country in West Africa
Coordinates :
Burkina Faso (, ; [ 9 ] french : [ buʁkina faso ] ) is a landlocked country in West Africa that covers an area of around 274,200 square kilometres ( 105,900 sq nautical mile ) and is bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and the Ivory Coast to the southwest. The July 2019 population calculate by the United Nations was 20,321,378. [ 10 ] Previously called Republic of Upper Volta ( 1958–1984 ), it was renamed “ Burkina Faso ” on 4 August 1984 by President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as Burkinabé or Burkinabè ( bur-KEE-nə-bay ), and its capital and largest city is Ouagadougou. Due to french colonialism, the area ‘s official speech of politics and business is french. however, entirely 15 % of the population actually speaks french on a regular basis. [ 11 ] There are 59 native languages spoken in Burkina, with the most common language, Mooré, spoken by approximately 50 % of Burkinabé. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The Republic of Upper Volta was established on 11 December 1958 as a autonomous colony within the french Community and on 5 August 1960 it gained full independence with Maurice Yaméogo as President. After protests by students and labour union members, Yaméogo was deposed in the 1966 coup d’état, led by Sangoulé Lamizana, who became president. His principle coincided with the Sahel drought and dearth, and facing problems from the area ‘s trade unions he was deposed in the 1980 coup d’etat d’état, led by Saye Zerbo. Encountering resistance from trade unions again, Zerbo ‘s government was overthrown in the 1982 coup d’état, led by Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo.

Reading: Burkina Faso

Thomas Sankara, a marxist and the drawing card of the leftist faction of the Ouédraogo government, was made Prime Minister but was late imprisoned. Efforts to free him led to the 1983 coup d’état, in which he became president. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Sankara renamed the area Burkina Faso and launched an ambitious socioeconomic course of study which included a countrywide literacy campaign, state redistribution to peasants, railroad track and road construction and the outlaw of female genital mutilation, forced marriages and polygamy. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Sankara was overthrown and killed in the 1987 coup d’etat d’état led by Blaise Compaoré – deteriorating relations with former colonizer France and its ally the Ivory Coast were the reason given for the coup d’etat. In 1987, Blaise Compaoré became president of the united states and, after an alleged 1989 coup try, was elected in 1991 and 1998 ( elections which were boycotted by the confrontation and attracted a notably low outfit ), vitamin a well as in 2005. He remained head of state of matter until he was ousted from office by the popular young person convulsion of 31 October 2014, [ 17 ] [ 18 ] after which he was exiled to the Ivory Coast. Michel Kafando subsequently became the transitional president of the nation. On 16 September 2015, a military coup d’etat d’état against the Kafando government was carried out by the Regiment of Presidential Security, the former presidential defend of Compaoré. [ 19 ] On 24 September 2015, after coerce from the African Union, ECOWAS and the arm forces, the military military junta agreed to step down and Michel Kafando was reinstated as acting president. [ 20 ] In the general election held on 29 November 2015, Roch Marc Christian Kaboré won in the inaugural round with 53.5 % of the right to vote [ 21 ] and was sworn in as president of the united states on 29 December 2015. [ 22 ]

etymology [edit ]

once the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed “ Burkina Faso ” on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. The words “ Burkina ” and “ Faso ” stem from different languages spoken in the country : “ Burkina ” comes from Mossi and means “ upright ”, showing how the people are gallant of their integrity, while “ Faso ” comes from the Dioula language ( as written in N’Ko : ߝߊ߬ߛߏ߫‎ faso ) and means “ fatherland ” ( literally, “ don ‘s house ” ). The “ -bè ” suffix added onto “ Burkina ” to form the demonym “ Burkinabè ” comes from the Fula terminology and means “ women or men ”. [ 23 ] The CIA summarizes the etymology as “ nation of the honest ( incorruptible ) men ”. [ 24 ] The french colony of Upper Volta was named for its placement on the upper courses of the Volta River ( the Black, Red and White Volta ). [ 25 ]

history [edit ]

early history [edit ]

The northwestern depart of contemporary Burkina Faso was populated by hunter-gatherers from 14000 BCE to 5000 BCE. Their tools, including scrapers, chisels and arrowheads, were discovered in 1973 through archaeological excavations. [ 26 ] Agricultural settlements were established between 3600 and 2600 BCE. [ 26 ] The Bura polish was an Iron-Age civilization centred in the southwest part of contemporary Niger and in the southeast contribution of contemporaneous Burkina Faso. [ 27 ] Iron industry, in smelting and forging for tools and weapons, had developed in Sub-Saharan Africa by 1200 BCE. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] To date, the oldest attest of iron smelting found in Burkina Faso dates from 800 to 700 BC and form part of the Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy World Heritage Site. [ 30 ] From the 3rd to the thirteenth centuries CE, the Iron Age Bura culture existed in the district of contemporary southeast Burkina Faso and southwest Niger. Various ethnic groups of contemporary Burkina Faso, such as the Mossi, Fula and Dioula, arrived in consecutive waves between the 8th and 15th centuries. From the eleventh century, the Mossi people established several separate kingdoms .
West Africa circa 1875

eighth hundred to 18th hundred [edit ]

There is argument about the demand dates when Burkina Faso ‘s many ethnic groups arrived to the area. The Proto-Mossi arrived in the far eastern part of what is today Burkina Faso erstwhile between the 8th and 11th centuries, [ 31 ] the Samo arrived around the fifteenth century, [ 32 ] the Dogon lived in Burkina Faso ‘s north and northwest regions until sometime in the 15th or 16th centuries [ 33 ] and many of the other cultural groups that make up the nation ‘s population arrived in the region during this time .
The cavalry of the Mossi Kingdoms were experts at raiding deep into enemy territory, tied against the formidable Mali empire Armed men prevent the french explorer Louis-Gustave Binger from entering Sia ( Bobo-Dioulasso ) during his stay in April 1892. During the Middle Ages the Mossi established several classify kingdoms including those of Tenkodogo, Yatenga, Zandoma, and Ouagadougou. [ 34 ] Sometime between 1328 and 1338 Mossi warriors raided Timbuktu but the Mossi were defeated by Sonni Ali of Songhai at the Battle of Kobi in Mali in 1483. [ 35 ] During the early sixteenth century the Songhai conducted many slave raids into what is today Burkina Faso. [ 32 ] During the eighteenth century the Gwiriko Empire was established at Bobo Dioulasso and cultural groups such as the Dyan, Lobi, and Birifor settled along the Black Volta. [ 36 ]

From colony to independence ( 1890s–1958 ) [edit ]

Starting in the early 1890s during the European Scramble for Africa, a series of european military officers made attempts to claim parts of what is today Burkina Faso. At times these colonialists and their armies fought the local peoples ; at times they forged alliances with them and made treaties. The colonialist officers and their home governments besides made treaties amongst themselves. The territory of Burkina Faso was invaded by France, becoming a french protectorate in 1896. [ 37 ]
The easterly and westerly regions, where a repulsion against the forces of the herculean ruler Samori Ture complicated the position, came under french occupation in 1897. By 1898, the majority of the territory corresponding to Burkina Faso was nominally conquered ; however, french control of many parts remained uncertain. [ 26 ] The Franco-British Convention of 14 June 1898 created the area ‘s modern borders. In the french district, a war of conquest against local communities and political powers continued for about five years. In 1904, the largely pacify territories of the Volta basin were integrated into the Upper Senegal and Niger colony of french West Africa as share of the reorganization of the french West African colonial empire. The colony had its capital in Bamako. The lyric of colonial government and schooling became french. The public department of education system started from humble origins. Advanced education was provided for many years during the colonial period in Dakar. Draftees from the district participated in the european fronts of World War I in the battalions of the senegalese Rifles. Between 1915 and 1916, the districts in the westerly part of what is now Burkina Faso and the border easterly fringe of Mali became the phase of one of the most important armed oppositions to colonial government : the Volta-Bani War. [ 38 ] The french politics ultimately suppressed the movement but only after suffering defeats. It besides had to organize its largest expeditionary power of its colonial history to send into the country to suppress the rebellion. Armed confrontation wracked the Sahelian north when the Tuareg and allied groups of the Dori region ended their armistice with the government .
french Upper Volta was established on 1 March 1919. The french feared a recurrence of arm uprise and had related economic considerations. To bolster its presidency, the colonial government separated the give district of Burkina Faso from Upper Senegal and Niger. The newfangled colony was named Haute Volta, named for its location on the upper courses of the Volta River ( the Black, Red and White Volta ), and François Charles Alexis Édouard Hesling became its beginning governor. Hesling initiated an ambitious road-making platform to improve infrastructure and promoted the growth of cotton for export. The cotton policy – based on compulsion – failed, and gross generated by the colony stagnated. The colony was dismantled on 5 September 1932, being divide between the french colonies of Ivory Coast, french Sudan and Niger. Ivory Coast received the largest share, which contained most of the population vitamin a well as the cities of Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso. France reversed this change during the period of intense anti-colonial agitation that followed the goal of World War II. On 4 September 1947, it revived the colony of Upper Volta, with its previous boundaries, as a region of the French Union. The french designated its colonies as departments of metropolitan France on the european continent. On 11 December 1958 the colony achieved self-government as the Republic of Upper Volta ; it joined the Franco-African Community. A revision in the administration of french Overseas Territories had begun with the passage of the Basic Law ( Loi Cadre ) of 23 July 1956. This act was followed by reorganization measures approved by the french parliament early in 1957 to ensure a large degree of self-government for individual territories. Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on 11 December 1958. full independence from France was received in 1960. [ 39 ]

Upper Volta ( 1958–1984 ) [edit ]

Maurice Yaméogo, the first President of Upper Volta, examines documents pertaining to the ratification of the country’s independence in 1960 The Republic of Upper Volta ( french : République de Haute-Volta ) was established on 11 December 1958 as a autonomous colony within the french Community. The name Upper Volta related to the state ‘s location along the upper reaches of the Volta River. The river ‘s three tributaries are called the Black, White and Red Volta. These were expressed in the three colors of the former home masthead. Before attaining autonomy, it had been french Upper Volta and character of the French Union. On 5 August 1960, it attained full independence from France. The first president, Maurice Yaméogo, was the drawing card of the Voltaic Democratic Union ( UDV ). The 1960 constitution provided for election by universal right to vote of a president and a national fabrication for five-year terms. soon after coming to ability, Yaméogo banned all political parties early than the UDV. The politics lasted until 1966. After much unrest, including mass demonstrations and strikes by students, british labour party unions, and civil servants, the military intervened .

Lamizana ‘s rule and multiple coups [edit ]

The 1966 military coup deposed Yaméogo, suspended the constitution, dissolved the National Assembly, and placed Lt. Col. Sangoulé Lamizana at the head of a government of senior united states army officers. The united states army remained in ability for four years. On 14 June 1976, the Voltans ratified a new fundamental law that established a four-year transition period toward complete civilian rule. Lamizana remained in power throughout the 1970s as president of military or interracial civil-military governments. Lamizana ‘s rule coincided with the beginning of the Sahel drought and dearth which had a devastate impact on Upper Volta and neighbor countries. After conflict over the 1976 united states constitution, a new constitution was written and approved in 1977. Lamizana was re-elected by open elections in 1978. Lamizana ‘s politics faced problems with the area ‘s traditionally knock-down trade unions, and on 25 November 1980, Col. Saye Zerbo overthrew President Lamizana in a bloodless coup. Colonel Zerbo established the Military Committee of Recovery for National Progress as the sovereign governmental assurance, therefore eradicating the 1977 constitution. Colonel Zerbo besides encountered immunity from deal unions and was overthrown two years by and by by Maj. Dr. Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo and the Council of Popular Salvation ( CSP ) in the 1982 Upper Voltan coup d’etat d’état. The CSP continued to ban political parties and organizations, yet promised a transition to civilian rule and a fresh fundamental law. [ 40 ] [ 41 ]

1983 coup d’etat d’état [edit ]

Infighting developed between the right and left factions of the CSP. The leader of the leftists, Capt. Thomas Sankara, was appointed prime curate in January 1983, but was subsequently arrested. Efforts to free him, directed by Capt. Blaise Compaoré, resulted in a military coup d’état on 4 August 1983. The coup brought Sankara to baron and his government began to implement a series of revolutionary programs which included mass-vaccinations, infrastructure improvements, the expansion of women ‘s rights, encouragement of domestic agricultural pulmonary tuberculosis, and anti-desertification projects. [ 15 ]

Burkina Faso ( since 1984 ) [edit ]

On 2 August 1984, on President Sankara ‘s enterprise, the state ‘s name changed from “ Upper Volta ” to “ Burkina Faso ”, or land of the honest men ; ( the actual translation is land of the upright men. ) [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ need quotation to verify ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The presidential decree was confirmed by the National Assembly on 4 August. The demonym for people of Burkina Faso, “ Burkinabé ”, includes expatriates or descendants of people of Burkinabé origin. Sankara ‘s politics comprised the National Council for the Revolution ( CNR – French : Conseil national révolutionnaire ), with Sankara as its president, and established popular Committees for the Defense of the Revolution ( CDRs ). The Pioneers of the Revolution youth program was besides established. Sankara launched an ambitious socioeconomic program for change, one of the largest ever undertaken on the african celibate. [ 15 ] His alien policies centred on anti-imperialism, with his government rejecting all extraneous aid, pushing for abominable debt decrease, nationalising all nation and mineral wealth and averting the baron and influence of the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and World Bank. His domestic policies included a nationally literacy campaign, nation redistribution to peasants, railroad track and road structure and the outlaw of female genital mutilation, forced marriages and polygamy. [ 16 ] [ 15 ] Sankara pushed for agrarian autonomy and promoted public health by vaccinating 2,500,000 children against meningitis, yellow fever, and measles. [ 16 ] His national agenda besides included plant over 10,000,000 trees to halt the growing desertification of the Sahel. Sankara called on every greenwich village to build a medical dispensary and had over 350 communities build schools with their own british labour party. [ 15 ] [ 46 ]

1987 coup d’etat d’état [edit ]

On 15 October 1987, Sankara, along with twelve other officials, died in a coup d’etat d’état organized by Blaise Compaoré, Sankara ‘s early colleague, who served as Burkina Faso ‘s president of the united states from October 1987 until October 2014. [ 47 ] After the coup and although Sankara was known to be dead, some CDRs mounted an armed resistance to the army for several days. [ citation needed ] A majority [ quantify ] of Burkinabé citizens hold that France ‘s foreign ministry, the Quai d’Orsay, was behind Compaoré in organizing the coup. Compaoré gave as one of the reasons for the coup d’etat the deterioration in relations with neighbor countries. [ 48 ] Compaoré argued that Sankara had jeopardised foreign relations with the former colonial power ( France ) and with neighbor Ivory Coast. [ 14 ] Following the coup Compaoré immediately reversed the nationalizations, overturned about all of Sankara ‘s policies, returned the state back into the IMF close up, and ultimately spurned most of Sankara ‘s bequest. Following an alleged coup-attempt in 1989, Compaoré introduced restrict democratic reforms in 1990. Under the new ( 1991 ) constitution, Compaoré was re-elected without resistance in December 1991. In 1998 Compaoré won election in a landslide. In 2004, 13 people were tried for plotting a coup d’etat against President Compaoré and the coup d’etat ‘s alleged originator was sentenced to life imprisonment. [ 49 ] As of 2014, Burkina Faso remained one of the least-developed countries in the world. [ 50 ] Compaoré ‘s government played the role of negotiator in several West-African disputes, including the 2010–11 Ivorian crisis, the Inter-Togolese Dialogue ( 2007 ), and the 2012 malian Crisis. Between February and April 2011, the death of a schoolboy provoked protests throughout the area, coupled with a military mutiny and a magistrates ‘ mint .

October 2014 protests [edit ]

Starting on 28 October 2014 protesters began to march and demonstrate in Ouagadougou against President Blaise Compaoré, who appeared [ need quotation to verify ] ready to amend the united states constitution and extend his 27-year rule. On 30 October some protesters set fuel to the parliament construct [ 51 ] and took over the national television receiver headquarters. [ 52 ] Ouagadougou International Airport closed and MPs suspended the vote on changing the constitution ( the change would have allowed Compaoré to stand for re-election in 2015 ). Later in the day, the military dissolved all government institutions and imposed a curfew. [ 53 ] On 31 October 2014, President Compaoré, facing mounting press, resigned after 27 years in office. [ 54 ] Lt. Col. Isaac Zida said that he would lead the nation during its transitional period before the aforethought 2015 presidential election, but there were concerns [ by whom? ] over his close ties to the erstwhile president of the united states. [ 55 ] In November 2014 opposition parties, civil-society groups and religious leaders adopted a design for a transitional agency to guide Burkina Faso to elections. [ 56 ] Under the plan Michel Kafando became the transitional President of Burkina Faso and Lt. Col. Zida became the acting Prime Minister and Defense Minister .

2015 coup d’etat d’état [edit ]

On 16 September 2015, the Regiment of Presidential Security ( RSP ) seized the country ‘s president of the united states and prime minister and then declared the National Council for Democracy the new national government. [ 57 ] however, on 22 September 2015, the coup d’etat leader, Gilbert Diendéré, apologized and promised to restore civilian government. [ 58 ] On 23 September 2015 the prime curate and interim president were restored to power. [ 59 ]

November 2015 election [edit ]

general elections took space in Burkina Faso on 29 November 2015. Roch Marc Christian Kaboré won the election in the beginning rung with 53.5 % of the vote, defeating businessman Zéphirin Diabré, who took 29.7 %. [ 21 ] Kaboré was sworn in as president of the united states on 29 December 2015. [ 22 ]

November 2020 election [edit ]

In 2020 general election, President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré was re-elected. however, his party Mouvement du people MPP, failed to reach absolute parliamentary majority. It secured 56 seats out of a total of 127. The Congress for Democracy and Progress ( CDP ), the party of early President Blaise Compaoré, was distant second with 20 seats. [ 60 ]

terrorist attacks [edit ]

In February 2016 a terrorist fire occurred at the Splendid Hotel and Capuccino café-bar in the center of Ouagadougou : 30 people died. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb ( AQIM ) and Al-Mourabitoun, two groups which until then had largely operated in neighbouring Mali, claimed province for the assail. Since then, exchangeable groups have carried out numerous [ quantify ] attacks in the northern and eastern parts of the nation. One terrorist assail occurred on the evening of Friday, 11 October 2019, on a mosque in the greenwich village of Salmossi near the border with Mali, leaving 16 people dead and two injure. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] On 8 July 2020, the United States raised concerns after a Human Rights Watch report revealed bulk graves with at least 180 bodies, which were found in northern Burkina Faso where soldiers were fighting jihadists. [ 63 ] On June 4, 2021, the Associated Press reported that according to the government of Burkina Faso, gunmen killed at least 100 people in Solhan greenwich village in northern Burkina Faso near the Niger border. A local anesthetic market and several homes were besides burned down. A government spokesman blamed jihadists. This was the deadliest attack recorded in Burkina Faso since the West african nation was overrun by jihadists linked to al-qaeda and the Islamic State about five years ago, said Heni Nsaibia, elder research worker at the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. [ 64 ]

government [edit ]

President Blaise Compaoré ruled Burkina Faso from a coup d’état in 1987 until he lost power in 2014. With French aid, Blaise Compaoré seized power in a coup d’état in 1987. He overthrew his long-time acquaintance and ally Thomas Sankara, who was killed in the coup d’etat. [ 65 ] The fundamental law of 2 June 1991 established a semi-presidential government : its fantan could be dissolved by the President of the Republic, who was to be elected for a term of seven years. In 2000, the constitution was amended to reduce the presidential term to five years and set term limits to two, preventing consecutive re-election. The amendment took effect during the 2005 elections. If passed advance, it would have prevented Compaoré from being reelected. other presidential candidates challenged the election results. But in October 2005, the constitutional council ruled that, because Compaoré was the sitting president of the united states in 2000, the amendment would not apply to him until the conclusion of his second terminus in agency. This cleared the way for his campaigning in the 2005 election. On 13 November 2005, Compaoré was reelected in a landslide, because of a divided political opposition. In the 2010 Presidential elections, President Compaoré was re-elected. only 1.6 million Burkinabés voted, out of a sum population 10 times that size. The 2011 Burkinabè protests were a series of democratic protests that called for the resignation of Compaoré, democratic reforms, higher wages for troops and public servants and economic exemption. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] As a resultant role, governors were replaced and wages for populace servants were raised. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] The parliament consisted of one chamber known as the National Assembly, which had 111 seats with members elected to serve five-year terms. There was besides a constituent chamber, composed of ten-spot members, and an economic and sociable council whose roles were strictly advisory. The 1991 constitution created a bicameral fantan, but the upper sign of the zodiac ( Chamber of Representatives ) was abolished in 2002. The Compaoré administration had worked to decentralize office by devolving some of its powers to regions and municipal authorities. But the widespread distrust of politicians and lack of political participation by many residents complicated this work. Critics described this as a hybrid decentralization. [ 71 ] political freedoms are badly restricted in Burkina Faso. Human rights organizations had criticised the Compaoré presidency for numerous acts of state-sponsored violence against journalists and other politically active members of society. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] In mid-september 2015 the Kafando politics, along with the rest of the post-October 2014 political decree, was temporarily overthrown in a coup d’etat attack by the Regiment of Presidential Security ( RSP ). They installed Gilbert Diendéré as president of the fresh National Council for Democracy. [ 19 ] On 23 September 2015, the prime curate and interim president were restored to power. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] The national elections were subsequently rescheduled for 29 November. Kaboré won the election in the first base round of vote, receiving 53.5 % of the vote against 29.7 % for the second base place candidate, Zephirin Diabré. [ 21 ] He was sworn in as president on 29 December 2015. [ 22 ] The BBC described the president as a “ French-educated banker … [ who ] sees himself as a social democrat, and has pledged to reduce youth unemployment, improve education and healthcare, and make health planning for children under six free of charge ”. [ 76 ] The prime curate is head of government and is appointed by the president with the approval of the National Assembly. He is creditworthy for recommending a cabinet for appointment by the president. Paul Kaba Thieba was appointed PM in early 2016. [ 77 ] According to a World Bank Report in late 2018, the political climate was stable ; the government was facing “ social discontentment marked by major strikes and protests, organized by unions in several economic sectors, to demand wage increases and social benefits …. and increasingly patronize jihadist attacks ”. The following elections would be held in 2020. [ 78 ]

fundamental law [edit ]

In 2015, Kaboré promised to revise the 1991 fundamental law. The revision was completed in 2018. One condition prevents any individual from serving as president for more than ten years either consecutively or intermittently and provides a method acting for impeaching a president. A referendum on the fundamental law for the Fifth Republic was scheduled for 24 March 2019. [ 79 ] Certain rights are besides enshrined in the revise wording : access to drink in water, access to decent caparison and a recognition of the right to civil disobedience, for exercise. The referendum was required because the enemy parties in Parliament refused to sanction the proposed text. [ 80 ]

foreign relations [edit ]

Burkina Faso is a member of the African Union, G5 Sahel, Community of Sahel–Saharan States, La Francophonie, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Economic Community of West African States, and United Nations .

military [edit ]

The army consists of some 6,000 men in voluntary service, augmented by a part-time national People ‘s Militia composed of civilians between 25 and 35 years of old age who are trained in both military and civil duties. According to Jane’s Sentinel Country Risk Assessment, Burkina Faso ‘s Army is undermanned for its push social organization and ill equipped, but has wheeled light-armour vehicles, and may have developed useful combat expertness through interventions in Liberia and elsewhere in Africa. In terms of train and equipment, the regular Army is believed to be neglected in relation to the élite Regiment of Presidential Security ( french : Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle – RSP ). Reports have emerged in recent years of disputes over pay and conditions. [ 81 ] There is an air wedge with some 19 operational aircraft, but no navy, as the country is landlocked. military expenses constitute approximately 1.2 % of the nation ‘s GDP. In April 2011, there was an army mutiny ; the president of the united states named new chiefs of staff, and a curfew was imposed in Ouagadougou. [ 82 ]

law enforcement [edit ]

Burkina Faso employs numerous police and security forces, broadly modeled after organizations used by french police. France continues to provide meaning support and train to police forces. The Gendarmerie Nationale is organized along military lines, with most police services delivered at the brigade grade. The Gendarmerie operates under the assurance of the Minister of Defence, and its members are employed chiefly in the rural areas and along borders. [ 83 ] There is a municipal police wedge controlled by the Ministry of Territorial Administration ; a national patrol storm controlled by the Ministry of Security ; and an autonomous regiment of Presidential Security ( Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle, or RSP ), a ‘palace guard ‘ devoted to the protection of the President of the Republic. Both the gendarmerie and the national police are subdivided into both administrative and judicial police functions ; the early are detailed to protect public order and provide security, the latter are charged with criminal investigations. [ 83 ] All foreigners and citizens are required to carry photograph ID passports, or early forms of identification or gamble a fine, and police touch identity checks are platitude for persons traveling by car, bush-taxi, or bus. [ 84 ] [ 85 ]

administrative divisions [edit ]

The country is divided into 13 administrative regions. These regions encompass 45 provinces and 301 departments. Each area is administered by a governor .

geography [edit ]

Satellite effigy of Burkina Faso Map of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso lies largely between latitudes 9° and 15° N ( a little area is north of 15° ), and longitudes 6° W and 3° e. It is made up of two major types of countryside. The larger part of the nation is covered by a peneplain, which forms a gently ripple landscape with, in some areas, a few isolate hills, the last vestiges of a precambrian massif. The southwest of the state, on the other hand, forms a sandstone massif, where the highest bill, Ténakourou, is found at an elevation of 749 meters ( 2,457 foot ). The massif is bordered by sheer cliffs up to 150 m ( 492 foot ) high. The average altitude of Burkina Faso is 400 m ( 1,312 foot ) and the difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than 600 megabyte ( 1,969 foot ). Burkina Faso is therefore a relatively flat country. The country owes its erstwhile identify of Upper Volta to three rivers which cross it : the Black Volta ( or Mouhoun ), the White Volta ( Nakambé ) and the Red Volta ( Nazinon ). The Black Volta is one of the state ‘s merely two rivers which flow year-round, the other being the Komoé, which flows to the southwest. The basin of the Niger River besides drains 27 % of the state ‘s surface. The Niger ‘s tributaries – the Béli, Gorouol, Goudébo, and Dargol – are seasonal streams and menstruate for only four to six months a year. They still can flood and overflow, however. The area besides contains numerous lakes – the star ones are Tingrela, Bam, and Dem. The country contains large ponds, arsenic well, such as Oursi, Béli, Yomboli, and Markoye. Water shortages are often a trouble, particularly in the north of the country .
Burkina Faso lies within two mundane ecoregions : Sahelian Acacia savanna and West Sudanian savanna. [ 86 ]

climate [edit ]

Burkina Faso has a chiefly tropical climate with two very discrete seasons. In the showery season, the nation receives between 600 and 900 millimeter ( 23.6 and 35.4 in ) of rain ; in the dry temper, the harmattan – a hot dry hoist from the Sahara – blows. The showery season lasts approximately four months, May/June to September, and is shorter in the north of the state. Three climatic zones can be defined : the Sahel, the Sudan-Sahel, and the Sudan-Guinea. The Sahel in the union typically receives less than 600 millimeter ( 23.6 in ) [ 87 ] of rain per year and has high temperatures, 5–47 °C ( 41–117 °F ). A relatively dry tropical savanna, the Sahel extends beyond the borders of Burkina Faso, from the Horn of Africa to the Atlantic Ocean, and borders the Sahara to its north and the fertile region of the Sudan to the south. Situated between 11° 3′ and 13° 5′ north latitude, the Sudan-Sahel region is a transitional zone with regards to rainfall and temperature. Further to the south, the Sudan-Guinea zone receives more than 900 millimeter ( 35.4 in ) [ 87 ] of rain each year and has cooler average temperatures .
price caused by the Dourtenga floods in 2007 Geographic and environmental causes can besides play a meaning role in contributing to Burkina Faso ‘s issue of food insecurity. [ 88 ] As the country is situated in the Sahel region, Burkina Faso experiences some of the most radical climatic variation in the world, ranging from severe flooding to extreme drought. [ 89 ] The irregular climatic shock absorber that Burkina Faso citizens often face results in strong difficulties in being able to rely on and accumulate wealth through agricultural means. [ 90 ] Burkina Faso ‘s climate besides renders its crops vulnerable to insect attacks, including attacks from locusts and crickets, which destroy crops and further inhibit food production. [ 91 ] not alone is most of the population of Burkina Faso dependant on farming as a informant of income, but they besides rely on the agricultural sector for food that will directly feed the family. [ 92 ] due to the vulnerability of farming, more and more families are having to look for other sources of non-farm income, [ 93 ] and much have to travel outside of their regional zone to find influence. [ 92 ]

natural resources [edit ]

Burkina Faso ‘s natural resources include gold, manganese, limestone, marble, phosphates, pumice, and salt .

wildlife [edit ]

Burkina Faso has a larger number of elephants than many countries in West Africa. Lions, leopards and old world buffalo can besides be found here, including the shadow or crimson american bison, a smaller red-brown animal which looks like a fierce kind of short-legged cow. other boastfully predators live in Burkina Faso, such as the cheetah, the caracal or african lynx, the blemish hyena and the African angry cad, one of the celibate ‘s most queer species. [ 94 ] Burkina Faso ‘s animal and flora are protected in four national parks :

  • The W National Park in the east which passes Burkina Faso, Benin, and Niger
  • The Arly Wildlife Reserve (Arly National Park in the east)
  • The Léraba-Comoé Classified Forest and Partial Reserve of Wildlife in the west
  • The Mare aux Hippopotames in the west

and several reserves : see List of national parks in Africa and Nature reserves of Burkina Faso .

economy [edit ]

A proportional representation of Burkina Faso exports, 2019 The prize of Burkina Faso ‘s exports fell from $ 2.77 billion in 2011 to $ 754 million in 2012. [ 95 ] Agriculture represents 32 % of its gross domestic product and occupies 80 % of the working population. It consists largely of rearing livestock. particularly in the south and southwesterly, the people grow crops of sorghum, drop millet, corn ( corn ), peanuts, rice and cotton, with surpluses to be sold. A large character of the economic natural process of the area is funded by international help, despite having aureate ores in abundance. The top five export commodities in 2017 were as follows, in order of importance : gems and valued metals, US $ 1.9 billion ( 78.5 % of entire exports ), cotton, $ 198.7 million ( 8.3 % ), ores, slag, ash, $ 137.6 million ( 5.8 % ), fruits, nuts : $ 76.6 million ( 3.2 % ) and oil seeds : $ 59.5 million ( 2.5 % ). [ 96 ] A December 2018 composition from the World Bank indicates that in 2017, economic emergence increased to 6.4 % in 2017 ( vs. 5.9 % in 2016 ) primarily due to gold production and increase investing in infrastructure. The increase in consumption linked to growth of the engage beak besides supported economic growth. inflation remained low, 0.4 % that year but the public deficit grew to 7.7 % of GDP ( vs. 3.5 % in 2016 ). The government was continuing to get fiscal aid and loans to finance the debt. To finance the public deficit, the Government combined concessional aid and borrow on the regional market. The World Bank said that the economic mentality remained favorable in the short and medium term, although that could be negatively impacted. Risks included high oil prices ( imports ), lower prices of amber and cotton ( exports ) arsenic good as terrorist threat and labor strikes. [ 78 ] Burkina Faso is depart of the west african Monetary and Economic Union ( UMEOA ) and has adopted the CFA franc. This is issued by the Central Bank of the West african States ( BCEAO ), situated in Dakar, Senegal. The BCEAO manages the monetary and reserve policy of the member states, and provides regulation and oversight of fiscal sector and banking natural process. A legal model regarding license, depository financial institution activities, organizational and capital requirements, inspections and sanctions ( all applicable to all countries of the Union ) is in identify, having been reformed significantly in 1999. Microfinance institutions are governed by a distinguish police, which regulates microfinance activities in all WAEMU countries. The indemnity sector is regulated through the Inter-African league on policy Markets ( CIMA ). [ 97 ]
Processing facilities at the Essakane Mine in Burkina Faso In 2018, tourism was about non-existent in large parts of the country. The U.S. government ( and others ) warn their citizens not to travel into big parts of Burkina Faso : “ The northern Sahel border region shared with Mali and Niger ascribable to crime and terrorism. The provinces of Kmoandjari, Tapoa, Kompienga, and Gourma in East Region due to crime and terrorism ”. [ 98 ] The 2018 CIA World Factbook provides this update summary. “ Burkina Faso is a poor people, landlocked country that depends on adequate rain. irregular patterns of rain, poor soil, and the lack of adequate communications and other infrastructure contribute to the economy ‘s vulnerability to external shocks. About 80 % of the population is engaged in subsistence farming and cotton is the chief cash crop. The country has few natural resources and a weak industrial base. Cotton and gold are Burkina Faso ‘s key exports … The area has seen an upswing in aureate exploration, production, and exports. While the end of the political crisis has allowed Burkina Faso ‘s economy to resume cocksure growth, the state ‘s delicate security site could put these gains at risk. political insecurity in neighboring Mali, unreliable energy supplies, and poor exile links pose long-run challenges. ” The report besides highlights the 2018–2020 International Monetary Fund broadcast, including the government ‘s design to “ reduce the budget deficit and preserve critical spend on social services and precedence public investments ”. [ 24 ] A 2018 report by the African Development Bank Group discussed a macroeconomic development : “ higher investment and continue spending on social services and security that will add to the budget deficit ”. This group ‘s prediction for 2018 indicated that the budget deficit would be reduced to 4.8 % of GDP in 2018 and to 2.9 % in 2019. populace debt associated with the National Economic and Social Development Plan was estimated at 36.9 % of GDP in 2017. [ 99 ] Burkina Faso is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa ( OHADA ). [ 100 ] The nation besides belongs to the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization. [ 101 ]

mine [edit ]

There is mine of copper, iron, manganese, gold, cassiterite ( tin ore ), and phosphates. [ 102 ] These operations provide employment and generate international care. gold product increased 32 % in 2011 at six gold mine sites, making Burkina Faso the fourth-largest aureate manufacturer in Africa, after South Africa, Mali and Ghana. [ 103 ] A 2018 report indicated that the area expected record 55 tonnes of amber in that year, a two-thirds increase over 2013. According to Oumarou Idani, there is a more important issue. “ We have to diversify production. We largely only produce amber, but we have huge potential in manganese, zinc, moderate, copper, nickel and limestone ”. [ 104 ]

Food insecurity

[edit ]

According to the Global Hunger Index, a multidimensional creature used to measure and track a country ‘s hunger levels, [ 105 ] Burkina Faso ranked 65 out of 78 countries in 2013. [ 106 ] It is estimated that there are presently over 1.5 million children who are at risk of food insecurity in Burkina Faso, with around 350,000 children who are in want of emergency aesculapian aid. [ 106 ] however, merely about a one-third of these children will actually receive adequate medical attention. [ 107 ] alone 11.4 percentage of children under the senesce of two receive the daily recommended count of meals. [ 106 ] Stunted growth as a result of food insecurity is a hard problem in Burkina Faso, affecting at least a third of the population from 2008 to 2012. [ 108 ] Additionally, stunted children, on average, tend to complete less school than children with normal growth development, [ 107 ] further contributing to the gloomy levels of education of the Burkina Faso population. [ 109 ] The european Commission expects that approximately 500,000 children under age 5 in Burkina Faso will suffer from acute malnutrition in 2015, including around 149,000 who will suffer from its most dangerous shape. [ 110 ] Rates of micronutrient deficiencies are besides gamey. [ 111 ] According to the Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS 2010 ), 49 percentage of women and 88 percentage of children under the senesce of five suffer from anemia. [ 111 ] Forty percentage of baby deaths can be attributed to malnutrition, and in turn, these baby mortality rates have decreased Burkina Faso ‘s total bring force by 13.6 percentage, demonstrating how food security affects more aspects of life beyond health. [ 106 ] These senior high school rates of food insecurity and the play along effects are even more prevailing in rural populations compared to urban ones, as access to health services in rural areas is much more express and awareness and education of children ‘s nutritional needs is lower. [ 112 ] An October 2018 report card by USAid stated that droughts and floods remained baffling, and that “ violence and insecurity are disrupting markets, deal and livelihoods activities in some of Burkina Faso ‘s northern and easterly areas ”. The report estimated that over 954,300 people needed food security support, and that, according to UNICEF, an “ estimated 187,200 children under 5 years of age will experience dangerous acute malnutrition ”. Agencies providing aid at the time included USAID ‘s Office of Food for Peace ( FFP ) working with the UN World Food Programme, the NGO Oxfam Intermón and ACDI/VOCA. [ 113 ]

Approaches to improving food security [edit ]

World Food Programme [edit ]

The United Nations ’ World Food Programme has worked on programs that are geared towards increasing food security system in Burkina Faso. The prolong Relief and Recovery Operation 200509 ( PRRO ) was formed to respond to the high gear levels of malnutrition in Burkina Faso, following the food and nutriment crisis in 2012. [ 114 ] The efforts of this project are largely geared towards the treatment and prevention of malnutrition and include take home plate rations for the caretakers of those children who are being treated for malnutrition. [ 114 ] Additionally, the activities of this operation lend to families ‘ abilities to withstand future food crises. Better nutriment among the two most vulnerable groups, young children and fraught women, prepares them to be able to respond dear in times when food security is compromised, such as in droughts. [ 114 ] The Country Programme ( CP ) has two parts : food and nutritional aid to people with HIV/AIDS, and a school feeding program for all elementary schools in the Sahel region. [ 115 ] The HIV/AIDS nutriment broadcast aims to better the nutritional recovery of those who are living with HIV/AIDS and to protect at-risk children and orphans from malnutrition and food security. [ 115 ] As function of the school feeding component, the Country Programme ‘s goals are to increase registration and attendance in schools in the Sahel region, where registration rates are below the national modal. [ 114 ] Furthermore, the program aims at improving gender parity rates in these schools, by providing girls with high attendance in the end two years of basal school with take-home rations of cereals as an bonus to households, encouraging them to send their girls to school. [ 114 ] The WFP concluded the formation of a subsequently approved plan in August 2018 “ to support the Government ‘s sight of ‘a democratic, unite and unite nation, transforming the social organization of its economy and achieving a potent and inclusive growth through patterns of sustainable consumption and output. ‘ It will take crucial steps in WFP ‘s new strategic management for strengthen national and local capacities to enable the Government and communities to own, manage, and implement food and nutriment security programmes by 2030 ”. [ 116 ]

World Bank [edit ]

The World Bank was established in 1944, and comprises five institutions whose shared goals are to end extreme poverty by 2030 and to promote shared prosperity by fostering income growth of the lower forty percentage of every area. [ 117 ] One of the main projects the World Bank is working on to reduce food insecurity in Burkina Faso is the Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project. [ 118 ] According to the World Bank, the objective of this visualize is to “ improve the capacity of inadequate producers to increase food production and to ensure better handiness of food products in rural markets. ” [ 118 ] The Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project has three chief parts. Its first component is to work towards the improvement of food product, including financing grants and providing ‘voucher for shape ‘ programs for households who can not pay their contribution in cash. [ 118 ] The project ‘s following part involves improving the ability of food products, particularly in rural areas. [ 118 ] This includes supporting the marketing of food products, and aims to strengthen the capabilities of stakeholders to control the variability of food products and supplies at local anesthetic and national levels. [ 118 ] Lastly, the third component of this project focuses on institutional development and capacity build. Its goal is to reinforce the capacities of service providers and institutions who are specifically involved in undertaking execution. [ 118 ] The project ‘s activities aim to build capacities of service providers, strengthen the capacity of food producer organizations, strengthen agricultural input issue pitch methods, and wield and evaluate project activities. [ 118 ] The December 2018 reputation by the World Bank indicated that the poverty rate fell slenderly between 2009 and 2014, from 46 % to a calm high 40.1 %. The report provided this update drumhead of the area ‘s development challenges : “ Burkina Faso remains vulnerable to climatic shocks related to changes in rain patterns and to fluctuations in the prices of its export commodities on populace markets. Its economic and social exploitation will, to some extent, be contingent on political stability in the country and the subregion, its openness to international trade, and export diversification ”. [ 119 ]

Food security [edit ]

A group of farmers in Tarfila, Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is faced with gamey levels of food insecurity. [ 114 ] As defined by the 1996 World Food Summit, “ food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and alimentary food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life style. ” [ 120 ] There has not been much successful improvement on this consequence of food security within holocene years. [ 114 ] Burkina Faso ‘s quickly growing population ( around 3.6 % annually ) continues to put a filter on the state ‘s resources and infrastructure, which can further limit handiness to food. [ 121 ] Because the nation is landlocked and prone to natural disasters, including drought and floods, many families struggle to protect themselves from severe hunger. [ 114 ] While recent harvest productions have improved some, much of the population is distillery having a hard time overcoming the continuous food and nutrition crises of the past decade. [ 110 ] Malnutrition is specially coarse in women and children, with large amounts of the population suffering from stunted growth and micronutrient deficiencies such as anemia. [ 122 ] Food insecurity has grown to be a structural problem in Burkina Faso, only to be intensified by high food prices. All of these factors combined with high poverty levels have left Burkina Faso vulnerable to chronic high gear levels of food insecurity and malnutrition. [ 114 ]

Social and economic causes [edit ]

poverty continues to be strongly linked to food insecurity. [ 123 ] As one of the poorest countries in the universe, around 43.7 % of its population lives under the Poverty Line [ 124 ] Burkina Faso ranked 185 out of 188 countries on the UNDP Human Development Index in 2015. [ 114 ] The Human Development Index is a bill of quality of life, taking into account three independent areas of human growth : longevity, education, and economic standard of living. [ 125 ] These gamey levels of poverty found in Burkina Faso, combined with the soaring food prices of the global food crisis cover to contribute to Burkina Faso ‘s issue of food insecurity. [ 126 ] The global food crisis of 2007–2008 was a drastic billow in food prices that led to high rates of starve, malnutrition, and political and economic instability in nations across the ball. [ 127 ] This strongly moved Burkina Faso because around 80 % of Burkina Faso ‘s population is rural, relying on subsistence agrarian to make a living. [ 110 ] For exemplify, when natural disasters such as floods, droughts, or locust attacks occur and cause crops to fail, farmers in Burkina Faso become subject on texture purchases. [ 128 ] Because of the ball-shaped food crisis, local grain prices dramatically increased, limiting farmers ‘ access to grain through marketplace exchanges. [ 128 ]

infrastructure and services [edit ]

urine [edit ]

Grand marché in Thein Koudougou, Burkina Faso While services remain underdeveloped, the National Office for Water and Sanitation ( ONEA ), a state-owned utility company run along commercial lines, is emerging as one of the best-performing utility program companies in Africa. [ 129 ] High levels of autonomy and a skilled and dedicate management have driven ONEA ‘s ability to improve product of and access to cleanse water. [ 129 ] Since 2000, closely 2 million more people have access to water in the four principal urban centres in the country ; the ship’s company has kept the choice of infrastructure high ( less than 18 % of the body of water is lost through leaks – one of the lowest in sub-saharan Africa ), improved fiscal report, and increased its annual tax income by an average of 12 % ( well above inflation ). [ 129 ] Challenges remain, including difficulties among some customers in paying for services, with the want to rely on international aid to expand its infrastructure. [ 129 ] The state-owned, commercially run venture has helped the nation reach its Millennium Development Goal ( MDG ) targets in water-related areas, and has grown as a feasible company. [ 129 ] however, access to toast water system has improved over the survive 28 years. According to UNICEF, access to drink water has increased from 39 to 76 % in rural areas between 1990 and 2015. In this like time span, entree to drinking water system increased from 75 to 97 % in urban areas. [ 130 ]

electricity [edit ]

A 33-megawatt solar power plant in Zagtouli, near Ouagadougou, came on-line in late November 2017. At the time of its construction, it was the largest solar ability facility in West Africa. [ 131 ]

other [edit ]

The increase rate in Burkina Faso is high although it continues to be plagued by corruption and incursions from terrorist groups from Mali and Niger. [ 132 ]

transport [edit ]

The railroad track station in Bobo Dioulasso was built during the colonial earned run average and remains in mathematical process. transport in Burkina Faso is limited by relatively underdeveloped infrastructure. As of June 2014 the independent external airport, Ouagadougou Airport, had regularly scheduled flights to many destinations in West Africa equally well as Paris, Brussels and Istanbul. The other external airport, Bobo Dioulasso Airport, has flights to Ouagadougou and Abidjan. Rail tape drive in Burkina Faso consists of a individual line which runs from Kaya to Abidjan in Ivory Coast via Ouagadougou, Koudougou, Bobo Dioulasso and Banfora. Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a workweek along the route. [ 133 ] There are 15,000 kilometres of roads in Burkina Faso, of which 2,500 kilometres are paved. [ 134 ]

science and engineering [edit ]

In 2009, Burkina Faso spent 0.20 % of GDP on research and development ( R & D ), one of the lowest ratios in West Africa. There were 48 researchers ( in full-time equivalents ) per million inhabitants in 2010, which is more than twice the average for sub-saharan Africa ( 20 per million population in 2013 ) and higher than the ratio for Ghana and Nigeria ( 39 ). It is, however, much lower than the proportion for Senegal ( 361 per million inhabitants ). In Burkina Faso in 2010, 46 % of researchers were working in the health sector, 16 % in engineer, 13 % in natural sciences, 9 % in agricultural sciences, 7 % in the humanities and 4 % in social sciences. [ 135 ] Burkina Faso was ranked 118th in the Global Innovation Index in 2020, down from 117th in 2019. [ 136 ] [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] In January 2011, the politics created the Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation. Up until then, management of skill, engineering and initiation had fallen under the Department of Secondary and Higher education and Scientific Research. Within this ministry, the Directorate General for Research and Sector Statistics is responsible for planning. A separate body, the Directorate General of Scientific Research, Technology and Innovation, organize research. This is a deviation from the practice in many other west african countries where a single body fulfils both functions. The move signals the politics ‘s intention to make skill and engineering a development priority. [ 135 ] In 2012, Burkina Faso adopted a National Policy for Scientific and Technical Research, the strategic objectives of which are to develop R & D and the application and commercialization of inquiry results. The policy besides makes provisions for strengthening the ministry ‘s strategic and functional capacities. One of the key priorities is to improve food security and autonomy by boosting capacity in agrarian and environmental sciences. The creation of a center of excellence in 2014 at the International Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering in Ouagadougou within the World Bank project provides essential fund for capacity-building in these priority areas. [ 135 ] A double priority is to promote advanced, effective and accessible health systems. The government wishes to develop, in analogue, lend oneself sciences and technology and social and human sciences. To complement the home research policy, the government has prepared a National Strategy to Popularize Technologies, Inventions and Innovations ( 2012 ) and a National Innovation Strategy ( 2014 ). other policies besides incorporate skill and technology, such as that on Secondary and Higher Education and Scientific Research ( 2010 ), the National Policy on Food and Nutrition Security ( 2014 ) and the National Programme for the Rural Sector ( 2011 ). [ 135 ] In 2013, Burkina Faso passed the Science, Technology and Innovation Act establishing three mechanisms for financing research and initiation, a unclutter indication of high-level commitment. These mechanisms are the National Fund for Education and Research, the National Fund for Research and Innovation for Development and the Forum of Scientific Research and Technological Innovation. [ 135 ]

society [edit ]

Demographics [edit ]

Population[140][141]

Year

Million

1950
4.3

2000
11.6

2018
19.8

Burkina Faso is an ethnically integrated, layman express where most people are concentrated in the south and center, where their concentration sometimes exceeds 48 inhabitants per square kilometer ( 120/sq nautical mile ). Hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè migrate regularly to Ivory Coast and Ghana, chiefly for seasonal agrarian work. These flows of workers are affected by external events ; the September 2002 coup attempt in Ivory Coast and the ensuing fight mean that hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè returned to Burkina Faso. The regional economy suffered when they were unable to work. [ 142 ] In 2015, most of the population belonged to “ one of two west african heathen cultural groups : the Voltaic and the Mande. Voltaic Mossi make up about 50 % of the population and are descended from warriors who moved to the area from Ghana around 1100, establishing an empire that lasted over 800 years ”. [ 10 ] The sum birthrate rate of Burkina Faso is 5.93 children born per woman ( 2014 estimates ), the one-sixth highest in the universe. [ 143 ] In 2009 the U.S. Department of State ‘s Trafficking in Persons Report reported that slavery in Burkina Faso continued to exist and that Burkinabè children were often the victims. [ 144 ] Slavery in the Sahel states in general, is an impinge mental hospital with a hanker history that dates back to the trans-Saharan slave trade. [ 145 ] In 2018, an estimate 82,000 people in the area were living under “ advanced slavery ” according to the Global Slavery Index. [ 146 ]

heathen groups [edit ]

Burkina Faso ‘s 17.3 million people belong to two major west African heathen cultural groups—the Voltaic and the Mande ( whose common language is Dioula ). The Voltaic Mossi make up about one-half of the population. The Mossi claim descent from warriors who migrated to contemporary Burkina Faso from northern Ghana around 1100 AD. They established an empire that lasted more than 800 years. predominantly farmers, the Mossi kingdom is led by the Mogho Naba, whose court is in Ouagadougou. [ 142 ]

Languages [edit ]

Languages in Burkina Faso

Languages

percent

Mossi

50.5%

Fula

9.3%

Gourmanche

6.1%

Bambara

4.9%

Bissa

3.2%

Bwamu

2.1%

Dagara

2%

San

1.9%

Lobiri

1.8%

Lyele

1.7%

Bobo

1.4%

Senoufo

1.4%

Nuni

1.2%

Dafing

1.1%

Tamasheq

1%

Kassena

0.7%

Gouin

0.4%

Dogon

0.3%

Songhai

0.3%

Gourounsi

0.3%

Ko

0.1%

Koussasse

0.1%

Sembla

0.1%

Siamou

0.1%

Other National

5%

Other African

0.2%

French

1.3%

Other Foreign

0.1%

Burkina Faso is a multilingual area. The official language is French, which was introduced during the colonial period. french is the principal terminology of administrative, political and judicial institutions, populace services, and the compress. It is the only lyric for laws, administration and courts. altogether, an estimated 69 languages are spoken in the country, [ 148 ] of which about 60 languages are autochthonal. The Mossi language ( Mossi : Mòoré ) is the most talk language in Burkina Faso, spoken by about half the population, chiefly in the central region around the capital, Ouagadougou, along with early, closely associate Gurunsi languages scattered throughout Burkina. According to the 2006 Census, the languages spoken natively in Burkina Faso were Mossi by 50.5 % of the population, Fula by 9.3 %, Gourmanché by 6.1 %, Bambara by 4.9 %, Bissa by 3.2 %, Bwamu by 2.1 %, Dagara by 2 %, San by 1.9 %, Lobiri with 1.8 %, Lyélé with 1.7 %, Bobo and Sénoufo with 1.4 % each, Nuni by 1.2 %, Dafing by 1.1 %, Tamasheq by 1 %, Kasséna by 0.7 %, Gouin by 0.4 %, Dogon, Songhai, and Gourounsi by 0.3 % each, Ko, Koussassé, Sembla, and Siamou by 0.1 % each, other national languages by 5 %, other african languages by 0.2 %, French ( the official speech ) by 1.3 %, and other extraneous languages by 0.1 %. [ 149 ] In the west, Mande languages are widely spoken, the most overriding being Dioula ( besides known as Jula or Dyula ), others including Bobo, Samo, and Marka. Fula is widespread, particularly in the north. Gourmanché is spoken in the east, while Bissa is spoken in the south .

religion [edit ]

Statistics on religion in Burkina Faso can be misinform because Islam and Christianity are much practiced in tandem with autochthonal religious beliefs. The government of Burkina Faso ‘s 2006 census reported that 60.5 % of the population practice Islam, and that the majority of this group belong to the Sunni branch, [ 150 ] [ 151 ] while a humble minority adheres to Shia Islam. [ 152 ] A significant number of Sunni Muslims identify with the Tijaniyah Sufi order. The government estimated that 23.2 % of the population are Christians ( 19 % being Roman Catholics and 4.2 % members of Protestant denominations ) ; 15.3 % follow traditional autochthonal beliefs such as the Dogon religion, 0.6 % have other religions, and 0.4 % have none. [ 150 ] [ 151 ]

Health [edit ]

In 2016, the average life anticipation was estimated at 60 for males and 61 for females. In 2018, the under-five deathrate pace and the baby deathrate rate was 76 per 1000 live births. [ 153 ] In 2014, the median age of its inhabitants was 17 and the estimated population increase pace was 3.05 %. [ 143 ] In 2011, health expenditures was 6.5 % of GDP ; the parental deathrate ratio was estimated at 300 deaths per 100000 live births and the doctor density at 0.05 per 1000 population in 2010. In 2012, it was estimated that the adult HIV prevalence rate ( ages 15–49 ) was 1.0 %. [ 154 ] According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, HIV prevalence is declining among fraught women who attend prenatal clinics. [ 155 ] According to a 2005 World Health Organization report, an estimated 72.5 % of Burkina Faso ‘s girls and women have had female genital mutilation, administered according to traditional rituals. [ 156 ] central government outgo on health was 3 % in 2001. [ 157 ] As of 2009, studies estimated there were equally few as 10 physicians per 100,000 people. [ 158 ] In addition, there were 41 nurses and 13 midwives per 100,000 people. [ 158 ] Demographic and Health Surveys has completed three surveys in Burkina Faso since 1993, and had another in 2009. [ 159 ] A Dengue fever outbreak in 2016 killed 20 patients. Cases of the disease were reported from all 12 districts of Ouagadougou. [ 160 ]

education [edit ]

education in Burkina Faso is divided into primary, secondary and higher education. [ 161 ] High school costs approximately CFA 25,000 ( US $ 50 ) per class, which is far above the means of most Burkinabè families. Boys receive preference in schooling ; as such, girls ‘ education and literacy rates are army for the liberation of rwanda lower than their male counterparts. An increase in girls ‘ educate has been observed because of the government ‘s policy of making school cheaper for girls and granting them more scholarships. To proceed from primary to middle school, middle to high school or high gear school to college, national exams must be passed. Institutions of higher department of education include the University of Ouagadougou, The Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso, and the University of Koudougou, which is besides a teacher train institution. There are some modest private colleges in the capital city of Ouagadougou but these are low-cost to only a small share of the population. There is besides the International School of Ouagadougou ( ISO ), an American-based private school located in Ouagadougou. The 2008 UN Development Program Report ranked Burkina Faso as the country with the lowest flush of literacy in the earth, despite a concerted attempt to double its literacy rate from 12.8 % in 1990 to 25.3 % in 2008. [ 162 ]

culture [edit ]

A cloaked Winiama dancer, c. 1970 literature in Burkina Faso is based on the oral tradition, which remains crucial. In 1934, during french occupation, Dim-Dolobsom Ouedraogo published his Maximes, pensées et devinettes mossi ( Maximes, Thoughts and Riddles of the Mossi ), a record of the oral history of the Mossi people. [ 163 ] The oral custom continued to have an influence on Burkinabè writers in the post-independence Burkina Faso of the 1960s, such as Nazi Boni and Roger Nikiema. [ 164 ] The 1960s saw a emergence in the number of playwrights being published. [ 163 ] Since the 1970s, literature has developed in Burkina Faso with many more writers being published. [ 165 ] The theater of Burkina Faso combines traditional Burkinabè performance with the colonial influences and post-colonial efforts to educate rural people to produce a classifiable national dramaturgy. traditional ritual ceremonies of the many ethnic groups in Burkina Faso have long involved dance with masks. Western-style dramaturgy became common during colonial times, heavily influenced by French theater. With independence came a new manner of theatre inspired by forum dramaturgy aimed at educating and entertaining Burkina Faso ‘s rural people .

Arts and crafts [edit ]

Artisan garland of cosmetic painted gourds in Ouagadougou In addition to several rich traditional aesthetic heritages among the peoples, there is a boastfully artist community in Burkina Faso, particularly in Ouagadougou. Much of the crafts produced are for the country ‘s growing tourist diligence. Burkina Faso besides hosts the International Art and Craft Fair, Ouagadougou. It is better known by its french name as SIAO, Le Salon International de l’ Artisanat de Ouagadougou, and is one of the most authoritative african handicraft fairs .

cuisine [edit ]

Typical of West African cuisine, Burkina Faso ‘s cuisine is based on basic foods of sorghum, millet, rice, maize, peanuts, potatoes, beans, yams and okra. [ 166 ] The most coarse sources of animal protein are chicken, chicken eggs and fresh water pisces. A typical Burkinabè beverage is Banji or Palm Wine, which is fermented decoration run down ; and Zoom-kom, or “ granulate water ” purportedly the national drink of Burkina Faso. Zoom-kom is milky-looking and milky, having a water and cereal floor, best drink in with ice cubes. In the more rural regions, in the outskirts of Burkina, you would find Dolo, which is drink made from sour millet. [ 167 ]

cinema [edit ]

The film of Burkina Faso is an important part of west african and african film diligence. [ 168 ] Burkina ‘s contribution to African cinema started with the constitution of the film festival FESPACO ( Festival Panafricain du Cinéma et de la Télévision de Ouagadougou ), which was launched as a film week in 1969. Many of the nation ‘s filmmakers are known internationally and have won international prizes. For many years the headquarters of the Federation of Panafrican Filmmakers ( FEPACI ) was in Ouagadougou, rescued in 1983 from a period of moribund inaction by the enthusiastic confirm and support of President Sankara. ( In 2006 the Secretariat of FEPACI moved to South Africa, but the headquarter of the organization is still in Ouagadougou. ) Among the best known directors from Burkina Faso are Gaston Kaboré, Idrissa Ouedraogo and Dani Kouyate. [ 169 ] Burkina produces democratic television receiver series such as Les Bobodiouf. Internationally know filmmakers such as Ouedraogo, Kabore, Yameogo, and Kouyate make democratic television series .

Sports [edit ]

sport in Burkina Faso is far-flung and includes football, basketball, cycle, rugby union, handball, tennis, packing and soldierly arts. football is the most popular frolic in Burkina Faso, played both professionally, and colloquially in towns and villages across the country. The national team is nicknamed “ lupus erythematosus Etalons ” ( “ the Stallions ” ) in reference to the legendary horse of Princess Yennenga. In 1998, Burkina Faso hosted the Africa Cup of Nations for which the Omnisport Stadium in Bobo-Dioulasso was built. Burkina Faso qualified for the 2013 African Cup of Nations in South Africa and reached the final, but then lost to Nigeria 0–1. The state is presently ranked 53rd in the FIFA World Rankings, and has shown improvement in recent years, although they have never qualified for a FIFA World Cup. [ 170 ] basketball is another sport which enjoys much popularity for both men and women. [ 171 ] The area ‘s men ‘s national team had its most successful year in 2013 when it qualified for the AfroBasket, the continent ‘s prime basketball event. At the 2020 Summer Olympics, the athlete Hugues Fabrice Zango won Burkina Faso ‘s first gear Olympic decoration, winning tan in the men ‘s ternary alternate. [ 172 ]

Media [edit ]

A Burkinabé photographer at cultivate in Ouagadougou The nation ‘s principal media mercantile establishment is its state-sponsored combined television and radio service, Radiodiffusion-Télévision Burkina ( RTB ). [ 173 ] RTB broadcasts on two medium-wave ( AM ) and several FM frequencies. Besides RTB, there are privately owned sports, cultural, music, and religious FM radio stations. RTB maintains a worldwide short-wave news program broadcast ( Radio Nationale Burkina ) in the french language from the capital at Ouagadougou using a 100 kilowatt vector on 4.815 and 5.030 MHz. [ 174 ] Attempts to develop an autonomous press and media in Burkina Faso have been intermittent. In 1998, fact-finding diarist Norbert Zongo, his brother Ernest, his driver, and another man were assassinated by unknown assailants, and the bodies burned. The crime was never solved. [ 175 ] however, an independent Commission of Inquiry former concluded that Norbert Zongo was killed for political reasons because of his fact-finding work into the death of David Ouedraogo, a chauffeur who worked for François Compaoré, President Blaise Compaoré ‘s brother. [ 176 ] [ 177 ] In January 1999, François Compaoré was charged with the murder of David Ouedraogo, who had died as a result of anguish in January 1998. The charges were late dropped by a military court after an invoke. In August 2000, five members of the President ‘s personal security guard duty detail ( Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle, or RSP ) were charged with the murder of Ouedraogo. RSP members Marcel Kafando, Edmond Koama, and Ousseini Yaro, investigated as suspects in the Norbert Zongo assassination, were convicted in the Ouedraogo sheath and sentenced to lengthy prison terms. [ 176 ] [ 177 ] Since the death of Norbert Zongo, several protests regarding the Zongo investigation and treatment of journalists have been prevented or dispersed by government police and security forces. In April 2007, democratic radio reggae host Karim Sama, whose programs feature reggae songs interspersed with critical comment on allege government injustice and corruption, received several death threats. [ 178 ] Sama ‘s personal car was later burned outside the private radio station Ouaga FM by stranger vandals. [ 179 ] In reaction, the Committee to Protect Journalists ( CPJ ) wrote to President Compaoré to request his government investigate the air of e-mail death threats to journalists and radio commentators in Burkina Faso who were critical of the government. [ 175 ] In December 2008, patrol in Ouagadougou questioned leaders of a protest march that called for a renewed probe into the unsolved Zongo character assassination. Among the marchers was Jean-Claude Meda, the president of the united states of the Association of Journalists of Burkina Faso. [ 180 ]

cultural festivals and events [edit ]

Every two years, Ouagadougou hosts the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ( FESPACO ), the largest african cinema festival on the continent ( February, curious years ). Held every two years since 1988, the International Art and Craft Fair, Ouagadougou ( SIAO ), is one of Africa ‘s most important trade shows for art and handicrafts ( late October-early November, even years ). besides every two years, the Symposium de sculpt sur granit de Laongo takes position on a site located about 35 kilometres ( 22 miles ) from Ouagadougou, in the province of Oubritenga. The National Culture Week of Burkina Faso, better known by its french identify La Semaine Nationale de la culture ( SNC ), is one of the most important cultural activities of Burkina Faso. It is a biennial event which takes place every two years in Bobo Dioulasso, the second-largest city in the country. The Festival International des Masques et des Arts ( FESTIMA ), celebrating traditional masks, is held every two years in Dédougou .

See besides [edit ]

References [edit ]

bibliography [edit ]

  • Rupley, Lawrence; Bangali, Lamissa & Diamitani, Boureima (2013). Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6770-3.

far understand [edit ]

  • Engberg-Perderson, Lars, Endangering Development: Politics, Projects, and Environment in Burkina Faso (Praeger Publishers, 2003).
  • Englebert, Pierre, Burkina Faso: Unsteady Statehood in West Africa (Perseus, 1999).
  • Howorth, Chris, Rebuilding the Local Landscape: Environmental Management in Burkina Faso (Ashgate, 1999).
  • McFarland, Daniel Miles and Rupley, Lawrence A, Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso (Scarecrow Press, 1998).
  • Manson, Katrina and Knight, James, Burkina Faso (Bradt Travel Guides, 2011).
  • Roy, Christopher D and Wheelock, Thomas G B, Land of the Flying Masks: Art and Culture in Burkina Faso: The Thomas G.B. Wheelock Collection (Prestel Publishing, 2007).
  • Sankara, Thomas, Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution 1983–1987 (Pathfinder Press, 2007).
  • Sankara, Thomas, We are the Heirs of the World’s Revolutions: Speeches from the Burkina Faso Revolution 1983–1987 (Pathfinder Press, 2007).

Trade [edit ]