Oran ( Arabic : وَهران, romanized : Wahrān ) [ a ] is a major coastal city located in the northwest of Algeria. It is considered the second most crucial city of Algeria after the capital Algiers, ascribable to its population, commercial, industrial, and cultural importance. It is 432 kilometer ( 268 nautical mile ) from Algiers. The full population of the city was 803,329 in 2008, [ 6 ] while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately 1,500,000 [ 7 ] making it the second-largest city in Algeria. [ 8 ]
etymology [edit ]
The give voice derives from the Berber root hr, mean leo ( see besides Tiaret and Souk Ahras ). The name is attested in multiple Berber languages, for example as uharu and ahra. A locally popular legend tells that in the menstruation around 900 AD, there were sightings of lions in the area. The death two lions were killed on a mountain near Oran, and it became known as la montagne des lions ( “ The Mountain of Lions ” ). [ 9 ] Two giant star lion statues stand in front of Oran ‘s city hallway, symbolizing the city.
Reading: Oran – Wikipedia
history [edit ]
overview [edit ]
During the Roman empire, a small village called Unica Colonia existed in the area of current Oran, but this settlement disappeared after the arab conquest of the Maghreb. contemporary Oran was founded in 903 by moorish Andalusi traders. [ 10 ] It was captured by the Castilians under Cardinal Cisneros in 1509, and spanish reign lasted until 1708, when the city was conquered by the Ottomans. Spain recaptured the city in 1732. however, its respect as a trade post had decreased greatly, so King Charles IV sold the city to the Turks in 1792. Ottoman rule lasted until 1831, when the city fell to the french. Under french rule during the 19th and twentieth centuries, Oran was the capital of a département of the same appoint ( number 92 ). In July 1940, the british dark blue shelled french warships in the port after they refused a british ultimatum to surrender ; this action was taken to ensure the flit would not fall into german hands, as the Nazis had defeated France and occupied Paris. The action increased the hate of the Vichy regimen for Britain but convinced the world that the british would fight on alone against Nazi Germany and its allies. The vichy politics held Oran during World War II until its capture by the Allies in late 1942, during Operation Torch. besides, during french rule, Jews were encouraged to modernize and take on jobs they had not before including farming, While Muslims were forced out of the city and their ancestral prolific lands were confiscated and given to Colons. Jews In the city were allowed to join the french Army starting October 24, 1870, while Muslims were forced to do military service. algerian Jews were granted citizenship algerian Muslims were not. french Jews would soon be targeted after not choosing to side with the algerian Muslims who fought for independence against France. [ 11 ] Before the Algerian War, 1954–1962, Oran had one of the highest proportions of Europeans of any city in North Africa. In July 1962, after a ceasefire and accords with France, the FLN entered Oran and were shot at by a European. A mob attacked pied-noir neighborhoods in response to the attack and massacred thousands of Europeans in Oran ; [ 12 ] 453 have been said to have “ disappeared. ” [ 13 ] This triggered a larger exodus of Europeans to France, which was already afoot. curtly after the end of the war, most of the Europeans and algerian Jews life in Oran fled to France. In less than three months, Oran lost about half its population. This population personnel casualty is like to the Jews as many fled after siding with France in the Algerian War for Independence. As the war progressed, those who supported independence in Algeria threatened those who sided with Europe causing these people to flee and therefore defeating european imperialism. [ 11 ]
religious history [edit ]
With its placement as the closest port to Spain and its prominence on the Mediterranean, Jewish refugees first gear immigrated to Oran to flee persecution and conversion to Christianity in Spain in 1391. This recourse brought other religious refugees that included both Jews again and Muslims in both 1492 and 1502. On October 24, 1870, with the french laterality, algerian Jews were given french citizenship with the Crémieux Decree. Later, despite a World War II sentiment that favored adoption, Oran still had a history marked by intolerance. There was a decrease in the jewish population as Muslims were the only group granted citizenship protection in 1963, one year after algerian independence. [ 14 ]
muslim dynasties ( 910–1509 ) [edit ]
| Start year | End year | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 910 | 1082 | Oran became a perpetual object of conflict between the Umayyads of al-Andalus and the Fatimids of Kairouan. |
| 1082 | 1145 | Presence of Almoravids. In 1145, Tashfin ibn Ali perished in the outskirts of Oran while trying to flee the besieging Almohad troops, who had already captured Tlemcen, and defeated the Zenata. |
| 1145 | 1238 | Presence of Almohads. 1147 marked the beginning of a period of persecution of Oran’s Jews. |
| 1238 | 1509 | Presence of the Zianides of Tlemcen and then the Marinid dynasty of Fes. The Oranians grew rich from protection by the Emir, the customs system (tariffs), trade with Marseilles, and the Italian Maritime Republics of Genoa and Venice, with whom, in 1250, Oran signed a commercial treaty for 40 years. Toward the end of the 14th century, celebrated Arab historian Ibn Khaldoun wrote, “Oran is superior to all other cities by its trade. It’s a paradise for the unhappy one. Those who arrive poor in its walls, will leave it again rich.” The city excelled in the export of lead, wool, skins, fine burnous, carpets, haïks, cumin, nuts, and galls, as well as black African slaves. |
spanish time period ( 1509–1708, 1732–1792 ) [edit ]
Before the Spaniards, the Portuguese launched a fail expedition to capture the city in July 1501. Four years belated, the spanish took Mers-el-Kébir, located merely six kilometres ( four miles ) west of Oran. Thus began the first organized incursions against the city which, at the time, numbered 25,000 inhabitants and counted 6,000 fueros. Count Pedro Navarro, on the orders of Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, finally captured the city on May 17, 1509. The take forces set fire to the books and archives of the town. [ 15 ] By 1554, the Turks had reached Algiers. The governor of Oran, Count Alcaudete, allied himself with Moroccan Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh against them. Nine years by and by, in 1563, Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis de Santa Cruz, built the fortress of Santa-Cruz, strategically placed at the exceed of a batch, l’Aïdour, more than 300 molarity ( 1,000 foot ) above the sea, directly to the west of the city. Pedro Garcerán de Borja, Grand Master of the Order of Montesa, was captain of Oran when, on July 14, 1568, John of Austria ( the illegitimate son of Charles I and paternal stepbrother of King Philip II ), led a flotilla of 33 galleys against the Algerians .
A bipartite map showing the port of Oran in the eighteenth hundred, by german map publisher Matthäus Seutter In April 1669 the spanish governor, the 6th Marquess of Los Vélez, expelled all the Jews who lived in Oran and Mers El Kébir [ 16 ] sending them to be resettled in either Nice, or Livorno. The spanish rebuild Santa Cruz Fort to accommodate their city governors. “ The fortifications of the position were composed of midst and continuous walls of over two and a half kilometer in circumference, surmounted by firm towers spaced between them, ” with a central castle or kasbah where the spanish governor had his headquarters. [ citation needed ] Under spanish rule, the city continued to grow, requiring enlargement of the city walls. In cattiness of the better fortifications, the city was the object of duplicate attacks. noteworthy in this regard, Moroccan Sharif Moulay Ismail tried to force his way past the defences in 1707, entirely to see his army decimated .
Beylikal period ( 1708–1732, 1792–1831 ) [edit ]
The Bey Othmane Mosque The spanish occupied the city until 1708, when the Bey of Mascara, Mustapha Ben Youssef ( Bouchelaghem ), vassal of he Deylik of Algiers, and who was an Arabized Berber from the Mascara region [ 17 ] took advantage of the War of spanish Succession to drive the spanish out. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] In 1732, spanish forces returned under José Carrillo de Albornoz, capturing the city from Bouchelaghem. Spain maintained its hold over Oran for the following six decades. [ 20 ] In the night after October 8, 1790, a crimson earthquake claimed more than 3,000 victims in less than seven minutes. Charles IV saw no advantage in continuing the occupation of the city, which had become increasingly expensive and parlous. He initiated discussions with the Dey of Algiers .
Siege of Oran and Mers el-Kébir ( 1790-1792 ) [edit ]
After another earthquake damaged the spanish defences, the forces of the fresh Bey of Oran, Mohamed el-Kébir besieged the city. By the conclusion of 1790, there was a authorize algerian advantage. [ 21 ] The spanish, not wanting to risk their troops, signed an agreement with the Algerians on 12 September in Algiers, and on 12 December in Madrid, which recognized Algerian see over the city. [ 22 ] By February all spanish troops evacuated. The capital was moved there the same year. In 1792, the Bey settled a jewish community there. In 1796, the Pasha Mosque ( in honor of Hassan Pasha, Beylerbey of Algiers ) was built by the Bey with ransom money paid for the turn of spanish prisoners after Spain ‘s concluding departure .
french time period ( 1831–1962 ) [edit ]
oran from steps of City Hall, 1894 The town of 10,000 inhabitants was still in the possession of the Ottoman Empire when a squadron under the command of captain Bourmand seized el-Kébir on December 14, 1830. The city was in a despicable submit. On January 4, 1831, the french commanded by General Damrémont occupied Oran. In September 1831, General Berthezène appointed Mr. Pujol as mayor of Oran ; he had been captain of cavalry in retirement and was wounded in the right handwriting under the Empire. [ citation needed ] In 1832, leading a force of five thousand men, the youthful Emir Abd al-Qadir attacked Oran. In April 1833, commander-in-chief, General Boyer, was replaced by the baron Louis Alexis Desmichels. The city ‘s defenders, under attack by Abd alabama Qadir, held their ground [ citation needed ]. In World War II, Oran was one of the land points in Operation Torch, the first american english military action in the Europe-North Africa dramaturgy in November 1942. The Task Force suffered some damage to its fleet, trying to land in shallow water, but the enemy ships were sink or driven off, and Oran surrendered after grave fire from british battleships. [ 23 ]
Since independence ( 1962 ) [edit ]
due to the exodus of Pieds-Noirs, the Cathédrale du Sacré-Cœur d’Oran was converted into a populace library in 1984. [ 24 ] today, Oran is a major port and a commercial center, and has three universities. The erstwhile stern of Oran has a kasbah and an 18th-century mosque. The modern section of Oran is referred to as La Ville Nouvelle and was built after 1831 ; this section contrasts with the older section, La Blanca. [ 25 ]
geography [edit ]
climate [edit ]
climate in Oran. Oran features a semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification BSk / BSh ). Oran ‘s climate does show influences of a Mediterranean climate ; however the combination of the city ‘s relatively eminent average annual temperature and relatively low annual haste precludes it from falling under that climate class. Oran averages 326 millimeter ( 13 in ) of precipitation annually, the bulk of which falls between November and May. Summers are the warmest times of the year, with average high temperatures in the warmest calendar month ( August ) approaching 32 degrees Celsius. Winters are the coolest times of the class in Oran, with high temperatures in the coolest month ( January ) at around 17 degrees Celsius .
| Climate data for Oran | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 26.4 (79.5) |
33.0 (91.4) |
36.6 (97.9) |
33.2 (91.8) |
40.0 (104.0) |
39.5 (103.1) |
45.8 (114.4) |
43.8 (110.8) |
40.6 (105.1) |
39.0 (102.2) |
33.0 (91.4) |
30.8 (87.4) |
45.8 (114.4) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 16.6 (61.9) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
21.5 (70.7) |
23.9 (75.0) |
27.7 (81.9) |
30.5 (86.9) |
31.6 (88.9) |
29.0 (84.2) |
25.2 (77.4) |
20.6 (69.1) |
17.7 (63.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.9 (51.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
13.9 (57.0) |
15.8 (60.4) |
18.6 (65.5) |
22.3 (72.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.9 (78.6) |
23.4 (74.1) |
19.6 (67.3) |
15.1 (59.2) |
12.2 (54.0) |
17.9 (64.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 5.1 (41.2) |
6.5 (43.7) |
8.1 (46.6) |
10.0 (50.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
16.9 (62.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.1 (68.2) |
17.7 (63.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
9.5 (49.1) |
6.7 (44.1) |
12.3 (54.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −3.0 (26.6) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
0.0 (32.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
5.0 (41.0) |
11.0 (51.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
7.7 (45.9) |
3.0 (37.4) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 43.6 (1.72) |
44.4 (1.75) |
35.0 (1.38) |
29.6 (1.17) |
27.2 (1.07) |
3.8 (0.15) |
1.8 (0.07) |
2.7 (0.11) |
13.2 (0.52) |
24.8 (0.98) |
55.5 (2.19) |
45.2 (1.78) |
326.8 (12.87) |
| Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 millimeter ) | 8.7 | 8.5 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 3.6 | 6.6 | 8.4 | 8.8 | 70.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79.5 | 76.5 | 74.0 | 70.0 | 68.0 | 66.2 | 64.7 | 66.5 | 70.2 | 73.9 | 76.3 | 78.6 | 72.0 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization (UN)[26] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: climatebase.ru (extremes, humidity)[27] | |||||||||||||
Earthquakes [edit ]
As Oran is located in Northern Algeria, it faces the threat of earthquakes that can cause wrong. however, the last major earthquake was in 1790 ; 3,000 people died as a consequence. many of the existing older buildings in the city have been reinforced, and newer construction is designed to withstand earthquakes. While the city dates back to the 900s, the oldest stay buildings are from the french menstruation in the 1800s making it easier to reinforce these buildings. [ 28 ]
government [edit ]
City districts [edit ]
list of districts of Oran [edit ]
Neighborhoods and districts of Oran, old map. Since 2019, Oran have 18 communal délégations ( ex. districts ) et les 83 quarters. [ 29 ]
| District | Arabic name | Name |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | الحمري | El Hamri |
| 2 | حي الإمام الهواري | Hai Imam El-Houari |
| 3 | السعادة | Es-Saada |
| 4 | المقري | Al-Maqarri |
| 5 | الحمري | El-Hamri |
| 6 | البدر | El-Badr |
| 7 | الصديقية | Es-Seddikia |
| 8 | المنزه | El-Menzeh |
| 9 | الأمير | El-Emir |
| 10 | العثمانية | El-Othmania |
| 11
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بوعمامة | Bouamama |
| 12 | محي الدين | Muhieddine |
Medina Jedida [edit ]
Medina Jedida [ francium ] or, new city in English, is a big diachronic and popular zone. It was one of the Muslim quarters during the french colonial period. In this district, there is one of the biggest markets in the area, called Le Marché de Medina Jedida ( Medina Jedida Market ) .
El Hamri [edit ]
Mosque of Hassan Basha El Hamri is a boastfully and popular district in the center of Oran, known under french predominate as Lamur. The football club Mouloudia d’Oran is found there. Neighborhood streets
- Avenue of Lamur
- Street Captain-Rahou
- Sebbalet Ayada
- Place The Sahara
- Gahwat Ettoubi
- Street Staoueli
- Street Djemaa Gazouna
- Street Bougandoura
- Street Belhadri Smain
Sidi El Houari [edit ]
The historic district Sidi El Houari [ e ] is a suburb in the north of the d’Oran city. The Saint-Louis college is there, equally well as the erstwhile mosque of the Pasha date from the seventeenth hundred. In this district the clamber of Saint-Patron of the city in the diagnose of “ Sidi El Houari “ rests. early tourist curiosities : one ancient prefecture of the data foundation Stalingrad, the spanish vestiges dating from the sixteenth hundred, and specially the Palate of the Bey d’Oran .
Oranian agglomeration [edit ]
Fort Mers el-Kebir
Oran Madagh The Oranian city comprises several communes .
Mers El-Kébir [edit ]
Mers El Kébir ( “ The Great Port ” ) is a municipality northwest of Oran, about seven kilometres ( 4+1⁄2 myocardial infarction ) from the city center. As its name indicates, it is a major port and has an crucial naval base, home to the algerian Navy .
Aïn El-Turk [edit ]
Aïn El Turk ( “ Fountain of the Turks ” ) is besides northwest of Oran, at a distance of 15 km ( 9 security service ). It is a seaside town which includes several hotels and other tourist attractions .
Es Sénia, located in the south of Oran, is home to industrial parks, several university institutes ( Oran-Es-Sénia University, Institut of Communication, ENPO “ National Polytechnic School of Oran ”, CRASC “ Research center in social sciences ” etc. ) and the external airport .
Bir El-Djir [edit ]
Bir El Djir is a commune that represents the suburb of Oran ( aside from the districts ). It is the future beating heart of the Oranian agglomeration. It has respective buildings which are the seats of institutions as the headquarters of Sonatrach ‘s downstream natural process, the hospital Etablissement Hospitalo-universitaire “ November 1st, 1954 ”, the conventionality center ( Palais des Congrès ), University of sciences and technology ( conceived by the japanese architect Kenzō Tange ), the Institute of medical sciences, the Court of Justice and the National Centre of Research in Social and Cultural Anthropology. There is ampere well a stadium with a capacity of 50000 places under construction. Bir El Djir is an urban extension east of Oran, 8 kilometer ( 5 michigan ) from the city center, with a population of 118,000 inhabitants .
Misserghin [edit ]
Misserghin is a small city located to the southwest of Oran .
Panorama of sea front at Oran, Algeria
exile [edit ]
Railway post in Oran The city ‘s public fare is centered on the Oran Metro covering coastal neighborhoods with the connecting Oran tramway covering suburbs not so far served by the metro. There is an extensive network of “ clandestine ” taxis in the City. A project started in 2008/9 and lasted approximately two to three years, to deliver the first line of the tramway in 2010. It should comprise 31 stations over a distance of 17.7 km ( 11 mi ) going to Es-Sénia, in the South and Sidi Maarouf in the east slope, while passing by the kernel town The tramline should serve Haï Sabbah, University of Sciences and Technology ( USTO ), the Crossroads of the Three Private clinics, the Law courts, Dar El Baïda, the Plate-Saint Michel, the place of the 1st November, Saint-Anthony, Boulanger, Saint-Hubert, the 3rd Ring road and last The University of Es-Sénia. The Ahmed Ben Bella Airport, for domestic and international flights. Oran Es Senia Airport serves both, domestic and international flights, with patronize connections to the capital Algiers, served by the populace airline company Air Algerie. The like company besides has flights to many french cities ( Marseille, Paris, Lyon, etc. ) and other european and EMEA cities. The Es Senia Airport besides serves passengers from most smaller towns in proximity to Oran ( Sig, Mostaganem, Arzew, and so forth ). The airport construction is a fairly limited structure and does not operate on a 24-h basis .
Sports [edit ]
Oran held its beginning international marathon on November 10, 2005. The consequence, sponsored by Toyota of Algeria, attracted runners from Morocco, Libya, Spain, France, and Kenya. The marathon served to publicize the health benefits of running and to provide a novel form of public entertainment for the city ‘s residents. nineteen Mediterranean Games will be held in Oran in 2022. Championnat d’Afrique d’Athlétisme will be held in Oran in Jun 2021 .
culture [edit ]
“ Disco Maghreb ” in Oran, 2017 The family music Raï ( “ opinion ” in Arabic ), had its beginnings in Oran. This genre of music was formulated by shepherds in the 1930s through Arab and european influences. This music was surrounded by controversy due to women ‘s key role in public performances of the music, equally well as the hedonic lyrics about love and alcohol. This led to strict governmental control in the area which led to arrests, injuries, and assassinations. [ 30 ] Many noteworthy Raï musicians ( including Cheb Hasni, Cheb Khaled, and Rachid Taha ) hail from Oran. The violinist Akim elevated railway Sikameya was besides born in Oran. One of Oran ‘s most celebrated emigrants is Yves Saint Laurent. [ 31 ]
cuisine [edit ]
The traditional algerian lemon water ice creponne originated in Oran .
representation in other media [edit ]
place 1er novembre ( ex.Place d’Armes )
Economy and infrastructure [edit ]
Oran has become a major trade center for the broad sphere, serving Arzew, the area ‘s oil/gas port angstrom well as Sonatrach, the country ‘s biggest oil and gas company. Sonelgaz has built a raw sexual intercourse concentrate in Oran and in 2010 the 16th International Conference & Exhibition on Liquefied Natural Gas was held in the city of Oran, which attracted around 3,000 visitors and major companies from around the world. To accommodate all visitors, fresh hotels are presently being constructed and floating hotels will be used in the future. With a increase in urbanization, water quality and management is being harmed in Oran ; this change in urine choice is affecting marine life and the state of matter of beaches in this tourism driven city. [ 33 ]
tourism [edit ]
Oran has numerous hotels in all categories, from lavishness to basic, arsenic well as many restaurants offering algerian specialities and other foods. Tourists will besides find a diverseness of film, arts centres, the regional field, an alfresco dramaturgy, the Museum, the historic city concentrate of Oran, the district of Sidi El Houari, the municipal gardens, Médina Djedida with its artisanal products, the cathedral, Djebel Murdjadjo, and nearby seaside resorts. Ahmed Ben Bella Airport is 11.9 kilometer ( 7+3⁄8 michigan ) from the town centre. One can besides reach Oran by ferries from the ports of Marseilles, Sète, Alicante and Almería, via the home caller Algérie Ferries. The Great Mosque is another attraction for tourists. The Great Mosque was built in 1796 to celebrate the conclusion of spanish Rule of the City. [ 34 ]
Attractions [edit ]
The chief museum in Oran is called Musée National Ahmend Zabana. Although much overlooked by tourists, it includes a natural history expose in accession to arts pieces like mosaics and portraits. [ 31 ] Bey ‘s Palace is another front-runner spot for tourists, situated in Sidi al-Houari in the city center. It is an Ottoman earned run average palace built of Islamic architecture, consists of harem, guard towers and stucco -painted halls. [ 35 ]
International relations [edit ]
Twin towns – sister cities [edit ]
Oran is twinned with 21 cities : [ 36 ]
Partner cities [edit ]
In addition, Oran has partnerships and cooperation with one city :
noteworthy residents [edit ]
See besides [edit ]
References [edit ]
bibliography [edit ]
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