The culture of England is defined by the cultural norms of England and the english people. Owing to England ‘s influential position within the United Kingdom it can sometimes be unmanageable to differentiate english culture from the acculturation of the United Kingdom as a unharmed. [ 1 ] however, since Anglo-Saxon times, England has had its own alone culture, apart from Welsh, Scottish or Northern irish culture. many scientists and technical advancements originated in England, the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. England has besides played an crucial character in cinema, literature, technology, engineering, majority rule, philosophy, music, science and mathematics. England has long been known for the accomplishments of a wide-eyed diverseness of literature and poetry. [ 2 ] Humour, tradition, and dear manners are characteristics normally associated with being English. [ 3 ] The repository of express for digital, polish, media and fun is the government curate responsible for the cultural life of England. [ 4 ]
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computer architecture [edit ]
many ancient standing stone monuments were erected during the prehistoric period ; amongst the best known are Stonehenge, Avebury, Devil ‘s Arrows, Rudston Monolith and Castlerigg. With the presentation of Ancient Roman architecture there was a development of basilica, baths, amphitheaters, triumphal arches, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, Roman forts, stockades and aqueducts. [ 5 ] It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. possibly the best-known example is Hadrian ‘s Wall stretch correctly across northern England. [ 6 ] Another well-preserved exemplar is the Roman Baths at Bath, Somerset. [ 6 ] english computer architecture begins with the architecture of the Anglo-Saxons. At least fifty surviving english churches are of Anglo-Saxon lineage, although in some cases the Anglo-Saxon part is small and much-altered. All except one lumber church are built of stone or brick, and in some cases show attest of recycle Roman ferment. The architectural character of Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastical buildings ranges from Coptic -influenced architecture in the early period, through early Christian basilica influenced computer architecture, to ( in the late Anglo-Saxon period ) an architecture characterised by pilaster -strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular-headed openings .
many cathedrals of England are ancient, dating from as far back as around 700. They are a major view of the country ‘s artistic inheritance. Medieval Christianity included the fear of saints, with pilgrimages to places where particular saints ‘ relics were interred. The possession of the relics of a popular canonize was a reservoir of funds for an individual church, as the faithful made donations and benefices in the hope that they might receive religious help, a benediction or a mend from the presence of the physical remains of the holy person. Among those churches to benefit in particular were St Albans Abbey, which contained the relics of England ‘s first christian martyr ; Ripon with the shrine of its founder St. Wilfrid ; Durham, which was built to house the body of Saints Cuthbert of Lindisfarne and Aidan ; Ely with the enshrine of St. Ethelreda ; Westminster Abbey with the brilliant enshrine of its fall through St. Edward the Confessor ; at Chichester, the remains of St. Richard ; and at Winchester, those of St. Swithun. All these saints brought pilgrims to their churches, but among them the most celebrated was Thomas Becket, the recently Archbishop of Canterbury, assassinated by henchmen of King Henry II in 1170. As a place of pilgrimage Canterbury was, in the thirteenth century, second only to Santiago de Compostela. In the 1170s Gothic computer architecture was introduced at Canterbury and Westminster Abbey. Over the following 400 years it developed in England, sometimes in parallel with and influenced by Continental forms, but by and large with great local diversity and originality. Following the Norman Conquest Romanesque architecture ( known here as Norman architecture ) superseded Anglo-Saxon computer architecture ; former there was a period of conversion into English Gothic computer architecture ( of which there are three periods, early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular ). Norman architecture was built on a huge scale from the eleventh hundred onwards in the form of castles and churches to help impose Norman authority upon their dominion. [ 7 ] many castles remain from the chivalric period, such as Windsor Castle ( longest-occupied castle in Europe ), [ 8 ] Bodiam Castle ( a moated castle ), Tower of London, and Warwick Castle. Expanding on the Norman free-base there was besides castles, palaces, bang-up houses, universities and parish churches. english Gothic architecture flourished from the 12th to the early sixteenth hundred, and celebrated examples include Westminster Abbey, the traditional seat of coronation for the british sovereign, which besides has a hanker custom as a venue for royal weddings, [ 9 ] Canterbury Cathedral, one of the oldest and most celebrated christian structures in England ; Salisbury Cathedral, which has the tallest church steeple in the UK ; and York Minster, which is the largest gothic cathedral in Northern Europe. [ 10 ]
Hampton Court Palace laic medieval architecture throughout England has left a bequest of large stone castles. The invention of gunpowder and canons made castles redundant, and the English Renaissance which followed facilitiated the exploitation of new artistic styles for domestic architecture, notably Tudor, Elizabethan, Jacobean, English Baroque, Queen Anne and Palladian. [ 11 ] Architecture during the Tudor dynasty flourished with brilliant royal palaces, such as ideal Palace, Palace of Placentia, Hampton Court Palace, Hatfield House, Richmond Palace and Palace of Beaulieu. One of the most acclaim english architects was Sir Christopher Wren. He was employed by King Charles II to design and rebuild London and many of its finished ancient churches following the Great Fire of London in 1666. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Georgian and Neoclassical architecture advanced after the Age of Enlightenment, evoking achievements in elegant architecture and city planning ; the Royal Crescent at Bath is one of the best examples of this. The Regency of George IV is noted for its elegance and achievements in architecture and urban design. [ 14 ] Regency manner is besides applied to interior design and cosmetic arts of the period, typified by elegant furniture and vertically striped wallpaper, and to styles of clothe ; for men, as typified by the dandy Beau Brummell and for women the Empire silhouette. In early modern times there was an charm from Renaissance architecture until by the eighteenth hundred. medieval forms of architecture had been abandoned and respective authoritative styles were adopted. During the victorian era, Gothic Revival architecture developed in England and was preferred for many types of buildings and city planning. victorian was widespread with huge innovations and engineer achievements ( bridges, canals, railroad track stations, etc. ). [ 15 ] In accession to this, around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such as The Crystal Palace. The introduction of the sheet glaze method into England by Chance Brothers in 1832 made possible the production of large sheets of bum but strong glass, and its use in the Crystal Palace created a structure with the greatest sphere of glass ever seen in a build. It astonished visitors with its clear walls and ceilings that did not require department of the interior lights. [ 16 ] Edwardian followed in the early twentieth hundred. other buildings such as cathedrals and parish churches are associated with a sense of traditional Englishness, as is frequently the palatial ‘ courtly home ‘. many people are interested in the english state house and the rural life style, evidenced by the count of visitors to properties managed by English Heritage and the National Trust .
The English landscape garden at Stourhead, described as a ‘living exercise of art ‘ when first opened in the 1750s landscape garden as developed by Capability Brown set an international course for the English garden. Gardening, and visiting gardens, are regarded as typically english pursuits. By the end of the eighteenth century the English garden was being imitated by the french landscape garden, and as far away as St. Petersburg, Russia, in Pavlovsk, the gardens of the future Emperor Paul. It besides had a major determine on the form of the populace parks and gardens which appeared around the world in the nineteenth century. [ 17 ] Inspired by the great landscape artists of the seventeenth hundred, the English garden presented an idealize view of nature. At bombastic nation houses, the English garden normally included lakes, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic arcadian landscape. [ 18 ] The English garden was centred on the english area house, courtly homes and parks. [ 18 ] English Heritage and the National Trust preserve large gardens and landscape parks throughout the nation. The RHS Chelsea Flower Show is held every year by the Royal Horticultural Society and is said to be the largest garden read in the universe. [ 19 ] Following the build of the worldly concern ‘s first seaside pier at Ryde, the pier became stylish at seaside resorts in England during the victorian era, peaking in the 1860s with 22 being built in that decade. [ 20 ] A symbol of the typical English seaside holiday, by 1914 more than 100 pleasure piers were located around the UK coast. Regarded as being among the finest victorian computer architecture, there are still a significant issue of seaside piers of architectural deservingness even standing, although some have been lost, including two at Brighton in East Sussex and one at New Brighton in the Wirral. [ 21 ] Two piers, Brighton ‘s now derelict West Pier and Clevedon Pier, were Grade 1 listed. The Birnbeck Pier in Weston-super-Mare is the only pier in the world linked to an island. The National Piers Society gives a figure of 55 surviving seaside piers in England. [ 22 ]
art and design [edit ]
The Staffordshire Hoard is the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon aureate and silver metalworking even found. It consists of about 4,600 items and metal fragments. England has Europe ‘s earliest and northernmost ice-age cave artwork. [ 23 ] Prehistoric art in England largely corresponds with art made elsewhere in contemporary Britain, but early medieval Anglo-Saxon art saw the development of a distinctly english style, [ 24 ] and English art continued thereafter to have a distinct quality. english art made after the constitution in 1707 of the Kingdom of Great Britain may be regarded in most respects simultaneously as art of the United Kingdom. The two periods of outstanding accomplishment were the 7th and 8th centuries, with the metalwork and jewelry from Sutton Hoo and a series of brilliant illuminated manuscripts, and the final examination period after about 950, when there was a revival of english culture after the end of the Viking invasions. [ 25 ] As in most of Europe at the fourth dimension, metalwork was the most highly regard form of art by the Anglo-Saxons, but barely any survives – there was enormous plunder of Anglo-Saxon churches, monasteries and the possessions of the dispossessed nobility by the new Norman rulers in their beginning decades, a well as the Norsemen before them, and the English Reformation after them, and most survivals were once on the celibate. Anglo-Saxon taste favoured luminosity and color. Opus Anglicanum ( “ english work ” ) was recognised as the finest embellishment in Europe. possibly the best know piece of Anglo-Saxon art is the Bayeux Tapestry which was commissioned by a Norman patron from english artists working in the traditional Anglo-Saxon style. old english artists besides worked in fresco, stone, bone and whalebone ( notably the Franks Casket ), metalwork ( for case the Fuller brooch ), glass and enamel. [ 25 ] Medieval English paint, chiefly religious, had a strong national custom and was influential in Europe. [ 26 ] The English Reformation, which was antagonistic to art, not only brought this custom to an abrupt stop but resulted in the destruction of about all wall-paintings. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] lone illuminated manuscripts now survive in large numbers. [ 29 ]
large miniature of George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland by Nicholas Hilliard, c. 1590, after his appointment as the Queen ‘s Champion, in tilting overdress with the Queen ‘s baseball glove as her prefer pinned to his hat. There is in the art of the English Renaissance a firm interest in portraiture, and the portrayal miniature was more popular in England than anywhere else. [ 30 ] english Renaissance sculpt was chiefly architectural and for monumental grave. [ 31 ] Interest in English landscape paint had begun to develop by the meter of the 1707 Act of Union. [ 32 ] English art was dominated by import artists throughout much of the Renaissance, but in the eighteenth hundred a native custom became much admired. It is considered to be typified by landscape paint, such as the work of J.M.W. Turner and John Constable. Portraitists like Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds are besides meaning. The first celebrated native English portrait miniaturist is Nicholas Hilliard ( c. 1537–1619 ), whose ferment was bourgeois in style but very sensitive to the character of the sitter ; his best works are beautifully executed. The colours are opaque, and gold is used to heighten the effect, while the paintings are on card. They are frequently signed, and have frequently besides a latin motto upon them. Hilliard worked for a while in France, and he is credibly identical with the painter alluded to in 1577 as Nicholas Belliart. Hilliard was succeeded by his son Lawrence Hilliard ( die 1640 ) ; his proficiency was exchangeable to that of his don, but bold, and his miniatures richer in semblance. [ 33 ] Isaac Oliver and his son Peter Oliver succeeded Hilliard. Isaac ( c. 1560–1617 ) was the schoolchild of Hilliard. Peter ( 1594–1647 ) was the student of Isaac. The two men were the earliest to give roundness and shape to the faces they painted. They signed their best works in monogram, and painted not alone very small miniatures, but larger ones measuring ampere much as 10 in × 9 in ( 250 millimeter × 230 millimeter ). They copied for Charles I of England ( 1600–1649 ) on a small scale many of his celebrated pictures by the old masters. Samuel Cooper ( 1609–1672 ) was a nephew and scholar of the elder Hoskins, and is considered the greatest english portrayal miniaturist. He spent much of his time in Paris and Holland, and identical little is known of his career. His work has a brilliant width and dignity, and has been well called life-size work in little. His portraits of the men of the Puritan era are noteworthy for their truth to animation and military capability of handling. His bring is frequently signed with his initials, broadly in gold, and very frequently with the addition of the date. pictorial satirist William Hogarth pioneered western consecutive art, and political illustrations in this dash are much referred to as “ Hogarthian ”. [ 34 ] Following Hogarth, political cartoons developed in England in the late eighteenth hundred under the direction of James Gillray. Regarded as one of the two most influential cartoonists ( the other is Hogarth ), Gillray has been referred to as the forefather of the political cartoon, with his satirical work calling the King ( George III ), prime ministers and generals to account. [ 35 ] The early nineteenth hundred saw the emergence of the Norwich educate of painters, the first provincial art movement outside of London. Its outstanding members were “ founding church father ” John Crome ( 1768–1821 ), John Sell Cotman ( 1782–1842 ), James Stark ( 1794–1859 ), and Joseph Stannard ( 1797–1830 ). [ 36 ]
Flatford Mill ( ‘Scene on a navigable River ‘ ) by John Constable, c1816 In England, landscapes had initially been by and large backgrounds to portraits. The english custom was founded by Anthony van Dyck and early by and large flemish artists working in England, but in the eighteenth century the works of Claude Lorrain were keenly collected and influenced not only paintings of landscapes, but the English landscape gardens of Capability Brown and others. In the eighteenth century, watercolor painting, by and large of landscapes, became an English specialization, with both a buoyant market for master works, and a large count of amateur painters, many following the popular systems found in the books of Alexander Cozens and others. By the beginning of the nineteenth century the english artists with the highest modern reputations were largely dedicated landscape painters, showing the wide range of romantic interpretations of the English landscape found in the works of John Constable and J.M.W. Turner. During the Baroque and Rococo periods, the first major native portrayal painters of the british school were english painters Thomas Gainsborough and Sir Joshua Reynolds, who besides specialised in clothing their subjects in an attention-getting manner. Gainsborough ‘s Blue Boy is one of the most celebrated and recognized portraits of all clock, painted with identical long brushes and thin petroleum color to achieve the shimmering effect of the blue costume. [ 37 ] Gainsborough was besides noted for his elaborate background settings for his subjects. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood achieved considerable influence after its foundation in 1848 with paintings that concentrated on religious, literary, and genre subjects executed in a colorful and minutely detailed style. Its artists included John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and subsequently Edward Burne-Jones. besides associated with it was the couturier William Morris, whose efforts to make beautiful objects low-cost for everyone led to his wallpaper and tile designs to some extent defining the victorian aesthetic and instigating the Arts and Crafts motion. The Royal Society of Arts is an organization committed to the arts and culture. [ 38 ] The Royal Academy in London is a keystone arrangement for the promotion of the ocular arts in England. Major schools of artwork in England include : the six-school University of the Arts London, which includes the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design and Chelsea College of Art and Design ; Goldsmiths, University of London ; the Slade School of Fine Art ( share of University College London ) ; the Royal College of Art ; and The Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art ( part of the University of Oxford ). The Courtauld Institute of Art is a leading center for the teaching of the history of artwork. Important art galleries in the United Kingdom include the National Gallery, National Portrait Gallery, Tate Britain and Tate Modern ( the most-visited advanced art veranda in the world, with around 4.7 million visitors per class ) .
inheritance and tourism [edit ]
A number of umbrella organisations are devoted to the preservation and public entree of both natural and cultural inheritance, including english Heritage and the National Trust. membership with them, even on a irregular basis, gives priority rid access to their properties thereafter. english Heritage is a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. It is presently sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. English Heritage manages more than 400 meaning buildings and monuments in England. They besides maintain a cash register of thousands of list buildings, [ 40 ] those which are considered of most importance to the historic and cultural inheritance of the nation. The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty is a charity which besides maintains multiple sites. One of the largest landowners in the United Kingdom, the Trust owns about 250,000 hectares of country and 780 miles of coast. Its properties include over 500 historic houses, castles, archaeological and industrial monuments, gardens, parks and nature reserves. 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCO World Heritage Sites fall within England. [ 41 ] Some of the best know of these include Hadrian ‘s Wall, Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites, Tower of London, Jurassic Coast, Westminster, Roman Baths in Bath, Saltaire, Ironbridge Gorge, and Studley Royal Park. The northernmost steer of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ‘s Wall, is the largest Roman artifact anywhere : it runs a total of 73 miles in northerly England. [ 42 ] London ‘s British Museum hosts a collection of more than seven million objects [ 43 ] is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world, sourced from every continent, illustrating and documenting the history of human culture from its beginning to the present. [ 44 ] The library has two of the four remaining copies of the original Magna Carta ( the early two copies are held in Lincoln Castle and Salisbury Cathedral ) and has a room devoted entirely to them. The british Library Sound Archive has over six million recordings, many from the BBC Sound Archive, including Winston Churchill ‘s wartime speeches. The british Library in London is the home library and is one of the world ‘s largest inquiry libraries, holding over 150 million items in all known languages and formats ; including around 25 million books. [ 45 ] The most aged art gallery is the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square, which houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. [ 46 ] The Tate galleries house the home collections of British and international modern artwork ; they besides host the excellently controversial Turner Prize. [ 47 ] The Ashmolean Museum was founded in 1677 from the personal collection of Elias Ashmole, was set up in the University of Oxford to be assailable to the public and is considered by some to be the first modern public museum. [ 48 ] In 2011 there were more than 1,600 museums in England. [ 49 ] Most museums and artwork galleries are barren of charge. [ 50 ]
The Roman Baths in Bath ; a synagogue was constructed on the site between 60–70CE in the first few decades of Roman Britain. It is a persistent repository from Roman Britain A blue brass, the oldest historical marker outline in the world, is a permanent polarity installed in a public station in the UK to commemorate a associate between that location and a celebrated person or consequence. [ 51 ] The scheme was the inspiration of politician William Ewart in 1863 and was initiated in 1866. [ 51 ] It was formally established by the Royal Society of Arts in 1867, and since 1986 has been run by English Heritage. [ 51 ] The first brass was unveiled in 1867 to commemorate Lord Byron at his birthplace, 24 Holles Street, Cavendish Square, London. Examples that commemorate events include John Logie Baird ‘s first gear demonstration of the television at 22 Frith Street, Westminster, W1, London, and the first bomber 4-minute sea mile run by Roger Bannister on 6 May 1954 at Oxford University ‘s Iffley Road Track. Tourism plays a significant function in the economic life of England. In 2018, the United Kingdom as a unharmed was the worldly concern ‘s tenth most travel to nation for tourists, [ 52 ] and 17 of the United Kingdom ‘s 25 UNESCO World Heritage Sites fall within England. [ 53 ] VisitEngland is the official tourist board for England. VisitEngland ‘s express mission is to build England ‘s tourism product, raise Britain ‘s profile global, increase the volume and measure of tourism exports and develop England and Britain ‘s visitor economy. [ 54 ] In 2020, the Lonely Planet travel guide rated England as the irregular best country to visit that year, after Bhutan. [ 55 ] The Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Arts, Heritage and Tourism is the minister with duty over tourism in England, including museums, art galleries, populace libraries and the National Archives. [ 56 ]
literature [edit ]
The Tempest is an example of how English literature influenced English painting in the 18th century.William Hogarth ‘s depiction of a scene from Shakespeare’sis an example of how English literature influenced English painting in the 18th century. early authors such as Bede and Alcuin wrote in Latin. [ 57 ] The period of Old English literature provided the epic poem poem Beowulf and the fragmental The Battle of Maldon, the somber and introspective The Seafarer, The Wanderer, the pious Dream of the Rood, The ordering of the World, and the profane prose of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, [ 58 ] along with christian writings such as Judith, Cædmon ‘s Hymn and hagiographies. [ 57 ] Following the Norman conquest Latin continued amongst the train classes, vitamin a well as an anglo-french literature. Middle English literature emerged with Geoffrey Chaucer, writer of The Canterbury Tales, along with Gower, the Pearl Poet and Langland. William of Ockham and Roger Bacon, who were Franciscans, were major philosophers of the Middle Ages. julian of Norwich, who wrote Revelations of Divine Love, was a outstanding Christian mysterious. With the english Renaissance literature in the early on Modern English style appeared. William Shakespeare, whose works include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, remains one of the most champion authors in english literature. [ 59 ] Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Philip Sydney, Thomas Kyd, John Donne, and Ben Jonson are other establish authors of the Elizabethan long time. [ 60 ] Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes wrote on empiricism and materialism, including scientific method acting and social contract. [ 60 ] Filmer wrote on the Divine Right of Kings. Marvell was the best-known poet of the Commonwealth, [ 61 ] while John Milton authored Paradise Lost during the Restoration. Some of the most outstanding philosophers of the Enlightenment were John Locke, Thomas Paine, Samuel Johnson and Jeremy Bentham. More radical elements were late countered by Edmund Burke who is regarded as the laminitis of conservatism. [ 62 ] The poet Alexander Pope with his satirical verse became good regarded. The english played a meaning role in romanticism : Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, John Keats, Mary Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Blake and William Wordsworth were major figures. [ 63 ] In response to the Industrial Revolution, agrarian writers sought a way between familiarity and tradition ; William Cobbett, G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc were chief exponents, while the founder of club socialism, Arthur Penty, and concerted movement advocate G. D. H. Cole are reasonably refer. [ 64 ] Empiricism continued through John Stuart Mill and Bertrand Russell, while Bernard Williams was involved in analytics. Authors from around the victorian era include Charles Dickens, the Brontë sisters, Jane Austen, George Eliot, Rudyard Kipling, Thomas Hardy, H. G. Wells and Lewis Carroll. [ 65 ] Since then England has continued to produce novelists such as George Orwell, D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, C. S. Lewis, Enid Blyton, Aldous Huxley, Agatha Christie, Terry Pratchett, J. R. R. Tolkien, and J. K. Rowling. [ 66 ] due to the expansion of English into a populace linguistic process during the british Empire, literature is now written in English across the world. Writers frequently associated with England or for expressing Englishness admit Shakespeare ( who produced two tetralogies of history plays about the English kings ), Jane Austen, Arnold Bennett, and Rupert Brooke ( whose poem “ Grantchester ” is much considered quintessentially English ). other writers are associated with specific regions of England ; these include Charles Dickens ( London ), Thomas Hardy ( Wessex ), A. E. Housman ( Shropshire ), and the Lake Poets ( the Lake District ). The english dramatist and poet William Shakespeare is wide regarded as the greatest dramatist of all meter. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The 20th-century English crime writer Agatha Christie is the best-selling novelist of all time. [ 69 ] Agatha Christie ‘s mystery novels are outsold only by Shakespeare and The Bible. Described as “ possibly the twentieth century ‘s best chronicler of english culture ”, the non-fiction works of George Orwell include The Road to Wigan Pier ( 1937 ), documenting his feel of working class life in the north of England. [ 70 ] Orwell ‘s eleven rules for making tea appear in his test “ A Nice Cup of Tea “, which was published in the London Evening Standard on 12 January 1946. [ 71 ] In 2003 the BBC carried out a UK sketch entitled The Big Read to find the “ nation ‘s favored novel ” of all time, with works by english novelists J. R. R. Tolkien, Jane Austen, Philip Pullman, Douglas Adams and J. K. Rowling making up the crown five on the list. [ 72 ] In 2005, some 206,000 books were published in the United Kingdom and in 2006 it was the largest publisher of books in the world. [ 73 ] The Royal Society of Literature was founded in 1820, by King George IV, to “ reward literary deserve and excite literary endowment ”. The club is a cultural tenant at London ‘s Somerset House. [ 74 ]
music [edit ]
England has a farseeing and rich musical history. In the United Kingdom, more people attend know music performances than football matches. [ 75 ] The traditional family music of England is centuries previous and has contributed to several genres prominently ; largely sea shanties, jigs, hornpipes and dance music. It has its own discrete variations and regional peculiarities. Ballads featuring Robin Hood, printed by Wynkyn de Worde in the sixteenth century, are an crucial artifact, as are John Playford ‘s The Dancing Master and Robert Harley ‘s Roxburghe Ballads collections. Some of the best-known songs are Greensleeves, Pastime with Good Company, Maggie May and Spanish Ladies amongst others. many nursery rhymes are of English lineage such as Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary, Roses Are Red, Jack and Jill, London Bridge Is Falling Down, The Grand Old Duke of York, Hey Diddle Diddle and Humpty Dumpty. Traditional English Christmas carols include We Wish You a Merry Christmas, The First Noel, I Saw Three Ships and God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen. The United Kingdom has, like most european countries, undergo a root revival in the last one-half of the twentieth century. english music has been an implemental and moderate depart of this phenomenon, which peaked at the end of the 1960s and into the 1970s. The english Musical Renaissance was a conjectural development in the late 19th and early twentieth century, when english composers, frequently those lecturing or trained at the Royal College of Music, were said to have freed themselves from foreign musical influences, to have begun writing in a distinctively national parlance, and to have equalled the accomplishment of composers in mainland Europe. [ 76 ] The achievements of the Anglican choral custom following on from 16th-century composers such as Thomas Tallis, John Taverner and William Byrd have tended to overshadow instrumental composition. The semi-operatic innovations of Henry Purcell were meaning. classical music attracted much attention from 1784 with the formation of the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival, which was the longest running classical music festival of its kind until the concluding concerts in 1912. George Frideric Handel found authoritative royal patrons and enthusiastic public corroborate in England. He spent most of his composing life in London and became a home icon, creating some of the most long-familiar works of classical music, specially his english oratorios, The Messiah, Solomon, Water Music, and Music for the Royal Fireworks. One of Handel ‘s four Coronation Anthems, Zadok the Priest ( 1727 ), composed for the coronation of George II, has been performed at every subsequent british coronation, traditionally during the autonomous ‘s anoint. The Royal Academy of Music is the oldest conservatory in the UK, founded in 1822 by John Fane and Nicolas-Charles Bochsa. It received its royal charter in 1830 from King George IV with the support of the first Duke of Wellington. Famous academy alumni include Sir Simon Rattle, Sir Harrison Birtwistle, Sir Elton John and Annie Lennox .
The egress of figures such as Edward Elgar and Arthur Sullivan in the nineteenth hundred showed a new animation in English music. In the twentieth century, Benjamin Britten and Michael Tippett emerged as internationally recognised opera composers, and Ralph Vaughan Williams and others collected english folk tunes and adapted them to the concert hall. Cecil Sharp was a ahead digit in the English family revival. The Proms, an annual summer season of daily classical music concerts, is a significant consequence in british musical life sentence. The last Night of the Proms features patriotic music. [ 78 ] A new course emerged from Liverpool in 1962. The Beatles became the most popular musicians of their fourth dimension, and in the composing duet of John Lennon and Paul McCartney, popularized the concept of the self-contained music dissemble. Before the Beatles, very few democratic singers composed the tunes they performed. The “ Fab Four ” opened the doors for early acts from England such as The Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Cream, The Kinks, The Who, Eric Clapton, David Bowie, Queen, Elton John, The Hollies, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Genesis, Dire Straits, Iron Maiden, The Police to the globe. many musical genres have origins in ( or strong associations with ) England, such as british invasion, progressive rock, intemperate rock candy, Mod, glam rock, heavy metal, Britpop, indie rock, gothic rock, shoegazing, acid house, garage, trip hop, barrel and bass and dubstep. [ 79 ] The Sex Pistols and The Clash were pioneers of kindling rock candy. Some of England ‘s leave contemporary artists include George Michael, Sting, Seal, Rod Stewart, The Smiths, The Stone Roses, Oasis, Blur, Radiohead, The Cure, Depeche Mode, Coldplay, Def Leppard, Muse, Arctic Monkeys, Amy Winehouse, Adele and Ed Sheeran .
film [edit ]
[80] and was described as “a straightforward middle-class Englishman who just happened to be an artistic genius.”[81]Alfred Hitchcock is often regarded as the greatest British filmmaker,and was described as “a straightforward middle-class Englishman who just happened to be an artistic genius.” England ( and the UK as a solid ) has had a considerable charm on the history of the film, producing some of the greatest actors, directors and movement pictures of all time, including Alfred Hitchcock, Charlie Chaplin, David Lean, Laurence Olivier, Vivien Leigh, John Gielgud, Peter Sellers, Julie Andrews, Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, Helen Mirren, Kate Winslet and Daniel Day-Lewis. Hitchcock and Lean are among the most critically acclaimed of all-time. [ 82 ] Hitchcock ‘s first thriller, The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog ( 1926 ), helped shape the thriller music genre in movie, while his 1929 film, Blackmail, is frequently regarded as the first british healthy feature film. [ 83 ] major film studios in England include Pinewood, Elstree and Shepperton. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in England, including two of the highest-grossing film franchises ( Harry Potter and James Bond ). [ 84 ] Ealing Studios in London has a claim to being the oldest endlessly working film studio in the universe. [ 85 ] Famous for recording many motion photograph film scores, the London Symphony Orchestra first base performed film music in 1935. [ 86 ]
The BFI Top 100 british films includes Monty Python’s Life of Brian ( 1979 ), a film regularly voted the funniest of all time by the UK public. [ 87 ] english producers are besides active in external co-productions and english actors, directors and crowd feature regularly in Hollywood films. Ridley Scott was among a group of English filmmakers, including Tony Scott, Alan Parker, Hugh Hudson and Adrian Lyne, who emerged from making 1970s UK television receiver commercials. [ 88 ] The UK film council ranked David Yates, Christopher Nolan, Mike Newell, Ridley Scott and Paul Greengrass the five most commercially successful english directors since 2001. [ 89 ] other contemporary directors from England include Sam Mendes, Guy Ritchie and Steve McQueen. current actors include Tom Hardy, Daniel Craig, Benedict Cumberbatch and Emma Watson. Acclaimed for his motion capture work, Andy Serkis opened The Imaginarium Studios in London in 2011. [ 90 ] The ocular effects company Framestore in London has produced some of the most critically acclaimed particular effects in modern film. [ 91 ] Many successful Hollywood films have been based on english people, stories or events. The ‘English Cycle ‘ of Disney animated films include Alice in Wonderland, The Jungle Book, Robin Hood and Winnie the Pooh. [ 92 ]
field [edit ]
The top out of English drama and dramaturgy is said to be the Elizabethan Age ; a golden historic period in English history where the arts, drama and creative shape flourished. Morality plays emerged as a distinct dramatic form around 1400 and flourished in the early Elizabethan era in England. Characters were much used to represent unlike ethical ideals. Everyman, for model, includes such figures as estimable Deeds, Knowledge and Strength, and this characterization reinforces the conflict between good and evil for the consultation. The Castle of Perseverance ( c. 1400–1425 ) depicts an archetypal visualize ‘s progress from birth through to death. Horestes ( c. 1567 ), a late “ loanblend ethical motive ” and one of the earliest examples of an english retaliation play, brings together the classical report of Orestes with a Vice from the medieval allegorical tradition, alternating comic, slapstick scenes with serious, tragic ones. besides crucial in this period were the family drama of the Mummers Play, performed during the Christmas season. Court masques were peculiarly popular during the predominate of Henry VIII. The first permanent wave English dramaturgy, the Red Lion, opened in 1567. The first successful theatres, such as The Theatre, opened in 1576. The establishment of big and profitable public theatres was an essential enable factor in the success of English Renaissance drama. archaeological excavations on the foundations of the Rose and the Globe in the former twentieth hundred showed that all the London theatres had individual differences, but their common function necessitated a like general design. The populace theatres were three stories high, and built around an open space at the center. Usually polygonal in plan to give an overall round off effect, although the Red Bull and the first Fortune were square. The three levels of inward-facing galleries overlooked the open concentrate, into which jutted the stagecoach : basically a platform surrounded on three sides by the hearing. The buttocks side was restricted for the entrances and exits of the actors and seating for the musicians. The upper berth level behind the stage could be used as a balcony, as in Romeo and Juliet and Antony and Cleopatra, or as a position from which an actor could harangue a crowd, as in Julius Caesar. The playhouses were broadly built with timber and plaster. Individual theatre descriptions give extra information about their construction, such as flint stones being used to build the Swan. Theatres were besides constructed to be able to hold a large phone number of people. One of the main uses of costume during the Elizabethan earned run average was to make up for the lack of scenery, set, and props on stage. It created a ocular impression for the consultation, and it was an integral part of the overall performance. Since the main ocular entreaty on degree were the costumes, they were much bright in color and visually entrancing. Colours symbolised social hierarchy, and costumes were made to reflect that. For model, if a character was royalty, their costume would include purple. The color, adenine well as the unlike fabrics of the costumes, allowed the audience to know the condition of each character when they first appeared on stage .
procession of characters from Shakespeare ‘s plays. The growing population of London, the growing wealth of its people, and their affectionateness for spectacle produced a dramatic literature of remarkable assortment, timbre, and extent. Genres of the period included the history free rein, which depicted English or european history. Shakespeare ‘s plays about the lives of kings, such as Richard III and Henry V, belong to this category, as do Christopher Marlowe ‘s Edward II and George Peele ‘s Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First. History plays share with more holocene events, like A Larum for London which dramatizes the sack of Antwerp in 1576. Tragedy was a very popular genre. Marlowe ‘s tragedies were exceptionally successful, such as Dr. Faustus and The Jew of Malta. The audiences peculiarly liked revenge play, such as Thomas Kyd ‘s The Spanish Tragedy. The four tragedies considered to be Shakespeare ‘s greatest ( Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth ) were composed during this period. Costumes were collected in armory. More frequently than not, costumes would n’t be made individually to fit the actor. rather, they would be selected out of the stock that field companies would keep. A theater party reused costumes when possible and would rarely get fresh costumes made. Costumes themselves were expensive, so normally players wore contemporary invest careless of the time menstruation of the looseness. The most expensive pieces were given to higher classify characters because costume was used to identify social status on stage. The fabrics within a playhouse would indicate the wealth of the company itself. The fabrics used the most were : velvet, satin, silk, cloth-of-gold, lace, and ermine. Comedies were common. A subgenre developed in this period was the city drollery, which deals satirically with life in London after the fashion of Roman New Comedy. Examples are Thomas Dekker ‘s The Shoemaker’s Holiday and Thomas Middleton ‘s A Chaste Maid in Cheapside. Though marginalize, the older genres like bucolic ( The Faithful Shepherdess, 1608 ), and even the morality act ( Four Plays in One, ca. 1608–13 ) could exert influences. After about 1610, the new hybrid subgenre of the seriocomedy enjoyed an blossoming, as did the masquerade throughout the reign of the first two Stuart kings, James I and Charles I. The re-opening of the theatres in 1660 after the Restoration of Charles II signalled a rebirth of English play. With the restoration of the monarch in 1660 came the restoration of and the reopen of the dramaturgy. english comedies written and performed in the Restoration period from 1660 to 1710 are jointly called Restoration drollery. Restoration drollery is ill-famed for its sexual explicitness, a quality encouraged by Charles II ( 1660–1685 ) personally and by the devil-may-care aristocratic ethos of his Royal court. For the foremost clock time women were allowed to act, putting an end to the practice of the boy-player taking the parts of women. socially divers audiences included both aristocrats, their servants and hangers-on, and a substantial middle-class segment. Its dramatists stole freely from english Jacobean and Caroline plays, and even from Greek and Roman classical comedies, combining the versatile plotlines in adventurous ways. Restoration audiences liked to see beneficial triumph in their tragedies and rightful government restored. In comedy they liked to see the love-lives of the young and fashionable, with a cardinal match bringing their courtship to a successful conclusion ( much overcoming the resistance of the elders to do so ). Heroines had to be chaste, but were independent-minded and blunt ; now that they were played by women, there was more mileage for the dramatist in disguising them in men ‘s clothes or giving them narrow escape from rape. These playgoers were attracted to the comedies by up-to-the-minute topical write, by crowded and bustling plots, by the introduction of the first professional actresses, and by the rise of the first fame actors. This period saw the first professional woman dramatist, Aphra Behn. In the mid-1690s, a brief moment Restoration comedy renaissance arose, aimed at a wide consultation. The tough-minded or “ hard ” comedies of John Dryden, William Wycherley, and George Etherege reflected the atmosphere at Court and celebrated with frankness an aristocratic butch life style of unremitting sexual intrigue and seduction. The Earl of Rochester, real-life Restoration rake, courtier and poet, is flatteringly portrayed in Etherege ‘s The Man of Mode ( 1676 ) as a exuberant, witty, intellectual, and sexually irresistible aristocrat, a template for descendants ‘s idea of the glamorous Restoration rake ( actually never a very common character in Restoration drollery ). The individual play that does most to support the charge of obscenity levelled then and immediately at Restoration drollery is credibly Wycherley ‘s masterpiece The Country Wife ( 1675 ), whose title contains a lewd pun and whose ill-famed “ china scene ” is a series of nourish double entendres. [ 100 ] During the second base brandish of Restoration comedy in the 1690s, the “ indulgent ” comedies of William Congreve and John Vanbrugh set out to appeal to more socially divers hearing with a solid middle-class chemical element, ampere well as to female spectators. The comic focus shifts from new lovers outwitting the older generation to the vicissitudes of marital relations. In Congreve ‘s Love for Love ( 1695 ) and The Way of the World ( 1700 ), the interchange set pieces of couples testing their drawing card for one another have mutated into witty prenuptial debates on the eve of marriage, as in the latter ‘s “ Proviso ” scene. Vanbrugh ‘s The Provoked Wife ( 1697 ) has a light partake and more humanly recognizable characters, while The Relapse ( 1696 ) has been admired for its circular wag and the characterization of Lord Foppington, an extravagant and affected spoof dandy with a dark side. [ 101 ] As a reaction to the degeneracy of Charles II earned run average productions, bathetic comedy grew in popularity. This genre focused on encouraging pure demeanor by showing center class characters overcoming a series of moral trials. Playwrights like Colley Cibber and Richard Steele believed that humans were inherently good but able of being led astray. Through plays such as The Conscious Lovers and Love ‘s last shift they strove to appeal to an consultation ‘s noble sentiments so that viewers could be reformed. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] The Restoration outstanding hit the London public stage in the late 17th-century Restoration period, enthralling audiences with action, music, dance, movable scenery, baroque illusionistic paint, gorgeous costumes, and especial effects such as trapdoor tricks, “ flying ” actors, and fireworks. today there are a variety of theaters in London ‘s West end. Andrew Lloyd Webber dominated the West End for many years ; his musicals besides conquered Broadway and were made into films. The esteemed Royal Shakespeare Company operates out of Shakespeare ‘s hometown of Stratford-upon-Avon and performs primarily, but not entirely, his works. Important mod playwrights are Alan Ayckbourn, John Osborne, Harold Pinter, Tom Stoppard and Arnold Wesker .
Performing arts [edit ]
big outdoor music festivals in the summer and fall are popular, such as Glastonbury, V Festival, Reading and Leeds Festivals. England was at the forefront of the illegal, release rave motion from the late 1980s, which led to pan-European culture of teknivals mirrored on the UK dislodge festival movement and associated travelling life style. [ 104 ] The most big opera house in England is the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden. [ 105 ] The Proms, a season of orchestral classical music concerts held at the Royal Albert Hall, is a major cultural event held per annum. [ 105 ] England is home to numerous major orchestras such as the BBC Symphony Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra, and the London Symphony Orchestra. [ 106 ] Since the Royal Albert Hall ‘s unfold by Queen Victoria in 1871, the world ‘s contribute artists from many operation genres have appeared on its stage. It is the venue for the Proms concerts, which have been held there every summer since 1941. It is host to more than 390 shows in the main auditorium per annum, including classical music, rock candy and pop concerts, ballet, opera, film screenings with be orchestral accompaniment .
A traditional punch and Judy booth, at Swanage, Dorset, England. The Royal Ballet is a classical ballet ship’s company, based at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden. The company employs approximately 100 dancers and has purpose built facilities within the Royal Opera House. Its reputation built on two outstanding figures of twentieth hundred dance, prima ballerina Margot Fonteyn and choreographer Frederick Ashton. [ 107 ] A staple of british seaside polish, the quarrelsome match Punch and Judy made their first recorded appearance in Covent Garden, London in 1662. [ 108 ] The versatile episodes of Punch and Judy are performed in the heart of hideous comedy—often provoking shock laughter—and are dominated by the anarchic clown of Mr. Punch. [ 109 ] Regarded as English cultural icons, they appeared at a significant period in English history, with Glyn Edwards express : Pulcinella went down particularly well with Restoration English audiences, fun-starved after years of Puritanism. We soon changed Punch’s name, transformed him from a marionette to a hand puppet, and he became, really, a spirit of Britain – a subversive maverick, a kind of puppet equivalent to our political cartoons.[108]
Astley’s Amphitheatre, London circa 1808. Astley performed stunts in a 42 ft diameter ring; the standard size used by circuses ever since. The circus is a tradition shape of entertainment in England. Chipperfield ‘s Circus dates back more than 300 years in Britain, making it one of the oldest family circus dynasties. [ 110 ] [ 21 ] Philip Astley is regarded as the father of the mod circus. [ 21 ] Following his invention of the circus ring in 1768, Astley ‘s Amphitheatre opened in London in 1773. [ 21 ] [ 111 ] As an equestrian master Astley had a skill for flim-flam horse-riding, and when he added tumblers, tightrope -walkers, jugglers, performing dogs, and a clown to fill time between his own demonstrations – the mod circus was born. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] The Hughes Royal Circus was democratic in London in the 1780s. Pablo Fanque ‘s Circus Royal, among the most popular circuses of victorian England, showcased William Kite. Joseph Grimaldi, the most celebrate of clowns from England is considered the beget of modern clown. [ 114 ] Pantomime is a british musical comedy phase production, designed for family entertainment. It is performed in theatres throughout England during the Christmas and New Year temper. The art originated in the eighteenth century with John Weaver, a dance master and choreographer at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London. [ 115 ] Pantomime history lines and scripts are about always based on traditional children ‘s stories : some of the popular English stories featured include Jack and the Beanstalk, Peter Pan, Babes in the Wood, Goldilocks and the Three Bears and Dick Whittington and His Cat. In 19th hundred England it acquired its present form, which includes songs, slapstick comedy and dance, employing gender-crossing actors, combining topical liquid body substance with a history loosely based on a well-known fairy fib. [ 115 ] It is a participatory form of dramaturgy, in which the audience sing along with parts of the music and shout out phrases to the performers, such as “ It ‘s behind you ”. [ 116 ]
Music hall is a type of british theatrical leisure popular from the early on priggish earned run average to the mid twentieth hundred. The precursor to kind shows of today, music anteroom involved a mix of popular songs, comedy, specialization acts and variety entertainment. british performers who honed their skills at mime and music hall sketches include Charlie Chaplin, Stan Laurel, George Formby, Gracie Fields, Dan Leno, Gertrude Lawrence and Harry Champion. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] british music hall comedian and dramaturgy showman Fred Karno developed a mannequin of sketch comedy without dialogue in the 1890s, and Chaplin and Laurel were among the music hall comedians who worked for him. [ 119 ] A lead film producer stated ; “ Fred Karno is not only a ace, he is the man who originated slapstick comedy. We in Hollywood owe much to him. ” [ 120 ]
cuisine [edit ]
Since the early modern period the food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of access and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce. [ 121 ] During the Middle Ages and through the Renaissance period, english cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decay began during the Industrial Revolution with the go off from the land and increasing urbanization of the populace. This has resulted in a traditional cuisine which tended to avoid impregnable flavours, such as garlic, and besides building complex sauces which were normally associated with Roman Catholic Continental affiliations. [ 122 ] The cuisine of England has, however, recently undergone a revival, which has been recognised by food critics with some thoroughly ratings in Restaurant ‘s best restaurant in the universe charts. [ 123 ] An early book of English recipes is the Forme of Cury from the royal court of Richard II. [ 124 ] Traditional meals have ancient origins, such as bread, vegetables, cheese and onions, [ 125 ] democratic today as the Ploughman ‘s lunch ( normally accompanied by butter, pickles, chutney, ham, fresh fleeceable salad, boiled eggs, and apples ), potage and frumenty ; roasted and stewed meats ; meat and game pies ; and fresh water and seawater pisces. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] The last half hundred has seen significant changes in food manufacture, retailing and consumption ; [ 128 ] an pastime in different external cuisines ; and the establishment of large restaurants, food outlets, chocolate shops and supermarkets. however, distinctively english dishes, [ 129 ] artisanal production, delicatessens, dwelling cooking and traditional establishments such as pubs, cafe and tearooms remain far-flung. The 1990s saw the resurrect of the gastropub, serving traditional english dishes, and farmers ‘ markets, where english cheeses, breads, vegetables and early items are sold. [ 130 ] Food acculturation in England has been taken more badly since the 1960s due to writers and broadcasters such as Derek Cooper, Matthew Fort, Jonathan Meades and Nigel Slater. [ 131 ] Roast beef is a food traditionally associated with the English ; the link was made celebrated by Henry Fielding ‘s patriotic ballad “ The Roast Beef of Old England “, and William Hogarth ‘s paint of the same name. Lamb is eaten specially at Easter. [ 132 ] An English observer wrote : “ We have, throughout our history as a nation, had a failing for meat in pastry which, while it is not singular, is a kind of hallmark of our taste. ” [ 133 ] Pies appear in common English idioms such as “ to eat humble pie “, “ arsenic easy as pie “, a slice of the proto-indo european “. Suet is an ingredient in many traditional english puddings, such as Norfolk Plough Pudding. [ 134 ] Dumplings made with flour, suet and seasonings [ 135 ] and pearl barley [ 136 ] may be cooked with casseroles and stews. Potatoes are served ridicule, boiled, baked, mashed, and as chips ; popular varieties in England including King Edward, Jersey Royal, Charlotte potato, [ 137 ] and Maris Piper. [ 138 ] distinctive English main courses include lamb shank, [ 139 ] pork barrel and lamb chops [ 140 ] chicken and chips, ham, egg and chips, steak and kidney pie and other variants of steak pie, wimp and mushroom proto-indo european, bacon and egg pie, [ 141 ] sheepherder ‘s proto-indo european, [ 142 ] bungalow proto-indo european, [ 143 ] pisces proto-indo european, Lancashire hot pot, lobscouse, [ 144 ] Beef Wellington, steak and kidney pudding, stuffed marrow [ 145 ] piquant bacon roll, boiled gripe and carrots, [ 146 ] rissoles, faggots, liver and bacon in onion gravy, [ 147 ] Northumberland pan haggerty, [ 148 ] sausage and squash, and frog in the hole. [ 149 ] Butchers sell artisanal sausages, which are sometimes made from the kernel of pedigree breeds such as Gloucester Old Spot pigs. english sausages broadly contain about 70 per cent kernel, bread zwieback and seasonings. [ 150 ] Cumberland, Lincolnshire, Newmarket and Oxford sausages are regional varieties. [ 151 ] The best-known types of English ham are from Wiltshire and York. Game dealers sell venison and wild game, such as pheasant, ruffed grouse and gripe. [ 152 ] Jugged rabbit and rabbit are traditional dishes. A Sunday knock [ 153 ] comprises roast kernel served with gravy, roast potatoes [ 154 ] and vegetables such as cauliflower, cabbage, carrots, parsnips, swede, bounce greens, spinach, stolon beans, wide beans, leeks [ 155 ] and garden peas. Courgettes became wide available in the late 1960s and broccoli first appeared in supermarkets in the belated 1970s, initially as a seasonal detail. Meats served as separate of a Sunday roast include beef, typically a fore ridicule of beef, with Yorkshire puddings and horseradish sauce or english mustard ; [ 156 ] lamb, typically a leg, shoulder or saddle of lamb, with mint sauce or redcurrant jelly ; pork, typically branch, shoulder or loin of pork barrel, with greaves and apple sauce ; honey-glazed ham with cloves and parsley sauce ; and poultry, such as chicken, duck ( e.g. Aylesbury duck ) [ 157 ] and fathead. [ 158 ] Consumption of chicken increased from the 1950s when the introduction of domestic fowl factories, pioneered in England by JB Eastwood Ltd. owned by John Bealby Eastwood, [ 159 ] significantly reduced the price. [ 160 ] An english Christmas dinner traditionally consists of roast goose, duck, pheasant or ( now most frequently ) joker, [ 1 ] cranberry sauce, bread sauce, stuffing, gravy, pigs in blankets, roast potatoes, chestnuts, brussels sprouts and early vegetables. [ 109 ] It is sometimes accompanied by cook gammon and normally followed by Christmas pudding, traditionally made on stir-up Sunday, with curious or brandy butter, mince pies filled with mincemeat and Christmas cake. [ 4 ] Biscuits in the class of gingerbread men are associated with Christmas, as are oranges, which are traditionally placed in Christmas stockings .
The most popular types of fish in England, chiefly imported through seaside and coastal towns, [ 161 ] are pink-orange, collect, haddock, tuna and prawns. [ 162 ] Fish and chips, sometimes served with mushy peas, are sold by fish and chip shops. [ 163 ] Brixham in Devon has the highest value catch in England ; [ 164 ] early domestic fisheries include Cornwall and Hastings. Dover exclusive is then named because it could historically be sourced from the fishing port of Dover. Potted shrimps, prawn cocktail, whitebait, scallops and slices of smoked salmon, such as London Cure, [ 165 ] are starters served with a squeeze of lemon and brown bread. Oysters are cultivated along the east coast of England, for model at Whitstable. Crabs are particularly associated with the Norfolk town of Cromer. Samphire is collected in coastal areas and served with fish. [ 166 ] light meals and snacks include green salads served with salad cream, [ 167 ] cauliflower cheese, macaroni tall mallow, Welsh welsh rarebit, [ 168 ] fishcakes, baked potatoes, cheese on toast, beans on pledge, mushrooms on crispen, spare rib, cornish pasties, [ 169 ] Scotch eggs, [ 170 ] sausage rolls, pork barrel pies, [ 171 ] gala pie and bacon sandwiches. The sandwich was named after the Earl of Sandwich [ 172 ] and is very common as a lunchtime and cinch item with a wide range of fillings. [ 173 ] Stotties, filled with overact and pea pudding, are eaten particularly in the northeast of England. Asparagus is served with butter alone or with other ingredients such as eggs and ham ; the English asparagus season runs from late April to the end of June.
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A poll in 2011 found that the most popular soups in England were tomato, leek and potato, chicken, carrot and coriander, mushroom, pea and ham [ 174 ] ( sometimes known as London Particular ), and broccoli and stilton. [ 175 ] early traditional soups [ 176 ] include vegetable, oxtail, cauliflower, artichoke, asparagus, spinach, parsnip, chestnut, cress green and chilled cucumber. Broth [ 177 ] consists of kernel and vegetables cooked in stock, sometimes thickened with barley or other cereals. [ 178 ] Brown Windsor soup appeared in the 1953 Ealing film comedy The Captain ‘s Paradise and, although opinion is divided as to whether and for how long it actually existed in real life, [ 179 ] recipes for it can immediately be found. Worcestershire sauce [ 180 ] and brown sauce, along with catsup, are classifiable english condiments. [ 181 ] Bovril and Marmite are food pastes with a distinctive spirit. english desserts include ( bramley ) apple pie, cherry pie, boodle and butter pudding, bread pudding, fruit decay, fruit cobbler, Eve ‘s pudding, Dorset apple cake, baked apple, gooseberry gull, sticky brittle pudding, treacle prostitute, treacle sponge pudding ( made with golden syrup ), [ 182 ] jam dumpy, spotted cock, bakewell lemony, piddle, rice pudding, eton mess, cheesecake [ 183 ] Sussex pond pudding, summer pudding, Cabinet pudding, English custard tart and, since the 1970s, gamboge meringue proto-indo european and banoffee proto-indo european. [ 184 ] Hot puddings are frequently served with custard. [ 185 ] Some puddings, such as jellify, blancmange and cocoa sponge with chocolate custard, are associated with school dinners. Fruit salad is a concoction of fresh fruit and canned fruits such as peaches and apricots served in syrup. Fruits grown in England include apples, pears, plums, cherries, damsons, blackberries, black currants, gooseberries, raspberries, strawberries ( much served with cream ) and pieplant. [ 186 ] Ice creams are sometimes sold from ice cream vans which use classifiable chimes to attract customers [ 187 ] The Full English breakfast, [ 188 ] besides referred to as ‘bacon and eggs ‘ or a ‘fry up ‘, typically comprises a choice from rashers of back bacon, [ 189 ] fried or scrambled eggs, pork sausages, black pudding, grilled tomatoes, mushrooms, bake beans, fried boodle, hash browns ( which largely displaced bubble and whine [ 190 ] in the 1970s ), and sometimes whiten pudding ; [ 191 ] normally served with toast and jam, marmalade or honey, [ 192 ] and a cup of coffee or tea [ 193 ] Alternative breakfast dishes include boiled eggs [ 194 ] with toast soldiers, smoked salmon and scrambled eggs, poached eggs on crispen, and Craster kippers. [ 195 ] Porridge has long been eaten [ 196 ] in England as a breakfast grain. Fruit juice and yogurt are more recent additions .
Afternoon tea [edit ]
traditionally, High Tea would be had as a wide even meal, whereas Afternoon Tea was a light meal taken earlier in the good afternoon only by the upper and in-between classes of club, the idea being popularized by Anna Russell, Duchess of Bedford in the 1840s. A cream tea includes a pot of tea and scones ( or buns called splits ) served with jam and clotted cream from Devon or Cornwall, [ 197 ] sometimes accompanied by dainty finger sandwiches, with fillings such as cucumber and smoked salmon. [ 198 ] english cakes include a variety of fruit cakes, [ 199 ] such as Genoa cake, and sponge cakes, such as Victoria sponge, [ 200 ] Madeira cake, Battenberg coat, chocolate sponge, coffee bean patty, lemon drizzle patty, fairy cakes and Queen cakes. Wartime rationing popularised carrot cake. [ 201 ] Simnel patty is a extra fruit coat associated with Mothering Sunday and Easter. [ 202 ] The traditional marriage cake is made from a rich people fruitcake. Parkin and brittle apples are eaten on Guy Fawkes Night. Particular types of gingerbread are associated with Grasmere, Market Drayton and Cornwall. Eccles cakes and Banbury cakes are small attack cakes filled with currants. other items served for afternoon tea [ 203 ] include teacakes, crumpets and pikelets, [ 204 ] English muffins, [ 205 ] Cornish saffron coat and buns, tea loaf of bread, malted loaf of bread, semen coat, rock candy cakes, flapjacks, jam tarts, maids of honor tarts, doughnuts and lardy cakes. [ 206 ] Lemon curd or honey [ 207 ] Cheese scones are made using grate cheese with a strong spirit such as Cheddar or Red Leicester. They may be served at afternoon tea as an alternative to jam, coat, small pastries and fruit tarts. [ 208 ] Teas are typically served in tearooms and hotels. There are respective types of fruited bun such as currant buns, Chelsea buns, Bath buns and hot cross buns ( the latter marking Good Friday ). [ 209 ] English Pancakes are served on Shrove Tuesday. [ 210 ] Types of English loaves, [ 211 ] generally leavened bread made using blank and/or wheaten bread flour milled from hard pale yellow, include farmhouse, [ 212 ] bungalow, [ 213 ] bloomer [ 214 ] cob, [ 215 ] Coburg, [ 216 ] crusted, [ 217 ] plait, [ 218 ] canister, [ 219 ] and sandwich. [ 220 ] Since the 1960s much commercially produced boodle has used the Chorleywood bread procedure, but from the 1990s there has been growing pastime in artisanal and home bake [ 221 ] equally well as sourdough bread. [ 222 ] Bread rolls are most normally round in human body and may be crusty or easy. [ 223 ]
cheese and other dairy products [edit ]
consumption of dairy products in England has varied over time. historically farms turned excess milk into cheese and households made simple cream cheese and bungalow cheese. [ 224 ] The coming of the railways meant fresh milk could be transported quickly to the cities. [ 225 ] Until the 1990s milk was generally delivered to customers in reclaimable looking glass milk bottles to the door by a milkman driving an electric milk float, but by 2018 supermarket sales of unlike kinds of milk in plastic cartons and of cream accounted for over 95 % of the market. [ 226 ] yellow sweetcream ( quite than lactic ) [ 227 ] butter is most common in England, in both salted and unsalted varieties. [ 228 ] Commercial standardization in the belated nineteenth century [ 229 ] led to a fairly large phone number of regional cheeses, including :
english cheesemaking was restricted by wartime rationing and the number of dairy farms has diminished well since the abolition of the Milk Marketing Board in 1994, [ 233 ] but many of the remaining producers sell added-value products such as artisanal cheese and farmhouse frosting cream [ 234 ] and there are now over 750 different cheeses. [ 235 ] Recent decades have seen English replica of french cheeses, such as Brie, [ 236 ] Camembert [ 237 ] and chèvre. [ 238 ] A count of british cheeses were accepted as having EU protected geographic condition. Homegrown artisanal cheeses are made by both long-established and newly producers. These include intemperate cheeses such as Lincolnshire Poacher, and semi-soft or soft cheeses, such as Stinking Bishop, Cornish Yarg and Oxford Blue .
Drinks [edit ]
Tea and beer are typical and quite iconic drinks in England. Beer is used metaphorically to refer to pleasure, as in cakes and ale and beer and skittles. Most tea intoxicated in England is black tea. [ 239 ] The types of individual origin tea most normally sold are Assam and Darjeeling from India, Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) and Lapsang Souchong from China. [ 240 ] English breakfast tea is a strong blend that goes well with milk and carbohydrate. Earl Grey tea is flavoured with bergamot. A cup of tea is often accompanied with a biscuit or piece of cake. Whilst tea drinking and tearooms have diminished since the emanation of moment coffee consumption in the 1970s [ 241 ] and global chains of coffee shops in the 1990s, [ 242 ] there has been a rapid growth in the numeral of breweries since the early 1970s. [ 243 ] This was driven initially by a renewed matter to in cask ale, stimulated by the Campaign for Real Ale and its Good Beer Guide, and more recently by the global influence of, particularly american, craft brew. [ 244 ] traditional English beer, [ 245 ] unlike laager, is made with warm/top-fermenting yeasts and encompasses acrimonious and pale ale, other ( less hoppy ) types of ale, doorkeeper [ 246 ] and stout. [ 247 ] Pale ale, when served draft, gained the name of acerb amongst drinkers in the foremost half of the nineteenth century because it was more hop than other ales of the time such as mild, but is by and large a lot less hopped than advanced american pale ale. [ 248 ] India picket ale was exported to India but besides consumed in England. [ 249 ] Pale ale has long been sold in bottle form and Burton Pale Ale enjoyed finical popularity. [ 250 ] Light ale is a low-alcohol bitter, frequently bottled. [ 251 ] More recently the terms gold ale [ 252 ] and amber ale [ 253 ] have been used to differentiate between pale ales of different shades. other types of ale include potent Burton Ale, [ 254 ] old ale, [ 255 ] barley wine, [ 256 ] mild ale, [ 257 ] and brown university ale. [ 258 ] Bitter became the prevailing English beer dash in the 1950s, largely supplanting meek ale and Burton ale, [ 259 ] and has consequently been described as “ the national drink of England ”. [ 260 ] Research in 2014 found that although “ beer fans divide equally between ale and lager drinkers … classic bitter is hush the favored for ale drinkers ”. [ 261 ] Cobra Beer is an Indian-style laager that was created in 1989 to be drunk with food, which is now brewed in Burton upon Trent and sold in about all indian restaurants. Cider and perry is produced in the West Country. [ 262 ] Scrumpy refers to rough dry farmhouse cider. Shandy is beer mix with a non-alcoholic drink, such as lemonade. [ 263 ] Ginger beer is a normally sold as a non-alcoholic, carbonate drink flavoured with ginger, but is sometimes brewed ( fermented ). [ 264 ] Magna Carta stated there should be a single measure for ale. [ 265 ] In public house beer and cider are served draft by the pint or runt, either in a square glass or a dimple glass tankard ( known as a jug ), [ 266 ] and may be drunk with nosh food ( e.g. chip, dry roasted or salted peanuts, and pork scratchings ) or a meal [ 267 ] however, the count of pubs fell by around a third between the early 1970s and 2017 [ 268 ] and since 2014 more beer has been sold in bottles by supermarkets and off licences ( off-trade ) than in public house ( on-trade ). [ 269 ] Marston ‘s Brewery and Greene King are the two largest brewers of agio barrel and bottled beers, having grown by acquisition. Shepherd Neame Brewery is the largest family-owned brewery .
Gin has been popular in England since the late seventeenth hundred and is shuffle with bracing body of water, ice and a slice of lemon. [ 270 ] Pimm ‘s No. 1 Cup, a gin-based drink containing a mix of herb and liquors, is used to make punch for summer social events. [ 271 ] The rise of micro-distilleries in England at the beginning of the twenty-first century led to an surge in pastime in both cotton gin and vodka. The south of England has seen the reintroduction of vineyards making english wine. [ 272 ] Lemon barley water, invented by Matthias Archibald Robinson in 1823, [ 273 ] is made by pouring pearl barley water over the rind and/or pulp of a lemon and adding boodle to taste. The Wimbledon tennis championships are associated with this drink .
folklore [edit ]
english folklore developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present all over England, but most belong to specific regions. Common folkloric beings include pixies, giants, elves, trolls, goblins and dwarves. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, for case the tales featuring Offa of Angel and Wayland the Smith, [ 274 ] others date from after the Norman conquest of England : Robin Hood and his Merry Men of Sherwood and their battles with the Sheriff of Nottingham are possibly the best acknowledge. [ 275 ] During the High Middle Ages tales originated from Brythonic traditions, notably the arthurian legend. [ 276 ] [ 277 ] Deriving from Welsh sources ; King Arthur, Excalibur and Merlin, while the Jersey poet Wace introduced the Knights of the Round Table. These stories are most centrally brought in concert within Geoffrey of Monmouth ‘s Historia Regum Britanniae. Another early figure from british tradition, King Cole, may have been based on a real calculate from Sub-Roman Britain. Many of the tales and pseudo-histories make up separate of the across-the-board Matter of Britain, a solicitation of shared british folklore .
english fagot narrative Goldilocks and the Three Bears is one of the most popular fagot tales in the english terminology. [ 278 ] Some family figures are based on semi-historical or historical people whose stories have been passed down the centuries ; Lady Godiva for exemplify was said to have ridden naked on horseback through Coventry, Hereward the Wake was a heroic english figure resisting the Norman invasion, Herne the Hunter is an equestrian ghost associated with Windsor Forest and Great Park ( whose narrative bears the coarse european folkloric motif of the Wild Hunt ) and Mother Shipton is the archetypal enchantress. [ 279 ] The chivalrous bandit, such as Dick Turpin, is a recurring character. There are assorted even surviving home and regional folk music activities, such as Morris dancing, Maypole dance, Rapper sword in the North East, Long Sword dance in Yorkshire, Mummers Plays, bottle-kicking in Leicestershire, and cheese-rolling at Cooper ‘s Hill. [ 280 ] There is no official national costume, but a few costumes are well established, such as the Pearly Kings and Queens associated with cockneys, the Royal Guard, the Morris costume and Beefeaters. [ 281 ] The utopian vision of a traditional England is sometimes referred to as Merry England. Published in 1724, A General History of the Pyrates by Captain Charles Johnson provided the standard report of the lives of many pirates in the Golden Age of Piracy. [ 282 ] Many celebrated English pirates from the Golden Age hailed from the West Country in the south west coast of England—the stereotyped West Country “ pirate stress “ was popularised by West Country native Robert Newton ‘s portrait of Long John Silver in film. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] The concept of “ walking the plank “ was popularised by J. M. Barrie ‘s novel, Peter Pan, where Captain Hook ‘s pirates helped define the original. [ 285 ] Davy Jones ‘ Locker where sailors or ship ‘s remains are consigned to the bottom of the ocean is foremost recorded by Daniel Defoe in 1726. [ 286 ] Johnson ‘s 1724 bible gave a fabulous status to celebrated english pirates such as Blackbeard and Calico Jack. Jack is known for his Jolly Roger flag design, a skull with crossed swords. [ 287 ] The Gremlin is separate of Royal Air coerce folklore dating from the 1920s, with elf being RAF slang for a arch creature that sabotages aircraft, meddling in the airplane ‘s equipment. [ 288 ] legendary figures from 19th hundred London whose tales have been romanticised include Sweeney Todd, the homicidal barber of Fleet Street, and serial killer Jack the Ripper. On 5 November, people in England make bonfires, set off fireworks and feed brittle apples in commemoration of the foil of Guy Fawkes ‘ Gunpowder Plot, which became an annual event after The Thanksgiving Act of 1606 was passed. [ 289 ] Guy Fawkes mask is an emblem for anti-establishment protest groups. [ 290 ] Witchcraft has featured in England for millennium. The function of a quartz glass ball to foretell the future is attributed to the druids. In medieval folklore King Arthur ‘s sorcerer, the charming Merlin, carried around a quartz glass ball for the lapp purpose. John Dee, adviser to Elizabeth I, frequently used a quartz glass ball to communicate with the angels. [ 291 ] probably the most celebrated depicting of witchcraft in literature is in Shakespeare ‘s 1606 play Macbeth, featuring the three witches and their caldron. The touch of Anne Boleyn is a frequently reported ghost spy in the UK. Differing accounts include seeing her ghostwriter ride up to Blickling Hall in a bus drawn by a headless horseman, with her own heading on her lick. [ 292 ]
The english speech [edit ]
Countries where English has official condition or is wide spoken The english lyric originated in England and is the native terminology of the english people. It is a member of the West Germanic language kin. The advanced English language evolved from Middle English ( the form of language in manipulation by the english people from the 12th to the fifteenth century ) ; Middle English was influenced lexically by Norman-French, Old French and Latin. In the Middle English time period Latin was the language of administration and the nobility spoke Norman French. Middle English was itself derived from the Old English of the Anglo-Saxon period ; in the Northern and Eastern parts of England the language of danish settlers had influenced the speech, a fact still apparent in Northern English dialects. There were once many different dialects of modern English in England, which were recorded in projects such as the English Dialect Dictionary ( deep nineteenth hundred ) and the Survey of English Dialects ( mid twentieth century ), but many of these have passed out of coarse use as Standard English has become more far-flung through education, the media and socio-economic pressures. [ 293 ] Received Pronunciation is considered the most prestigious accent in England. Despite the nation ‘s relatively little size, there are many distinct regional accents, and individuals with particularly strong accents may not be easily sympathize everywhere in the state. [ 294 ] cornish, a celtic terminology, is one of three existing Brythonic languages ; its usage has been revived in Cornwall. Historically, another Brythonic Celtic speech, Cumbric, was spoken in Cumbria in North West England. Early Modern English began in the late fifteenth hundred with the introduction of the printing press to London and the Great Vowel Shift. Through the global influence of the british Empire, English spread around the earth from the 17th to mid-20th centuries. Through newspapers, books, the cable, the telephone, record player records, radio, satellite television receiver, broadcasters ( such as the BBC ) and the Internet, a well as the emergence of the United States as a ball-shaped world power, Modern English has become the international lyric of business, skill, communication, sports, aviation, and diplomacy. In schools, speech teaching is compulsory from the age of seven. french, german, and spanish are normally taught in all schools. Arabic, Bengali, Mandarin, Greek, Gujarati, Modern Hebrew, Italian, japanese, Punjabi, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Turkish, and Urdu are besides teach. [ 295 ]
Surnames [edit ]
| Rank | Surname | Origin | Percentage[296] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Smith | England | 1.44 |
| 2 | Jones | Wales | 0.75 |
| 3 | Taylor | England | 0.59 |
| 4 | Brown | England | 0.56 |
| 5 | Williams | Wales | 0.39 |
| 6 | Wilson | England | 0.39 |
| 7 | Johnson | England | 0.37 |
| 8 | Davis | Wales | 0.34 |
| 9 | Robinson | England | 0.32 |
| 10 | Wright | England | 0.32 |
| 11 | Thompson | England | 0.31 |
| 12 | Evans | Wales | 0.30 |
| 13 | Walker | England | 0.30 |
| 14 | White | England | 0.30 |
| 15 | Roberts | Wales | 0.28 |
| 16 | Green | England | 0.28 |
| 17 | Hall | England | 0.28 |
| 18 | Woods | England and Scotland | 0.27 |
| 19 | Jackson | England, Scotland and Ireland | 0.27 |
| 20 | Clarke | England and Ireland | 0.26 |
The jurisprudence [edit ]
english law is the legal system of England and Wales. [ 297 ] due to the british Empire, it has been exported across the world : it is the footing of common law jurisprudence. [ 298 ] The eighteenth hundred English jurist, judge and politician Sir William Blackstone is best known for his seminal work, Commentaries on the Laws of England, containing his formulation : “ It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer ”, a principle that government and the courts must err on the side of purity, which has remained constant. [ 299 ] Sir William Garrow ushered in the adversarial woo system in coarse law. He coined the phrase “ presume innocent until testify guilty “, insisting that defendants ‘ accusers and their tell be thoroughly tested in court. [ 300 ] major constitutional documents include : Magna Carta ( foundation of the “ great writ ” Habeas corpus —safeguarding individual freedom against arbitrary state of matter military action ), the Bill of Rights 1689 ( one provision granting freedom of speech in Parliament ), Petition of Right, Habeas Corpus Act 1679 and Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949. The judge Albert Venn Dicey wrote that the british Habeas Corpus Acts “ declare no principle and define no rights, but they are for hardheaded purposes worth a hundred built-in articles guaranteeing individual familiarity ”. [ 301 ] A strong preach of the “ unwritten united states constitution ”, Dicey stated English rights were embedded in English common law, and “ the institutions and manners of the state ”. [ 302 ]
charitable organizations [edit ]
England has a hard civil club. Children in Need and Comic Relief are democratic charitable events broadcast by the BBC annual drawing in millions of pounds for charity from viewers. charitable organizations for healthcare, nature, wildlife, animals, club, inheritance and education are far-flung. The british Heart Foundation, St. John Ambulance, British Red Cross, Dogs Trust, Arts Council England, Duke of Edinburgh Awards, and the Prince ‘s Trust are some noteworthy charities. [ 303 ]
religion [edit ]
christianity became the dominant religion in England in the seventh hundred. polytheistic indo-european religions, often referred to as paganism, were practised before Christianity took keep. The most celebrated of these religions were celtic polytheism, Roman polytheism and Anglo-Saxon paganism, which was the religion of the early english people, or Anglo-Saxons, and which was in many ways very similar to the closely refer Norse paganism practised by the scandinavian peoples and that would late be introduced to England by the Danes. Christianity was first established in Britain by the Roman Empire. According to legend, Christianity was introduced to Britain by Joseph of Arimathea, who came to Glastonbury. There is besides a custom ascribing this accomplishment to Lucius of Britain. archaeological testify for christian communities begins to appear in the 3rd and 4th centuries. The Romano-British population after the withdrawal of the Roman legions remained largely Christian. The anglo-saxon invaders and settlers who replaced them, founding the english nation, represented a stark return to pre-christian religion for Britain. From the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons beginning in the fourth hundred until the arrival of the augustinian Mission in 597 AD, England was entirely heathen, and the pre-christian Germanic religion was practised openly in pockets throughout the state for many decades after this .
Christianity was reintroduced into England by missionaries from Scotland and from Continental Europe : the era of Augustine of Canterbury, the beginning Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Celtic Christian missionaries in the north ( notably Aidan of Lindisfarne and Cuthbert who came from Scotland ) began in 597 AD. early english christian documents from this time include the 7th-century light Lindisfarne Gospels and the historical accounts written by Bede. The Durham Gospels is a Gospel reserve produced at Lindisfarne. In 1536, the Church of England rent from Rome over the issue of the divorce ( technically, the marriage annulment ) of King Henry VIII from Catherine of Aragon. The split led to the emergence of a separate ecclesiastical authority. subsequently the influence of the Reformation resulted in the Church of England adopting its distinctive reformed Catholic place known as Anglicanism which maintains episcopacy while adopting a Lutheran theology. For more detail of this period see the be article : timeline of the English Reformation. today, the Church of England is the established church in England. It regards itself as in continuity with the pre-Reformation state Catholic church ( something the Roman Catholic Church does not accept ) and has been a distinct Anglican church since the village under Elizabeth I of England ( with some disruption during the 17th-century Commonwealth of England period ). The british Monarch is formally Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Its spiritual drawing card is the Archbishop of Canterbury, who is regarded by conventionality as the oral sex of the global Anglican Communion. In drill the Church of England is governed by the General Synod of the Church of England, under the authority of Parliament. The church of England ‘s deputation to spread the Gospel has seen the establishment of many churches in the Anglican Communion throughout the universe peculiarly in the Commonwealth of Nations. A solid tradition of Methodism developed from the eighteenth century ahead. The Methodist revival was started in England by a group of men including John Wesley and his younger buddy Charles Wesley as a apparent motion within the Church of England ; it developed as a separate appellation after John Wesley ‘s death. other non-conformist protestant church traditions were besides established in England. Saint George is recognised as the patron saint of England. Before Edward III, Edmund the Martyr was recognised as England ‘s patron saint, and the flag of England consists of the Saint George ‘s Cross. however, Saint Alban is venerated by some as England ‘s first christian martyr. Change ring is the traditional method acting of doorbell ringing in English churches, coordinate by the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers [ 304 ] and promoted by societies such as the Ancient Society of College Youths and the Society of Royal Cumberland Youths. Change surround is central to The Nine Tailors by Dorothy L. Sayers, voted the best crime novel of the 1930s by the british Crime Writers ‘ Association. [ 305 ]
celebration of Christmas [edit ]
A Christmas Carol played a major role in reviving the “spirit” of Christmas and seasonal goodwillCharles Dickens ‘ 1843 novellaplayed a major role in reviving the “spirit” of Christmas and seasonal goodwill In 17th-century England, the Puritans condemned the celebration of Christmas. [ 306 ] In contrast, the Anglican Church “ pressed for a more complicate observation of feasts, penitential seasons, and saints ‘ days. The calendar reform became a major point of tension between the Anglicans and Puritans. ” [ 307 ] The Catholic Church besides responded, promoting the festival in a more religiously oriented form. King Charles I of England directed his noblemen and gentry to return to their landed estates in midwinter to keep up their old-style Christmas generosity. Following the parliamentarian victory over Charles I during the English Civil War, Puritan rulers banned Christmas in 1647. [ 308 ] Protests followed as pro-Christmas rioting broke out in several cities and for weeks Canterbury was controlled by the rioters, who decorated doorways with holly and shouted monarchist slogans. [ 306 ] The book, The Vindication of Christmas ( London, 1652 ), argued against the Puritans, and makes note of Old English Christmas traditions, dinner, knock apples on the ardor, calling card play, dances with “ plow-boys ” and “ maidservants ”, old Father Christmas and carol whistle. [ 309 ] The Restoration of King Charles II in 1660 ended the prohibition. Following the Restoration, Poor Robin’s Almanack contained the lines : “ now thanks to God for Charles return key, / Whose absence made old Christmas mourn. / For then we barely did it know, / Whether it Christmas were or no. ” [ 310 ] In the early nineteenth century, writers imagined Tudor Christmas as a time of dear celebration. In 1843, Charles Dickens wrote the novel A Christmas Carol that helped revive the “ spirit ” of Christmas and seasonal gaiety. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] Dickens sought to construct Christmas as a family-centred festival of generosity, in contrast to the community-based and church-centred observations, the honoring of which had dwindled during the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century. [ 313 ] Dickens influenced many aspects of Christmas that are celebrated nowadays in western culture, such as family gatherings, seasonal food and drink, dancing, games, and a gay generosity of spirit. [ 314 ] A outstanding phrase from the narrative, “ Merry Christmas ”, was popularized following the appearance of the fib. [ 315 ] The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser, with “ Bah ! humbug ! ” dismissive of the gay intent. [ 312 ] The revival of the Christmas Carol began with William Sandys ‘s Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern ( 1833 ), with the first appearance in print of “ The First Noel “, “ I Saw Three Ships “, “ Hark the Herald Angels Sing “ and “ God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen “. In 1843 the first commercial Christmas calling card was produced by Henry Cole leading to the substitution of gay greet cards among the populace. [ 316 ]
science [edit ]
The English have played a significant role in the development of skill and technology. big english figures from the field of science and mathematics include Sir Isaac Newton, Michael Faraday, Charles Darwin, Robert Hooke, James Prescott Joule, John Dalton, Lord Rayleigh, J. J. Thomson, James Chadwick, Charles Babbage, George Boole, Alan Turing, Tim Berners-Lee, Paul Dirac, Stephen Hawking, Peter Higgs, Roger Penrose, John Horton Conway, Thomas Bayes, Arthur Cayley, G. H. Hardy, Oliver Heaviside, Andrew Wiles, Edward Jenner, Francis Crick, Joseph Lister, Joseph Priestley, Thomas Young, Christopher Wren and Richard Dawkins. Some experts claim that the earliest concept of a metric unit organization was invented by John Wilkins, the first secretary of the Royal Society, in 1668. [ 318 ] England has been a leading center of the Scientific Revolution since the seventeenth century. [ 319 ] As the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, England was home to many significant inventors during the deep 18th and early on 19th centuries. celebrated english engineers include Isambard Kingdom Brunel, best known for the creation of the Great Western Railway, a series of celebrated steamships, and numerous important bridges, hence revolutionising public transportation and contemporary mastermind. [ 320 ] Thomas Newcomen ‘s steam engine helped spawn the Industrial Revolution. [ 321 ] It is home to the Royal Institution, the Royal Society, the Greenwich Observatory and its associate acme. The parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Science, Research and Innovation has responsibility for science in England. [ 322 ] The Father of Railways, George Stephenson, built the foremost public inter-city railway agate line in the world, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830. With his role in the marketing and manufacture of the steam engine, and invention of modern neologism, Matthew Boulton ( business spouse of James Watt ) is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history. [ 323 ] The doctor Edward Jenner ‘s smallpox vaccine is said to have “ saved more lives … than were lost in all the wars of world since the begin of record history. ” [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ]
Inventions and discoveries of the English include : the jet engine, the first industrial spin machine, the first computer and the inaugural modern calculator, the World Wide Web along with HTML, the inaugural successful human blood transfusion, the motorized vacuum cleaner, [ 328 ] the lawn lawn mower, the seat belt, the hovercraft, the electric motor, steam engines, and theories such as the Darwinian hypothesis of evolution and atomic hypothesis. Newton developed the ideas of universal gravity, newtonian mechanics, and calculus, and Robert Hooke his eponymously named police of elasticity. other inventions include the iron plate railroad track, the thermosiphon, tarmacadam, the rubber band, the mousetrap, “ vomit ‘s eye ” road marker, joint growth of the light bulb, steam locomotives, the modern source drill and many modern techniques and technologies used in preciseness engineer. [ 329 ] The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, [ 330 ] is a erudite society and the United Kingdom ‘s home academy of sciences. Founded on 28 November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as “ The Royal Society ”. [ 330 ] It is the oldest home scientific institution in the world. [ 331 ] The company fulfils a phone number of roles : promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, fostering international and global co-operation, education and public engagement. [ 332 ] The Royal Society started from groups of physicians and natural philosophers, meet at a diverseness of locations, including Gresham College in London. They were influenced by the “ modern skill “, as promoted by Francis Bacon in his New Atlantis, from approximately 1645 onwards. [ 333 ] A group known as “ The Philosophical Society of Oxford ” was run under a set of rules still retained by the Bodleian Library. [ 334 ] After the english Restoration, there were unconstipated meetings at Gresham College. [ 335 ] It is widely held that these groups were the inspiration for the basis of the Royal Society. [ 334 ]
Industrial Revolution [edit ]
The Industrial Revolution began in England ascribable to the social, economic and political changes implemented in the previous centuries. Whereas absolute monarchy stayed the normal phase of power performance through most parts of Europe, institutions ensured property rights and political guard to English people after the glorious Revolution of 1688. Aided by these legal and cultural foundations, an entrepreneurial intent and consumer revolution drove industrialization in Britain. [ 336 ] Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output signal from the Royal Society and other english initiatives combined with the scots Enlightenment created excessive innovations in skill and engineer. [ 337 ] Domestically it drove the Industrial Revolution, resulting in industrialized department of agriculture, industry, engineering and mine, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as raw and initiate road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and growth. [ 337 ] The first step of Northwest England ‘s Bridgewater Canal in 1761 usher in the canal long time in Britain. [ 338 ] [ 339 ] In 1825 the world ‘s first permanent wave steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway – the Stockton and Darlington Railway – opened to the public. [ 338 ] Geographical and natural resource advantages of Great Britain besides contributed, with the state ‘s extensive coastlines and many navigable rivers in an age when water was the easiest means of transportation system along with its had high quality ember. According to british historian Jeremy Black, “ an unprecedented explosion of newly ideas, and newly technological inventions, transformed our habit of energy, creating an increasingly industrial and urbanize state. Roads, railways and canals were built. great cities appeared. Scores of factories and mills sprang up. Our landscape would never be the same again. It was a revolution that transformed not merely the nation, but the world itself. ” [ 340 ]
The eighteenth century entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood is credited with the industrialization of the manufacture of pottery. Meeting the demands of the consumer revolution and emergence in wealth of the middle classes in Britain, Wedgwood created goods such as tableware, which was starting to become a common feature on dining tables. [ 340 ] Credited as the inventor of mod market, Wedgwood pioneered direct mail, money back guarantees, travelling salesmen, carrying pattern boxes for display, self-service, free pitch, buy one get one free, and illustrated catalogues. [ 341 ] Described as “ natural capitalists ” by the BBC, dynasties of Quakers were successful in commercial enterprise and contributed the Industrial Revolution. This included ironmaking by Abraham Darby I and his family ; bank, including Lloyds Banking Group ( founded by Sampson Lloyd ), [ 342 ] Barclays PLC, [ 342 ] Backhouse ‘s Bank and Gurney ‘s Bank ; life sentence assurance ( Friends Provident ) ; pharmaceuticals ( Allen & Hanburys [ 342 ] ) ; the big three british chocolate companies, Cadbury, [ 342 ] Fry ‘s [ 342 ] and Rowntree [ 342 ] ) ; cookie fabrication ( Huntley & Palmers [ 342 ] ) ; match industry ( Bryant and May ) and shoe manufacture ( Clarks ). With his character in the selling and manufacture of James Watt ‘s steam engine, and invention of modern neologism, Matthew Boulton is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history. [ 343 ] other important english engineers and inventors in the Industrial Revolution include : George Stephenson, Richard Arkwright, Henry Maudslay and Isambard Kingdom Brunel. England has the oldest railroad track networks in the world ; the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened in 1825, was the first public railroad track to use steam locomotives. [ 344 ] Opened in 1863, London Underground is the world ‘s inaugural underground railroad track. [ 345 ] Known as the “ Father of Railways ”, Stephenson ‘s rail gauge of 4 feet 8+1⁄2 inches ( 1,435 millimeter ) is the standard gauge for most of the universe ‘s railways. Henry Maudsley ‘s most influential invention was the screw-cutting lathe, a car which created uniformity in screws and allowed for the application of exchangeable parts ( a prerequisite for aggregate production ) : it was a revolutionary development necessary for the Industrial Revolution. [ 346 ] [ 347 ] Brunel created the Great Western Railway, vitamin a well as celebrated steamships including the SS Great Britain, the foremost propeller-driven ocean-going iron transport, and SS Great Eastern which laid the first lasting transatlantic telegraph cable. [ 348 ]
philosophy [edit ]
England has been the cradle of many identical significant philosophers who have contributed to the exploitation of philosophic currents such as liberalism, utilitarianism, exempt think, enlightened remember, empiricism, political philosophy and analytic philosophy. The ideas of these thinkers have influenced nonnatural diachronic events such as the Age of Enlightenment, the 1776 Declaration of Independence of the United States, the french Revolution, and the 1948 United Nations ‘ Universal Declaration of Human Rights .
- Thomas More (1478–1535) addressed the social problems of humanity in his summit work, Utopia (1516). The rest of his works have as a common thread the exaltation of idealism and the condemnation of tyranny.
- Francis Bacon (1561–1626) developed philosophical and scientific empiricism, which made him one of the pioneers of modern scientific thinking in developing the experimental scientific method. His most prominent philosophical works are The Advancement of Knowledge (1605), Novum Organum or Indications related to the interpretation of nature (1620).
- Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) was a very influential figure in the development of Western political philosophy through his work Leviathan (1651), a treatise on the nature of human beings and how societies are organized.
- John Locke (1632–1704) is considered the father of enlightened thought, one of the most influential thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment, and one of the founders of social contract theory, epistemology and political philosophy .
- Thomas Paine (1737–1809) had great influence through his writings on social democracy, claiming land ownership, freethinking, religion and slavery, in the American revolutionaries who led the independence of that country.
- Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) developed the utilitarian doctrine, embodied in his main work: Introduction to the principles of morality and legislation (1789). In addition, it left strengthened and appropriate the concept of Deontology widely used in laws and codes of professional work that looks to the future.
- John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) was a representative of the classical and theoretical economic school of utilitarianism. In his work on freedom, he exposes his fundamental ideas about the limits of freedom of the individual and society.
- Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) was a philosopher, mathematician, logician and writer, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, and known for his influence on analytical philosophy in the early twentieth century.
mutant [edit ]
England has a impregnable frolic inheritance and many sports were codified by the English, and then spread worldwide, including badminton, cricket, croquet, football, airfield field hockey, lawn tennis, rugby league, rugby union, table tennis and thoroughbred knight race. In the deep eighteenth hundred, the english crippled of rounders was transported to the american english Colonies, where it evolved into baseball. Association football, cricket, rugby union and rugby league are considered to be the national sports of England. The rules of football were first drafted in 1863 by Ebenezer Cobb Morley, and England has the oldest football clubs in the universe. [ 350 ] Recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football, Sheffield F.C., founded in 1857, is the world ‘s oldest football baseball club. [ 351 ] The first always international football match was between England and Scotland in 1872. [ 352 ] Referred to by the frolic ‘s governing body FIFA as the “ home plate of football ”, England hosted the 1966 FIFA World Cup, and won the tournament. [ 353 ] With a 32.3 million screening audience, the 1966 final is the most watch television receiver event always in the United Kingdom. [ 354 ] The English Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world. [ 355 ] Its biggest clubs include Manchester United, Liverpool, Arsenal, Chelsea, Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City. In 2016, Leicester City, who were 5,000–1 outsiders at the get down of the season, became champions. [ 356 ] By some measures it was the greatest sporting overturn ever : multiple bookmakers had never paid out at such long odds for any sport. [ 356 ]
cricket is by and large thought to have been developed in the early chivalric period among the farm and metalworking communities of the Weald. [ 358 ] The England cricket team is a complex England and Wales, team. One of the game ‘s peak rivalries is The Ashes serial between England and Australia, contested since 1882. The orgasm of the 2005 Ashes was viewed by 7.4 million as it was available on terrestrial television receiver. [ 359 ] England has hosted five Cricket World Cups ( 1975, 1979, 1983, 1999 and 2019 ), winning the 2019 version in a final see as one of the greatest one day internationals ever played. [ 360 ] They hosted the ICC World Twenty20 in 2009, winning this format in 2010 beat rivals Australia in the concluding. In the domestic competition, the County Championship, Yorkshire are by far the most successful club having won the contest 32 times instantaneously and sharing it on 1 early occasion. [ 361 ] Lord ‘s Cricket Ground situated in London is sometimes referred to as the “ Mecca of Cricket ”. [ 362 ] Rugby union originated in Rugby School, Warwickshire in the early nineteenth century. [ 363 ] The England rugby union team won the 2003 Rugby World Cup, with Jonny Wilkinson scoring the winning drop goal in the last minute of extra clock against Australia. England was one of the host nations of the competition in the 1991 Rugby World Cup and besides hosted the 2015 Rugby World Cup. [ 364 ] The top flat of club engagement is the english Premiership. Leicester Tigers, London Wasps, Bath Rugby and Northampton Saints have had success in the Europe-wide Heineken Cup. Rugby league was born in Huddersfield in 1895. Since 2008, the England national rugby league team has been a broad test nation in stead of the Great Britain national rugby league team, which won three World Cups but is immediately retired. Club sides play in Super League, the contemporary embodiment of the Rugby Football League Championship. Rugby League is most popular among towns in the northern English counties of Lancashire, Yorkshire and Cumbria. [ 365 ] The huge majority of English clubs in Super League are based in the north of England. Some of the most successful clubs include Wigan Warriors, Hull F.C. St. Helens, Leeds Rhinos and Huddersfield Giants ; the former three have all won the World Club Challenge previously. William Penny Brookes was big in organising the format for the modern Olympic Games. In 1994, then President of the IOC, Juan Antonio Samaranch, laid a wreath on Brooke ‘s dangerous, and said, “ I came to pay court and protection to Dr Brookes, who very was the founder of the modern Olympic Games ”. [ 366 ] London has hosted the Summer Olympic Games three times, in 1908, 1948, and 2012. England competes in the Commonwealth Games, held every four years. Sport England is the governing torso creditworthy for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England. The Minister for Sport and Civil Society has responsibility for sport in England. England, and other countries of the United Kingdom, compete as a break nations in some international sport events. The England cricket team actually represents England and Wales. [ 367 ] however, in the Olympic Games, England competes as character of the Great Britain team. english supporters are now more probable to carry the Cross of Saint George masthead than the british Union Flag. [ 368 ]
[369] first played in 1877, the Wimbledon Championships is the oldest tennis tournament in the world. tennis was created in Birmingham in the late nineteenth hundred, and the Wimbledon Championships is the oldest tennis tournament in the universe, and widely considered the most prestigious. [ 370 ] Major Walter Clopton Wingfield is credited as being a pioneer of the game. [ 371 ] The world ‘s oldest tennis tournament, the Wimbledon championships, foremost occurred in 1877, and today the event takes place over two weeks in deep June and early July. [ 369 ] Created in the Tudor period in the court of Henry VIII, the English dessert strawberries and cream is synonymous with the English summer, and is excellently consumed at Wimbledon. [ 372 ] football maintains a consistent popularity across the nation and is frequently indicative mood of trends across wide polish in England, such as in invest and music. different sports immediately represent the different social classes within England. Rugby league, for case, was traditionally associated with the old mill towns of northwest England, whereas cricket and rugby union have their origins in the public schools of the 18th and 19th centuries respectively. Since 1829 an annual row rush between the Cambridge University Boat Club and the Oxford University Boat Club, rowed between men ‘s and women ‘s open-weight eights on the River Thames, has taken seat. It is besides known as the University Boat Race and the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. golf has been big in England ; due in region to its cultural and geographic ties to Scotland, the home of Golf. [ 373 ] There are both professional tour for men and women, in two independent tours : the PGA and the european Tour. England has produced expansive slam winners : Cyril Walker, Tony Jacklin, Nick Faldo, and Justin Rose in the men ‘s and Laura Davies, Alison Nicholas, and Karen Stupples in the women ‘s. The world ‘s oldest golf tournament, and golf ‘s first major is The open Championship, played both in England and Scotland. The biennial golf competition, the Ryder Cup, is named after English businessman Samuel Ryder who sponsored the event and donated the trophy. [ 374 ] Nick Faldo is the most successful Ryder Cup actor ever, having won the most points ( 25 ) of any player on either the European or US teams. [ 375 ] In boxing, under the Marquess of Queensberry Rules, England has produced many global champions across the system of weights divisions internationally recognised by the governing bodies. World champions include Bob Fitzsimmons, Ted “ Kid ” Lewis, Randolph Turpin, Nigel Benn, Chris Eubank, Frank Bruno, Lennox Lewis, Ricky Hatton, Naseem Hamed, Amir Khan, Carl Froch, and David Haye. [ 376 ] In women ‘s box, Nicola Adams became the world ‘s first charwoman to win an Olympic box amber decoration at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Originating in 17th and 18th-century England, the thoroughbred is a cavalry engender best known for its manipulation in knight race. The National Hunt horse race the Grand National, is held annually at Aintree Racecourse in early April. It is the most determine cavalry rush in the UK, attracting fooling observers, and three-time achiever Red Rum is the most successful racehorse in the event ‘s history. [ 377 ] Red Rum is besides the best-known racehorse in the nation. [ 378 ] The 1950 british Grand Prix at Silverstone was the beginning race in the newly created Formula One World Championship. [ 379 ] Since then, England has produced some of the greatest drivers in the sport, including ; John Surtees, Stirling Moss, Graham Hill ( entirely driver to have won the Triple Crown ), Nigel Mansell ( merely man to hold F1 and IndyCar titles at the same time ), Damon Hill, Lewis Hamilton and Jenson Button. [ 380 ] It has manufactured some of the most technically advanced race cars, and many of nowadays ‘s race companies choose England as their base of operations for its technology cognition and constitution. McLaren Automotive, Williams F1, Team Lotus, Honda, Brawn GP, Benetton, Renault, and Red Bull Racing are all, or have been, located in the confederacy of England. England besides has a deep inheritance in Grand Prix motorcycle race, the premier backing of motorbike road race, and produced respective World Champions across all the respective course of motorbike : Mike Hailwood, John Surtees, Phil Read, Geoff Duke, and Barry Sheene. Darts is a widely popular sport in England ; a professional competitive sport, darts is a traditional public house crippled. The sport is governed by the World Darts Federation, one of its extremity organisations is the british Darts Organisation ( BDO ), which annually stages the BDO World Darts Championship, the other being the Professional Darts Corporation ( PDC ), which runs its own world championship at Alexandra Palace in London. Phil Taylor is widely regarded as the best darts player of all time, having won 187 professional tournaments, and a record 16 World Championships. [ 381 ] [ 382 ] Trina Gulliver is the ten-time Women ‘s World Professional Darts Champion of the british Darts Organisation. Another popular sport normally associated with public house games is Snooker, and England has produced several world champions, including Steve Davis and Ronnie O’Sullivan. The English are lament sailors and enjoy competitive sailing ; initiation and winning some of the populace ‘s most celebrated and respected international competitive tournaments across the versatile race formats, including the match slipstream, a regatta, and the America ‘s Cup. England has produced some of the world ‘s greatest sailors, including Francis Chichester, Herbert Hasler, John Ridgway, Robin Knox-Johnston, Ellen MacArthur, Mike Golding, Paul Goodison, and the most successful Olympic boater ever Ben Ainslie .
department of education [edit ]
[383] King Alfred the Great statue in Winchester, Hampshire. The 9th-century English king encouraged education in his kingdom, and proposed that primary coil education be taught in English, with those wishing to advance to holy orders to continue their studies in Latin England has a long history of promoting education. [ 384 ] During the Middle Ages, schools were established to teach latin grammar to the sons of the gentry destined for priesthood or monk work with the ministry of government or the law. Two universities were established in affiliation with the church : the University of Oxford, followed by the University of Cambridge, to assist in the further discipline of the Catholic Christian clergy. There is testify of teaching at Oxford ampere early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the english-speaking world, the world ‘s second-oldest university in continuous operation and one of the most prestigious academician institutions in the world. [ 385 ] [ 386 ] Founded in 1209 [ 387 ] and granted a royal rent by Henry III in 1231, the University of Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the english-speaking world and the world ‘s fourth-oldest outlive university, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as one of the most esteemed academician institutions in the populace. [ 388 ] [ 389 ] Apprenticeship was the chief way for youths to enter practical occupations. [ 390 ] independent schools have a long history in England ; some were set up before the tenth hundred. The oldest is King ‘s School, Canterbury, which was founded in 597. A group of these schools, much later, invoked the mention “ public school “ to indicate that they were exposed to the public careless of religious beliefs. In Tudor times, Edward VI reorganised grammar schools and instituted new ones so that there was a national organization of “ free grammar schools. ” In hypothesis these were open to all, offering complimentary tutelage to those who could not afford to pay fees. In 1562 the Statute of Artificers and Apprentices was passed to regulate and protect the apprenticeship system, forbidding anyone from practising a deal or craft without first serving a 7-year period as an apprentice to a passkey. Guilds controlled many trades and used apprenticeships to control entrance. [ 391 ] Most schools came under department of state control in the victorian era. initially, schools were categorised as baby schools, elementary schools and secondary schools ( split into more academic grammar schools and more vocational Secondary modern schools ). England has many freelancer ( fee-paying ) schools, some founded hundreds of years ago ; independent secondary coil schools are known as public schools. Eton College, Harrow School, Shrewsbury School and Rugby School are four of the best-known. The nature and peculiarities of these public schools have frequently featured in english literature. department of state schools are government-funded schools which provide education loose of charge to pupils. There are a number of categories of English state-funded schools including academy schools, grammar schools, residential district schools, faith schools, foundation schools, loose schools, studio schools, university technical colleges, and a number of state board schools and city technology colleges. About one third of English state-funded schools are Faith schools ; [ 392 ] i.e. affiliated with religious groups, most frequently from the Church of England ( approximately 2/3 of religion schools ), or the Roman Catholic Church ( around 3/10 ). [ 393 ] A total of state-funded secondary coil schools are Specialist schools, receiving extra financing to develop one or more subjects which the school specialises. Most primary and secondary schools have compulsory school uniforms. Allowances are about constantly made to accommodate religious dress, including the Islamic hijab and Sikh bangle ( kara ). For each of the statutory course of study subjects, the Secretary of State for Education is required to set out a program of Study which outlines the content and matters which must be taught in subjects at the relevant Key Stages. [ 394 ] The most recently published National Curriculum was introduced into schools in September 2014 .
Higher education students normally attend university from age 18 onwards, where they study for an academic degree. There are over 90 universities in England, all but one of which are public institutions like the University of Warwick in Warwickshire. Grammar schools can be ran by the local authority, a foundation body or an academy trust. They select their pupils based on academic ability. [ 395 ] The original determination of chivalric grammar schools was the teaching of Latin. Over time the course of study was broadened, first to include Ancient Greek, and late English and early european languages, natural sciences, mathematics, history, geography, and other subjects. In areas children can enter a esteemed grammar school ; there are besides a number of isolated amply selective grammar schools and a few twelve partially selective schools. [ 396 ] The oldest state school in England is Beverley Grammar School, which was founded in 700 AD. [ 397 ] England ‘s universities include some of the highest-ranked universities in the world ; University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, Imperial College London, University College London and King ‘s College London are all ranked in the ball-shaped top 30 in the 2018 QS World University Rankings. [ 398 ] The London School of Economics has been described as the world ‘s precede social skill initiation for both teaching and research. [ 399 ] The London Business School is considered one of the earth ‘s precede business schools and in 2010 its MBA program was ranked best in the world by the Financial Times. [ 400 ] Academic degrees in England are normally split into classes : first class ( 1st ), upper second class ( 2:1 ), lower second class ( 2:2 ), third base ( 3rd ), and unclassified. [ 401 ] The Secretary of State for Education is responsible to Parliament for education. [ 402 ] Standards in express schools are monitored and inspected by the Office for Standards in Education, and in private schools by the Independent Schools Inspectorate. [ 403 ] In 2011, the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS ) rated 13–14-year-old pupils in England 10th in the world for maths and 9th for science. [ 404 ] The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD presently ranks the overall cognition and skills of british 15-year-olds as 13th in the world in literacy, mathematics, and skill with the median british scholar scoring 503.7, above the OECD average. [ 405 ]
Media [edit ]
England shares a rich television and broadcast medium inheritance with the lie of the United Kingdom. Although cinema, dramaturgy, dance and live music are democratic, the darling pastime is watching television. [ 406 ] The television receiver channels include BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5 a well as other television channels specializing in entertainment, play, acculturation, arts, crafts, skill, travel, nature, sports and comedy. [ 407 ] Television networks include UKTV channels such as yesterday, Eden and Dave owned by BBC Studios. [ 408 ] The broadcaster Sky has several flagship channels, including Sky Arts, Sky Atlantic, Sky Cinema, and Sky Nature. [ 409 ] The BBC is a publicly funded broadcaster that has been in service since 1922, paid by tax. Its mission is to inform, educate, and entertain. [ 410 ] Channel 4 is similarly chartered to the BBC, with a postpone to provide public overhaul air and schools programs, however it runs commercial advertisements to provide a gross flow. It produces a issue of digital channels, branded as Channel 4, vitamin a well as More4 and Film4. [ 411 ] The Royal Television Society is an educational charity for the discussion, and analysis of television in all its forms, past, show, and future. It is the oldest television receiver club in the populace. [ 412 ] radio receiver in the United Kingdom is dominated by the BBC, which operates radio stations both in the United Kingdom and abroad. The BBC World Service radio receiver network is broadcast in 33 languages globally. other radio broadcasters are Heart Radio, Classic FM, and Smooth Radio. The most democratic radio post by number of listeners is BBC Radio 2, closely followed by BBC Radio 4 and BBC Radio 1. In the summer temper, BBC radios organize a number of musical concerts featuring national and international music artists in celebrated capable parks and gardens. BBC News, BBC Parliament, ITV News, Channel 4 News, and Sky News are the area ‘s most dominant news broadcasters. Radio, television, and air are regulated by Ofcom. [ 413 ] Newspapers produced in England include Financial Times, The Guardian and The Times. [ 414 ] The Economist is besides a wide understand magazine covering current affairs, international business, politics, skill and engineering. A big range of magazines are sold in the United Kingdom covering most interests and potential topics. english magazines and journals that have achieved cosmopolitan circulation include Nature, New Scientist, The Spectator, Prospect, NME, and the Radio Times. Apollo is a widely read fine arts magazine covering the arts of all periods from antiquity to the present. The National Trust and English Heritage have their own monthly membership magazines devoted to photography, inheritance, nature, wildlife, landscapes, and arts. other popular magazines include BBC Gardeners’ World, BBC History Magazine, BBC Science Focus, BBC Sky at Night, BBC Music, BBC Good Food, Country Life, The World of Interiors, and Classic & Sports Car .
National symbols [edit ]
The English use as their national sag the bolshevik crossbreed of St George. St George ‘s Day is marked as the day of the patron ideal, and is besides celebrated as the day of the birth and death of William Shakespeare. In 1198, King Richard the Lionheart introduced the coat of arms of England, depicting three lions. [ 415 ] The three lions form the basis of several emblems of English national sports teams, such as the England national football team, [ 416 ] and the English national cricket team ( though in blue quite than gold ). The English oak and the Tudor rose are besides english symbols ; a overhaul version of the rose is used by the England home rugby union team. The Barbary lion is a national animal of England. In the Middle Ages, the lions kept in the menagerie at the Tower of London were Barbary lions. [ 417 ] English medieval warrior rulers with a reputation for fearlessness attracted the nickname “ the Lion ” : the most celebrated example is Richard I of England, known as Richard the Lionheart. Lions are frequently depicted in English heraldry, either as a device on shields themselves, or as supporters. They besides appear in sculpt, and sites of national importance. The lion is used as a symbol of English sporting teams, such as the England national cricket team. The oak is the national tree of England, [ 418 ] representing potency and survival. The Royal Oak and Oak Apple Day commemorate the miss of King Charles II from the grip of the Parliamentarians ( Roundheads ) after the Battle of Worcester in 1651 ( the last battle of the English Civil War ) ; he hid in an oak tree to avoid detection before making it safely into exile. The major Oak is an 800–1000 year honest-to-god oak in Sherwood Forest, fabled as the chief hideout of Robin Hood. [ 419 ] The rose is England ‘s national bloom. normally loss, [ 418 ] it is used, for example, in the emblem of the English Golf Union and England national rugby union team. The Tudor rose, which takes its identify from the Tudor dynasty, was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the Wars of the Roses as a symbol of peace. [ 420 ] It is a syncretic symbol in that it merged the white rose of the Yorkists and the crimson rose of the Lancastrians – cadet branches of the Plantagenets – who went to war over operate of the royal house. It is besides known as the Rose of England. [ 421 ] England has no official hymn ; however, the United Kingdom ‘s “ God Save the Queen “ is normally used. other songs are sometimes used, including “ Land of Hope and Glory “ ( used as England ‘s anthem in the Commonwealth Games ), “ Jerusalem “ ( sing at international cricket matches ), “ Rule Britannia “, and “ I Vow to Thee, My Country “. Certain groups are advocating the adoption of an official English anthem following exchangeable adoptions in Scotland and Wales. [ 422 ]
See besides [edit ]
References [edit ]
Sources [edit ]
far reading [edit ]
- Briggs, Asa (1994) A Social History of England: from the ice age to the channel tunnel; new ed. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson ISBN 029783262X (1st ed. 1983)
- Redlich, Monica (1957) Everyday England. London: Gerald Duckworth
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