team sport played with a spherical ball
This article is about the sport of association football. For other codes of football, see Football
Association football, more normally known as merely football or soccer, [ a ] is a team frolic played with a ball-shaped ball between two teams of 11 players. It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies, making it the global ‘s most popular sport. The game is played on a rectangular battlefield called a pitch with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score more goals than the confrontation by moving the ball beyond the goal tune into the opposing goal, normally within a time frame of 90 or more minutes.

football is played in accord with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The ball is 68–70 centimeter ( 27–28 in ) in circumference and known as the football. The two teams compete to get the ball into the other team ‘s finish ( between the posts and under the bar ), thereby scoring a goal. Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in free rein, except for the goalkeepers within the punishment area. Players may use any other contribution of their body to strike or pass the ball, and chiefly use their feet. The team that scores more goals at the end of the game is the achiever ; if both teams have scored an adequate act of goals, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra clock time or a penalty gunfight, depending on the format of the rival. Each team is led by a captain who has entirely one official duty as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the mint toss anterior to kick-off or penalty kicks. [ 4 ] football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football ( FIFA ; french : Fédération Internationale de Football Association ), which organises World Cups for men and women every four years. [ 5 ] The men ‘s FIFA World Cup has taken place every four years since 1930, with the exception of 1942 and 1946 tournaments, which were cancelled due to World War II. approximately 190–200 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope of continental confederations for a place in the finals. The finals tournament is held every four years and involves 32 national teams competing over four weeks. [ bacillus ] It is the most esteemed men ‘s football tournament in the populace, and the most wide viewed and followed frolic event in the global, exceeding the Olympic Games. similarly, the FIFA Women ‘s World Cup has been played every four years since 1991, though football has been played by women since it has existed. A record-breaking 1.12 billion viewers watched the 2019 FIFA Women ‘s World Cup in France. [ 6 ] The most esteemed competitions in european club football are the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Women ‘s Champions League, which attract an extensive television audience throughout the earth. The final of the men ‘s tournament has been, in late years, the most-watched annual sporting event in the world. [ 7 ] The top five european men ‘s leagues are the Premier League ( England ), La Liga ( Spain ), Bundesliga ( Germany ), Serie A ( Italy ), and Ligue 1 ( France ). Attracting most of the worldly concern ‘s best players, each of the leagues has a total engage price in overindulgence of £600 million/€763 million/US $ 1.185 billion. [ 8 ]

name

football is one of a class of football codes, which emerged from diverse ball games played global since antiquity. The term soccer comes from Oxford “ -er ” slang, which was prevailing at Oxford University in England from about 1875, and is thought to have been borrowed from the slang of Rugby School. The slang besides gave rise to rugger for Rugby football, fiver and tenner for a five-pound and ten-pound note, and the now archaic footer for association football. [ 9 ] The word soccer ( which arrived at its concluding form in 1895 ) was first recorded in 1889 in the earlier human body of socca. [ 10 ] Within the english-speaking world, association football is nowadays normally called “ football ” in the United Kingdom, whereas people normally call it “ soccer ” in countries where other codes of football are prevailing, such as Australia, [ 11 ] Canada, South Africa and the United States. A noteworthy exception is New Zealand, where in the first two decades of the twenty-first hundred, under the charm of external television receiver, “ football ” has been gaining prevalence, despite the dominance of early codes of football, namely rugby union, and rugby league. [ 12 ]

history

Kicking ball games arose independently multiple times across multiple cultures. The chinese competitive game cuju ( 蹴鞠, literally “ kick ball ” ) resembles modern association football. [ 14 ] Cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the captive was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. During the Han Dynasty ( 206 BCE – 220 CE ), cuju games were standardised and rules were established. [ 15 ] Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] An image of an episkyros musician depicted in gloomy stand-in on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens [ 13 ] appears on the UEFA European Championship trophy. [ 18 ] Athenaeus, writing in 228 CE, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence. They all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestle and volleyball more than what is recognizable as advanced football. [ 15 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] As with pre-codified “ gang football “, the antecedent of all modern football codes, these three games involved more handling the ball than kicking. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] other games included kemari in Japan and chuk-guk in Korea. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] In North America, pasuckuakohowog was a ball game played by the Algonquians ; it was described as “ about identical to the kind of family football being played in Europe at the lapp time, in which the ball was kicked through goals ”. [ 28 ] Association football in itself does not have a classical music history. [ 18 ] Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world FIFA has recognised that no historic connection exists with any crippled played in antiquity outside Europe. [ 29 ] The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th hundred efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The history of football in England dates spinal column to at least the eighth century CE. [ 30 ]
Cambridge Rules) of 1856 The “ Laws of the University Foot Ball Club ” ( ) of 1856 The Cambridge rules, foremost drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs confused to schools or universities were formed throughout the english-speaking world, to play diverse forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club, formed by early populace school pupils in 1857, [ 31 ] which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School besides devised an influential set of rules. [ 32 ] These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association ( The FA ) in 1863, which first gear met on the good morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons ‘ Tavern in Great Queen Street, London. [ 33 ] The only school to be represented on this juncture was Charterhouse. The Freemasons ‘ Tavern was the mount for five more meetings between October and December, which finally produced the first comprehensive rig of rules. At the final examination meet, the inaugural FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meet : the foremost allowed for running with the ball in hand ; the second for obstructing such a play by hacking ( kicking an opposition in the shins ), tripping and holding. other english rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA and rather in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The football team remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game. [ 33 ] These rules included cover of the ball by “ marks ” and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it signally alike to priggish rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little dispute between the games. [ 34 ] The worldly concern ‘s oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by the football player and cricketer Charles W. Alcock, and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official external football match besides took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the abetment of C.W. Alcock. England is besides home to the global ‘s first football league, which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor. [ 35 ] The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and Northern England. [ 36 ]
The laws of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board ( IFAB ). [ 37 ] The board was formed in 1886 [ 38 ] after a meet in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. FIFA, the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association. [ 39 ] The growing popularity of the international game led to the admission of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The display panel consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four british associations. [ 40 ] football is played at a professional degree all over the universe. Millions of people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their darling teams, [ 41 ] while billions more watch the game on television receiver or on the internet. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] A identical big number of people besides play football at an amateur level. According to a review conducted by FIFA published in 2001, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly play football. [ 44 ] Football has the highest ball-shaped television hearing in fun. [ 45 ] In many parts of the populace football evokes great passions and plays an crucial function in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations. R. Kapuscinski says that Europeans who are civilized, humble, or humble fall well into rage when play or watching football games. [ 46 ] The Ivory Coast national football team helped secure a armistice to the nation ‘s civil war in 2006 [ 47 ] and it helped further reduce tensions between government and maverick forces in 2007 by playing a pit in the insurgent capital of Bouaké, an juncture that brought both armies together peacefully for the first fourth dimension. [ 48 ] By line, football is wide considered to have been the final examination proximate cause for the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras. [ 49 ] The sport besides exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the croatian Independence War of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into riot in May 1990. [ 50 ]

Women may have been playing “ football ” for deoxyadenosine monophosphate long as the bet on has existed. tell shows that an ancient version of the bet on ( Tsu Chu ) was played by women during the Han Dynasty ( 25–220 CE ). Two female figures are depicted in Han Dynasty ( 25–220 CE ) frescoes, playing Tsu Chu. [ 51 ] There are, however, a number of opinions about the accuracy of dates, the earliest estimates at 5000 BCE .
“ north ” team of the british Ladies ‘, the first gear women ‘s football team always, hera pictured in March 1895 Association football, the mod game, besides has documented early engagement of women. An annual competition in Mid-Lothian, Scotland during the 1790s is reported, besides. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] In 1863, football govern bodies introduced standardized rules to prohibit violence on the lurch, making it more socially acceptable for women to play. [ 55 ] The foremost catch recorded by the Scottish Football Association took home in 1892 in Glasgow. In England, the first record game of football between women took place in 1895. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The best-documented early european team was founded by activist Nettie Honeyball in England in 1894. It was named the british Ladies ‘ Football Club. Nettie Honeyball is quoted, “ I founded the association late last year [ 1894 ], with the fix resoluteness of proving to the world that women are not the ‘ornamental and useless ‘ creatures men have pictured. I must confess, my convictions on all matters where the sexes are so widely divided are all on the english of emancipation, and I look ahead to the fourth dimension when ladies may sit in Parliament and have a voice in the direction of affairs, specially those which concern them most. ” [ 57 ] Honeyball and those like her paved the way for women ‘s football. however, the women ‘s game was frowned upon by the british football associations, and continued without their confirm. It has been suggested that this was motivated by a perceived threat to the ‘masculinity ‘ of the game. [ 58 ] Women ‘s football became democratic on a big scale at the time of the First World War, when employment in heavy industry spurred the growth of the crippled, much as it had done for men 50 years earlier. The most successful team of the era was Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C. of Preston, England. The team played in the first base women ‘s international matches in 1920, against a team from Paris, France, in April, and besides made up most of the England team against a scottish Ladies XI in 1920, and winning 22–0. [ 53 ] Despite being more democratic than some men ‘s football events ( one match saw a 53,000 strong push ), [ 59 ] women ‘s football in England suffered a blow in 1921 when The Football Association outlawed the play of the game on Association members ‘ pitches, on the grounds that the game ( as played by women ) was distasteful. [ 60 ] Some speculated that this may have besides been due to envy of the large push that women ‘s matches attracted. [ 61 ] This led to the formation of the English Ladies Football Association and play moved to rugby grounds. [ 62 ] Association football has been played by women since at least the time of the first recorded women ‘s games in the late nineteenth hundred. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] It has traditionally been associated with charity games and physical drill, particularly in the United Kingdom. [ 64 ] In the late 1960s and early 1970s, women ‘s association football was organised in the United Kingdom, finally becoming the most outstanding team sport for british women. [ 64 ]

20th and 21st century

Young Finnish girls football team of Kolarin Kontio in Piteå Sweden, in 2014 The growth in women ‘s football has seen major competitions being launched at both national and international horizontal surface mirroring the male competitions. Women ‘s football has faced many struggles. It had a “ golden old age ” in the United Kingdom in the early 1920s when herd reached 50,000 at some matches ; [ 65 ] this was stopped on 5 December 1921 when England ‘s Football Association voted to ban the game from grounds used by its member clubs. The FA ‘s ban was rescinded in December 1969 with UEFA voting to formally recognise women ‘s football in 1971. [ 64 ] The FIFA Women ‘s World Cup was inaugurated in 1991 and has been held every four years since, [ 66 ] while women ‘s football has been an Olympic event since 1996. [ 67 ]

Gameplay

Association football is played in accordance with a set up of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a ball-shaped ball of 68–70 curium ( 27–28 in ) circumference, [ 68 ] known as the football ( or soccer ball ). Two teams of football team players each compete to get the ball into the other team ‘s goal ( between the posts and under the bar ), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the plot is a draw. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the mint flip prior to kick-off or penalty kicks. [ 4 ]
A goalkeeper saving a close-range scene from inside the penalty area The primary coil law is that players other than goalkeepers may not measuredly handle the ball with their hands or arms during gambling, though they must use both their hands during a throw-in resume. Although players normally use their feet to move the ball around they may use any part of their soundbox ( notably, “ bearing ” with the brow ) [ 69 ] other than their hands or arms. [ 70 ] Within convention play, all players are complimentary to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the sales talk, though players may not pass to teammates who are in an offside stead. [ 71 ] During gameplay, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control condition of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a teammate, and by taking shots at the finish, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the musket ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the adversary in monomania of the ball ; however, forcible contact between opponents is restricted. football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the sphere of play or when bid is stopped by the referee for an misdemeanor of the rules. After a blockage, play recommences with a specify resume. [ 72 ]
A player executing a slide tackle to dispossess an adversary At a professional horizontal surface, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the 2005–06 season of the English Premier League produced an average of 2.48 goals per match. [ 73 ] The Laws of the Game do not specify any actor positions early than goalkeeper, [ 74 ] but a number of specialize roles have evolved. [ 75 ] Broadly, these include three independent categories : strikers, or forwards, whose independent undertaking is to score goals ; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring ; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the testis to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper. These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the musician spends the most time. For example, there are cardinal defenders and left and mighty midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each stead determines the style of the team ‘s fun ; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive manner of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on actor bowel movement, and players can switch positions at any time. [ 76 ] The layout of a team ‘s players is known as a formation. Defining the team ‘s formation and tactics is normally the prerogative of the team ‘s director. [ 77 ]

Laws

“ Rules of football ” redirects here. For the rules of other football games, see Football There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a solicitation of stipulation and guidelines. The lapp laws are designed to apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors, women and people with physical disabilities are permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International Football Association Board ( IFAB ). [ 78 ] In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football. [ 79 ] [ 80 ]

Players, equipment, and officials

The referee officiates in a football match Each team consists of a maximal of eleven players ( excluding substitutes ), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. competition rules may state a minimal number of players required to constitute a team, which is normally seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield ( non-goalkeeper ) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws. [ 74 ] The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. An athletic assistant and protective cup is highly recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] Headgear is not a necessitate patch of basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury. [ 83 ] Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewelry or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothe that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the early players and the match officials. [ 84 ] A total of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximal numeral of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three in ninety minutes with each team being allowed one more if the game should go into extra-time, though the allow count may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, fatigue, ineffectiveness, a tactical trade, or timewasting at the end of a finely brace game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match. [ 85 ] IFAB recommends “ that a equal should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team ”. Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations. [ 86 ] A plot is officiated by a referee, who has “ wax agency to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the equal to which he has been appointed ” ( Law 5 ), and whose decisions are final. The referee is assisted by two adjunct referees. In many high-level games there is besides a one-fourth official who assists the referee and may replace another official should the want get up. [ 87 ] Goal line engineering is used to measure if the whole ball has crossed the goal-line thereby determining whether a goal has been scored or not ; this was brought in to prevent there being controversy. Video assistant referees ( VAR ) have besides been increasingly introduced in high-level matches to assist officials through television replays to correct clear and obvious mistakes. There are four types of calls that can be reviewed : misguided identity in awarding a loss or yellow card, goals and whether there was a violation during the buildup, directly red card decisions, and penalty decisions. [ 88 ]

ball

The ball is spherical with a circumference of between 68 and 70 curium ( 27 and 28 in ), a weight in the range of 410 to 450 gigabyte ( 14 to 16 oz ), and a pressure between 0.6 and 1.1 standard atmospheres ( 8.5 and 15.6 pounds per straight inch ) at sea tied. In the past the ball was made up of leather panels sewn together, with a latex bladder for pressurisation but advanced balls at all levels of the game are now celluloid. [ 89 ] [ 90 ]

lurch

As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered entirely by the four british football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football deliver were in the first place expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents ( followed by traditional units in brackets ), though habit of imperial units remains democratic in english-speaking countries with a relatively holocene history of metrification ( or only overtone metrification ), such as Britain. [ 91 ] The distance of the pitch, or field, for international adult matches is in the range of 100–110 thousand ( 110–120 yd ) and the width is in the scope of 64–75 thousand ( 70–80 yd ). Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 molarity ( 100–130 yd ) length and 45–90 megabyte ( 50–100 yd ) in width, provided that the lurch does not become square. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a pay back size of 105 megabyte ( 115 yd ) long and 68 thousand ( 74 yd ) wide as a standard pitch dimension for external matches ; [ 92 ] however, this decision was belated put on declare and was never actually implemented. [ 93 ]

The longer boundary lines are touchlines, while the shorter boundaries ( on which the goals are placed ) are goal lines. A orthogonal finish is positioned on each finish line, halfway between the two touchlines. [ 94 ] The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 7.32 thousand ( 24 foot ) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the finish posts must be 2.44 m ( 8 foot ) above the ground. Nets are normally placed behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws. [ 95 ] In front man of the goal is the penalty area. This sphere is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 thousand ( 18 yd ) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 thousand ( 18 yd ) into the pitch plumb line to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most outstanding being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes penal by a penalty kick. early markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and recess kicks. [ 96 ]

duration and tie-breaking methods

90-minute ordinary time

A standard adult football match consists of two-halves of 45 minutes each. Each half runs endlessly, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the musket ball is out of looseness. There is normally a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time. [ 97 ] The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for fourth dimension lost through substitutions, hurt players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This total time is called additional time in FIFA documents, [ 98 ] [ 99 ] but is most normally referred to as stoppage time or injury time, while lost time can besides be used as a synonym. The duration of stop time is at the lone discretion of the referee. arrest clock time does not in full compensate for the time in which the ball is out of meet, and a 90-minute game typically involves about an hour of “ effective play time ”. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] The referee entirely signals the end of the meet. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, towards the end of the half, the referee signals how many minutes of blockage time they intend to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this issue. The bespeak arrest time may be far extended by the referee. [ 97 ] Added prison term was introduced because of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa. Trailing 1–0 and with just two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty. Villa ‘s goalkeeper kicked the ball out of the ground, and by the time the testis had been recovered, the 90 minutes had elapsed and the game was over. [ 102 ] The lapp law besides states that the duration of either half is extended until the punishment bang to be taken or retaken is completed, frankincense no game shall end with a penalty to be taken. [ 103 ]

Tie-breaking

Most football competitions use a penalty gunfight to decide the winner if a match ends as a hook In league competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner is required assorted methods may be employed to break such a deadlock ; some competitions may invoke replays. [ 104 ] A game tied at the goal of regulation meter may go into extra time, which consists of two farther 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra fourth dimension, some competitions allow the practice of penalty shootouts ( known officially in the Laws of the Game as “ kicks from the punishment chump ” ) to determine which team will progress to the following stage of the tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count towards the final seduce of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are lone used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament ( with goals scored in a penalty gunfight not making up part of the final examination score ). [ 4 ] In competitions using two-legged matches, each team competes at home once, with an aggregate grade from the two matches deciding which team progresses. Where aggregates are equal, the away goals principle may be used to determine the winners, in which case the achiever is the team that scored the most goals in the stage they played away from home. If the consequence is still peer, extra time and potentially a penalty gunfight are required. [ 4 ]

ball in and out of play

A player takes a free kick, while the confrontation form a “ wall ” to try to block the ball Under the Laws, the two basic states of play during a game are ball in play and ball out of play. From the beginning of each playing time period with a kick-off until the end of the play menstruation, the ball is in gambling at all times, except when either the ball leaves the battlefield of play, or bet is stopped by the reviewer. When the ball becomes out of play, turn is restarted by one of eight restart methods depending on how it went out of play :

  • Kick-off: following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin each period of play.[72]
  • Throw-in: when the ball has crossed the touchline; awarded to the opposing team to that which last touched the ball.[105]
  • Goal kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a player of the attacking team; awarded to defending team.[106]
  • Corner kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a player of the defending team; awarded to attacking team.[107]
  • Indirect free kick: awarded to the opposing team following “non-penal” fouls, certain technical infringements, or when play is stopped to caution or dismiss an opponent without a specific foul having occurred. A goal may not be scored directly (without the ball first touching another player) from an indirect free kick.[108]
  • Direct free kick: awarded to fouled team following certain listed “penal” fouls.[108] A goal may be scored directly from a direct free kick.
  • Penalty kick: awarded to the fouled team following a foul usually punishable by a direct free kick but that has occurred within their opponent’s penalty area.[109]
  • Dropped-ball: occurs when the referee has stopped play for any other reason, such as a serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or a ball becoming defective.[72]

mismanage

On-field

Players are cautioned with a scandalmongering calling card, and dismissed from the game with a crimson card. These colours were first introduced at the 1970 FIFA World Cup and used systematically since. A cruddy occurs when a player commits an discourtesy listed in the Laws of the Game while the ball is in play. The offences that constitute a fetid are listed in Law 12. Handling the ball intentionally, tripping an adversary, or pushing an adversary, are examples of “ penal foul ”, penal by a conduct release bang or penalty kick depending on where the offense occurred. other fouls are punishable by an collateral unblock kick. [ 70 ] The referee may punish a musician ‘s or substitute ‘s misconduct by a caution ( jaundiced card ) or dismissal ( crimson circuit board ). A second yellow tease in the same game leads to a crimson card, which results in a dismissal. A player given a yellow card is said to have been “ book ”, the referee writing the player ‘s name in their official notebook. If a player has been dismissed, no alternate can be brought on in their place and the actor may not participate in far play. mismanage may occur at any time, and while the offences that constitute misbehave are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the umbrage of “ cheating behavior ” may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the crippled, even if they are not listed as specific offences. A referee can show a yellow or crimson calling card to a player, substitute or substituted player. Non-players such as managers and support staff can not be shown the yellow or red menu but may be expelled from the technical area if they fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner. [ 70 ] preferably than stopping play, the referee may allow bet to continue if doing so will benefit the team against which an discourtesy has been committed. This is known as “ playing an advantage ”. [ 110 ] The referee may “ call back ” play and penalise the original offense if the anticipate advantage does not ensue within “ a few seconds ”. even if an umbrage is not penalised due to advantage being played, the wrongdoer may still be sanctioned for misbehave at the adjacent arrest of act. [ 111 ] The referee ‘s decision in all on-pitch matters is considered final. [ 112 ] The score of a match can not be altered after the crippled, even if later evidence shows that decisions ( including awards/non-awards of goals ) were wrong .

Off-field

Along with the general administration of the sport, football associations and competition organisers besides enforce good impart in broad aspects of the game, dealing with issues such as comments to the press, clubs ‘ fiscal management, dope, historic period fraud and peer cook. Most competitions enforce mandatary suspensions for players who are sent off in a game. [ 113 ] Some on-field incidents, if considered very unplayful ( such as allegations of racial maltreatment ), may result in competitions deciding to impose heavier sanctions than those normally associated with a bolshevik card. [ cytosine ] Some associations allow for appeals against actor suspensions incurred on-field if clubs feel a referee was incorrect or unduly harsh. [ 113 ] Sanctions for such infractions may be levied on individuals or on to clubs as a whole. Penalties may include fines, points deductions ( in league competitions ) or even expulsion from competitions. For model, the English Football League subtract 12 points from any team that enters fiscal administration. [ 114 ] Among other administrative sanctions are penalties against game forfeit. Teams that had forfeited a game or had been forfeited against would be awarded a technical loss or winnings .

Governing bodies

Headquarters of FIFA, the universe governing body of football The recognize external governing soundbox of football ( and associated games, such as futsal and beach soccer ) is FIFA. The FIFA headquarters are located in Zürich, Switzerland. Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA ; these are : [ 115 ]
National associations oversee football within person countries. These are by and large synonymous with sovereign states, ( for model : the Cameroonian Football Federation in Cameroon ) but besides include a smaller numeral of associations responsible for sub-national entities or autonomous regions ( for example the Scottish Football Association in Scotland ). 209 home associations are affiliated both with FIFA and with their respective continental confederations. [ 115 ] While FIFA is creditworthy for arranging competitions and most rules related to international rival, the actual Laws of the Game are set by the International Football Association Board, where each of the UK Associations has one vote, while FIFA jointly has four votes. [ 40 ]

International competitions

The FIFA World Cup is the largest international contest in football and the world ‘s most see sporting event International competitions in association football chiefly consist of two varieties : competitions involving representative national teams or those involving clubs based in multiple nations and national leagues. International football, without reservation, most much refers to the former. In the subject of external club contest, it is the country of origin of the clubs involved, not the nationalities of their players, that renders the competition international in nature. The major international contest in football is the World Cup, organised by FIFA. This rival takes position every four years since 1930 with the exception of 1942 and 1946 tournaments, which were cancelled due to World War II. approximately 190–200 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the telescope of continental confederations for a seat in the finals. The finals tournament, which is held every four years, involves 32 national teams competing over a four-week time period. [ boron ] The World Cup is the most esteemed affiliation football tournament in the global equally well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world, exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the accumulative consultation of all matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match, a ninth of the entire population of the planet. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] [ 118 ] [ 119 ] The current champions are France, who won their second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia. The FIFA Women ‘s World Cup has been held every four years since 1991. Under the tournament ‘s current format, national teams vie for 23 slots in a three-year qualification phase. ( The host state ‘s team is mechanically entered as the 24th slot. ) The current champions are the United States, after winning their one-fourth entitle in the 2019 tournament .
spanish footballers Fernando Torres, Juan Mata, and Sergio Ramos celebrating winning the UEFA European Championship There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. [ 120 ] Before the origin of the World Cup, the Olympics ( particularly during the 1920s ) were the most esteemed external event. originally, the tournament was for amateurs only. [ 39 ] As professionalism spread around the populace, the gap in quality between the World Cup and the Olympics widened. The countries that benefited most were the soviet Bloc countries of Eastern Europe, where lead athletes were state-sponsored while retaining their status as amateurs. between 1948 and 1980, 23 out of 27 Olympic medals were won by Eastern Europe, with only Sweden ( gold in 1948 and bronze in 1952 ), Denmark ( bronze in 1948 and silver in 1960 ) and Japan ( bronze in 1968 ) breaking their laterality. For the 1984 Los Angeles Games, the IOC decided to admit professional players. Since 1992, male competitors must be under 23 years old, although since 1996, three players over the old age of 23 have been allowed per police squad. A women ‘s tournament was added in 1996 ; in contrast to the men ‘s event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women ‘s Olympic tournament. [ 121 ] After the World Cup, the most authoritative international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental alliance and contested between national teams. These are the european Championship ( UEFA ), the Copa América ( CONMEBOL ), african Cup of Nations ( CAF ), the asian Cup ( AFC ), the CONCACAF Gold Cup ( CONCACAF ) and the OFC Nations Cup ( OFC ). The FIFA Confederations Cup was contested by the winners of all six continental championships, the stream FIFA World Cup champions and the country which was hosting the next World Cup. This was by and large regarded as a warm-up tournament for the approaching FIFA World Cup and did not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself. The tournament was discontinued following the 2017 edition. The most esteemed competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are by and large contested between home champions, for exercise the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores in South America. The winners of each continental rival contest the FIFA Club World Cup. [ 122 ]

domestic competitions

The governing bodies in each country operate league systems in a domestic season, normally comprising respective divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them in order according to points accrued. Most normally, each team plays every other team in its league at home and away in each season, in a round-robin tournament. At the conclusion of a temper, the lead team is declared the supporter. The top few teams may be promoted to a higher division, and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower division. [ 124 ] The teams finishing at the top of a state ‘s league may be eligible besides to play in external golf club competitions in the adopt season. The independent exceptions to this system occur in some latin american leagues, which divide football championships into two sections named Apertura and Clausura ( spanish for Opening and Closing ), awarding a champion for each. [ 125 ] The majority of countries supplement the league system with one or more “ cup ” competitions organised on a knock-out footing. Some countries ‘ circus tent divisions feature highly paid star topology players ; in smaller countries, lower divisions, and most of women ‘s clubs, players may be part-timers with a second job, or amateurs. The five crown european leagues – the Bundesliga ( Germany ), Premier League ( England ), [ 126 ] La Liga ( Spain ), Serie A ( Italy ), and Ligue 1 ( France ) – attract most of the populace ‘s best players and each of the leagues has a total engage cost in excess of £600 million/€763 million/US $ 1.185 billion. [ 8 ]

Notes

Listen to this article

( 2 parts,

51

minutes

)

Spoken Wikipedia icon These audio files were created from a rewrite of this article dated 5 September 2007

 ( )

, and do not reflect subsequent edits .

References