character that primitively appeared on the typewriter and was chiefly used to underline words
_ ⎁ ◌̲ underscoreIn Unicode

U+005F

Reading: Underscore

_ gloomy LINE (HTML _ · &lowbar, &UnderBar)

U+2381

⎁ CONTINUOUS UNDERLINE SYMBOL

U+0332

̲ COMBINING LOW LINERelatedSee also

U+2017

‗ bivalent first gear LINE

U+2382

⎂ DISCONTINUOUS UNDERLINE SYMBOLDifferent fromDifferent from

U+0331

◌̱ combining MACRON BELOW
Underscored or underlined text. An underscore, besides called an underline, low line or low dash, is a production line drawn under a section of text. In proofread, underline is a convention that says “ set this textbook in italic type “, traditionally used on manuscript or typescript as an direction to the printer. Its use to add emphasis in mod documents is a deprecate commit. [ 1 ] The underscore character, _, originally appeared on the typewriter and was chiefly used to emphasise words as in the proofreader ‘s conventionality. To produce an underline word, the parole was typed, the typewriter carriage was moved back to the begin of the bible, and the word was overtyped with the underline character. In advanced usage, underscore is achieved by markup or with combining characters. The original free-standing underscore character continues in function to create ocular space within a sequence of characters, where a whitespace character is not permitted ( for example, in computer filenames, e-mail addresses, and in Internet URLs ). In context where no format is supported such as in blink of an eye message, or older electronic mail formats, the ‘enclosing underscores ‘ markup is sometimes used as a proxy for underlining the discussion ( s ) enclosed ( _thus_ ). In some languages, the mark is used as combining diacritical mark and is called a “ combine low line ” .

diacritical mark [edit ]

The underscore is used as a diacritic mark, “ combining low line “, ◌̲, in some languages of Egypt, some languages using the Rapidolangue orthography in Gabon, Izere in Nigeria, and autochthonal languages of the Americas such as Shoshoni and Kiowa. The combine diacritic, ◌̱, ( Macron below ) is alike to the combining first gear line but its mark is shorter. The difference between “ macron below ” and “ depleted line ” is that the latter results in an unbroken underscore when it is run together : comparison a̱ḇc̱ and a̲b̲c̲ ( lone the latter should look like rudiment ). [ 2 ]

Modern use [edit ]

In print documents underlining is generally avoided, with italics or little caps much used rather, or ( particularly in headings ) using capitalization, boldface type or greater body altitude ( baptismal font size ). [ 1 ] In a manuscript to be typeset, versatile forms of underline ( see below ) were therefore conventionally used to indicate that text should be set in special character such as italics, function of a operation known as markup. A series of underscores ( like __________ ) may be used to create a blank to be filled in by hand on a composition form. It is besides sometimes used to create a horizontal tune ; other symbols with exchangeable graphemes, such as hyphens and dashes, are besides used for this determination.

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usage in computing [edit ]

In web browsers, default settings typically signalize hyperlinks by underlining them ( and normally changing their semblance ), but both users and websites can change the settings to make some or all hyperlinks appear differently ( or tied without distinction from normal textbook ) .

history [edit ]

As early on end product devices ( Teleprinters, CRTs and wrinkle printers ) could not produce more than one quality at a localization, it was not potential to underscore text, so early encodings such as ITA2 and the first versions of ASCII had no underscore. IBM ‘s EBCDIC character-coding system, introduced in 1964, added the underscore, which IBM referred to as the “ break character ”. IBM ‘s report card on NPL ( the early name of what is now called PL/I ) leaves the character set undefined, but specifically mentions the break character, and gives RATE_OF_PAY as an example identifier. [ 3 ] By 1967 the underline had spread to ASCII, [ 4 ] replacing the similarly shaped left-arrow character, ← ( see besides : PIP ). C, developed at Bell Labs in the early 1970s, allowed the underline in identifiers. [ 5 ] underscore predates the universe of lower-case letters in many systems, so much it had to be used to make multi-word identifiers, since CamelCase ( see below ) was not available .

Programming conventions [edit ]

Underscores inserted between letters are very common to make a “ multi-word ” identifier in languages that can not handle spaces in identifiers. This convention is known as “ snake case “ ( the early popular method acting is called camelCase, where capital letters are used to show where the words start ). An underscore as the inaugural character in an ID is frequently used to indicate an home execution that is not considered part of the API and should not be called by code outside that execution. In Dart, all private properties of classes must start with an underline ; this custom is besides common in early languages such as C++ even though those leave keywords to indicate that members are private. It is extensively used to hide variables and functions used for implementations in header files. In fact, the use of a single underscore for this became therefore common that C compilers had to standardize on a double leading underline ( for example __DATE__ ) for actual built-in variables to avoid conflicts with the ones in heading files. PHP “ reserves all function names starting with __ as charming. ” [ 6 ] Python uses names that both start and end with double underscores for charming members used for purposes such as hustler overload and expression, and name calling starting but not ending with a duplicate underscore to denote private member variables of classes which should be mangled in a manner which prevents them from colliding with members of derive classes unless the classes have the lapp name ( __bar in classify Foo will be mangled to _Foo__bar ). By convention, members starting with a single underscore are considered private or protected, although this behavior only has implicit in effect for modules, where import * statements by default consequence all names that do not start with an underscore, unless an export list is explicitly defined by the module. A variable named with fair an underscore often has special meaning. $_ or _ is the former instruction or consequence in many synergistic shells, such as those of Python, Ruby, and Perl. In Perl, @_ is a extra array variable that holds the arguments to a function. In Clojure, it indicates an argument whose value will be ignored. [ 7 ] In some languages with convention matching, such as Prolog, Standard ML, Scala, OCaml, Haskell, Erlang, and the Wolfram Language, the model _ matches any value, but does not perform tie .

HTML and CSS [edit ]

HTML has a presentational element that was in the first place used to underscore text ; this usage was deprecated in HTML4 in favor of the CSS style {text-decoration: underline}. [ 8 ] In HTML5, the tag reappeared but its mean was changed importantly : it now “ represents a bridge of inline text which should be rendered in a way that indicates that it has a non-textual note ”. [ 8 ] This adeptness is intended for exercise to provide a bolshevik crinkled credit line underscore to flag spell errors at remark time but which are not to be embedded in any store charge ( unlike an vehemence sign, which would be ), The elements may besides exist in other markup languages, such as MediaWiki. The Text Encoding Initiative ( TEI ) provides an extensive choice of related elements for marking column action ( insertion, deletion, discipline, addition, etc. ) .

Unicode [edit ]

Unicode has a free-standing underscore _ at U+005F, which is a bequest of the typewriter practice of underlining using backspace and overtype. Modern drill uses the blend diacritic “ combining first gear line ” at U+0332 ◌̲ that results in an underline when ladder together : u̲n̲d̲e̲r̲l̲i̲n̲e̲. Unicode besides has the combining macron below, a individual letter diacritic. [ 2 ]

  • single underline: a̲b̲c̲d̲e̲f̲g̲h̲i̲j̲k̲l̲m̲n̲o̲p̲q̲r̲s̲t̲u̲v̲w̲x̲y̲z̲0̲1̲2̲3̲4̲5̲6̲7̲8̲9̲
  • double underline: a̲̲b̲̲c̲̲d̲̲e̲̲f̲̲g̲̲h̲̲i̲̲j̲̲k̲̲l̲̲m̲̲n̲̲o̲̲p̲̲q̲̲r̲̲s̲̲t̲̲u̲̲v̲̲w̲̲x̲̲y̲̲z̲̲0̲̲1̲̲2̲̲3̲̲4̲̲5̲̲6̲̲7̲̲8̲̲9̲̲

continuous underscore symbol [edit ]

In canadian french, it is correct orthography to underline the masculine and womanly ordinal indicators and standard keyboards are engraved accordingly : [ 9 ] a symbol, an underline ‘ letter a with ellipsis ‘ ( U+2381 ⎁ CONTINUOUS UNDERLINE SYMBOL ), is available to document this use. [ citation needed ] [ a ]

“ Simulated ” underlines in plain-text [edit ]

In plain-text applications, including plain-text e-mails, where vehemence markup is not potential, the hope vehemence is often indicated by surrounding words with underline characters. For example, “ You must use an _emulsion_ paint on the ceiling ”. Some applications will mechanically add emphasis to text manually bracketed by underscores, either by underlining or by italicizing it ( e.g. _string_ may render string or string ) .

As a marker for incorrectness [edit ]

Underline ( typically red or wavy or both ) is often used by enchantment checkers ( and grammar checkers ) to denote misspelled or otherwise wrong text .

Manuscripts [edit ]

Depending on local conventions, the follow kinds of underlines may be used inline on manuscripts to indicate the special typefaces to be used : [ 10 ] [ 11 ]

  • single dashed underline for stet, ‘let it stand’, proof-reading mark cancelled.
  • single straight underline for italic type
  • single wavy underline for bold type
  • double straight underline for

    SMALL CAPS

  • double underline of one straight line and one wavy line for bold italic
  • triple underline for FULL CAPITAL LETTERS (used among small caps or to change text already typed as lower case).

Underlines in taiwanese [edit ]

In Chinese, the underscore is a punctuation score for proper names ( simplified Chinese : 专名号 ; traditional taiwanese : 專名號 ; pinyin : zhuānmínghào ; literally “ proper name tag “, used for personal and geographic names ). [ citation needed ] Its meaning is slightly akin to capitalization in English and should never be used for emphasis even if the charm of English computing makes the latter sometimes occur. A wavy underscore ( simplified Chinese : 书名号 ; traditional chinese : 書名號 ; pinyin : shūmínghào ; literally, “ book title mark ” ) serves a like serve, but marks names of literary works alternatively of proper names. In the case of two or more adjacent proper names, each person proper appoint is individually underlined indeed there should be a rebuff gap between the underscore of each proper name .

See besides [edit ]

Notes [edit ]

  1. ^

    U+00AA

    ª FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR and

    U+00BA

    º MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR and thus the underlined forms are obtained using an appropriate font. There are no denotative codepoints for the underscore forms of the ordinal number indicators : these are allograph of the Unicode standard glyph andand thus the underline forms are obtained using an appropriate baptismal font .

References [edit ]

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