describes the universities and their proximity to the city : The Texas Legislature defines all areas in Dallas County and in the Carrollton-Farmers Branch Independent School District as being in the service area of Dallas College ( once Dallas County Community School District or DCCCD ). Areas in Collin County are assigned to Collin College. [ 236 ]

Colleges and universities within Dallas city limits [edit ]

Colleges and universities within Dallas County [edit ]

University Research Center [edit ]

other area colleges and universities [edit ]

SB Hall with Braniff Tower in the background at the University of Dallas

Primary and secondary schools [edit ]

Most people in the city of Dallas are within the Dallas Independent School District, the 12th-largest school zone in the United States and moment largest in Texas. [ 254 ] The school zone operates independently of the city and enrolls over 161,000 students. [ 254 ] As of 2003 DISD has the majority of K-12 students in the city of Dallas, and a proportionately larger number of students who are not non-Hispanic white. [ 255 ] One of the district ‘s attraction schools, the School for the Talented and Gifted in Oak Cliff, is systematically named the best public school in the United States by Newsweek, retaining the title for five back-to-back years ( 2012–2016 ). [ 256 ] Another one of DISD ‘s schools, the Science and Engineering Magnet, systematically ranks in the top 10 in the same publication. [ 257 ] [ 258 ] early Dallas high gear schools named to the list were Hillcrest, W. T. White, Williams Preparatory, and Woodrow Wilson high schools. In 2015, Woodrow Wilson was besides named the top comprehensive examination high school in Dallas by local publication D Magazine. [ 259 ] A few areas of Dallas besides extend into early school districts, including Carrollton-Farmers Branch, Coppell, Duncanville, Garland, [ 260 ] Highland Park, Mesquite, Plano, and Richardson. The Plano and Richardson school districts have the largest numbers of public school students in Dallas who are not in Dallas ISD. [ 255 ] The Wilmer-Hutchins Independent School District once served portions of southern Dallas, but it was shut down for the 2005–2006 year. WHISD students started attending other Dallas ISD schools during that time. Following the close, the Texas Education Agency consolidated WHISD into Dallas ISD. many school districts in Dallas County, including Dallas ISD, were once served by a governmental agency called Dallas County Schools. The system provided bus and other exile services, entree to a massive media library, engineering services, strong ties to local organizations for education/community consolidation, and staff development programs. [ 261 ]

private schools [edit ]

There are many secret schools in Dallas, such as Bishop Dunne Catholic School, Bishop Lynch High School, Burton Adventist Academy, Calvary Lutheran School, [ 262 ] Dallas Christian Adventist Academy, Dallas Lutheran School, The district attorney Vinci School, Greenhill School, Episcopal School of Dallas, First Baptist Academy of Dallas, The Hockaday School, Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas, June Shelton School, Lakehill Preparatory School, The Lamplighter School, Parish Episcopal School, St. Mark ‘s School of Texas, Ursuline Academy of Dallas, The Winston School, and Yavneh Academy of Dallas and Dallas Christian School ( on the borders of Mesquite and Garland ) and Tyler Street Christian Academy in Oak Cliff. Some Dallas residents attend trappist Preparatory School in adjacent Irving, The Highlands School in Irving, Trinity Christian Academy in Addison, and John Paul II High School in Plano. [ 263 ] [ 264 ]

Media [edit ]

The Dallas Morning News Headquarters of Dallas has several local newspapers, magazines, television stations and radio stations that serve the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, which is the 5th-largest media market in the United States. [ 265 ] Dallas has one major daily newspaper, The Dallas Morning News, which was founded in 1885 by A. H. Belo and is A. H. Belo ‘s flagship newspaper. The Dallas Times Herald, started in 1888, was the Morning News’ major rival until Belo purchased it on December 8, 1991, and closed the composition down the following sidereal day. other day by day newspapers are Al Día, a Spanish-language paper published by Belo, and a count of heathen newspapers printed in languages such as Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese. other publications include the Dallas Weekly and the Elite News, all weekly news publications. The Dallas Observer and the North Texas Journal are besides option weekly newspapers. The Dallas Morning News once had a weekly publication, Neighborsgo, which came out every Friday and focused on community news. Readers could post stories and contribute contentedness to the web site. D Magazine is a celebrated monthly cartridge holder about business, life, and entertainment in Dallas–Fort Worth. local visitor magazines include “ WHERE Magazine ” and “ Travelhost ” –available at hotel desks or in guest rooms. In addition, the park cities and suburbs such as Plano besides have their own community newspapers. besides, THE Magazine covers the contemporaneous arts scene. [ 266 ] In terms of the larger metro area, the Fort Worth Star-Telegram is another major daily newspaper, covering Fort Worth ‘s metropolitan part. It besides publishes a major Spanish-language newspaper for the integral metro area known as La Estrella. [ 267 ] To the north of Dallas and Fort Worth, the Denton Record-Chronicle primarily covers news for the city of Denton and Denton County .
Satellite studio of WFAA Area television receiver stations affiliated with the major broadcast medium networks ( network O & O ‘s highlighted in bold ) include KDFW 4 ( Fox ), KXAS 5 ( NBC ), WFAA 8 ( ABC ) ( which for many years was owned by Belo alongside the Morning News ), KTVT 11 ( CBS ), KERA 13 ( PBS ), KUVN 23 ( UNI ), KDFI 27 ( MNTV ), KDAF 33 ( The CW ), and KXTX 39 ( TMD ). KTXA-21 is an freelancer post once affiliated with the now-defunct UPN network. Over 101 radio stations operate within image of Dallas. [ 268 ] The city of Dallas operates WRR 101.1 FM, the sphere ‘s chief classical music music station, from city offices in Fair Park. [ 269 ] Its original sister place, licensed as WRR-AM in 1921, is the oldest commercially function radio receiver station in Texas and the second-oldest in the United States, after KDKA ( AM ) in Pittsburgh. [ 270 ] Because of the city ‘s central geographic position and lack of nearby mountainous terrain, high-octane class A medium-wave stations KRLD and WBAP can broadcast equally far as southern Canada at night and can be used for emergency messages when broadcast is down in other major metropolitan areas in the United States. slavic Voice of America media group serves Russian-speaking Americans out of Dallas. Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation ( HBC ), the largest company in the Spanish-language radio station occupation, is based in Dallas. [ 271 ] In 2003, HBC was acquired by Univision and became Univision Radio Inc., but the radio party remains headquartered in the city. [ 272 ]

infrastructure [edit ]

Public safety [edit ]

The Dallas Police Department provides most policing in Dallas. The Dallas chief of police is Eddie Garcia. [ 273 ] The patrol headquarters are in the Cedars neighborhood of southerly Dallas. Fire protection and hand brake aesculapian services in the city are provided by the Dallas Fire-Rescue Department. The Dallas Fire & Rescue headman is Dominique Artis. [ 274 ] The department operates the Dallas Firefighter ‘s Museum built in 1907 along Parry Avenue near Fair Park. Dallas ‘s oldest remaining fire station build still stands at the recess of McKinney Ave. and Leonard and was built in 1892. It was the family of Engine Co. Number 1, and is immediately a picture framing shop .

Health care [edit ]

Dallas has many hospitals and several medical inquiry facilities within its city limits. One major research concentrate is the Dallas Medical District with the UT Southwestern Medical Center in the Stemmons Corridor, along with the affiliated UT Southwestern Medical School. The health worry complex includes within its bounds Parkland Memorial Hospital, Children ‘s Medical Center, William P. Clements Jr. University Hospital ( once St. Paul University Hospital ), and the William P. Clements Jr. University Hospital .
Zale Lipshy Pavilion – William P. Clements Jr. University Hospital Dallas besides has a VA hospital in the southerly part of the city, the Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The center is home to a consolidate Mail Outpatient Pharmacy ( CMOP ), depart of an enterprise by the Department of Veterans Affairs to provide mail-order prescriptions to veterans using computerization at strategic locations throughout the United States. other hospitals in the city include Baylor University Medical Center in East Dallas, Methodist Dallas Medical Center in Oak Cliff, Methodist Charlton Medical Center near Duncanville, Medical City Dallas Hospital and Presbyterian Hospital in North Dallas, and the Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children in Oak Lawn .

Utilities [edit ]

Dallas is served by Dallas Water Utilities, which operates respective pine away treatment plants and pulls water from respective area reservoirs. [ 275 ] several companies maintain the city ‘s electric system, including Stream Energy, Cirro Energy and Oncor Electric Delivery, [ 276 ] whose parent company, Energy Future Holdings Corporation, has headquarters in the city. [ 277 ] The city offers garbage pickup and recycling service weekly through its Sanitation Services department. [ 278 ] Telephone networks, broadband internet, and cable television avail are available from several companies, including AT & T, Time Warner Cable, and Verizon FiOS .

fare [edit ]

Like many other major cities in the United States, the automobile is the elementary modality of local transportation, though efforts have been made to increase the handiness of alternate modes of transportation, including the construction of faint rail lines, bicycle and walking paths, wide-eyed sidewalks, a streetcar arrangement, and buses. Walk Score ranked Dallas the twenty-third most walkable of fifty dollar bill largest cities in the United States in 2011. [ 279 ] In 2009, 78.5 % of Dallas ( city ) commuters drive to work alone. The 2009 mode partake for Dallas ( city ) commuters are 10.7 % for carpooling, 3.9 % for transit, 1.9 % for walk, and .1 % for cycle. [ 280 ] In 2015, the American Community Survey estimated modal auxiliary verb shares for Dallas ( city ) commuters of 75.4 % for driving alone, 12.8 % for carpooling, 3.5 % for riding transit, 1.9 % for walk, and .2 % for motorbike. [ 281 ] The city of Dallas has a higher than average share of households without a car. In 2015, 10.2 percentage of Dallas households lacked a car, and decreased to 9.1 percentage in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percentage in 2016. Dallas averaged 1.59 cars per family in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8. [ 282 ]

Highways [edit ]

Dallas is at the confluence of four major interstate highways —Interstates 20, 30, 35E, and 45. The Dallas area expressway system is set up in the popular hub-and-spoke arrangement, shaped much like a beach wagon bicycle. Starting from the center of the city, a small expressway loop topology surrounds Downtown, followed by the Interstate 635 loop about 10 miles ( 16 kilometer ) outside Downtown, and ultimately the toll President George Bush Turnpike. Inside these expressway loops are other boulevard – and parkway -style loops, including Loop 12 and Belt Line Road. Another beltway around the city upwards of 45 miles ( 72 kilometer ) from Downtown is under plan in Collin County. Radiating out of Downtown Dallas ‘s expressway cringle are the spokes of the sphere ‘s highway system—Interstates 30, 35E, and 45, U.S. Highway 75, U.S. Highway 175, State Spur 366, the Dallas North Tollway, State Highway 114, U.S. Highway 80, and U.S. Highway 67. other major highways around the city include State Highway 183 and State Spur 408. The recently completed counterchange at the intersection of Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway ( Interstate 635 ) and Central Expressway ( U.S. Highway 75 ) has five stacks and is competently called the High Five Interchange. It is one of the few five-level interchanges in Dallas and is one of the largest expressway interchanges in the United States. The come is a tilt of the freeways and tollways in the Dallas and Fort Worth area :

Airports [edit ]

In 2015, the DFW International Airport was the tenth busy airport in the earth by passenger dealings. Two commercial airports serve Dallas : Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and Dallas Love Field. In summation, Dallas Executive Airport ( once Redbird Airport ), serves as a general aviation airport for the city, and Addison Airport functions similarly just outside the city limits in the suburb of Addison. Two more general aviation airports are about 35 miles ( 56 kilometer ) union of Dallas in McKinney, and another two are in Fort Worth, on the west side of the Metroplex. Alliance Airport, in far North Fort Worth, is a cargo reliever airport to DFW and general air travel facility. DFW International Airport is in the suburbs slightly north of and equidistant to Downtown Fort Worth and Downtown Dallas. In terms of size, DFW International is the largest airport in the submit, the 2nd largest in the United States, and 9th largest in the world ; DFW International Airport is larger than the island of Manhattan. [ 283 ] In terms of traffic, DFW International is the busiest airport in the country, 4th busiest in the United States, and 11th busy in the world. The headquarters of American Airlines, the largest air carrier in the earth ahead of United Airlines and Delta Air Lines, is less than a sea mile from DFW International within Fort Worth ‘s city limits. similarly, Love Field is within Dallas ‘s city limits, about 6 miles ( 10 kilometer ) northwest of Downtown, and is headquarters to Southwest Airlines, the largest domestic airline in the United States .

transit systems [edit ]

Dallas Area Rapid Transit ( DART ) is the Dallas-area public transportation authority that provides rail, buses and HOV lanes to commuters. DART began operating the first light vilify system in Texas in 1996, and it is now the largest operator of light fulminate in the US. [ 284 ] today, the system is the seventh-busiest light train system in the state with approximately 55 stations on 72 miles of light railing, and 10 stations on 35 miles of commuter rail. [ 285 ] It includes four light rail lines and a commuter line : the Red Line, the Blue Line, the green Line, the Orange Line, and the Trinity Railway Express. The Red Line travels through Oak Cliff, South Dallas, Downtown, Uptown, North Dallas, Richardson and Plano, while the Blue Line goes through Oak Cliff, Downtown, Uptown, East Dallas, Lake Highlands, and Garland. The Red and Blue lines are conjoined between 8th & Corinth Station in Oak Cliff through Mockingbird Station in North Dallas. The two lines serve Cityplace Station. The greens Line serves Carrollton, Farmers Branch, Love Field Airport, Stemmons Corridor, Victory Park, Downtown, Deep Ellum, Fair Park, South Dallas, and Pleasant Grove. The Orange Line initially operated as a peak-service lineage providing supernumerary capacity on portions of the Green and Red Lines ( Bachman Station on the green Line, through the Downtown transit promenade, to Parker Road Station on the Red Line making a “ U ” -shape ). however, the first gear phase of the Orange Line opened on December 6, 2010, extending its west end from Bachman to Belt Line Station in Irving. The second and final phase opened in August 2014 and provided DFW Airport with rail service. DFW Airport Station is the end point for the Orange Line and connects Skylink. [ 286 ] This provides passengers the appliance of disembarking the DART rail, proceeding to security check-in and immediately boarding Skylink to be cursorily transported to their desire terminal. The Blue Line has besides been extended by 4.5 miles to serve Rowlett at the Rowlett Park & Ride facility. [ 287 ] In August 2009, the Regional Transportation Council agreed to seek $ 96 million in union stimulation dollars for a streetcar plan in Dallas and Fort Worth. The Oak Cliff Transit Authority took the leash with leaders envisioning a streetcar cable that would link Union Station and the Dallas Convention Center in Downtown to Oak Cliff, Methodist Medical Center, and the Bishop Arts District via the Houston Street Viaduct. [ 288 ] Dallas was awarded a $ 23 million TIGER grant towards the $ 58 million Dallas Streetcar Project in February 2010. [ 289 ] In addition to light rail, Amtrak ‘s Texas Eagle besides serves Union Station, providing daily service east to Chicago and west to San Antonio, and thrice-weekly overhaul west to Los Angeles. The Trinity Rail Express terminates at Union Station and T & P Station .

International relations [edit ]

sister cities [edit ]

Dallas ‘s baby cities are : [ 290 ]

Brno, Czech Republic
Dijon, France
Monterrey, Mexico
Kolkata, India
Riga, Latvia
Saratov, Russia
Sendai, Japan
Taipei, Taiwan
Tianjin, China
Valencia, Spain

friendship cities [edit ]

Dallas has friendly relations with : [ 290 ]

Dalian, China
Nanjing, China
Qingdao, China

See besides [edit ]

Notes [edit ]

References [edit ]

far read [edit ]

Herbert E. Bolton, Athanase de Mezieres and the Louisiana-Texas Frontier 1768–1780, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1914. ISBN 1290690731
Patricia Evridge Hill, Dallas: The Making of a Modern City, Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press, 1996. ISBN 0292731043
Maxine Holmes, The WPA Dallas Guide and History, Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press, 1992. ISBN 0929398319
Darwin Payne, Big D: Triumphs and Troubles of an American Supercity in the 20th Century, Dallas: Three Forks Press, 2000. ISBN 1893451046
John William Rogers, The Lusty Texans of Dallas, E. P. Dutton, 1951.
Jim Schutze, The Accommodation: The Politics of Race in an American City, New York: Citadel Press, 1987. ISBN 0806510463
Nancy Smith, Dallas International with J.R. Ewing: History of Real Dallasites in the Spotlight of “Dallas”, Southfork and the 1980s Gold Rush, Outskirts Press, 2012. ISBN 1432756990
Nancy Smith, Dallas Celebrity in the Glamorous 1980s Era of Ronald and Nancy Reagan, Denver: Outskirts, 2016. ISBN 147876242X
Roy H. Williams and Kevin James Shay, And Justice for All! The Untold History of Dallas, Fort Worth: CGS, 1999. ISBN 0965050572