Bob Marley

“ Marley ” redirects here. For other uses, see Marley ( disambiguation ) This article is about the jamaican musician. For the american comedian, see Bob Marley ( comedian )
jamaican singer-songwriter ( 1945–1981 )

Reading: Bob Marley

Robert Nesta Marley ( 6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981 ) was a jamaican singer, songwriter, and musician. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, his musical career was marked by fusing elements of reggae, ska, and rocksteady, angstrom well as his distinctive outspoken and songwriting style. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Marley ‘s contributions to music increased the visibility of Jamaican music cosmopolitan, and made him a ball-shaped number in democratic acculturation for over a ten. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Over the course of his career, Marley became known as a Rastafari picture, and he infused his music with a sense of spiritualty. [ 6 ] He is besides considered a ball-shaped symbol of Jamaican music and polish and identity, and was controversial in his outspoken support for democratic social reforms. In 1976, Marley survived an assassination attack in his home, which was thought to be politically motivated. [ 7 ] He besides supported legalization of marijuana, and advocated for Pan-Africanism. [ 8 ] Born in Nine Mile, British Jamaica, Marley began his professional musical career in 1963, after forming Bob Marley and the Wailers. The group released its introduction studio album The Wailing Wailers in 1965, which contained the single “ One Love/People Get Ready “ ; the birdcall was popular global, and established the group as a rising human body in reggae. [ 9 ] The Wailers released eleven far studio apartment albums ; while initially employing louder orchestration and singing, the group began engaging in rhythmic-based song construction in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which coincided with Marley ‘s conversion to Rastafari. Around this clock, Marley relocated to London, and the group embodied their musical switch with the let go of of the album The Best of The Wailers ( 1971 ). [ 10 ] The group attained international success after the secrete of the albums Catch a Fire and Burnin’ ( both 1973 ), and forged a reputation as tour artists. Following the disbandment of the Wailers a year later, Marley went on to release his alone material under the band ‘s name. [ 11 ] His debut studio album Natty Dread ( 1974 ) received positive reception, as did its follow-up Rastaman Vibration ( 1976 ). A few months after the album ‘s acquittance Marley survived an assassination attempt at his home in Jamaica, which prompted him to permanently relocate to London. During his time in London he recorded the album Exodus ( 1977 ) ; it incorporated elements of blues, person, and british rock and enjoyed widespread commercial and critical success. In 1977, Marley was diagnosed with acral freckled melanoma ; he died as a resultant role of the illness in 1981. His fans around the world expressed their grief, and he received a state funeral in Jamaica. The greatest hits album Legend was released in 1984, and became the best-selling reggae album of all fourth dimension. [ 12 ] Marley besides ranks as one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of more than 75 million records worldwide. [ 13 ] He was posthumously honored by Jamaica soon after his death with a intend order of Merit by his nation. In 1994, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Rolling Stone ranked him No. 11 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. [ 14 ]

early life and career

Robert Nesta Marley was born on 6 February 1945 at the grow of his maternal grandfather in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Marley and Cedella Malcolm. [ 15 ] Norval Marley was from Crowborough, East Sussex in England, [ 16 ] then resident of Clarendon Parish, [ 17 ] whose family claimed to have syrian jewish origins as well. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Norval claimed to have been a captain in the Royal Marines ; [ 21 ] at the time of his marriage to Cedella Malcolm, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, he was employed as a grove overseer. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Bob Marley ‘s broad name is Robert Nesta Marley, though some sources give his birth name as Nesta Robert Marley, with a story that when Marley was calm a male child a Jamaican passport official reversed his first and middle names because Nesta sounded like a girlfriend ‘s name. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Norval provided fiscal support for his wife and child but rarely saw them as he was often away. Bob Marley attended Stepney Primary and Junior High School which serves the catchment area of Saint Ann. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] In 1955, when Bob Marley was 10 years old, his founder died of a heart assail at the old age of 70. [ 27 ] Marley ‘s mother went on late to marry Edward Booker, a civil handmaid from the United States, giving Marley two half-brothers : Richard and Anthony. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Bob Marley and Neville Livingston ( late known as Bunny Wailer ) had been childhood friends in Nine Mile. They had started to play music together while at Stepney Primary and Junior High School. [ 30 ] Marley left Nine Mile with his mother when he was 12 and moved to Trenchtown, Kingston. She and Thadeus Livingston ( Bunny Wailer ‘s forefather ) had a daughter together whom they named Claudette Pearl, [ 31 ] who was a younger sister to both Bob and Bunny. now that Marley and Livingston were living together in the same family in Trenchtown, their musical explorations deepened to include the latest R & B from United States radio stations whose broadcasts reached Jamaica, and the new ska music. [ 32 ] The move to Trenchtown was proving to be fortuitous, and Marley soon found himself in a song group with Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Beverley Kelso and Junior Braithwaite. Joe Higgs, who was character of the successful vocal act Higgs and Wilson, resided on 3rd St., and his spill the beans partner Roy Wilson had been raised by the grandma of Junior Braithwaite. Higgs and Wilson would rehearse at the second of the houses between 2nd and 3rd Streets, and soon, Marley ( now residing on 2nd St. ), Junior Braithwaite and the others were congregating around this successful duet. [ 33 ] Marley and the others did not play any instruments at this clock time, and were more concern in being a song harmony group. Higgs was glad to help them develop their song harmonies, although more importantly, he had started to teach Marley how to play guitar—thereby creating the fundamentals that would late allow Marley to construct some of the biggest-selling reggae songs in the history of the genre. [ 34 ] [ 35 ]

musical career

1962–1972 : early years

In February 1962, Marley recorded four songs, “ Judge not “, “ One Cup of Coffee ”, “ Do You hush Love Me ? ” and “ Terror ”, at Federal Studios for local music producer Leslie Kong. [ 36 ] Three of the songs were released on Beverley ‘s with “ One Cup of Coffee ” being released under the pseudonym Bobby Martell. [ 37 ] In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Cherry Smith were called the Teenagers. They late changed the name to the Wailing Rudeboys, then to the Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to the Wailers. Their single “ Simmer Down “ for the Coxsone pronounce became a jamaican No. 1 in February 1964 selling an estimated 70,000 copies. [ 38 ] The Wailers, now regularly recording for Studio One, found themselves working with established jamaican musicians such as Ernest Ranglin ( arranger “ It Hurts To Be Alone ” ), [ 39 ] the keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and saxophonist Roland Alphonso. By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left the Wailers, leaving the core trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh. [ 40 ] In 1966, Marley married Rita Anderson, and moved near his beget ‘s residency in Wilmington, Delaware, in the United States for a short time, during which he worked as a DuPont lab adjunct, and on the assembly line and as a fork revoke operator at a Chrysler plant in nearby Newark, under the alias Donald Marley. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Though raised as a Catholic, Marley became interested in Rastafari impression in the 1960s, when away from his beget ‘s influence. [ 43 ] After returning to Jamaica, Marley formally converted to Rastafari and began to grow dreadlocks. After a fiscal disagreement with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up with Lee “ Scratch ” Perry and his studio apartment band, the Upsetters. Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider the Wailers ‘ finest knead. Marley and Perry split after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, but they would continue to work together. [ 44 ] 1969 brought another change to Jamaican popular music in which the beat slowed down evening further. The new beat was a slow, brace, ticking rhythm that was first heard on The Maytals sung “ Do the Reggay. ” Marley approached producer Leslie Kong, who was regarded as one of the major developers of the reggae sound. For the recordings, Kong combined the Wailers with his studio musicians called Beverley ‘s All-Stars, which consisted of the bassists Lloyd Parks and Jackie Jackson, the drummer Paul Douglas, the keyboard players Gladstone Anderson and Winston Wright, and the guitarists Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt, and Hux Brown. [ 45 ] As David Moskowitz writes, “ The tracks recorded in this school term illustrated the Wailers ‘ earliest efforts in the new reggae manner. go are the ska trumpets and saxophones of the earlier songs, with implemental breaks now being played by the electric guitar. ” The songs recorded would be released as the album The Best of The Wailers, including tracks “ Soul Shakedown Party, ” “ Stop That Train, ” “ Caution, ” “ Go Tell It on the batch, ” “ Soon Come, ” “ Ca n’t You See, ” “ Soul Captives, ” “ Cheer Up, ” “ Back Out, ” and “ Do It Twice ”. [ 45 ]
Bob Marley ‘s flat in 1972 at 34 Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, London between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer re-cut some old tracks with JAD Records in Kingston and London in an attack to commercialise the Wailers ‘ sound. Bunny late asserted that these songs “ should never be released on an album … they were precisely demos for record companies to listen to ”. In 1968, Bob and Rita visited songwriter Jimmy Norman at his apartment in the Bronx. Norman had written the cover lyrics for Kai Winding ‘s “ Time Is on My Side ” ( covered by the Rolling Stones ) and had besides written for Johnny Nash and Jimi Hendrix. [ 46 ] A three-day fix session with Norman and others, including Norman ‘s co-writer Al Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute record of Marley performing several of his own and Norman-Pyfrom ‘s compositions. This videotape is, according to Reggae archivist Roger Steffens, rare in that it was influenced by pop rather than reggae, as region of an feat to break Marley into the US charts. [ 46 ] According to an article in The New York Times, Marley experimented on the tape with different sounds, adopting a doo-wop style on “ Stay With Me ” and “ the slow love song style of 1960s artists ” on “ Splish for My Splash ”. [ 46 ] An artist so far to establish himself outside his native Jamaica, Marley lived in Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, during 1972. [ 47 ]

1972–1974 : move to Island Records

In 1972, Bob Marley signed with CBS Records in London and embarked on a UK tour with soul singer Johnny Nash. [ 48 ] While in London the Wailers asked their road director Brent Clarke to introduce them to Chris Blackwell, who had licensed some of their Coxsone releases for his island Records. The Wailers intended to discuss the royalties associated with these releases ; alternatively, the meet resulted in the offer of an promote of £4,000 to record an album. [ 49 ] Since Jimmy Cliff, Island ‘s peak reggae asterisk, had recently left the label, Blackwell was primed for a refilling. In Marley, Blackwell recognised the elements needed to snare the rock consultation : “ I was dealing with rock music, which was in truth rebel music. I felt that would truly be the means to break jamaican music. But you needed person who could be that picture. When Bob walked in he actually was that image. ” [ 50 ] The Wailers returned to Jamaica to record at Harry J ‘s in Kingston, which resulted in the album Catch a Fire. chiefly recorded on an eight-track, Catch a Fire marked the first gear clock time a reggae band had access to a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same manage as their rock ‘n ‘ roll peers. [ 50 ] Blackwell desired to create “ more of a drift, hypnotic-type feel than a reggae rhythm ”, [ 51 ] and restructured Marley ‘s mixes and arrangements. Marley travelled to London to supervise Blackwell ‘s overdubbing of the album at Island Studios, which included tempering the mix from the bass-heavy fathom of Jamaican music and omitting two tracks. [ 50 ] The Wailers ‘ first base album for Island, Catch a Fire, was released global in April 1973, packaged like a rock read with a unique Zippo lighter lift-top. Initially selling 14,000 units, it received a positive critical reception. [ 50 ] It was followed late that class by the album Burnin’ which included the song “ I Shot the Sheriff “. Eric Clapton was given the album by his guitarist George Terry in the hope that he would enjoy it. [ 52 ] Clapton was shanghai and chose to record a cover adaptation of “ I Shot the Sheriff ” which became his beginning US collision since “ Layla “ two years earlier and reached act 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 14 September 1974. [ 53 ] many Jamaicans were not keen on the new reggae legal on Catch a Fire, but the Trenchtown style of Burnin found fans across both reggae and rock audiences. [ 50 ] During this period, Blackwell gifted his Kingston residence and ship’s company headquarters at 56 Hope Road ( then known as Island House ) to Marley. Housing Tuff Gong Studios, the property became not only Marley ‘s office but besides his home. [ 50 ] The Wailers were scheduled to open 17 shows in the US for Sly and the Family Stone. After four shows, the band was fired because they were more popular than the acts they were opening for. [ 54 ] The Wailers disbanded in 1974, with each of the three main members pursuing a solo career .

1974–1976 : Line-up changes and shooting

Despite the break-up, Marley continued recording as “ Bob Marley & The Wailers ”. His newfangled bet on band included brothers Carlton and Aston “ Family Man ” Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on star guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl “ Wya ” Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin “ Seeco ” Patterson on percussion. The “ I Threes “, consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley ‘s wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. In 1975, Marley had his international discovery with his beginning hit outside Jamaica, with a be adaptation of “ No Woman, No Cry “, from the Live! album. [ 55 ] This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration ( 1976 ), which reached the circus tent 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts. [ 56 ] On 3 December 1976, two days before “ Smile Jamaica “, a free concert organised by the Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley in an undertake to ease latent hostility between two warring political groups, Marley, his wife, and coach Don Taylor were wounded in an rape by obscure gunmen inside Marley ‘s base. Taylor and Marley ‘s wife sustained unplayful injuries but by and by made full recoveries. Bob Marley received minor wounds in the breast and weapon. [ 57 ] The try on his life was thought to have been politically motivated, as many felt the concert was truly a defend beat up for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled, two days after the try. When asked why, Marley responded, “ The people who are trying to make this world worse are n’t taking a sidereal day off. How can I ? “ [ citation needed ] The members of the group Zap Pow played as Bob Marley ‘s backup band before a festival crowd of 80,000 while members of The Wailers were hush missing or in hiding. [ 58 ] [ 59 ]

1976–1979 : resettlement to England

Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976, and after a month-long “ convalescence and write ” sojourn at the site of Chris Blackwell ‘s Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, arrived in England, where he spent two years in self-imposed expatriate. Whilst in England, he recorded the albums Exodus and Kaya. Exodus stayed on the british album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles : “ exodus ”, “ Waiting in Vain ”, “ Jamming ”, and “ One Love “ ( which interpolates Curtis Mayfield ‘s hit, “ People Get cook “ ). During his clock in London, he was arrested and received a conviction for possession of a modest measure of cannabis. [ 60 ] In 1978, Marley returned to Jamaica and performed at another political concert, the One Love Peace Concert, again in an feat to calm warring parties. Near the end of the operation, by Marley ‘s request, Michael Manley ( leader of then-ruling People ‘s National Party ) and his political rival Edward Seaga ( drawing card of the opposing Jamaica Labour Party ) joined each other on degree and shook hands. [ 61 ] Under the mention Bob Marley and the Wailers 11 albums were released, four live albums and seven studio apartment albums. The releases included Babylon by Bus, a double bouncy album with 13 tracks, was released in 1978 and received critical applaud. This album, and specifically the concluding track “ Jamming ” with the consultation in a craze captured the intensity of Marley ‘s live performances. [ 62 ]

“ Marley was n’t singing about how peace could come well to the World but quite how hell on Earth comes besides easily to besides many. His songs were his memories ; he had lived with the miserable, he had seen the downpressers and those whom they pressed down. ”

– Mikal Gilmore, Rolling Stone [ 63 ] : 61

1979–1981 : Later years

Survival, a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Tracks such as “ Zimbabwe ”, “ Africa Unite “, “ Wake Up and Live ”, and “ Survival ” reflected Marley ‘s support for the struggles of Africans. His appearance at the Amandla Festival in Boston in July 1979 showed his potent resistance to South African apartheid, which he already had shown in his song “ War “ in 1976. In early 1980, he was invited to perform at 17 April celebration of Zimbabwe ‘s Independence Day. [ 64 ] Uprising ( 1980 ) was Bob Marley ‘s final studio album, and is one of his most religious productions ; it includes “ Redemption Song ” and “ Forever Loving Jah “. [ 65 ] Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley ‘s life, including the score “ Buffalo Soldier “ and fresh mixes of singles previously only available in Jamaica. [ 66 ]

Illness and end

Marley in concert in 1980, Zürich, Switzerland In July 1977, Marley was diagnosed with a character of malignant melanoma under a toenail. [ 67 ] Contrary to urban caption, this wound was not primarily caused by an wound during a football equal that year but was alternatively a symptom of already-existing cancer. [ 68 ] He had to see two doctors before a biopsy was made, which confirmed acral freckled melanoma. Unlike other melanoma, normally on skin exposed to the sun, acral freckled melanoma occurs in places that are easy to miss, such as the soles of the feet, or under toenails. Although it is the most park melanoma in people with blue skin, it is not widely recognised, and was not mentioned in the most popular medical textbook of the time. [ 69 ] Marley rejected his doctors ‘ advice to have his toe amputated ( which would have hindered his performing career ), citing his religious beliefs, and alternatively, the nail and nail go to bed were removed and a skin graft was taken from his thigh to cover the sphere. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Despite his illness, he continued touring and was in the work of scheduling a 1980 world tour. [ 72 ] The album Uprising was released in May 1980. The band completed a major go of Europe, where it played its biggest concert to 100,000 people in Milan, Italy. After the tour Marley went to the United States, where he performed two shows at Madison Square Garden in New York City as share of the Uprising Tour. [ 73 ] He collapsed while jogging in Central Park and was taken to hospital, where it was found that his cancer had spread to his brain, lungs, and liver-colored. [ 74 ] Marley ‘s last concert took place two days former at the Stanley Theater ( nowadays The Benedum Center For The Performing Arts ) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on 23 September 1980. [ 75 ] The only sleep together photograph from the show were included in Kevin Macdonald ‘s 2012 documentary film Marley. [ 76 ]

concisely subsequently, Marley ‘s health deteriorated as his cancer had spread throughout his torso. The rest of the tour was canceled and Marley sought treatment at the clinic of Josef Issels in Bavaria, Germany, where he underwent an alternative cancer treatment called Issels treatment partially based on avoidance of certain foods, drinks, and other substances. After eight months of effectively failing to treat his advancing cancer, Marley boarded a airplane for his home in Jamaica. [ 77 ] During the flight Marley ‘s critical functions worsened. After landing in Miami, Florida, he was taken to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital ( later University of Miami Hospital ) for immediate checkup attention, where he died on 11 May 1981, aged 36, ascribable to the spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain. His final words to his son Ziggy were “ Money ca n’t buy life. ” [ 78 ] Marley was given a state funeral in Jamaica on 21 May 1981, which combined elements of ethiopian Orthodoxy [ 79 ] [ 80 ] and Rastafari custom. [ 81 ] He was buried in a chapel near his birthplace with his guitar. [ 82 ] On 21 May 1981, Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga delivered the final funeral eulogy to Marley, saying :

His voice was an omnipresent shout in our electronic world. His crisp features, majestic looks, and prancing stylus a graphic etching on the landscape of our minds. Bob Marley was never seen. He was an know which left an indelible imprint with each meet. Such a man can not be erased from the judgment. He is character of the collective consciousness of the nation. [ 63 ] : 58

bequest

Awards and honours

early tributes

Marley statue in Kingston A statue was inaugurated, following to the national stadium on Arthur Wint Drive in Kingston to commemorate him. [ 90 ] In 2006, the New York City Department of Education co-named a dowry of Church Avenue from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn as “ Bob Marley Boulevard ”. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] In 2008, a statue of Marley was inaugurated in Banatski Sokolac, Serbia. [ 93 ] internationally, Marley ‘s message besides continues to reverberate among versatile autochthonal communities. For case, the australian Aboriginal people continue to burn a sacred flame to honour his memory in Sydney ‘s Victoria Park, while members of the native american Hopi and Havasupai tribes revere his work. [ 63 ] There are besides many tributes to Bob Marley throughout India, including restaurants, hotels, and cultural festivals. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Marley evolved into a ball-shaped symbol, which has been endlessly merchandised through a diverseness of media. In the light of this, writer Dave Thompson in his koran, Reggae and Caribbean Music, laments what he perceives to be the commercialized peace of Marley ‘s more competitive border, express :

Bob Marley ranks among both the most popular and the most misconstrue figures in modern polish … That the machine has absolutely emasculated Marley is beyond doubt. become from the populace record is the ghetto pull the leg of who dreamed of Che Guevara and the Black Panthers, and pinned their posters up in the Wailers Soul Shack record storehouse ; who believed in exemption ; and the fight which it necessitated, and dressed the part on an early on album sleeve ; whose heroes were James Brown and Muhammad Ali ; whose God was Ras Tafari and whose sacrament was marijuana. rather, the Bob Marley who surveys his kingdom nowadays is smiling benevolence, a shining sun, a wave palm tree, and a string of hits which tumble out of polite radio like candy from a gumball machine. Of course it has assured his immortality. But it has besides demeaned him beyond recognition. Bob Marley was worth far more. [ 96 ]

respective film adaptations have evolved equally well. For example, a feature-length documentary about his life, Rebel Music, won versatile awards at the Grammys. With contributions from Rita, The Wailers, and Marley ‘s lovers and children, it besides tells much of the history in his own words. [ 97 ] In February 2008, director Martin Scorsese announced his intention to produce a documentary movie on Marley. The film was set to be released on 6 February 2010, on what would have been Marley ‘s sixty-fifth birthday. [ 98 ] however, Scorsese dropped out due to scheduling problems. He was replaced by Jonathan Demme, [ 99 ] who dropped out ascribable to creative differences with producer Steve Bing during the begin of editing. Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme [ 100 ] and the film, Marley, was released on 20 April 2012. [ 101 ] In 2011, ex-girlfriend and film maker Esther Anderson, along with Gian Godoy, made the documentary Bob Marley: The Making of a Legend, which premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival. [ 102 ] In October 2015, Jamaican writer Marlon James ‘s novel, A Brief History of Seven Killings, a fictional history of the try character assassination of Marley, won the 2015 Man Booker Prize at a ceremony in London. [ 103 ] In February 2020, Get Up, Stand Up! The Bob Marley Musical was announced by writer Lee Hall and conductor Dominic Cooke, starring Arinzé Kene as Bob Marley. It will open at London ‘s Lyric Theatre on 20 October 2021, after being postponed from its original February premiere due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [ 104 ] [ 105 ]

personal life

religion

Bob Marley was a member for some years of the Rastafari motion, whose polish was a key component in the development of reggae. He became an ardent advocate of Rastafari, taking its music out of the socially deprive areas of Jamaica and onto the international music scene. He once gave the follow response, which was typical, to a question put to him during a record interview :

Interviewer: “ Can you tell the people what it means being a rastafarian ? ”
Marley: “ I would say to the people, Be still, and know that His Imperial Majesty, Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia is the Almighty. now, the Bible seh so, Babylon newspaper seh so, and I and I the children seh so. Yunno ? so I do n’t see how much more uncover our people want. Wha ‘ dem want ? a white deity, well God come black. genuine on-key. ” [ 106 ] : 115

Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq baptised Marley into the ethiopian Orthodox Church, giving him the list Berhane Selassie, on 4 November 1980, curtly before his death. [ 107 ] [ 108 ]

syndicate

Bob Marley married Alpharita Constantia “ Rita ” Anderson in Kingston, Jamaica, on 10 February 1966. [ 109 ] Marley had many children : four with his wife Rita, two adopted from Rita ‘s previous relationships, and several others with different women. The official Bob Marley web site acknowledges 11 children. Those listed on the official web site are : [ 110 ]

Sharon, born 23 November 1964, daughter of Rita from a previous relationship but then adopted by Marley after his marriage with Rita
Cedella, born 23 August 1967, to Rita
David “Ziggy”, born 17 October 1968, to Rita
Stephen, born 20 April 1972, to Rita
Robert “Robbie”, born 16 May 1972, to Pat Williams
Rohan, born 19 May 1972, to Janet Hunt
Karen, born 1973 to Janet Bowen
Stephanie, born 17 August 1974; according to Cedella Booker she was the daughter of Rita and a man called Ital with whom Rita had an affair; nonetheless, she was acknowledged as Bob’s daughter
Julian, born 4 June 1975, to Lucy Pounder
Ky-Mani, born 26 February 1976, to Anita Belnavis
Damian, born 21 July 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare

other sites have noted extra individuals who claim to be family members, [ 111 ] as noted below :

Makeda was born on 30 May 1981, to Yvette Crichton, after Marley’s death.[112] Meredith Dixon’s book lists her as Marley’s child, but she is not listed as such on the Bob Marley official website.
Various websites, for example,[113] also list Imani Carole, born 22 May 1963 to Cheryl Murray; but she does not appear on the official Bob Marley website.[112]

Marley besides has three celebrated grandchildren, musician Skip Marley, American football player Nico Marley and model Selah Marley .

aside from music, association football played a major function throughout his life. ampere well as playing the game, in parking lots, fields, and even inside recording studios, growing up he followed the brazilian baseball club Santos and its star player Pelé and was besides a assistant of English football club, Tottenham Hotspur and Argentine midfielder Ossie Ardiles, who played for the club from 1978 for a decade. [ 115 ] Marley surrounded himself with people from the sport, and in the 1970s made the Jamaican international football player Allan “ Skill ” Cole his tour director. He told a diarist, “ If you want to get to know me, you will have to play football against me and the Wailers. ”

personal views

Pan-Africanism

Marley was a Pan-Africanist and believed in the one of african people worldwide. His beliefs were rooted in his Rastafari religious beliefs. [ 116 ] He was substantially inspired by Marcus Garvey, and had anti-imperialist and pan-Africanist themes in many of his songs, such as “ Zimbabwe “, “ exodus ”, “ survival ”, “ Blackman Redemption ”, and “ Redemption Song “. “ redemption sung ” draws influence from a manner of speaking given by Marcus Garvey in Nova Scotia, 1937. [ 117 ] Marley held that independence of african countries from european domination was a victory for all those in the African diaspora. In the song “ Africa Unite ”, he sings of a desire for all peoples of the African diaspora to come together and fight against “ Babylon ” ; similarly, in the song “ Zimbabwe ”, he marks the liberation of the solid continent of Africa, and evokes calls for integrity between all Africans, both within and outside Africa. [ 118 ]

cannabis

Marley considered cannabis a curative herb, a “ sacrament ”, and an “ aid to meditation ” ; he supported the legalization of the drug. [ 119 ] He thought that cannabis use was prevailing in the Bible, reading passages such as Psalms 104:14 as showing blessing of its custom. [ 119 ] Marley began to use cannabis when he converted to the Rastafari faith from Catholicism in 1966. He was arrested in 1968 after being caught with cannabis but continued to use marijuana in accordance with his religious beliefs. Of his marijuana use, he said, “ When you smoke herb, herb unwrap yourself to you. All the loathsomeness you do, the herb reveal itself to yourself, your conscience, show up yourself clear, because herb make you chew over. Is only a natural t’ing and it grow like a tree. ” [ 120 ] Marley saw marijuana usage as a full of life component in religious growth and connection with Jah, and as a direction to philosophise and become fresh. [ 121 ]