Wikipedia

nation in the Middle East
This article is about the state. For other places, see Qatar ( disambiguation ) Coordinates :
Qatar (, [ 11 ], or ; [ 12 ] Arabic : قطر‎, romanized : Qaṭar [ ˈqatˤar ] ; local anesthetic slang pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ), [ 13 ] [ 14 ] formally the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر‎, romanized : Dawlat Qaṭar ), is a country located in western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the arab Peninsula. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Its sole nation edge is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. The Gulf of Bahrain, an inlet of the Persian Gulf, separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain. The capital is Doha.

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In early 2017, Qatar ‘s full population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates. [ 20 ] Qatar ‘s official religion is Islam. [ 21 ] In terms of income, the country has the third-highest GDP ( PPP ) per head in the world, [ 22 ] and the sixth-highest GNI per caput ( Atlas method acting ). [ 23 ] Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high homo development, having the third-highest HDI in the Arab populace after United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. [ 24 ] Qatar is a World Bank high-income economy, backed by the universe ‘s third-largest natural boast reserves and oil reserves. [ 25 ] Qatar is the populace ‘s largest exporter of molten natural gas, [ 26 ] and the worldly concern ‘s largest emitter of greenhouse gasses per head. [ 27 ] qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bank identification number Thani signed a treaty with the british in 1868 that recognised its separate status. Following Ottoman predominate, Qatar became a british protectorate in the early twentieth century until gaining independence in 1971. The ancestral emir of Qatar rules as an tyrant ( presently, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani ) and holds all executive and legislative authority, equally well as controlling the judiciary organization. [ 28 ] He appoints the prime minister and cabinet. [ 28 ] In the twenty-first hundred, Qatar emerged as a significant power in the arabian universe through its resource-wealth, equally good as its globally expanding media group, Al Jazeera Media Network, and reportedly supporting respective maverick groups financially during the arab spring. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] For its size, Qatar wields disproportionate influence in the world, and has been identified as a middle ability. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The 2022 FIFA World Cup will be held in Qatar, making it the first Muslim and Arab nation to host the event. [ 34 ] The 2030 asian Games will besides be held in Qatar. [ 35 ]

etymology

Pliny the Elder, a Roman writer, documented the earliest account pertaining to the inhabitants of the peninsula around the mid-first hundred AD, referring to them as the Catharrei, a appointment which may have derived from the name of a outstanding local village. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] A century late, Ptolemy produced the first known map to depict the peninsula, referring to it as Catara. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] The map besides referenced a town named “ Cadara ” to the east of the peninsula. [ 39 ] The condition ‘Catara ‘ ( inhabitants, Cataraei ) [ 40 ] was entirely used until the eighteenth century, after which ‘Katara ‘ emerged as the most normally recognised spelling. [ 39 ] Eventually, after respective variations – ‘Katr ‘, ‘Kattar ‘ and ‘Guttur ‘ – the modern derivative Qatar was adopted as the country ‘s name. [ 41 ] In Standard Arabic, the name is pronounced [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ], while in the local dialect it is [ ˈɡitˤar ]. [ 13 ]

history

antiquity

Human habitation of Qatar dates back to 50,000 years ago. [ 42 ] Settlements and tools dating binding to the Stone Age have been unearthed in the peninsula. [ 42 ] Mesopotamian artifacts originating from the Ubaid period ( c. 6500–3800 BC ) have been discovered in abandon coastal settlements. [ 43 ] Al Da’asa, a liquidation located on the western coast of Qatar, is the most important Ubaid site in the nation and is believed to have accommodated a small seasonal worker camp. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Kassite Babylonian fabric dating back to the second millennium BC found in Al Khor Islands attests to trade relations between the inhabitants of Qatar and the Kassites in contemporary Bahrain. [ 46 ] Among the findings were 3,000,000 crush escargot shells and Kassite potsherds. [ 44 ] It has been suggested that Qatar is the earliest know site of mollusk dye production, owing to a Kassite empurpled dye diligence which existed on the coast. [ 43 ] [ 47 ] In 224 AD, the Sasanian Empire gained control over the territories surrounding the iranian Gulf. [ 48 ] Qatar played a function in the commercial bodily process of the Sasanids, contributing at least two commodities : cute pearls and purple dye. [ 49 ] Under the Sasanid reign, many of the inhabitants in Eastern Arabia were introduced to Christianity following the eastbound dispersion of the religion by Mesopotamian Christians. [ 50 ] Monasteries were constructed and further settlements were founded during this earned run average. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] During the latter depart of the Christian era, Qatar comprised a area known as ‘Beth Qatraye ‘ ( Syriac for “ house of the Qataris ” ). [ 53 ] The region was not limited to Qatar ; it besides included Bahrain, Tarout Island, Al-Khatt, and Al-Hasa. [ 54 ] In 628, Muhammad sent a Muslim emissary to a ruler in Eastern Arabia named Munzir ibn Sawa Al Tamimi and requested that he and his subjects accept Islam. Munzir obliged his request, and accordingly, most of the Arab kin in the area converted to Islam. [ 55 ] After the borrowing of Islam, the Arabs [ which? ] led the Muslim conquest of Persia which resulted in the spill of the Sasanian Empire. [ 56 ]

early and late Islamic period ( 661–1783 )

Qatar was described as a celebrated sawhorse and camel breeding center during the Umayyad period. [ 57 ] In the eighth hundred, it started benefiting from its commercially strategic position in the Persian Gulf and went on to become a center of bone deal. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] solid development in the pearl industry around the Qatari Peninsula occurred during the Abbasid era. [ 57 ] Ships voyaging from Basra to India and China would make stops in Qatar ‘s ports during this period. taiwanese porcelain, west african coins and artefacts from Thailand have been discovered in Qatar. [ 56 ] Archaeological remains from the 9th century suggest that Qatar ‘s inhabitants used greater wealth to construct higher quality homes and public buildings. Over 100 stone-built houses, two mosques, and an Abbasid fortress were constructed in Murwab during this period. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] When the caliphate ‘s prosperity declined in Iraq, therefore excessively did it in Qatar. [ 62 ] Qatar is mentioned in 13th-century Muslim learner Yaqut al-Hamawi ‘s koran, Mu’jam Al-Buldan, which alludes to the Qataris ‘ fine striped weave cloaks and their skills in improvement and complete of spears. [ 63 ] much of Eastern Arabia was controlled by the Usfurids in 1253, but see of the region was seized by the prince of Ormus in 1320. [ 64 ] Qatar ‘s pearl provided the kingdom with one of its main sources of income. [ 65 ] In 1515, Manuel I of Portugal vassalised the Kingdom of Ormus. Portugal went on to seize a significant part of Eastern Arabia in 1521. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In 1550, the inhabitants of Al-Hasa voluntarily submitted to the rule of the Ottomans, preferring them to the Portuguese. [ 67 ] Having retained a negligible military bearing in the sphere, the Ottomans were expelled by the Bani Khalid kin in 1670. [ 68 ]

Bahraini and Saudi principle ( 1783–1868 )

In 1766, members of the Al Khalifa family of the Utub tribal confederation migrated from Kuwait to Zubarah in Qatar. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] By the time of their arrival, the Bani Khalid exercised unaccented agency over the peninsula, notwithstanding the fact that the largest village was ruled by their distant kin. [ 71 ] In 1783, Qatar-based Bani Utbah clans and allied Arab kin invaded and annex Bahrain from the Persians. The Al Khalifa imposed their authority over Bahrain and retained their legal power over Zubarah. [ 69 ]
A partially restore section of the destroy town of Zubarah Following his swearing in as pennant prince of the Wahhabi in 1788, Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz moved to expand Wahhabi territory east towards the Persian Gulf and Qatar. After defeating the Bani Khalid in 1795, the Wahhabi were attacked on two fronts. The Ottomans and Egyptians assaulted the western front, while the Al Khalifa in Bahrain and the Omanis launched an fire against the eastern front. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] Upon being made mindful of the egyptian advance on the western frontier in 1811, the Wahhabi emir reduced his garrisons in Bahrain and Zubarah in order to redeploy his troops. Said bin Sultan, rule of Muscat, capitalised on this opportunity and raided the Wahhabi garrisons on the eastern seashore, setting fire to the garrison in Zubarah. The Al Khalifa were effectively returned to power thereafter. [ 73 ] As punishment for plagiarism, an East India Company vessel bombarded Doha in 1821, destroying the town and forcing hundreds of residents to flee. In 1825, the House of Thani was established with Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani as the first drawing card. [ 74 ] Although Qatar was considered a colony of Bahrain, the Al Khalifa faced opposition from the local kin. In 1867, the Al Khalifa, along with the rule of Abu Dhabi, sent a massive naval violence to Al Wakrah in an effort to crush the Qatari rebels. This resulted in the maritime Qatari–Bahraini War of 1867–1868, in which Bahraini and Abu Dhabi forces sacked and looted Doha and Al Wakrah. [ 75 ] The Bahraini hostilities were in rape of the Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship of 1861. The joint penetration, in addition to the Qatari counter-attack, prompted british Political Resident, Colonel Lewis Pelly to impose a village in 1868. His mission to Bahrain and Qatar and the resulting peace treaty were milestones because they implicitly recognised the otherness of Qatar from Bahrain and explicitly acknowledged the status of Mohammed bin Thani. In addition to censuring Bahrain for its breach of agreement, Pelly negotiated with Qatari sheik, who were represented by Mohammed bin Thani. [ 76 ] The negotiations were the first stage in the development of Qatar as a sheikdom. [ 77 ] however, Qatar was not officially recognised as a british protectorate until 1916. [ 78 ]

The Ottoman time period ( 1871–1915 )

Old city of Doha, January 1904. Under military and political pressure from the governor of the Ottoman Vilayet of Baghdad, Midhat Pasha, the predominate Al Thani tribe submitted to Ottoman rule in 1871. [ 79 ] The Ottoman government imposed reformer ( Tanzimat ) measures concerning tax income and land adjustment to fully integrate these areas into the empire. [ 79 ] Despite the disapproval of local tribes, Al Thani continued supporting Ottoman rule. Qatari-Ottoman relations, however, soon stagnated, and in 1882 they suffered further setbacks when the Ottomans refused to aid Al Thani in his expedition of Abu Dhabi -occupied Khawr alabama Udayd. In accession, the Ottomans supported the Ottoman subject Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab who attempted to supplant Al Thani as kaymakam of Qatar in 1888. [ 80 ] This finally led Al Thani to rebel against the Ottomans, whom he believed were seeking to usurp control of the peninsula. He resigned as kaymakam and stopped paying taxes in August 1892. [ 81 ] In February 1893, Mehmed Hafiz Pasha arrived in Qatar in the interests of seeking amateur taxes and accosting Jassim bin Mohammed ‘s enemy to proposed Ottoman administrative reforms. Fearing that he would face death or captivity, Jassim retreated to Al Wajbah ( 16 kilometer or 10 mile west of Doha ), accompanied by several tribe members. Mehmed ‘s demand that Jassim disbands his troops and pledge his loyalty to the Ottomans was met with refusal. In March, Mehmed imprisoned Jassim ‘s brother and 13 big Qatari tribal leaders on the Ottoman corvette Merrikh as punishment for his insubordination. After Mehmed declined an extend to release the captives for a fee of 10,000 liras, he ordered a column of approximately 200 troops to advance towards Jassim ‘s Al Wajbah Fort under the control of Yusuf Effendi, thus signalling the begin of the Battle of Al Wajbah. [ 56 ] Effendi ‘s troops came under heavy gunfire by a goodly troop of Qatari infantry and cavalry concisely after arriving at Al Wajbah. They retreated to Shebaka fortress, where they were again forced to draw back from a Qatari incursion. After they withdrew to Al Bidda fortress, Jassim ‘s advancing column besieged the fortress, resulting in the Ottomans ‘ concession of frustration and agreement to relinquish their captives in return for the condom passage of Mehmed Pasha ‘s cavalry to Hofuf by land. [ 82 ] Although Qatar did not gain broad independence from the Ottoman Empire, the result of the battle forced a treaty that would former form the basis of Qatar ‘s emerging as an autonomous country within the conglomerate. [ 83 ]

british time period ( 1916–1971 )

By the Anglo-Turkish convention of 1913, the Ottomans agreed to renounce their claim to Qatar and withdraw their garrison from Doha. however, with the outbreak of World War I, nothing was done to carry this out and the garrison remained in the fort at Doha, although its numbers dwindled as men deserted. In 1915, with the bearing of british gunboats in the harbor, Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani ( who was pro-British ) persuaded the remainder to abandon the garrison and, when british troops approached the follow dawn, they found it deserted. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Qatar became a british protectorate on 3 November 1916, when the United Kingdom signed a treaty with Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani to bring Qatar under its Trucial System of Administration. While Abdullah agreed not to enter into any relations with any early ability without prior consent of the british government, the latter guaranteed the protective covering of Qatar from aggression by sea and provide its ‘good offices ‘ in the consequence of an fire by farming – this latter undertaking was left measuredly dim. [ 84 ] [ 86 ] On 5 May 1935, while agreeing an oil concession with the british oil company, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Abdullah signed another treaty with the british government which granted Qatar protection against inner and external threats. [ 84 ] Oil reserves were first discovered in 1939. exploitation and development were, however, delayed by World War II. [ 87 ]
A british Wilding series stamp, issued 1 April 1957, and overprinted for use in Qatar. The concentrate of british interests in Qatar changed after the second World War with the independence of India, the initiation of Pakistan in 1947 and the exploitation of vegetable oil in Qatar. In 1949, the appointment of the foremost british political officeholder in Doha, John Wilton, signifed a tone of Anglo-Qatari relations. [ 88 ] Oil exports began in 1949, and oil revenues became the country ‘s main source of gross, the bone craft having gone into refuse. These revenues were used to fund the expansion and modernization of Qatar ‘s infrastructure. When Britain officially announced in 1968 that it would withdraw from the Persian Gulf in three years ‘ fourth dimension, Qatar joined talks with Bahrain and seven other Trucial States to create a federation. regional disputes, however, persuaded Qatar and Bahrain to withdraw from the talks and become independent states separate from the Trucial States, which went on to become the United Arab Emirates .

independence and consequence ( 1971–present )

On 3 November 1916, the sheik of Qatar entered into treaty relations with the United Kingdom. [ 89 ] The treaty reserved alien affairs and defense to the United Kingdom but allowed internal autonomy. On 3 September 1971, those “ special treaty arrangements ” that were “ inconsistent with full international responsibility as a autonomous and independent state ” were terminated. [ 90 ] This was done under an agreement reached between the Ruler of Qatar and the Government of the United Kingdom. [ 91 ] [ 90 ]
traditional dhows in front of the West Bay skyline as seen from the Doha Corniche In 1991, Qatar played a significant role in the Gulf War, peculiarly during the Battle of Khafji in which Qatari tanks rolled through the streets of the town and provided fire support for Saudi Arabian National Guard units that were engaging Iraqi Army troops. qatar allowed coalescence troops from Canada to use the country as an airbase to launch aircraft on CAP duty and besides permitted air forces from the United States and France to operate in its territories. [ 42 ] In 1995, Emir Hamad bank identification number Khalifa Al Thani seized control of the nation from his beget Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, with the accompaniment of the arm forces and cabinet, a well as neighbouring states [ 92 ] and France. [ 93 ] Under Emir Hamad, Qatar experienced a mince degree of liberalization, including the establish of the Al Jazeera television station ( 1996 ), the sanction of women ‘s right to vote or right to vote in municipal elections ( 1999 ), drafting its first gear written fundamental law ( 2005 ) and inauguration of a Roman Catholic church ( 2008 ). In 2010, Qatar won the rights to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, making it the beginning state in the Middle East to be selected to host the tournament. The Emir announced Qatar ‘s plans to hold its inaugural national legislative elections in 2013. They were scheduled to be held in the moment half of 2013, but were postponed in June 2013 and may be delayed until 2019. The legislative council will besides host the 140th Inter-Parliamentary Union Assembly for the first time in April 2019. [ 94 ] In 2003, Qatar served as the US Central Command headquarters and one of the chief launching sites of the invasion of Iraq. [ 95 ] In March 2005, a suicide fail killed a british teacher from Dorset called Jonathan Adams [ 96 ] at the Doha Players Theatre, shocking the state, which had not previously experience acts of terrorism. The fail was carried out by Omar Ahmed Abdullah Ali, an egyptian resident in Qatar who had suspected ties to Al-Qaeda in the arabian Peninsula. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] In 2011, Qatar joined NATO operations in Libya and reportedly armed libyan confrontation groups. [ 99 ] It is besides presently a major funder of weapons for insurgent groups in the syrian civil war. [ 100 ] Qatar is pursuing an Afghan peace consider and in January 2012 the Afghan Taliban said they were setting up a political office in Qatar to facilitate talks. This was done in order to facilitate peace negotiations and with the patronize of other countries including the United States and Afghanistan. Ahmed Rashid, writing in the Financial Times, stated that through the agency Qatar has “ facilitated meetings between the Taliban and many countries and organisations, including the US state department, the UN, Japan, several european governments and non-governmental organisations, all of whom have been trying to push forward the mind of peace talks. Suggestions in September 2017 by the presidents of both the United States and Afghanistan have reportedly led to protests from senior officials of the american State Department. [ 101 ] In June 2013, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani became the Emir of Qatar after his founder handed over ability in a telecast lecture. [ 102 ] Sheikh Tamim has prioritised improving the domestic benefit of citizens, which includes establishing advanced healthcare and education systems, and expanding the area ‘s infrastructure in planning for the host of the 2022 World Cup. [ 103 ] Qatar participated in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was deposed in the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings. [ 104 ] The increase influence of Qatar and its character during the arab spring, specially during the Bahraini arise in 2011, worsened longstanding tensions with Saudi Arabia, the neighbor United Arab Emirates ( UAE ), and Bahrain. [ citation needed ] In June 2017, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain cut off diplomatic relations with Qatar, citing the country ‘s allege back of groups they considered to be extremist. [ 105 ] This has resulted in increase Qatari economic and military ties with Turkey and Iran. Qatar is expected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup from 21 November to 18 December, becoming the first arab nation to do so. [ 106 ]

Politics

Qatar is either a constitutional [ 15 ] [ 16 ] or an absolute monarchy [ 18 ] [ 107 ] ruled by the Al Thani family. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] The Al Thani dynasty has been ruling Qatar since the syndicate house was established in 1825. [ 2 ] In 2003, Qatar adopted a fundamental law that provided for the directly election of 30 of the 45 members of the Legislative Council. [ 2 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum, with about 98 % in privilege. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] The one-eighth Emir of Qatar is Tamim bank identification number Hamad Al Thani, whose church father Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani handed baron to him on 25 June 2013. [ 114 ] The Emir has the exclusive ability to appoint and remove the flower curate and cabinet ministers who, in concert, constitute the Council of Ministers, which is the supreme executive authority in the country. [ 115 ] The Council of Ministers besides initiates legislation. Laws and decrees proposed by the Council of Ministers are referred to the Advisory Council ( Majilis Al Shura ) for discussion after which they are submitted to the Emir for ratification. [ 115 ] A Consultative Assembly has limited legislative authority to draft and approve laws, but the Emir has final examination state on all matters. [ 2 ] The current Council is composed wholly of members appointed by the Emir, [ 2 ] as no legislative elections have been held since 1970 when there were partial derivative elections to the body. [ 2 ] legislative elections have been postponed until at least 2019. [ 116 ] The council will besides host the 140th Inter-Parliamentary Union Assembly for the inaugural time, in April 2019. Qatari law does not permit the institution of political bodies or trade unions. [ 117 ]

law

According to Qatar ‘s Constitution, Sharia jurisprudence is the chief source of Qatari legislation, [ 118 ] [ 119 ] although in commit, Qatar ‘s legal system is a mix of civil police and Sharia law. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Sharia police is applied to family police, inheritance, and several criminal acts ( including adultery, looting and murder ). In some cases, Sharia-based kin courts treat a female ‘s testimony as being worth half that of a man. [ 122 ] Codified class law was introduced in 2006. Islamic polygyny is permitted. [ 93 ] judicial bodily punishment is a punishment in Qatar. Flogging is employed as a punishment for alcohol consumption or illegitimate sexual relations. [ 123 ] Article 88 of Qatar ‘s criminal code declares that the punishment for adultery is 100 lashes, [ 124 ] and in 2006, a Filipino woman was sentenced that punishment. [ 124 ] In 2010, at least 18 people ( by and large foreign nationals ) were sentenced to receive between 40 and 100 lashes for offences involving “ illicit sexual relations ” or alcohol consumption. [ 125 ] In 2011, at least 21 people ( by and large alien nationals ) were sentenced to between 30 and 100 lashes for the same reasons, [ 126 ] and in 2012, six expatriates were sentenced to either 40 or 100 lashes. [ 123 ] lone Muslims considered medically fit are apt to have such sentences carried out. In April 2013, a Muslim expatriate was sentenced to 40 lashes for alcohol consumption, [ 127 ] [ 128 ] [ 129 ] and in June 2014, a Muslim expatriate was sentenced to 40 lashes for consuming alcohol and driving under the influence. [ 130 ] Stoning is a legal punishment in Qatar, [ 131 ] and apostasy and homosexuality are crimes punishable by the death penalty ; however, the penalty has not been carried out for either crime. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] Blasphemy can result in up to seven years in prison, while proselytising can incur a 10-year sentence. [ 132 ] [ 134 ] Alcohol consumption is partially legal in Qatar ; some five-star luxury hotels are allowed to sell alcohol to their non-Muslim customers. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] Muslims are not allowed to consume alcohol, and those hitch consuming it are apt to flogging or exile. Non-Muslim expatriates can obtain a permit to purchase alcohol for personal pulmonary tuberculosis. The Qatar Distribution Company ( a auxiliary of Qatar Airways ) is permitted to import alcohol and pork ; it operates the one and merely liquor memory in the nation, which besides sells pork barrel to holders of liquor licences. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] Qatari officials have besides indicated a willingness to allow alcohol in “ sports fan zones ” at the 2022 FIFA World Cup. [ 139 ] Until 2011, restaurants on the Pearl-Qatar ( a man-made island near Doha ) were allowed to serve alcoholic drinks. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] In December 2011, however, Pearl restaurants were told to stop sell alcohol. [ 135 ] [ 140 ] No explanation was given for the bachelor of arts in nursing, [ 135 ] [ 136 ] though speculation included encouraging a more pious image before a meaning election and rumor of a fiscal dispute between the government and recourse developers. [ 140 ] The alcohol ban was later lifted. [ 141 ] In 2014, a modesty campaign was launched to remind tourists of the country ‘s restrictive snip code. [ 142 ] Female tourists were advised not to wear leggings, miniskirts, sleeveless dresses, or short or tight dress in populace. homo were warned against wearing only shorts and singlets. [ 143 ]

extraneous relations

Qatar ‘s external profile and active function in external affairs has led some analysts to identify it as a middle might. Qatar was an early member of OPEC and a establish member of the Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ). It is a member of the Arab League. [ 2 ] Diplomatic missions to Qatar are based in its capital, Doha. Qatar ‘s regional relations and extraneous policies are characterized by scheme of balance and alliance construction among regional and bang-up powers. It maintains mugwump alien policy and engages in regional balance to secure its strategic priorities and to have recognition on the regional and international level. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] [ 146 ] As a small submit in the gulf, Qatar established an “ open-door ” foreign policy where Qatar maintains ties to all parties and regional players in the region, including with organizations such as Taliban and Hamas. [ 147 ] The history of Qatar ‘s alliances provides insight into the basis of its alien relations. between 1760 and 1971, Qatar sought ball protection from the high ephemeral powers of the Ottomans, British, the Al-Khalifas from Bahrain, and from Saudi Arabia. [ 148 ] [ page needed ] Qatar has particularly strong ties with China, [ 149 ] Iran, [ 150 ] Turkey, [ 151 ] and the United States [ 152 ] american samoa well as a phone number of Islamist movements in the Middle East such as the Muslim Brotherhood. [ 153 ] [ 144 ] [ 154 ] In June 2017, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, Egypt and Yemen broke diplomatic ties with Qatar, accusing Qatar of supporting terrorism. [ 155 ] The crisis escalated a challenge over Qatar ‘s documentation of the Muslim Brotherhood, which is considered a terrorist arrangement by some arabian nations. [ 156 ] The diplomatic crisis ended in January 2021 with the sign of AlUla announcement. [ 157 ]

military

The Qatar Armed Forces are the military forces of Qatar. The country maintains a meek military storm of approximately 11,800 men, including an army ( 8,500 ), navy ( 1,800 ) and air push ( 1,500 ). Qatar ‘s defense expenditures accounted for approximately 4.2 % of gross national product in 1993, and 1.5 % of crude domestic intersection in 2010, the most late class available in the SIPRI statistical database. [ 158 ] Qatar has recently signed defense pacts with the United States and United Kingdom, a well as with France early in 1994. Qatar plays an active character in the collective defensive structure efforts of the Gulf Cooperation Council ; the other five members are Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, the UAE, and Oman. The presence of the large Al Udeid Air Base, operated by the United States and respective early UN nations, provides a guarantee source of defense and national security. In 2008 Qatar spent US $ 2.3 billion on military expenditures, 2.3 % of the gross domestic product. [ 159 ] Qatari particular forces have been trained by France and other western countries, and are believed to possess considerable skill. [ 160 ] They besides helped the libyan rebels during the 2011 Battle of Tripoli. [ 160 ]
qatar Armed Forces AMX-10 RC during a multilateral exercise in Qatar The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI ) found that in 2010–14 Qatar was the 46th-largest arms importer in the universe. SIPRI writes that Qatar ‘s plans to transform and importantly enlarge its arm forces have accelerated. Orders in 2013 for 62 tanks and 24 self-propelled guns from Germany were followed in 2014 by a number of early contracts, including 24 battle helicopters and 3 early-warning-and-control aircraft from the US, and 2 oil tanker aircraft from Spain. [ 161 ] In 2015, Qatar was the 16th largest arms importer in the world, and in 2016, it was the 11th largest, according to SIPRI. [ 162 ] Qatar ‘s military participated in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis. In 2015, Al Jazeera America reported : “ numerous reports suggest that the Saudi-led coalescence against opposition groups in Yemen has promiscuously attacked civilians and used bunch bombs in civilian-populated areas, in misdemeanor of international jurisprudence. ” [ 163 ] Many civilians have been killed and the large parts of the infrastructure in this region is now destroyed. [ 164 ] Hospitals have besides been bombed by the Saudis and those operating with them. [ 165 ] [ 166 ] Qatar was suspended from the coalition in Yemen due to the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis .

Human rights

migrant workers in Doha. According to the U.S. State Department, expatriate workers from nations throughout Asia and parts of Africa voluntarily migrate to Qatar as low-skilled labourers or domestic servants, but some subsequently face conditions indicative of involuntary servitude. Some of the more park labor rights violations include beatings, withhold of payment, charging workers for benefits for which the employer is creditworthy, restrictions on exemption of campaign ( such as the confiscation of passports, travel documents, or exit permits ), arbitrary detention, threats of legal action, and sexual rape. [ 167 ] Many migrant workers arriving for influence in Qatar have paid exorbitant fees to recruiters in their home countries. [ 167 ] As of 2014, certain provisions of the Qatari Criminal Code allows punishments such as whipping and pit to be imposed as criminal sanctions. The UN Committee Against Torture found that these practices constituted a transgress of the obligations imposed by the UN Convention Against Torture. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] Qatar retains the death punishment, chiefly for threats against national security such as terrorism. The function of the death penalty is rare and no state of matter executions have taken invest in Qatar since 2003. [ 170 ] In Qatar, homosexual acts are illegal and can be punished by death. [ 171 ] Under the provisions of Qatar ‘s sponsorship police, sponsors have the unilateral exponent to cancel workers ‘ residency permits, deny workers ‘ ability to change employers, report a actor as “ absconded ” to police authorities, and deny permission to leave the state. [ 167 ] As a result, sponsors may restrict workers ‘ movements and workers may be afraid to report abuses or claim their rights. [ 167 ] According to the ITUC, the visa sponsorship system allows the exaction of forced labor by making it unmanageable for a migrant worker to leave an abusive employer or travel overseas without license. [ 172 ] Qatar besides does not maintain wage standards for its immigrant labourers. Qatar commissioned international law firm DLA Piper to produce a report investigating the immigrant labor system. In May 2014 DLA Piper released over 60 recommendations for reforming the kafala system including the abolition of exit visa and the presentation of a minimal engage which Qatar has pledged to implement. [ 173 ] According to the International Labour Organization ( ILO ), a minimal wage entered into violence for any worker of all nationalities and in all sectors in Qatar on 20 March 2021. [ 174 ] In May 2012, Qatari officials declared their intention to allow the establishment of an freelancer trade union. [ 175 ] Qatar besides announced it would scrap its sponsor arrangement for foreign labor, which requires that all alien workers be sponsored by local employers. [ 175 ] Additional changes to labour laws include a provision guaranteeing that all workers ‘ salaries are paid directly into their deposit accounts and new restrictions on working outdoors in the hottest hours during the summer. [ 176 ] New draft legislation announced in early 2015 mandates that companies that fail to pay workers ‘ wages on fourth dimension could temporarily lose their ability to hire more employees. [ 177 ] In October 2015 Qatar ‘s Emir signed into law newfangled reforms to the area ‘s sponsorship system, with the new law taking effect within one year. [ 178 ] Critics claim that the changes could fail to address some labor rights issues. [ 179 ] [ 180 ] The country enfranchised women at the like fourth dimension as men in joining with the 1999 elections for a Central Municipal Council. [ 110 ] [ 181 ] These elections—the first-ever in Qatar—were intentionally held on 8 March 1999, International Women ‘s Day. [ 110 ] In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China ‘s treatment of Uyghurs and early Muslim heathen minorities. [ 182 ] however, in August 2019, Qatar told the UNHRC president of the united states that it decided to withdraw from the joint letter. [ 183 ] Human rights activists praised Qatar ‘s decisiveness. [ 184 ]

administrative divisions

Municipalities of Qatar as of 2014 Since 2014, Qatar has been divided into eight municipalities ( Arabic : baladiyah ). [ 185 ]
For statistical purposes, the municipalities are far subdivided into 98 zones ( as of 2015 ), [ 186 ] which are in turn subdivided into blocks. [ 187 ]

former municipalities

geography

Desert slide Desert landscape in Qatar The Qatari peninsula protrudes 160 kilometres ( 100 nautical mile ) into the Persian Gulf, union of Saudi Arabia. It lies between latitudes 24° and 27° N, and longitudes 50° and 52° E. Most of the area consists of a broken, bare plain, covered with backbone. To the southeast lies the Khor alabama Adaid ( “ Inland Sea “ ), an area of rolling backbone dunes surrounding an intake of the Persian Gulf. There are meek winters and very hot, humid summers. The highest point in Qatar is Qurayn Abu aluminum Bawl at 103 metres ( 338 foot ) [ 2 ] in the Jebel Dukhan to the west, a range of low limestone outcroppings running north–south from Zikrit through Umm Bab to the southerly border. The Jebel Dukhan area besides contains Qatar ‘s independent onshore vegetable oil deposits, while the natural gas fields lie offshore, to the northwest of the peninsula .

Biodiversity and environment

qatar signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 11 June 1992, and became a party to the convention on 21 August 1996. [ 190 ] It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 18 May 2005. [ 191 ] A total of 142 fungal species have been recorded from Qatar. [ 192 ] A ledger recently produced by the Ministry of Environment documents the lizards known or believed to occur in Qatar, based on surveys conducted by an international team of scientists and other collaborators. [ 193 ] According to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, carbon dioxide emissions per person average over 30 tonnes, one of the highest in the world. [ 194 ] Qataris are besides some of the highest consumers of water per capita per day, using around 400 litres. [ 195 ] In 2008 Qatar launched its National Vision 2030 which highlights environmental exploitation as one of the four chief goals for Qatar over the next two decades. The National Vision pledges to develop sustainable alternatives to oil-based energy to preserve the local anesthetic and ball-shaped environment. [ 196 ]

climate

Climate data for Qatar

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average high °C (°F)

22
(72)

23
(73)

27
(81)

33
(91)

39
(102)

42
(108)

39
(102)

35
(95)

30
(86)

25
(77)

33
(92)

Average low °C (°F)

14
(57)

15
(59)

17
(63)

21
(70)

27
(81)

29
(84)

31
(88)

29
(84)

25
(77)

21
(70)

16
(61)

23
(74)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

12.7
(0.50)

17.8
(0.70)

15.2
(0.60)

7.6
(0.30)

2.5
(0.10)

0
(0)

2.5
(0.10)

12.7
(0.50)

71
(2.8)

Source: http://us.worldweatheronline.com/doha-weather-averages/ad-dawhah/qa.aspx

Sea Climate Data For Doha

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average sea temperature °C (°F)

21.0
(69.8)

19.4
(66.9)

20.9
(69.6)

23.3
(73.9)

27.8
(82)

30.5
(86.9)

32.4
(90.3)

33.6
(92.5)

32.8
(91)

30.8
(87.4)

27.5
(81.5)

23.5
(74.3)

26.9
(80.5)

Source:[197]

economy

A proportional representation of Qatar exports, 2019

Energy

Oryx GTL establish in Qatar As of 2012, Qatar has proven oil reserves of 15 billion barrels and accelerator fields that account for more than 13 % of the global resource. As a solution, it is the richest submit per-capita in the world. none of its 2 million residents live below the poverty line and less than 1 % are unemployed. [ 216 ] Qatar ‘s economy was in a downturn from 1982 to 1989. OPEC quotas on crude vegetable oil output, the lower price for oil, and the by and large unpromising lookout on international markets reduced petroleum earnings. In turn, the Qatari politics ‘s spending plans had to be cut to match lower income. The resulting recessionary local business climate caused many firms to lay off expatriate staff. With the economy recovering in the 1990s, expatriate populations, particularly from Egypt and South Asia, have grown again .
graphic word picture of Qatar ‘s product exports in 28 color-coded categories ( 2011 ). vegetable oil product will not remain at the extremum level of 500,000 barrels ( 80,000 m3 ) per day for hanker as the national oil fields are projected to be largely depleted by 2023. Large lifelike gas reserves have, however, been located off Qatar ‘s northeast coast. Qatar ‘s raise reserves of gas are the third-largest in the global, exceeding 250 trillion cubic feet ( 7,000 km3 ). The economy was boosted in 1991 by completion of the $ 1.5-billion Phase I of North Field flatulence growth. In 1996, the Qatargas plan began exporting liquefy lifelike accelerator ( LNG ) to Japan. Further phases of North Field gas development costing billions of dollars are in respective stages of planning and growth. Qatar ‘s heavy industrial projects, all based in Umm Said, include a refinery with a 50,000 barrels ( 8,000 m3 ) per day capability, a fertilizer implant for urea and ammonia water, a steel plant, and a petrochemical plant. All these industries use gas for fuel. Most are joint ventures between european and japanese firms and the state-owned Qatar General Petroleum Corporation ( QGPC ). The US is the major equipment supplier for Qatar ‘s oil and flatulence diligence, and US companies are playing a major function in North Field gasoline development. [ 216 ] Qatar ‘s National Vision 2030 has made investment in renewable resources a major goal for the state over the next two decades. [ 196 ] Qatar pursues a vigorous course of study of “ Qatarisation “, under which all articulation guess industries and government departments strive to move Qatari nationals into positions of greater authority. Growing numbers of foreign-educated Qataris, including many educated in the US, are returning home plate to assume key positions once occupied by expatriates. To control the inflow of expatriate workers, Qatar has tightened the administration of its foreign work force programmes over the past respective years. security is the principal footing for Qatar ‘s hard-and-fast entrance and immigration rules and regulations. [ 216 ]

enchant

With a fast-expanding population and significant economic growth over the by ten, a dependable and extensive transportation network is becoming increasingly necessary within Qatar. so far the government, the primary transmit developer, has done well in terms of keeping up with the demand for new transportation system options. In 2008 the Public Works Authority ( Ashghal ), one of the bodies that oversees infrastructure development, underwent a major reorganization in order to streamline and modernise the authority in readiness for major project expansions across all segments in the approximate future. Ashghal works in bicycle-built-for-two with the Urban Planning and Development Authority ( UPDA ), the torso that designed the transportation master plan, instituted in March 2006 and running to 2025. As driving is the primary mood of ecstasy in Qatar, the road net is a major focus of the plan. Project highlights in this segment include the multibillion-dollar Doha Expressway and the Qatar Bahrain Causeway, which would connect Qatar to Bahrain and Saudi Arabia .
Mass-transit options, such as a Doha metro, light-rail system and more extensive bus topology networks, are besides under development to ease road congestion. In summation, the railroad track arrangement is being significantly expanded and could finally form an integral contribution of a GCC-wide network linking all the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The airport, excessively, is expanding capacitance to keep up with rising visitor numbers. Hamad International Airport is the international airport of Doha. In 2014, it replaced the former Doha International Airport as Qatar ‘s star airport. In 2016, the airport was named the fiftieth busy airport in the global by passenger dealings, serving 37,283,987 passengers, a 20.2 % increase from 2015. qatar is increasingly activating its logistics and ports in order to participate in trade between Europe and China or Africa. For this aim, ports such as Hamad Port are quickly expanded and investments are made in their technology. The nation is historically and presently part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the chinese seashore to the south via the southern tap of India to Mombasa, from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic area to the northerly italian hub of Trieste with its vilify connections to Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the North Sea. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] [ 219 ] Hamad Port is Qatar ‘s main seaport, located south of Doha in the Umm Al Houl area. construction of the port began in 2010 ; it became functional in December 2016. It was officially opened in September 2017, and is expected to become fully operational by 2020. [ 220 ] Capable of handling up to 7.8 million tonnes of products per annum, the majority of trade which passes through the port consists of food and construction materials. [ 221 ] On the northern seashore, Ras Laffan Port serves as the most across-the-board LNG exporting facility in the populace. [ 222 ] Qatar Airways is one of the largest airlines in the global that serves in six continents connecting more than 160 destinations every day. Besides, it has won Airline of the year in 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017 and 2019 due to its outstanding performance and employs more than 46,000 professionals. [ 223 ] [ 224 ]

Demographics

horizon of Doha, das kapital and largest city of QatarHistorical populationYearPop.±%195025,000— 196047,000+88.0%1970110,000+134.0%1980224,000+103.6%1990476,000+112.5%2000592,000+24.4%20101,856,000+213.5%20192,832,000+52.6%source:[225][226] The number of people in Qatar fluctuates well depending on the season, since the country relies heavily on migrant british labour party. In early 2017, Qatar ‘s sum population was 2.6 million, with foreigners making up a huge majority of Qatar ‘s population. alone 313,000 of the population ( 12 % ) were Qatari citizens, while the remaining 2.3 million ( 88 % ) were expatriates. [ 20 ] The aggregate act of South Asians ( from the countries of the indian subcontinent including Sri Lanka ) by themselves represent over 1.5 million people ( 60 % ) of Qatar ‘s population. Among these, Indians are the largest residential district, numbering 650,000 in 2017, [ 20 ] followed by 350,000 Nepalis, 280,000 Bangladeshis, 145,000 Sri Lankans, and 125,000 Pakistanis. The contingent of expatriates which are not of South asian beginning represent around 28 % of Qatar ‘s population, of which the largest group is 260,000 Filipinos and 200,000 Egyptians, plus many early nationalities ( including nationals of other arab countries, Europeans, etc. ). [ 20 ]
Qatar ‘s first gear demographic records date back to 1892, and were conducted by Ottoman governors in the region. Based on this census, which includes only the residents in cities, the entire population in 1892 was 9,830. [ 75 ] The 2010 census recorded the entire population at 1,699,435. [ 6 ] In January 2013, the Qatar Statistics Authority estimated the country ‘s population at 1,903,447, of which 1,405,164 were males and 498,283 females. [ 227 ] At the time of the first census, held in 1970, the population was 111,133. [ 228 ] The population has tripled in the decade to 2011, up from good over 600,000 people in 2001, leaving Qatari nationals as less than 15 % of the full population. [ 229 ] The inflow of male labourers has skewed the gender symmetry, and women are now just one-fourth of the population. Projections released by the Qatar Statistical Authority indicate that the sum population of Qatar could reach 2.8 million by 2020. Qatar ‘s National Development Strategy ( 2011–16 ) had estimated that the nation ‘s population would reach 1.78m in 2013, 1.81m in 2014, 1.84m in 2015 and 1.86m in 2016 – the annual growth rate being merely 2.1 %. But the area ‘s population has soared to 1.83 million by the end of 2012, showing 7.5 % growth over the former year. [ 230 ] Qatar ‘s sum population hit a record high of 2.46 million in November 2015, an increase of 8.5 % from the former class, far exceeding official projections. [ 231 ]

religion

Mosque in Qatar Islam is Qatar ‘s prevailing religion and is the official status although not the lone religion practiced in the country. [ 232 ] Most Qatari citizens belong to the Salafi Muslim motion of Wahhabism, [ 233 ] [ 234 ] [ 235 ] and between 5–15 % of Muslims in Qatar follow Shia Islam with other Islamic sects being identical small in number. [ 236 ] In 2010, Qatar ‘s population was 67.7 % Muslim, 13.8 % Christian, 13.8 % Hindu, and 3.1 % Buddhist ; early religions and religiously unaffiliated people accounted for the remaining 1.6 %. [ 237 ] Sharia law is the main source of Qatari legislation according to Qatar ‘s Constitution. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] The vision of the Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs ( Qatar ) is “ to build a contemporary Islamic club along with fostering the Sharee ’ ah and cultural inheritance ”. [ 238 ] The christian population is composed about entirely of foreigners. Since 2008, Christians have been allowed to build churches on ground donated by the politics, [ 239 ] though foreign missionary activity is officially discouraged. [ 240 ] Active churches include the Mar Thoma Church, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, the Roman Catholic Church of Our lady of the Rosary and the Anglican Church of the Epiphany. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] [ 243 ] There are besides two Mormon wards. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] [ 243 ]

Languages

Arabic is the official lyric of Qatar, with Qatari Arabic the local anesthetic dialect. Qatari Sign Language is the terminology of the deaf community. English is normally used as a moment language, [ 244 ] and a rising tongue franca, particularly in commerce, to the extent that steps are being taken to try to preserve Arabic from English ‘s invasion. [ 245 ] English is peculiarly utilitarian for communication with Qatar ‘s bombastic expatriate community. In the aesculapian community, and in situations such as the train of nurses to work in Qatar, English acts as a tongue franca. [ 246 ] Reflecting the multicultural constitution of the country, many other languages are besides spoken, including irani, Baluchi, Brahui, Hindi, Malayalam, Urdu, Pashto, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Nepali, Sinhalese, Bengali, Tagalog, Tulu and Indonesian. [ 247 ] In 2012, Qatar joined the external french-speaking organization of La Francophonie ( OIF ) as a new associate member, but in December 2013, the french daily Le Monde revealed that Qatar, which has identical few native french speakers, had not yet paid any contribution to the OIF, [ 248 ] while the surpass Administrator of the OIF complained in 2015 that Qatar had not kept any of the promises it made when it joined the organization and had never paid its annual membership fees. [ 249 ]

healthcare

Healthcare standards in Qatar are broadly eminent. Qatari citizens are covered by a national health policy scheme, while expatriates must either receive health indemnity from their employers, or in the lawsuit of the freelance, purchase insurance. [ 250 ] Qatar ‘s healthcare spending is among the highest in the Middle East, with $ 4.7 billion being invested in healthcare in 2014. [ 251 ] This was a $ 2.1 billion increase from 2010. [ 252 ] The prime minister healthcare provider in the country is the Hamad Medical Corporation, established by the government as a non-profit healthcare provider, which runs a network of hospitals, an ambulance services, and a dwelling healthcare service, all of which are accredited by the roast Commission. In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 2.2 % of the country ‘s GDP ; the highest in the Middle East. [ 253 ] In 2006, there were 23.12 physicians and 61.81 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants. [ 254 ] The life sentence anticipation at birth was 82.08 years in 2014, or 83.27 years for males and 77.95 years for females, rendering it the highest life anticipation in the Middle East. [ 255 ] Qatar has a low baby deathrate rate of 7 in 100,000. [ 256 ] In 2006, there were a sum of 25 beds per 10,000 people, and 27.6 doctors and 73.8 nurses per 10,000 people. [ 257 ] In 2011, the total of beds decreased to 12 per 10,000 people, whereas the count of doctors increased to 28 per 10,000 people. While the nation has one of the lowest proportions of hospital beds in the area, the handiness of physicians is the highest in the GCC. [ 258 ]

culture

Qatar ‘s culture is similar to other countries in Eastern Arabia, being significantly influenced by Islam. Qatar National Day, hosted annually on 18 December, has had an crucial function in developing a sense of national identity. [ 259 ] It is observed in remembrance of Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani ‘s succession to the enthrone and his subsequent fusion of the nation ‘s diverse tribes. [ 260 ] [ 261 ] Since 1 July 2008, Hamad Bin Abdulaziz Al-Kawari has been the Minister for Culture, Arts and Heritage of Qatar .

Arts and museums

several senior members of Qatar ‘s opinion Al Thani family are noted collectors of Islamic and contemporary art. The Museum of Islamic Art, opened in 2008, is regarded as one of the best museums in the region. [ 262 ] This, and several other Qatari museums, like the Arab Museum of Modern Art, falls under the Qatar Museums Authority ( QMA ) which is led by Sheikha Al-Mayassa bint Hamad bank identification number Khalifa Al-Thani, the baby of the ruling Emir of the State of Qatar, and the big collector and art patron Sheikh Hassan bin Mohammed Al Thani. [ 263 ] The QMA besides sponsors artistic events abroad, such as major exhibitions by Takahashi Murakami in Versailles ( 2010 ) and Damien Hirst in London ( 2012 ). qatar is the universe ‘s biggest buyer in the artwork marketplace by value. [ 264 ] The Qatari cultural sector is being developed to enable the country to reach universe realization to contribute to the development of a area that comes chiefly from its resources from the gas industry. [ 265 ] The National Museum of Qatar was opened to the populace on 28 March 2019. [ 266 ]

literature

Qatari literature traces its origins back to the nineteenth century. originally, written poetry was the most common form of expression. Abdul Jalil Al-Tabatabai and Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Uthaymeen, two poets dating back to the early on nineteenth century, formed the corpus of Qatar ‘s earliest written poetry. Poetry by and by fell out of favor after Qatar began reaping the profits from oil exports in the mid-20th hundred and many Qataris abandoned their bedouin traditions in favor of more urban lifestyles. [ 267 ] due to the increasing number of Qataris who began receiving conventional department of education during the 1950s and other significant social changes, 1970 witnessed the presentation of the first short floor anthology, and in 1993 the beginning locally authored novels were published. Poetry, particularly the overriding nabati form, retained some importance but would soon be overshadowed by other literary types. [ 267 ] Unlike most other forms of art in Qatari society, females have been involved in the modern literature movement on a similar order of magnitude to males. [ 268 ]

Media

Qatar ‘s media was classified as “ not release ” in the 2014 Freedom of the Press report by Freedom House. [ 269 ] television receiver air in Qatar was started in 1970. [ 270 ] Al Jazeera is a chief television network headquartered in Doha, Qatar. Al Jazeera initially launched in 1996 as an Arabic newsworthiness and current affairs satellite television channel of the same name, but has since expanded into a global net of respective peculiarity television receiver channels known jointly as the Al Jazeera Media Network. It has been reported that journalists practice self-censorship, particularly in regards to the politics and ruling family of Qatar. [ 271 ] criticism of the government, Emir and ruling class in the media is illegal. According to article 46 of the press police “ The Emir of the state of Qatar shall not be criticised and no statement can be attributed to him unless under a written license from the director of his office. ” [ 272 ] Journalists are besides subjugate to prosecution for insulting Islam. [ 269 ] In 2014, a Cybercrime Prevention Law was passed. The police is said to restrict press freedom and carries prison sentences and fines for broad reasons such as jeopardising local peace or print assumed newsworthiness. [ 273 ] The Gulf Center for Human Rights has stated that the law is a terror to freedom of speech and has called for certain articles of the law to be revoked. [ 274 ] Press media has undergo expansion in holocene years. There are presently seven newspapers in circulation in Qatar, with four being published in Arabic and three being published in English. [ 275 ] There are besides newspapers from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka with editions printed from Qatar. In regards to telecommunication infrastructure, Qatar is the highest-ranked Middle Eastern nation in the World Economic Forum ‘s Network Readiness Index ( NRI ) – an indicator for determining the development level of a nation ‘s information and communication technologies. Qatar ranked numeral 23 overall in the 2014 NRI rate, unaltered from 2013. [ 276 ]

music

The music of Qatar is based on Bedouin poetry, song and dancing. traditional dances in Doha are performed on Friday afternoons ; one such dance is the Ardah, a conventionalized warlike dance performed by two rows of dancers who are accompanied by an array of percussion section instruments, including al-ras ( a large drum whose leather is heated by an unfold fire ), tambourines and cymbals with little drums. [ 277 ] other percussion instruments used in folk music include galahs ( a tall clay jar ) and tin drinking cups known as tus or tasat, normally used in conjunction with a tabl, a longitudinal drum perplex with a stick. [ 278 ] String instruments, such as the oud and rebaba, are besides normally used. [ 277 ]

sport

Association football is the most democratic sport in Qatar, both in terms of players and spectators. [ 279 ] curtly after the Qatar Football Association became affiliated with FIFA in 1970, one of the country ‘s earliest international accolades came in 1981 when the Qatar national under-20 team ‘s emerged as runner-up to West Germany in that class ‘s edition of the FIFA World Youth Championship after being defeated 4–0 in the final. At the elder level, Qatar has played host to two editions of the AFC Asian Cup ; the first coming being the 9th version in 1988 and the second being the 15th edition held in 2011. [ 280 ] For the first time in the state ‘s history, the Qatar home football team won the AFC asian Cup in the 2019 edition hosted in the UAE, beating Japan 3–1 in the concluding. They won all seven of their matches, conceding only a individual goal throughout the tournament. [ 281 ] On 2 December 2010, Qatar won their bid to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, despite never previously qualifying for the FIFA World Cup Finals. [ 282 ] local organisers are planning to build 9 new stadiums and expand 3 existing stadiums for this consequence. Qatar ‘s winning bid for the 2022 World Cup was greeted enthusiastically in the Persian Gulf region as it was the first gear time a nation in the Middle East had been selected to host the tournament. however, the command has been embroiled in much controversy, including allegations of bribery and hindrance in the probe of the alleged bribery. european football associations have besides objected to the 2022 World Cup being held in Qatar for a variety of reasons, from the impact of warm temperatures on players ‘ seaworthiness, to the disturbance it might cause in european domestic league calendars should the event be rescheduled to take place during winter. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] In May 2014, Qatari football official Mohammed bank identification number Hammam was accused of making payments totalling £3m to officials in restitution for their support for the Qatar invite. [ 285 ] however, a FIFA question into the bid action in November 2014 cleared Qatar of any error. [ 286 ]
The Guardian, a british national daily newspaper, produced a short documentary named “ Abuse and exploitation of migrant workers preparing emirate for 2022 ”. [ 287 ] A 2014 probe by The Guardian reports that migrant workers who have been constructing epicurean offices for the organisers of the 2022 World Cup have not been paid in over a year, and are nowadays “ working illegally from cockroach-infested lodgings. ” [ 288 ] For 2014, nepalese migrants involved in constructing infrastructure for the 2022 World Cup died at a rate of one every two days. [ 289 ] The Qatar 2022 organising committee have responded to assorted allegations by claiming that hosting the World Cup in Qatar would act as a “ catalyst for change ” in the area. [ 290 ] Qatar was estimated to host a football fanbase of 1.6 million for the 2022 FIFA World Cup 2022. however, the construction work in nation was expected to lone take the available 37,000 hotel rooms to 70,000 by the goal of 2021. In December 2019, the Qatari World Cup officials approached the organizers of the Glastonbury Festival in England and the Coachella Festival in the US, to plan huge desert campsites for thousands of football fans. The World Cup campsites on the outskirts were reported to have licensed bars, restaurants, entertainment and washing facilities. furthermore, two cruise ships were besides reserved as irregular float accommodations for closely 40,000 people during the tournament. [ 291 ] Though football is the most democratic fun, early team sports have experienced considerable success at elder degree. In 2015, the national handball team emerged as runner-up to France in the World Men ‘s Handball Championship as hosts, however the tournament was marred by numerous controversies regarding the host nation and its team. [ 292 ] Further, in 2014, Qatar won the world championship in men ‘s 3×3 basketball. [ 293 ] Khalifa International Tennis and Squash Complex in Doha hosted the WTA Tour Championships in women ‘s tennis between 2008 and 2010. Doha holds the WTA Premier tournament Qatar Ladies Open per annum. Since 2002, Qatar has hosted the annual Tour of Qatar, a cycle rush in six stages. Every February, riders are racing on the roads across Qatar ‘s flat land for six days. Each stage covers a distance of more than 100 kilometer, though the fourth dimension test normally is a shorter distance. Tour of Qatar is organised by the Qatar Cycling Federation for master riders in the category of Elite Men. [ 294 ] The Qatar Army Skydiving Team has respective unlike skydiving disciplines placing among the circus tent nations in the global. The Qatar National Parachute team performs per annum during Qatar ‘s National Day and at early large events, such as the 2015 World Handball Championship. [ 295 ] Doha four times was the host of the official FIVB Volleyball Men ‘s Club World Championship and three times host FIVB Volleyball Women ‘s Club World Championship. Doha one time Host Asian Volleyball Championship. [ 296 ] On 3 September 2020, the Education City Stadium hosted its first-ever official match, where the local anesthetic clubs Al Sadd SC and Al Kharaitiyat SC contested the season-opener of the 2020–21 Qatar Stars League. [ 297 ]

education

student Center in Education City. Education City houses assorted educational facilities, including satellite campuses of eight international universities. qatar hired the RAND Corporation to reform its K–12 education organization. [ 160 ] Through Qatar Foundation, the area has built Education City, a campus which hosts local anesthetic branches of the Weill Cornell Medical College, Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, Northwestern ‘s Medill School of Journalism, Texas A & M ‘s School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts and other western institutions. [ 160 ] [ 298 ] The illiteracy rate in Qatar was 3.1 % for males and 4.2 % for females in 2012, the lowest in the Arab-speaking universe, but 86th in the universe. [ 299 ] Citizens are required to attend government-provided education from kindergarten through high gear school. [ 300 ] Qatar University, founded in 1973, is the state ‘s oldest and largest mental hospital of higher education. [ 301 ] [ 302 ]
In November 2002, emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani created The Supreme Education Council. [ 303 ] The Council directs and controls department of education for all ages from the pre-school tied through the university level, including the “ Education for a New Era ” inaugural which was established to try to position Qatar as a drawing card in education reform. [ 304 ] [ 305 ] According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, the top-ranking universities in the area are Qatar University ( 1,881st cosmopolitan ), Texas A & M University at Qatar ( 3,905th ) and Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar ( 6,855th ). [ 306 ] In 2009, Qatar established the Qatar Science & Technology Park in Education City to link those universities with diligence. Education City is besides family to a in full accredited external Baccalaureate school, Qatar Academy. In addition, two canadian institutions, the College of the North Atlantic ( headquarters in Newfoundland and Labrador ) and the University of Calgary, have inaugurated campuses in Doha. other for-profit universities have besides established campuses in the city. [ 307 ] In 2012, Qatar was ranked third from the bottom of the 65 OECD countries participating in the PISA test of maths, recitation and skills for 15- and 16-year-olds, comparable to Colombia or Albania, despite having the highest per head income in the earth. [ 308 ] [ 309 ] Qatar was ranked seventieth in the Global Innovation Index in 2020, gloomy from 65th in 2019. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] [ 312 ] [ 313 ] As region of its national development scheme, Qatar has outlined a 10-year strategic plan to improve the horizontal surface of education. [ 314 ] The politics has launched educational outreach programs, such as Al-Bairaq. Al-Bairaq was launched in 2010 aims to provide high school students with an opportunity to experience a research environment in the Center for Advanced Materials in Qatar University. The program encompasses the STEM fields and languages. [ 315 ]

science and technology

Launched in 2006 as partially of an inaugural of the quasi-governmental Qatar Foundation, the Qatar National Research Fund was created with the captive of securing public funds for scientific research within the country. The fund functions as a mean for Qatar to diversify its economy from a primarily oil and gas-based one to a knowledge-based economy. [ 316 ] The Qatar Science & Technology Park ( QSTP ) was established by Qatar Foundation in March 2009 as an attack to assist the nation ‘s conversion towards a cognition economy. [ 317 ] [ 318 ] With a seed capital of $ 800 million and initially hosting 21 organizations, [ 318 ] the QSTP became Qatar ‘s first free-trade zone. [ 319 ]

See besides

References

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