Comune in Italy
Reading: Milan – Wikipedia
Milan (, , [ 4 ] Milanese : [ miˈlãː ] ( ) ; italian : Milano [ miˈlaːno ] ( ) ) [ 5 ] is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, [ 6 ] while its metropolitan city has 3.26 million inhabitants. [ 7 ] Its continuously built-up urban area, that stretches well beyond the boundaries of the administrative metropolitan city and into Switzerland, is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants. [ 8 ] According to national sources, the population within the wide Milan metropolitan area ( besides known as Greater Milan ), is estimated between 8.2 million and 12.5 million making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the largest in the EU. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Milan is considered a leading alpha global city, [ 11 ] with strengths in the fields of art, commerce, design, education, entertainment, manner, finance, healthcare, media, services, research and tourism. Its business district hosts Italy ‘s stock change ( italian : Borsa Italiana ), and the headquarters of national and international banks and companies. In terms of GDP, Milan is the wealthiest city in Italy, it has the third-largest economy among EU cities after Paris and Madrid, and is the wealthiest among EU non-capital cities. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Milan is viewed along with Turin as the southernmost separate of the Blue Banana urban development corridor ( besides known as the “ european Megalopolis ” ), and one of the Four Motors for Europe. The city ‘s character as a major political centre dates back to the late antiquity, when it served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire, while from the twelfth century until the sixteenth hundred, Milan was one of the largest european cities, and a major craft and commercial center, consequently becoming the capital of the Duchy of Milan, which was one of the greatest political, artistic and fashion forces in the Renaissance. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Despite losing much of its political and cultural importance in the early on modern menstruation, the city regained its status as a major economic and political center, being considered nowadays as the industrial and fiscal capital of Italy. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] The city has been recognized as one of the world ‘s four fashion capitals [ 19 ] thanks to several external events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair, which are presently among the universe ‘s biggest in terms of tax income, visitors and growth. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. The city hosts numerous cultural institutions, academies and universities, with 11 % of the national full of enroll students. [ 23 ] Milan received 10 million visitors in 2018, with the largest numbers of foreign visitors coming from China, United States, France and Germany. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The tourists are attracted by Milan ‘s museums and art galleries that include some of the most significant collections in the world, including major works by Leonardo district attorney Vinci. The city is served by many lavishness hotels and is the fifth-most starred in the world by Michelin Guide. [ 26 ] Milan is besides home to two of Europe ‘s most successful football teams, A.C. Milan and Inter Milan, and one of Europe ‘s independent basketball teams, Olimpia Milano. Milan will host the Olympic and Paralympic games for the first time in 2026, together with Cortina d’Ampezzo. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ]
toponymy
The etymology of the name Milan ( Lombard : Milan [ miˈlãː ] ) remains uncertain. One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio ( in the middle ) and planus ( plain ). [ 30 ] however, some scholars believe that lanum comes from the Celtic solution lan, meaning an enclosure or demarcated district ( source of the Welsh word llan, meaning “ a refuge or church ”, ultimately connate to English/ german Land ) in which Celtic communities used to build shrines. [ 31 ] Hence Mediolanum could signify the cardinal town or refuge of a Celtic tribe. indeed, about sixty Gallo-Roman sites in France bore the name “ Mediolanum ”, for case : Saintes ( Mediolanum Santonum ) and Évreux ( Mediolanum Aulercorum ). [ 32 ] In addition, another theory links the appoint to the boar sow ( the Scrofa semilanuta ) an ancient emblem of the city, fancifully accounted for in Andrea Alciato ‘s Emblemata ( 1584 ), beneath a woodcut of the first raise of the city walls, where a wild boar is seen lifted from the mining, and the etymology of Mediolanum given as “ half-wool ”, [ 33 ] explained in Latin and in French. According to this theory, the foundation of Milan is credited to two Celtic peoples, the Bituriges and the Aedui, having as their emblems a aries and a boar ; [ 34 ] therefore “ The city ‘s symbol is a wool-bearing wild boar, an animal of double form, hera with sharp bristles, there with streamlined wool. ” [ 35 ] Alciato credits Ambrose for his account. [ 36 ]
history
prehistory and Roman times
The remains of the Milan amphitheater, which can be found inside the archaeological park of the Antiquarium in Milan. The Celtic Insubres, the inhabitants of the region of northern Italy called Insubria, appear to have founded a liquidation around 600 BC. According to the caption reported by Livy ( writing between 27 and 9 BC ), the Gaulish baron Ambicatus sent his nephew Bellovesus into northerly Italy at the head of a party draw from respective Gaulish tribe ; Bellovesus allegedly founded the colonization in the times of the Roman monarchy, during the reign of Tarquinius Priscus. Tarquin is traditionally recorded as reigning from 616 to 579 BC, according to ancient Roman historian Titus Livy. [ 37 ] During the Roman Republic, the Romans, led by consul Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, fought the Insubres and captured the settlement in 222 BC. The foreman of the Insubres then submitted to Rome, giving the Romans master of the settlement. [ 38 ] They finally conquered the entirety of the region, calling the newly state “ Cisalpine Gaul “ ( latin : Gallia Cisalpina ) – “ Gaul this side of the Alps ” – and may have given the locate its Latinized name of Mediolanum : in Gaulish *medio- mean “ middle, center ” and the name element -lanon is the celtic equivalent of Latin -planum “ plain ”, therefore *Mediolanon ( Latinized as Mediolānum ) mean “ ( colony ) in the midst of the plain ”. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] In 286 the Roman Emperor Diocletian moved the das kapital of the Western Roman Empire from Rome to Mediolanum. [ 41 ] diocletian himself chose to reside at Nicomedia in the Eastern Empire, leaving his colleague Maximian at Milan. maximian built respective gigantic monuments : the large circus ( 470 × 85 metres ), the thermae or “ Baths of Hercules ”, a large building complex of imperial palaces and other services and buildings of which few visible traces remain. maximian increased the city area to 375 acres by surrounding it with a new, larger stone wall ( about 4.5 km long ) with many 24-sided towers. The monumental area had counterpart towers ; one included in the convent of San Maurizio Maggiore remains 16.6 megabyte high. From Mediolanum the Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313 AD, granting tolerance to all religions within the Empire, and frankincense paving the way for Christianity to become the dominant religion of Roman Europe. Constantine was in Mediolanum to celebrate the marry of his baby to the Eastern Emperor, Licinius. In 402 the Visigoths besieged the city and the Emperor Honorius moved the Imperial residence to Ravenna. [ 42 ] In 452 Attila in his turn besieged Mediolanum, but the real respite with the city ‘s Imperial past came in 539, during the Gothic War, when Uraia ( a nephew of Witiges, once King of the italian Ostrogoths ) laid Mediolanum to waste with big loss of life. [ 43 ] The Lombards took Ticinum as their capital in 572 ( renaming it Papia – the mod Pavia ), and left early-medieval Milan to the government of its archbishops .
Middle Ages
biscione eating a child on the Theeating a child on the Visconti coating of arms .
The Medieval Porta Ticinese ( 1100 ), is one of the three medieval gates of the city that calm exist in the modern Milan. After the siege of the city by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residency moved to Ravenna. An senesce of decline began which worsened when Attila, King of the Huns, sacked and devastated the city in 452 AD. In 539 the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569 the Lombards ( from whom the identify of the italian region Lombardy derives ), conquered Milan, overpowering the small Byzantine garrison left for its defense. Some Roman structures remained in practice in Milan under Lombard rule. [ 44 ] Milan surrendered to Charlemagne and the Franks in 774. The eleventh hundred saw a reaction against the control of the Holy Roman Emperors. City-states emerged in northerly Italy, an saying of the newfangled political exponent of the cities and their will to fight against all feudal powers. Milan was no exception. It did not take long, however, for the italian city-states to begin fighting each other to try to limit neighbouring powers. [ 45 ] The Milanese destroyed Lodi and continuously warred with Pavia, Cremona and Como, who in turn asked Frederick I Barbarossa for help. In a wisecrack they captured Empress Beatrice and forced her to ride a domestic ass backwards through the city until getting out. These brought the destruction of a lot of Milan in 1162. A displace destroyed the storehouses containing the entire food issue, and within fair a few days Milan was forced to surrender. A period of peace followed and Milan prospered as a center of craft due to its geographic position. During this clock time, the city was considered one of the largest european cities. [ 15 ] In 1395, Gian Galeazzo Visconti became the first Duke of Milan after receiving the title from Wenceslaus, King of the Romans. In 1447 Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan, died without a male successor ; following the end of the Visconti note, the Ambrosian Republic was established ; it took its name from St. Ambrose, the popular patron ideal of the city. [ 46 ] Both the Guelph and the Ghibelline factions worked together to bring about the ambrosian Republic in Milan. Nonetheless, the Republic collapsed when, in 1450, Milan was conquered by Francesco I of the House of Sforza, which made Milan one of the leading cities of the italian Renaissance. [ 46 ] [ 47 ]
early mod
Milan ‘s last independent rule, Lodovico illinois Moro, requested the help of Charles VIII of France against the other italian states, finally unleashing the italian Wars. The king ‘s cousin, Louis of Orléans, took character in the expedition and realized most of Italy was about defenseless. This prompted him to come back a few years late in 1500, and claim the Duchy of Milan for himself, his grandma having been a extremity of the rule Visconti kin. At that meter, Milan was besides defended by swiss mercenaries. After the victory of Louis ‘s successor François I over the swiss at the Battle of Marignan, the duchy was promised to the french king François I. When the spanish Habsburg Emperor Charles V defeated François I at the Battle of Pavia in 1525, northerly Italy, including Milan, passed to Habsburg Spain. [ 48 ]
ceremonial reception of russian Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov in Milan, April 1799 In 1556, Charles V abdicated in favor of his son Philip II and his brother Ferdinand I. Charles ‘s italian possessions, including Milan, passed to Philip II and remained with the spanish line of Habsburgs, while Ferdinand ‘s austrian agate line of Habsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire. The Great Plague of Milan in 1629–31, that claimed the lives of an calculate 60,000 people out of a population of 130,000, caused unprecedented devastation in the city and was effectively described by Alessandro Manzoni in his masterpiece “ The Betrothed “. This episode was seen by many as the symbol of spanish bad rule and degeneracy and is considered one of the death outbreak of the centuries-long pandemic of infestation that began with the Black Death. [ 49 ] In 1700 the spanish line of Habsburgs was extinguished with the death of Charles II. After his death, the War of the spanish Succession began in 1701 with the occupation of all spanish possessions by french troops backing the claim of the french Philippe of Anjou to the spanish throne. In 1706, the french were defeated in Ramillies and Turin and were forced to yield northerly Italy to the austrian Habsburgs. In 1713–1714 the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt formally confirmed austrian sovereignty over most of Habsburg Spain ‘s italian possessions including Lombardy and its das kapital, Milan. Napoleon invaded Italy in 1796, and Milan was declared capital of the Cisalpine Republic. later, he declared Milan capital of the Kingdom of Italy and was crowned King of Italy in the cathedral. Once Napoleon ‘s occupation ended, the Congress of Vienna returned Lombardy, and Milan, to Austrian control in 1815 .
former modern and contemporary
popular print depicting the “ Five Days “ rebellion against austrian rule. On March 18, 1848, Milan efficaciously rebelled against austrian rule, during the alleged “ Five Days “ ( italian : Le Cinque Giornate ), that forced Field Marshal Radetzky to temporarily withdraw from the city. The bordering kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia sent troops in order to protect the insurgents and organised a plebiscite that ratified by a huge majority the fusion of Lombardy with Piedmont-Sardinia. But just a few months by and by the Austrians were able to send fresh forces that routed the Piedmontese army at the Battle of Custoza on 24 July and to reassert austrian control over northerly Italy. About ten years by and by, however, italian patriot politicians, officers and intellectuals such as Cavour, Garibaldi and Mazzini were able to gather a huge consensus and to pressure the monarchy to forge an confederation with the newfangled french Empire of Napoleon III in order to defeat Austria and establish a boastfully italian submit in the region. At the Battle of Solferino in 1859 french and italian troops heavily defeated the Austrians that retreated under the Quadrilateral line. [ 50 ] Following this battle, Milan and the rest of Lombardy were incorporated into Piedmont-Sardinia, which then proceeded to annex all the other italian statlets and proclaim the give birth of the Kingdom of Italy on March 17, 1861. The political union of Italy enhanced Milan ‘s economic authority over northern Italy. A dense rail net, whose construction had started under austrian patronage, was completed in a brief clock, making Milan the rail hub of northern Italy and, with the hatchway of the Gotthard ( 1882 ) and Simplon ( 1906 ) railroad track tunnels, the major South European rail hub for goods and passenger tape drive. indeed, Milan and Venice were among the chief stops of the Orient Express that started operating from 1919. Abundant hydroelectric resources allowed the development of a hard sword and textile sector and, as milanese banks dominated Italy ‘s fiscal sphere, the city became the nation ‘s contribute fiscal kernel. identical rapid industrialization in the survive two decades of the 1800s led to the parentage of a massive proletarian course a well as biting social conflicts. In May 1898 Milan was shaken by the Bava Beccaris massacre, a belly laugh related to soaring monetary value of survive .
Milan ‘s economic authority in Italy secured besides a go function for the city on the political scene. It was in Milan that Benito Mussolini built his political and journalistic careers, and his fascist Blackshirts rallied for the first meter in the city ‘s Piazza San Sepolcro ; here the future Fascist authoritarian launched his March on Rome on 28 October 1922. During the second World War Milan big industrial and tape drive facilities suffered across-the-board price from Allied bombings that frequently besides hit residential districts. [ 51 ] When Italy surrendered in 1943, german forces occupied and plundered most of northerly Italy, fueling the birth of a massive immunity guerrilla movement. [ 52 ] On April 29, 1945, the american 1st Armored Division was advancing on Milan but, before it arrived, the italian electric resistance seized control of the city and executed Mussolini along with his mistress and several government officers, that were subsequently hanged and exposed in Piazzale Loreto, where one year before some resistance members had been executed. During the post-war economic boom, the reconstruction campaign and the alleged italian economic miracle attracted a large wave of inner migration ( specially from rural areas of southerly Italy ) to Milan. The population grew from 1.3 million in 1951 to 1.7 million in 1967. [ 53 ] During this period, Milan was quickly rebuild, with the construction of several advanced and modernist skyscrapers, such as the Torre Velasca and the Pirelli Tower, that soon became the symbols of this new era of prosperity. The economic prosperity was, however, overshadowed in the late 1960s and early 1970s during the alleged Years of Lead, when Milan witnessed an unprecedented wave of street violence, labor strikes and political terrorism. The apex of this time period of agitation occurred on 12 December 1969, when a fail exploded at the National Agrarian Bank in Piazza Fontana, killing 17 people and injuring 88 .
In the 1980s, with the international achiever of milanese houses ( like Armani, Versace and Dolce & Gabbana ), Milan became one of the earth ‘s fashion capitals. The city examine besides a grade rise in external tourism, notably from America and Japan, while the sprout substitute increased its market capitalization more than quintuple. [ 55 ] This period led the mass media to nickname the city “Milano da bere”, literally “ Milan to be drink ”. [ 56 ] however, in the 1990s, Milan was badly affected by Tangentopoli, a political scandal in which many politicians and businessmen were tried for corruption. The city was besides affected by a severe fiscal crisis and a firm decline in textiles, car and sword production. Berlusconi ‘s Milano 2 and Milano 3 projects were the most crucial caparison projects of the 1980s and 1990s in Milan and brought to the city new economic and social energy. In the early twenty-first hundred, Milan underwent a series of sweep redevelopments over huge early industrial areas. [ 57 ] Two fresh commercial enterprise districts, Porta Nuova and CityLife, were built in the outer space of a decade, radically changing the horizon of the city. Its exhibition center moved to a much larger locate in Rho. [ 58 ] The long decline in traditional fabrication has been overshadowed by a bang-up expansion of print, finance, trust, fashion design, information technology, logistics and tourism. [ 59 ] The city ‘s decades-long population decline seems to have partially reverted in late years, as the comune gained about 100,000 newfangled residents since the stopping point census. The successful re-branding of the city as a global capital of initiation has been implemental in its successful bids for hosting large international events such as 2015 Expo and 2026 Winter Olympics .
geography
topography
Satellite picture of Milan. Milan is located in the north-western section of the Po Valley, approximately halfway between the river Po to the south and the foothills of the Alps with the great lakes ( Lake Como, Lake Maggiore, Lake Lugano ) to the north, the Ticino river to the west and the Adda to the east. The city ‘s nation is flat, the highest decimal point being at 122 thousand ( 400.26 foot ) above ocean level. The administrative comune covers an area of about 181 square kilometres ( 70 sq security service ), with a population, in 2013, of 1,324,169 and a population concentration of 7,315 inhabitants per square kilometer ( 18,950/sq myocardial infarction ). The Metropolitan City of Milan covers 1,575 square kilometres ( 608 sq michigan ) and in 2015 had a population estimated at 3,196,825, with a resulting concentration of 2,029 inhabitants per square kilometer ( 5,260/sq secret intelligence service ). [ 60 ] A larger urban area, comprising parts of the provinces of Milan, Monza e Brianza, Como, Lecco and Varese is 1,891 hearty kilometres ( 730 sq myocardial infarction ) wide and has a population of 5,270,000 with a density of 2,783 inhabitants per square kilometer ( 7,210/sq nautical mile ). [ 8 ] The concentric layout of the city kernel reflects the Navigli, an ancient system of navigable and interconnected canals, now largely covered. [ 61 ] The suburb of the city have expanded chiefly to the north, swallowing up many comuni along the roads towards Varese, Como, Lecco and Bergamo. [ 62 ]
climate
Milan features a mid-latitude, four-season humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ), according to the Köppen climate classification. Milan ‘s climate is similar to much of Northern Italy ‘s inland plains, with hot, humid summers and cold, fogged winters. The Alps and Apennine Mountains form a natural barrier that protects the city from the major circulations coming from northerly Europe and the ocean. [ 63 ] During winter, day by day average temperatures can fall below freeze ( 0 °C [ 32 °F ] ) and accumulations of bamboozle can occur : the historic average of Milan ‘s area is 25 centimetres ( 10 in ) in the period between 1961 and 1990, with a read of 90 centimetres ( 35 in ) in January 1985. In the suburb the modal can reach 36 centimetres ( 14 in ). [ 64 ] The city receives on median seven days of bamboozle per year. [ 65 ] The city is much shrouded in chummy overcast or fog during winter, although the removal of rice paddies from the southerly neighbourhoods and the urban heat island effect have reduced this occurrence in holocene decades. occasionally, the Foehn winds cause the temperatures to rise unexpectedly : on 22 January 2012 the casual high reached 16 °C ( 61 °F ) while on 22 February 2012 it reached 21 °C ( 70 °F ). [ 66 ] Air befoulment levels rise significantly in winter when cold air clings to the dirty, causing Milan to be one of Europe ‘s most contaminated cities. [ 67 ] Summers in Milan are hot and humidity levels are high with acme temperatures reaching above 35 °C ( 95 °F ). due to the high humidity, urban heat effect and miss of wind, night often remain muggy during the summer months. [ 68 ] Usually the summer enjoys clearer skies with an average of more than 13 hours of day : [ 69 ] when precipitation occurs though, it is more likely to be accompanied by thunderstorms and hail. [ 69 ] Springs and autumns are generally pleasant, with temperatures ranging between 10 and 20 °C ( 50 and 68 °F ) ; these seasons are characterized by higher rain, particularly in April and May. [ 70 ] Relative humidity typically ranges between 45 % ( comfortable ) and 95 % ( very humid ) throughout the year, rarely dropping below 27 % ( dry ) and reaching american samoa high gear as 100 %. [ 69 ] Wind is broadly absent : over the course of the year typical fart speeds vary from 0 to 14 km/h ( 0 to 9 miles per hour ) ( calm air to gentle breeze ), rarely exceeding 29 kilometers per hour ( 18 miles per hour ) ( fresh breeze ), except during summer thunderstorms when winds can blow impregnable. In the spring, gale-force windstorms may happen, generated either by Tramontane blowing from the Alps or by Bora -like winds from the north. Due to its geographic placement surrounded by mountains on 3 sides, Milan is among the least windy cities in Europe. [ 69 ]
| Climate data for Milan (Linate Airport), elevation: 107 m (351 ft), normals 1971–2000, extremes 1946–present, sunshine 1991–2010 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 21.7 (71.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
26.9 (80.4) |
32.4 (90.3) |
35.5 (95.9) |
36.6 (97.9) |
37.2 (99.0) |
36.9 (98.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
28.2 (82.8) |
23.0 (73.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
37.2 (99.0) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) |
9.0 (48.2) |
14.3 (57.7) |
17.4 (63.3) |
22.3 (72.1) |
26.2 (79.2) |
29.2 (84.6) |
28.5 (83.3) |
24.4 (75.9) |
17.8 (64.0) |
10.7 (51.3) |
6.4 (43.5) |
17.7 (63.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) |
4.7 (40.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
12.2 (54.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
19.2 (66.6) |
13.4 (56.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
13.0 (55.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) |
0.3 (32.5) |
3.8 (38.8) |
7.0 (44.6) |
11.6 (52.9) |
15.4 (59.7) |
18.0 (64.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
14.0 (57.2) |
9.0 (48.2) |
3.7 (38.7) |
0.1 (32.2) |
8.3 (46.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −15.0 (5.0) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
5.6 (42.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
8.0 (46.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 58.7 (2.31) |
49.2 (1.94) |
65.0 (2.56) |
75.5 (2.97) |
95.5 (3.76) |
66.7 (2.63) |
66.8 (2.63) |
88.8 (3.50) |
93.1 (3.67) |
122.4 (4.82) |
76.7 (3.02) |
61.7 (2.43) |
920.1 (36.22) |
| Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 millimeter ) | 6.7 | 5.3 | 6.7 | 8.1 | 8.9 | 7.7 | 5.4 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 8.3 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 83.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 86 | 78 | 71 | 75 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 74 | 81 | 85 | 86 | 77 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 76 | 114 | 177 | 181 | 214 | 245 | 293 | 251 | 180 | 106 | 71 | 69 | 1,977 |
| Source: Servizio Meteorologico, Aeronautica Militare[71][72][73] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Milan (Malpensa Airport), elevation: 211 m (692 ft), 1961–1990 normals, extremes 1951–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.4 (72.3) |
24.4 (75.9) |
28.9 (84.0) |
31.6 (88.9) |
35.1 (95.2) |
37.6 (99.7) |
38.2 (100.8) |
38.8 (101.8) |
33.9 (93.0) |
29.8 (85.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
38.8 (101.8) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) |
8.6 (47.5) |
13.1 (55.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.3 (70.3) |
25.5 (77.9) |
28.6 (83.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
18.2 (64.8) |
11.2 (52.2) |
6.9 (44.4) |
17.3 (63.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
3.1 (37.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.7 (51.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
19.1 (66.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
21.2 (70.2) |
17.8 (64.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
6.0 (42.8) |
1.7 (35.1) |
11.4 (52.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −4.4 (24.1) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
0.4 (32.7) |
4.3 (39.7) |
9.0 (48.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
14.8 (58.6) |
11.5 (52.7) |
6.4 (43.5) |
0.7 (33.3) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
5.4 (41.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −18.0 (−0.4) |
−17.8 (0.0) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
0.6 (33.1) |
4.7 (40.5) |
3.0 (37.4) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−15.2 (4.6) |
−18.0 (−0.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 67.5 (2.66) |
77.1 (3.04) |
99.7 (3.93) |
106.3 (4.19) |
132.0 (5.20) |
93.3 (3.67) |
66.8 (2.63) |
97.5 (3.84) |
73.2 (2.88) |
107.4 (4.23) |
106.3 (4.19) |
54.6 (2.15) |
1,081.7 (42.61) |
| Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 millimeter ) | 6.4 | 6.1 | 7.6 | 8.8 | 10.4 | 8.5 | 6.1 | 7.5 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 7.9 | 5.5 | 87.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78 | 76 | 69 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 74 | 77 | 80 | 80 | 75 |
| Source 1: NOAA[74] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: KNMI[75] | |||||||||||||
presidency
municipal government
The city ‘s nine boroughs The legislative body of the italian comuni is the City Council ( Consiglio Comunale ), which in cities with more than one million population is composed by 48 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system, contextually to the mayoral elections. The executive soundbox is the City Committee ( Giunta Comunale ), composed by 12 assessors, that is nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor. The current mayor of Milan is Giuseppe Sala, an independent leading a centre-left alliance led by the democratic Party. The municipality of Milan is subdivided into nine administrative Borough Councils ( Consigli di Municipio ), depressed from the former twenty districts before the 1999 administrative reform. [ 76 ] Each Borough Council is governed by a Council ( Consiglio ) and a President, elected contextually to the city Mayor. The urban administration is governed by the italian Constitution ( art. 114 ), the Municipal Statute [ 77 ] and respective laws, notably the Legislative Decree 267/2000 or Unified Text on Local Administration ( Testo Unico degli Enti Locali ). [ 78 ] After the 2016 administrative reform, the Borough Councils have the baron to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics and are responsible for running most local services, such as schools, social services, waste collection, roads, parks, libraries and local anesthetic commerce ; in addition they are supplied with an autonomous fund in decree to finance local activities .
Metropolitan city
Milan is the capital of the eponymous Metropolitan city. According to the last governmental dispositions concerning administrative reorganization, the urban area of Milan is one of the 15 Metropolitan municipalities ( città metropolitane ), new administrative bodies fully private detective since 1 January 2015. [ 79 ] The newfangled Metro municipalities, giving boastfully urban areas the administrative powers of a province, are conceived for improving the performance of local anesthetic administrations and to slash local spending by better organize the municipalities in providing basic services ( including transport, school and sociable programs ) and environment protection. [ 80 ] In this policy model, the Mayor of Milan is designated to exercise the functions of Metropolitan mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ), presiding over a Metropolitan Council formed by 24 mayors of municipalities within the Metro municipality. The Metropolitan City of Milan is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) and by the Metropolitan Council ( Consiglio metropolitano ). Since 21 June 2016 Giuseppe Sala, as mayor of the capital city, has been the mayor of the Metropolitan City .
regional government
Milan is besides the capital of Lombardy, one of the twenty regions of Italy. Lombardy is by far the most populate area of Italy, with more than ten million inhabitants, about one sixth of the national total. It is governed by a Regional Council, composed of 80 members elected for a five-year term. On 26 March 2018, a number of candidates of the Centre-right alliance, a coalition of centrist and rightist parties, led by Attilio Fontana, largely won the regional election, defeating a coalition of socialists, liberals and ecologists and a third-party candidate from the democrat Five Stars Movement. The conservatives have governed the region about uninterruptedly since 1970. The regional council has 48 members from the Centre-right coalition, 18 from the Centre-left coalescence and 13 from the Five Star Movement. The seat of the regional politics is Palazzo Lombardia that, standing at 161.3 metres ( 529 feet ), [ 81 ] is the fifth-tallest build up in Milan .
cityscape
skyline
horizon of Porta Nuova from the ceiling of the Torre Turati Two business districts dominate Milan ‘s skyline : Porta Nuova in the northeast ( boroughs n° 9 and 2 ) and CityLife ( borough n° 8 ) in the northwest separate of the commune. The tallest buildings include the Unicredit Tower at 231 megabyte ( though only 162 m without the steeple ), and the 209 megabyte Allianz Tower, a 50-story column .
architecture
Torre del Filarete of Sforza Castle ( Castello Sforzesco ), a historic medieval fortress .
The Cimitero Monumentale, it is noted for the abundance of artistic tombs and monuments. There are entirely few remains of the ancient Roman colony, notably the well-preserved Colonne di San Lorenzo. During the second half of the fourth century, Saint Ambrose, as bishop of Milan, had a potent charm on the layout of the city, reshaping the center ( although the cathedral and baptismal font built in Roman times are now lost ) and building the capital basilica at the city gates : Sant’Ambrogio, San Nazaro in Brolo, San Simpliciano and Sant’Eustorgio, which however stand, refurbished over the centuries, as some of the finest and most authoritative churches in Milan. Milan ‘s Cathedral, built between 1386 and 1877, is the fifth-largest cathedral in the universe [ 82 ] and the most important exercise of Gothic computer architecture in Italy. The gild bronze statue of the Virgin Mary, placed in 1774 on the highest pinnacle of the Duomo, soon became one of the most survive symbols of Milan. [ 83 ] In the fifteenth hundred, when the Sforza ruled the city, an old Viscontean fortress was enlarged and embellished to become the Castello Sforzesco, the seat of an elegant Renaissance court surrounded by a wall hunt park. noteworthy architects involved in the project included the Florentine Filarete, who was commissioned to build the high central entrance loom, and the military specialist Bartolomeo Gadio. [ 84 ] The alliance between Francesco Sforza and Florence ‘s Cosimo de ‘ Medici digest to Milan Tuscan models of Renaissance computer architecture, apparent in the Ospedale Maggiore and Bramante ‘s work in the city, which includes Santa Maria presso San Satiro ( a reconstruction of a small 9th-century church ), the tribune of Santa Maria delle Grazie and three cloisters for Sant’Ambrogio. [ 85 ] The Counter-Reformation in the 16th to 17th centuries was besides the time period of spanish domination and was marked by two potent figures : saint Charles Borromeo and his cousin, Cardinal Federico Borromeo. not lone did they impose themselves as moral guides to the people of Milan, but they besides gave a great impulse to acculturation, with the creation of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, in a building designed by Francesco Maria Richini, and the nearby Pinacoteca Ambrosiana. Many noteworthy churches and Baroque mansions were built in the city during this menstruation by the architects, Pellegrino Tibaldi, Galeazzo Alessi and Richini himself. [ 86 ] Empress Maria Theresa of Austria was responsible for the meaning renovations carried out in Milan during the eighteenth hundred. [ 87 ] This urban and artistic renewal included the administration of Teatro alla Scala, inaugurated in 1778, and the renovation of the Royal Palace. The belated 1700s Palazzo Belgioioso by Giuseppe Piermarini and Royal Villa of Milan by Leopoldo Pollack, late the official residency of austrian viceroys, are often regarded among the best examples of neoclassic architecture in Lombardy. [ 88 ] The Napoleonic rule of the city in 1805–1814, having established Milan as the capital of a satellite Kingdom of Italy, took steps in regulate to reshape it consequently to its modern status, with the construction of bombastic boulevards, fresh squares ( Porta Ticinese by Luigi Cagnola and Foro Bonaparte by Giovanni Antonio Antolini ) and cultural institutions ( Art Gallery and the Academy of Fine Arts ). [ 89 ] The massive Arch of Peace, situated at the bottom of Corso Sempione, is often compared to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Milan quickly became the main industrial center of the modern italian nation, drawing inspiration from the great european capitals that were hubs of the Second Industrial Revolution. The big Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, realised by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877 to celebrate Vittorio Emanuele II, is a cover passage with a glass and cast iron roof, inspired by the Burlington Arcade in London. Several other arcades such as the Galleria del Corso, built between 1923 and 1931, complement it. Another late-19th-century eclectic monument in the city is the Cimitero Monumentale cemetery, built in a Neo-Romanesque style between 1863 and 1866. The disruptive menstruation of early on twentieth century brought respective, radical innovations in milanese architecture. Art Nouveau, besides known as Liberty in Italy, is recognizable in Palazzo Castiglioni, built by architect Giuseppe Sommaruga between 1901 and 1903. [ 90 ] other examples include Hotel Corso, [ 90 ] Casa Guazzoni with its ferment cast-iron and stairway, and Berri-Meregalli house, the latter built in a traditional milanese Art Nouveau style combined with elements of neo-Romanesque and Gothic revival architecture, regarded as one of the last such types of computer architecture in the city. [ 91 ] A new, more eclectic phase of architecture can be seen in buildings such as Castello Cova, built the 1910s in a distinctly neo-medieval dash, evoking the architectural trends of the past. [ 92 ] An significant example of Art Deco, which blended such styles with Fascist architecture, is the huge Central railway station inaugurated in 1931. [ 93 ] The post–World War II period saw rapid reconstruction and firm economic growth, accompanied by a about double increase in population. In the 1950s and 1960s, a strong requirement for newfangled residential and commercial areas drove to extreme urban expansion, that has produced some of the major milestones in the city ‘s architectural history, including Gio Ponti ‘s Pirelli Tower ( 1956–60 ), Velasca Tower ( 1956–58 ), and the creation of mark new residential satellite towns, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as huge amounts of humble choice public housings. In recent years, de-industrialization, urban decay and gentrification led to a huge urban reclamation of former industrial areas, that have been transformed into mod residential and fiscal districts, notably Porta Nuova in business district Milan and FieraMilano in the suburb of Rho. In summation, the old exhibition area is being completely reshaped according to the Citylife regeneration visualize, featuring residencial areas, museums, an urban ballpark and three skyscrapers designed by external architects, and after whom they are named : the 202-metre ( 663-foot ) Isozaki Arata —when completed, the tallest build in Italy, [ 94 ] the flex Hadid Tower, [ 95 ] and the curved Libeskind Tower. [ 96 ]
Parks and gardens
The largest park in the central area of Milan are Sempione Park, at the north-western border, and Montanelli Gardens, situated northeast of the city. English-style Sempione Park, built in 1890, contains a Napoleonic Arena, the Milan City Aquarium, a steel lattice bird’s-eye loom, an artwork exhibition centre, a japanese garden and a populace library. [ 97 ] The Montanelli gardens, created in the eighteenth century, hosts the Natural History Museum of Milan and a planetarium. [ 98 ] slenderly away from the city center, heading east, Forlanini Park is characterised by a boastfully pond and a few conserve shacks which remind of the area ‘s agricultural by. [ 99 ] In recent years Milan ‘s authorities pledged to develop its green areas : they planned to create twenty new urban parks and extend the already existing ones, and announced plans to plant three million trees by 2030. [ 100 ] In addition, even though Milan is located in one of the most urbanize regions of Italy, it is surrounded by a swath of park areas and features numerous gardens even in its very center. Since 1990, the farmlands and woodlands north ( Parco Nord Milano ) and south ( Parco Agricolo Sud Milano ) of the urban area have been protected as regional parks. West of the city, the Parco delle Cave ( Sand pit park ) has been established on a neglected site where gravel and sand used to be extracted, featuring artificial lakes and woods .
Demographics
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1861 | 267,621 | — |
| 1871 | 290,518 | +8.6% |
| 1881 | 354,045 | +21.9% |
| 1901 | 538,483 | +52.1% |
| 1911 | 701,411 | +30.3% |
| 1921 | 818,161 | +16.6% |
| 1931 | 960,682 | +17.4% |
| 1936 | 1,115,794 | +16.1% |
| 1951 | 1,274,187 | +14.2% |
| 1961 | 1,582,474 | +24.2% |
| 1971 | 1,732,068 | +9.5% |
| 1981 | 1,604,844 | −7.3% |
| 1991 | 1,369,295 | −14.7% |
| 2001 | 1,256,211 | −8.3% |
| 2011 | 1,242,123 | −1.1% |
| 2019 | 1,396,059 | +12.4% |
| Istat historical data 1861–2011[101] | ||
The official estimated population of the City of Milan was 1,378,689 as of 31 December 2018, according to ISTAT, the official italian statistical agency, [ 102 ] up by 136,556 from the 2011 census, or a increase of about 11 %. At the lapp date 3,250,315 people lived in Milan province-level municipality. [ 103 ] The population of Milan today is lower than its historical acme. With rapid industrialization in post-war years, the population of Milan peaked at 1,743,427 in 1973. [ 104 ] Thereafter, during the following decades, about one third of the population moved to the out belt of suburbs and new satellite settlements that grew around the city proper. Milan is home to the second largest Far East Asian residential district in Europe after Paris, with Philippines and China making up about a quarter of its alien population ( circa 70.000 of 250.000, in 2015 ). [ 105 ] today, Milan ‘s conurbation extends well beyond the borders of the city proper and of its special-status provincial assurance : its contiguous built-up urban area was home to 5,270,000 people in 2015, [ 8 ] while its wide metropolitan area, the largest in Italy and one-fourth largest in the EU, is estimated to have a population of more than 8.2 million. [ 10 ]
extraneous residents
foreign residents as of 2019 [ 106 ]
Italian ( 80.10 % )
EU area ( 2.32 % )
other european ( 1.50 % )
African ( 4.47 % )
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Asian ( 8.21 % )
latin american english ( 3.28 % )
other ( 0.12 % )
As of 2019, some 277,773 foreign residents lived in the municipality of Milan, [ 106 ] representing 19.9 % of the sum resident population. These figures suggest that the immigrant population has more than doubled in the final 15 years. [ 107 ] After World War II, Milan experienced two main waves of immigration : the first, dating from the 1950s to the early 1970s, saw a large inflow of migrants from poorer and rural areas within Italy ; the second, starting from the recently 1980s, has been characterised by the preponderance of foreign-born immigrants. [ 108 ] The early period coincided with the alleged italian economic miracle of postwar years, an era of extraordinary growth based on rapid industrial expansion and great populace works, that brought to the city a big inflow of over 400,000 people, chiefly from rural and underdevelop Southern Italy. In the final three decades, the foreign born contribution of the population soared. Immigrants came chiefly from Africa ( in particular Eritrean, Egyptian, Moroccans, Senegalese, and Nigerian ), and the early socialistic countries of Eastern Europe ( notably Albania, Romania, Ukraine, Macedonia, Moldova, and Russia ), in addition to a growing number of Asians ( in particular Chinese, Sri Lankans and Filipinos ) and latin Americans ( chiefly South Americans ). At the begin of the 1990s, Milan already had a population of foreign-born residents of approximately 58,000 ( or 4 % of the then population ), that rose quickly to over 117,000 by the end of the decade ( about 9 % of the entire ). [ 109 ] Decades of continuing high immigration have made the city the most cosmopolitan and multicultural in Italy. Milan notably hosts the oldest and largest chinese residential district in Italy, with about 21,000 people in 2011. [ 110 ] Situated in the 9th zone, and centred on Via Paolo Sarpi, an important commercial avenue, the Milanese Chinatown was in the first place established in the 1920s by immigrants from Wencheng County, in the Zhejiang province, and used to operate small textile and leather workshops. [ 111 ] Milan has besides a substantial English-speaking community ( more than 3,000 american, british and australian expatriates [ 110 ] ), and several English schools and language publications, such as Hello Milano, Where Milano and Easy Milano .
religion
Milan ‘s population, like that of Italy as a solid, is largely Catholic. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] It is the seat of the Archdiocese of Milan. Greater Milan is besides home to Protestant, Eastern Orthodox, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh and Buddhist communities. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] [ 116 ] [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Milan has been a Christian-majority city since the recently Roman Empire. [ 119 ] Its religious history was marked by the figure of St. Ambrose, whose heritage includes the ambrosial Rite ( italian : Rito ambrosiano ), used by some five million Catholics in the greater depart of the Archdiocese of Milan, [ 120 ] which consider the largest in Europe. [ 121 ] The Rite varies slightly from the basic Roman Rite liturgy, with differences in the mass, liturgical year ( Lent starts four days late than in the Roman Rite ), baptism, rite of funerals, priest clothes, and hallowed music ( function of the ambrosian chant rather than gregorian ). [ 122 ] In addition, the city is home to the largest Orthodox community in Italy. Lombardy is the seat of at least 78 orthodox parishes and monasteries, the huge majority of them located in the area of Milan. [ 123 ] The independent romanian Orthodox church in Milan is the Catholic church of Our Lady of Victory ( Chiesa di Santa Maria della Vittoria ), presently granted for function to the local Romanian community. [ 124 ] similarly, the point of reference book for the followers of the russian Orthodox Church is the Catholic church of San Vito in Pasquirolo. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] The Jewish residential district of Milan is the second largest in Italy after Rome, with about 10,000 members, chiefly Sephardi. [ 127 ] The main city synagogue, Hechal David u-Mordechai Temple, was built by architect Luca Beltrami in 1892. Milan hosts besides one of the largest muslim communities in Italy, [ 128 ] and the city saw the construction of the area ‘s first new mosque featuring a dome and minaret, since the destruction of the ancient mosques of Lucera in the class 1300. In 2014 the City Council agreed on the construction of a new mosque amid bitter political debate, since it is strenuously opposed by rightist parties such as the Northern League. [ 129 ] presently, accurate statistics on the Hindu and Sikh presence in Milan metro area are not available ; however, diverse sources estimate that about 40 % of the full indian population living in Italy, or about 50,000 individuals, rest in Lombardy, [ 130 ] [ 131 ] where a count of Hindu and Sikh temples exist and where they form the largest such communities in Europe after the ones in Britain. [ 132 ]
economy
Whereas Rome is Italy ‘s political das kapital, Milan is the country ‘s industrial and fiscal heart. With a 2014 GDP estimated at €158.9 billion, [ 133 ] the state of Milan generates approximately 10 % of the national GDP ; while the economy of the Lombardy region generates approximately 22 % of Italy ‘s GDP ( or an estimated €357 billion in 2015, [ 134 ] roughly the size of Belgium ). The province of Milan is home to about 45 % of businesses in the Lombardy region and more than 8 percentage of all businesses in Italy, including three Fortune 500 companies. [ 135 ] Milan was the 11th most expensive city in Europe and the 22nd most expensive city in the global in 2019, [ 136 ] according to the Economist Intelligence Unit, while the long-familiar Via Monte Napoleone is Europe ‘s most expensive shopping street according to Global Blue. [ 137 ] Since the late 1800s, the area of Milan has been a major industrial and fabricate center. Alfa Romeo automobile company and Falck steel group employed thousands of workers in the city until the blockage of their sites in Arese in 2004 and Sesto San Giovanni in 1995. early global industrial companies, such as Edison, Prysmian Group, Riva Group, Saras, Saipem and Techint, maintain their headquarters and meaning employment in the city and its suburb. other relevant industries active in metro Milan include chemicals ( e.g. Mapei, Versalis, Tamoil Italy ), home appliances ( e.g. Candy ), cordial reception ( UNA Hotels & Resorts ), food & beverages ( e.g. Bertolli, Campari ), machinery, aesculapian technologies ( e.g. Amplifon, Bracco ), plastics and textiles. The construction ( e.g. Webuild ), retail ( e.g. Esselunga, La Rinascente ) and utilities ( e.g. A2A, Edison S.p.A., Snam, Sorgenia ) sectors are besides large employers in the Greater Milan. Milan is Italy ‘s largest fiscal hub. The chief national policy companies and banking groups ( for a total of 198 companies ) and over forty extraneous policy and bank companies are located in the city, [ 138 ] arsenic well as a count of asset management companies, including Anima SGR, Azimut Holding, ARCA SGR, and Eurizon Capital. The Associazione Bancaria Italiana representing the italian bank system, and Milan Stock Exchange ( 225 companies listed on the stock certificate rally ) are both located in the city. Porta Nuova, the independent business district of Milan and one of the most important in Europe, hosts the italian headquarters of numerous global companies, such as Accenture, AXA, Bank of America, BNP Paribas, Celgene, China Construction Bank, Finanza & Futuro Banca, FM Global, Herbalife, HSBC, KPMG, Maire Tecnimont, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Panasonic, Pirelli, Samsung, Shire, Tata Consultancy Services, Telecom Italia, UniCredit, UnipolSai. other big multinational service companies, such as Allianz, Generali, Alleanza Assicurazioni and PricewaterhouseCoopers, have their headquarters in the CityLife business zone, a new 900-acre-wide ( 3.6 km2 ) development stick out designed by outstanding modernist architects Zaha Hadid, Daniel Liebskind and Arata Isozaki. The city is home to numerous media and advertise agencies, national newspapers and telecommunication companies, including both the populace serve broadcaster RAI and private television receiver companies like Mediaset and Sky Italia. In addition, it hosts the headquarters of the largest italian print companies, such as Feltrinelli, Mondadori, RCS Media Group, Messaggerie Italiane, and Giunti Editore. Milan has besides seen a rapid increase in the presence of IT companies, with both domestic and international companies such as Altavista, Google, Italtel, Lycos, Microsoft, [ 139 ] Virgilio and Yahoo ! establishing their italian operations in the city. Milan is one of the fashion capitals of the world, where the sector can count on 12,000 companies, 800 show rooms, and 6,000 sales outlets ; the city hosts the headquarters of ball-shaped fashion houses such as Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, Luxottica, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Zegna and four weeks a class are dedicated to fashion events. [ 138 ] The city is besides a ball-shaped hub for event management and deal fairs. FieraMilano operates the universe ‘s fourth largest [ 140 ] exhibition hallway in Rho, were international exhibitions like Milan Furniture Fair, EICMA, EMO take plaza on 400,000 feather metres of exhibition areas with more than 4 million visitors in 2018. [ 141 ] tourism is an increasingly important character of the city ‘s economy : with 8.81 million registered external arrivals in 2018 ( up 9.92 % on the previous class ), Milan ranked as the world ‘s 15th-most travel to city. [ 142 ]
culture
Biblioteca Ambrosiana
Museums and artwork galleries
The Triennale, design and art museum. Milan is home to many cultural institutions, museums and art galleries, that account for about a tenth of the home total of visitors and receipts. [ 144 ] The Pinacoteca di Brera is one of Milan ‘s most crucial art galleries. It contains one of the first collections of italian painting, including masterpieces such as the Brera Madonna by Piero della Francesca. The Castello Sforzesco hosts numerous art collections and exhibitions, specially statues, ancient arms and furnitures, vitamin a well as the Pinacoteca del Castello Sforzesco, with an art collection including Michelangelo ‘s concluding sculpture, the Rondanini Pietà, Andrea Mantegna ‘s Trivulzio Madonna and Leonardo da Vinci ‘s Codex Trivulzianus manuscript. The Castello complex besides includes The museum of Ancient Art, The Furniture Museum, The Museum of Musical Instruments and the Applied Arts Collection, The egyptian and prehistoric sections of the Archaeological Museum and the Achille Bertarelli Print Collection. Milan ‘s figural art flourished in the Middle Ages, and with the Visconti family being major patrons of the arts, the city became an crucial centre of Gothic artwork and architecture ( Milan Cathedral being the city ‘s most formidable work of Gothic architecture ). Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499. He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. [ 145 ] The city was affected by the Baroque in the 17th and 18th centuries, and hosted numerous formidable artists, architects and painters of that period, such as Caravaggio and Francesco Hayez, which several significant works are hosted in Brera Academy. The museum of Risorgimento is specialised on the history of italian union Its collections include iconic paintings like Baldassare Verazzi ‘s Episode from the Five Days and Francesco Hayez ‘s 1840 Portrait of Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria. The Triennale is a purpose museum and events venue located in Palazzo dell’Arte, in Sempione Park. It hosts exhibitions and events highlighting contemporary italian design, urban planning, computer architecture, music, and media arts, emphasising the relationship between artwork and diligence. milan in the twentieth century was the epicenter of the Futurist artistic movement. Filippo Marinetti, the founder of italian Futurism wrote in his 1909 “ Manifesto of Futurism “ ( in Italian, Manifesto Futuristico ), that Milan was “ grande…tradizionale e futurista “ ( “ grand…traditional and futuristic “, in English ). Umberto Boccioni was besides an authoritative Futurism artist who worked in the city. today, Milan remains a major international hub of modern and contemporaneous art, with numerous modern art galleries. The Modern Art Gallery, situated in the Royal Villa, hosts collections of italian and european paint from the 18th to the early twentieth centuries. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] The Museo del Novecento, situated in the Palazzo dell’Arengario, is one of the most significant art galleries in Italy about 20th-century art ; of detail relevance are the sections dedicated to Futurism, Spatialism and Arte povera. In the early 1990s architect David Chipperfield was invited to convert the premises of the early Ansaldo Factory into a Museum. Museo delle Culture ( MUDEC ) opened in April 2015. [ 149 ] The Gallerie di Piazza Scala, a mod and contemporary museum located in Piazza della Scala in the Palazzo Brentani and the Palazzo Anguissola, hosts 195 artworks from the collections of Fondazione Cariplo with a strong representation of nineteenth-century Lombard painters and sculptors, including Antonio Canova and Umberto Boccioni. A fresh section was opened in the Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana in 2012. other secret ventures dedicated to contemporaneous art include the expose spaces of the Prada Foundation and HangarBicocca. The Nicola Trussardi Foundation is renewed for organising impermanent exhibition in venues around the city. Milan is besides base to many public art projects, with a diverseness of works that range from sculptures to murals to pieces by internationally celebrated artists, including Arman, Kengiro Azuma, Francesco Barzaghi, Alberto Burri, Pietro Cascella, Maurizio Cattelan, Leonardo district attorney Vinci, Giorgio de Chirico, Kris Ruhs, Emilio Isgrò, Fausto Melotti, Joan Miró, Carlo Mo, Claes Oldenburg, Igor Mitoraj, Gianfranco Pardi, Michelangelo Pistoletto, Arnaldo Pomodoro, Carlo Ramous, Aldo Rossi, Aligi Sassu, Giuseppe Spagnulo and Domenico Trentacoste .
music
The Teatro dei Filodrammatici. Milan is a major national and international concentrate of the acting arts, most notably opera. The city hosts La Scala operahouse, considered one of the worldly concern ‘s most esteemed, [ 151 ] having throughout history witnessed the premieres of numerous operas, such as Nabucco by Giuseppe Verdi in 1842, La Gioconda by Amilcare Ponchielli, Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini in 1904, Turandot by Puccini in 1926, and more recently Teneke, by Fabio Vacchi in 2007. other major theatres in Milan include the Teatro degli Arcimboldi, Teatro Dal Verme, Teatro Lirico and once the Teatro Regio Ducale. The city is besides the seat of a celebrated symphony orchestra and musical conservatory, and has been, throughout history, a major kernel for musical composition : numerous celebrated composers and musicians such as Gioseppe Caimo, Simon Boyleau, Hoste da Reggio, Verdi, Giulio Gatti-Casazza, Paolo Cherici and Alice Edun lived and worked in Milan. The city is besides the birthplace of many modern ensembles and bands, including Camaleonti, Camerata Mediolanense, Gli Spioni, Dynamis Ensemble, Elio e lupus erythematosus Storie Tese, Krisma, Premiata Forneria Marconi, Quartetto Cetra, Stormy Six and Le Vibrazioni .
fashion and design
Milan is widely regarded as a global capital in industrial design, manner and computer architecture. [ 152 ] In the 1950s and 60s, as the main industrial center of Italy and one of Europe ‘s most dynamic cities, Milan became a world capital of design and architecture. There was such a rotatory change that Milan ‘s fashion exports accounted for US $ 726 million in 1952, and by 1955 that number grew to US $ 72.5 billion. [ 153 ] Modern skyscrapers, such as the Pirelli Tower and the Torre Velasca were built, and artists such as Bruno Munari, Lucio Fontana, Enrico Castellani and Piero Manzoni gathered in the city. [ 154 ] Today, Milan is even particularly well known for its high-quality furniture and interior design industry. The city is home to FieraMilano, Europe ‘s largest permanent trade exhibition, and Salone Internazionale del Mobile, one of the most prestigious international furniture and design fairs. [ 155 ] Milan is besides regarded as one of the manner capitals of the global, along with New York City, Paris, and London. [ 156 ] Milan is synonymous with the italian prêt-à-porter diligence, [ 157 ] as many of the most celebrated italian fashion brands, such as Valentino, Gucci, Versace, Prada, Armani and Dolce & Gabbana, are headquartered in the city. numerous external manner labels besides operate shops in Milan. Furthermore, the city hosts the Milan Fashion Week twice a year, one of the most authoritative events in the international fashion arrangement. [ 158 ] Milan ‘s main upscale fashion zone, quadrilatero della moda, is home to the city ‘s most esteemed denounce streets ( Via Monte Napoleone, Via della Spiga, Via Sant’Andrea, Via Manzoni and Corso Venezia ), in addition to Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, one of the world ‘s oldest shop malls. [ 159 ]
Languages and literature
In the belated eighteenth century, and throughout the 19th, Milan was an authoritative center for intellectual discussion and literary creativity. The nirvana found here a fertile ground. Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria, with his celebrated Dei delitti e delle pene, and Count Pietro Verri, with the periodical Il Caffè were able to exert a considerable influence over the newfangled middle-class culture, thanks besides to an open-minded austrian administration. In the first years of the nineteenth century, the ideals of the romantic motion made their impact on the cultural animation of the city and its major writers debated the primacy of Classical versus Romantic poetry. here, besides, Giuseppe Parini, and Ugo Foscolo published their most important works, and were admired by younger poets as masters of ethics, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as of literary craft. Foscolo ‘s poem Dei sepolcri was inspired by a Napoleonic jurisprudence that—against the will of many of its inhabitants—was being extended to the city. In the third base decade of the nineteenth century, Alessandro Manzoni wrote his novel I Promessi Sposi, considered the manifesto of italian Romanticism, which found in Milan its centre ; in the same period Carlo Porta, reputed the most celebrated local slang poet, wrote his poems in Lombard Language. The periodical Il Conciliatore published articles by Silvio Pellico, Giovanni Berchet, Ludovico di Breme, who were both Romantic in poetry and patriotic in politics. After the Unification of Italy in 1861, Milan lost its political importance ; nevertheless it retained a screen of central position in cultural debates. New ideas and movements from early countries of Europe were accepted and discussed : frankincense Realism and Naturalism gave birth to an italian movement, Verismo. The greatest verista novelist, Giovanni Verga, was born in Sicily but wrote his most important books in Milan. In summation to Italian, approximately 2 million people in the Milan metropolitan area can speak the milanese dialect or one of its Western Lombard variations. [ 160 ]
Media
Milan is an crucial home and international media kernel. Corriere della Sera, founded in 1876, is one of the oldest italian newspapers, and it is published by Rizzoli, adenine well as La Gazzetta dello Sport, a casual dedicated to coverage of diverse sports and presently considered the most widely read daily newspaper in Italy. other local dailies are the general broadsheets Il Giorno, Il Giornale, the Catholic newspaper Avvenire, and Il Sole 24 Ore, a daily business newspaper owned by Confindustria ( the italian employers ‘ federation ). absolve casual newspapers include Leggo and Metro. Milan is besides home plate to many architecture, art, and manner periodicals, including Abitare, Casabella, Domus, Flash Art, Gioia, Grazia, and Vogue Italia. Panorama and Oggi, two of Italy ‘s most significant hebdomadally news program magazines, are besides published in Milan. respective commercial broadcast television receiver networks have their national headquarters in the Milan conurbation, including Mediaset Group ( owner of Canale 5, Italia 1, Iris and Rete 4 ), Telelombardia and MTV Italy. National radio stations based in Milan include Radio Deejay, Radio 105 Network, R101 ( Italy ), Radio Popolare, RTL 102.5, Radio Capital and Virgin Radio Italia .
cuisine
Like most cities in Italy, Milan has developed its own local culinary tradition, which, as it is distinctive for North italian cuisines, uses more frequently rice than pasta, butter than vegetable oil and features about no tomato or fish. milanese traditional dishes includes cotoletta alla milanese, a breaded veal ( pork barrel and turkey can be used ) cutlet pan-fried in butter ( similar to viennese Wiener Schnitzel ). other distinctive dishes are cassoeula ( grizzle pork barrel rib chops and sausage with Savoy cabbage ), ossobuco ( braised veal shank served with a condiment called gremolata ), risotto alla milanese ( with saffron and beef kernel ), busecca ( stewed tripe with beans ), mondeghili ( meatballs made with leftover kernel fried in butter ), and brasato ( stewed gripe or pork with wine and potatoes ). Season-related pastries include chiacchiere ( flatcar fritters dusted with boodle ) and tortelli ( fry spherical cookies ) for Carnival, colomba ( glazed cake shaped as a dive ) for Easter, pane dei morti ( “ boodle of the ( Day of the ) Dead ”, cookies flavoured with cinnamon ) for All Souls ‘ Day and panettone for Christmas. The salame Milano, a salami with a very ticket grain, is widespread throughout Italy. Renowned milanese cheeses are gorgonzola ( from the namesake village nearby ), mascarpone, used in pastry-making, taleggio and quartirolo. milan is well known for its first restaurants and cafés, characterised by advanced cuisine and design. [ 161 ] As of 2014, Milan has 157 Michelin-selected places, including three 2-Michelin-starred restaurants ; [ 162 ] these include Cracco, Sadler and il Luogo di Aimo e Nadia. [ 163 ] many historical restaurants and bars are found in the historic center, the Brera and Navigli districts. One of the city ‘s oldest surviving cafés, Caffè Cova, was established in 1817. [ 164 ] In total, Milan has 15 cafés, bars and restaurants registered among the Historical Places of Italy, endlessly operating for at least 70 years. [ 165 ]
fun
Milan hosted matches at the FIFA World Cup in 1934 and 1990 and the UEFA European Championship in 1980, and more recently held the 2003 World Rowing Championships, the 2009 World Boxing Championships, and some games of the Men ‘s Volleyball World Championship in 2010 and the final examination games of the Women ‘s Volleyball World Championship in 2014. In 2018, Milan hosted the World Figure Skating Championships. Milan will host the 2026 Winter Olympics adenine well as the 2026 Winter Paralympics jointly with Cortina d’Ampezzo. Milan is the merely city in Europe that is home to two european Cup/Champions League winning teams : Serie A football club A.C. Milan and Inter. They are two of the most successful clubs in the world of football in terms of international trophies. Both teams have besides won the FIFA Club World Cup ( once the Intercontinental Cup ). With a aggregate ten Champions League titles, Milan is only second to Madrid as the city with the most european Cups. Both teams play at the UEFA 5-star-rated Giuseppe Meazza Stadium, more normally known as the San Siro, that is one of the biggest stadiums in Europe, with a seating capacity of over 80,000. [ 166 ] The Meazza Stadium has hosted four european Cup/Champions League finals, most recently in 2016, when substantial Madrid defeated Atlético Madrid 5–3 in a punishment shoot-out. A third team, Brera Calcio, plays in Prima Categoria, the seventh tier of italian football. [ 167 ] Another team, Milano City F.C. ( a successor of Bustese Calcio ), [ 168 ] plays in Serie D, the one-fourth horizontal surface. Milan is one of the host cities of the EuroBasket 2022. There are presently four professional Lega Basket clubs in Milan : Olimpia Milano, Pallacanestro Milano 1958, Società Canottieri Milano and A.S.S.I. Milano. Olimpia is the most decorate basketball golf club in Italy, having won 27 italian League championships, six italian National Cups, one italian Super Cup, three european Champions Cups, one FIBA Intercontinental Cup, three FIBA Saporta Cups, two FIBA Korać Cups and many junior titles. The team play at the Mediolanum Forum, with a capacity of 12,700, where it has been hosted the final of the 2013–14 Euroleague. In some cases the team besides plays at the PalaDesio, with a capacity of 6,700. Milan is besides home to Italy ‘s oldest american football team : rhinoceros Milano, who have won five italian Super Bowls. The team plays at the Velodromo Vigorelli, with a capacity of 8,000. milan has besides two cricket teams : Milano Fiori, presently competing in the second gear division, and Kingsgrove Milan, who won the Serie A championship in 2014. Amatori Rugby Milano, the most deck rugby team in Italy, was founded in Milan in 1927. The Monza Formula One tour is located near the city, inside a suburban park. It is one of the universe ‘s oldest car racing circuits. The capacity for the F1 races is presently over 113,000. It has hosted an F1 race about every class since the first class of contest, with the exception of 1980. In road cycle, Milan hosts the start of the annual Milan–San Remo classical one-day race and the annual Milano–Torino one day race. Milan is besides the traditional finish for the final stage of the Giro d’Italia, which, along with the Tour de France and the Vuelta a Espana, is one of motorbike ‘s three Grand Tours .
education
Milan is a major ball-shaped centre of higher department of education teach and research and has the second largest assiduity of higher education institutes in Italy after Rome. Milan ‘s higher education system includes 7 universities, 48 faculties and 142 departments, with 185,000 university students enrolled in 2011 ( approximately 11 percentage of the national full ) [ 23 ] and the largest number of university graduates and graduate students ( 34,000 and more than 5,000, respectively ) in Italy. [ 171 ]
Universities
The University of Milan ( besides known as the “ State University ” ) founded in 1923, is the largest public teach and research university in the city. [ 172 ] The University of Milan is the sixth-largest university in Italy, with approximately 60,000 enroll students and a teach staff of 2,500. [ 173 ] Most relevant academics are in the fields of medicine, law and politics, and sustainability. noteworthy alumni such as former italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi and Nobel laureates earned their academic degree at University of Milan. University of Milan-Bicocca, established as “ Second University of Milan ” in 1998 and renamed in 1999, is the city ‘s most modern high education institution on skill and engineering, and hold during the 1990s in the campaign to release pressure on the overcrowded and older University of Milan. Built over a once industrial area, today enrolls more than 30,000 students, of which more than 60 % are females. [ 174 ] As its older parent establish, it is one of the most sought location for medical students. [ 175 ] The Polytechnic University of Milan is the city ‘s oldest university, founded in 1863. With over 40,000 students, it is the largest technical university in Italy. [ 176 ] Catholic University of the Sacred Heart is the largest private teach university in Europe [ 177 ] and the largest catholic University in the world with 42,000 enroll students. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] commercial University Luigi Bocconi is a private management and finance university established in 1902, ranking as the best university in Italy in its fields, and as one of the best in the world. In 2020, QS World University Rankings ( viewed as one of the three most-widely read university rankings in the global ) ranked the university 7th cosmopolitan and 3rd in Europe in commercial enterprise and management studies, [ 180 ] adenine well as 1st in economics and econometrics outside the U.S. and the U.K. [ 181 ] The Financial Times ranked it the sixth best business school in Europe in 2018. [ 182 ] Bocconi University besides ranks as the 5th best 1 year MBA run in the earth, according to the Forbes 2017 rank. [ 183 ] Vita-Salute San Raffaele University is a private teach checkup university linked to the San Raffaele Hospital. [ 184 ] University Institute of Languages and Communication ( besides known as “ University IULM ” ) is a private teach university established in 1968, late renamed from its original name “ University Institute of Languages of Milan ”, becoming first gear italian university put up courses on public relations ; late it became a point of reference besides for commercial enterprise communication ; media and advertising ; translation and interpretation ; communication in culture and arts markets, tourism and fashion. [ 185 ]
art academies
Milan is besides well known for its all right arts and music schools. The Milan Academy of Fine Arts ( Brera Academy ) is a populace academic institution founded in 1776 by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria ; the New Academy of Fine Arts is the largest private art and design university in Italy ; [ 186 ] the European Institute of Design is a individual university specialised in fashion, industrial and interior design, audio/visual design including photography, advertising and market and business communication ; the Marangoni Institute, is a fashion institute with campuses in Milan, London, and Paris ; the Domus Academy is a private graduate student mental hospital of design, fashion, architecture, inside design and management ; the Pontifical Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music, a college of music founded in 1931 by the blessed cardinal number A.I. Schuster, archbishop of Milan, and raised according to the rules by the Holy See in 1940, is—similarly to the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music in Rome, which is consociated with—an Institute “ ad instar facultatis ” and is authorised to confer university qualifications with canonic cogency [ 187 ] and the Milan Conservatory, a college of music established in 1807, presently Italy ‘s largest with more than 1,700 students and 240 music teachers. [ 188 ]
transport
typical trams operated by ATM Milan is one of the key transmit nodes of Italy and southerly Europe. Its central railroad track place is Italy ‘s second and Europe ‘s one-eighth busy. [ 189 ] [ 190 ] The Malpensa, Linate and Orio al Serio airports serve the Greater Milan, the largest metropolitan area in Italy. Azienda Trasporti Milanesi ( ATM ) is the milanese municipal transmit ship’s company ; it operates 4 metro lines, 18 tramcar lines, 131 bus lines, 4 trolleybus lines, and 1 people mover line, carrying about 776 million passengers in 2018. [ 191 ] Overall the net covers closely 1,500 kilometer ( 932 michigan ) reaching 46 municipalities. [ 192 ] Besides public conveyance, ATM manages the exchange parking lots and early transport services including bike sharing and carsharing systems. [ 193 ]
rail
Underground
The Milan Metro is the rapid transit system serving the city and surrounding municipalities. The network consists of 4 lines ( plus one under construction ), with a sum network length of 101 kilometres ( 63 mile ), and a sum of 113 stations, by and large underground. [ 194 ] It has a day by day ridership of 1.15 million, [ 195 ] the largest in Italy arsenic well as one of the largest in Europe .
suburban
The Milan suburban railway service, operated by Trenord, comprises 12 S lines connecting the metropolitan area with the city centre, with possible transfers to all the metro lines. Most s lines run through the Milan Passerby railway, normally referred to as “ illinois Passante ” and served by bus trains every 4/8 minutes in the central underground section. [ 196 ]
National and international trains
Milan Central place, with 120 million passengers per year, is the largest and eighth busiest railway post in Europe and the second busy in Italy after Rome. [ 189 ] Milano Cadorna and Milano Porta Garibaldi stations are respectively the one-seventh and the eleventh busiest stations in Italy. [ 189 ] Since the end of 2009, two high-speed train lines link Milan to Rome, Naples and Turin, well shortening travel times with early major cities in Italy. Further high-speed lines are under construction towards Genoa and Verona. Milan is served by direct international trains to Nice, Marseille, Lyon, Paris, Lugano, Geneva, Bern, Basel, Zurich and Frankfurt, and by overnight sleeper services to Paris and Dijon ( Thello ), Munich and Vienna ( ÖBB ). [ 197 ] Milan is besides the core of Lombardy ‘s regional coach network. regional trains were operated on two different systems by LeNord ( departing from Milano Cadorna ) and Trenitalia ( departing from Milan Centrale and Milano Porta Garibaldi ). Since 2011, a new party, Trenord, operates both Trenitalia and LeNord regional trains in Lombardy, carrying over 750,000 passengers on more than 50 routes every day. [ 198 ] [ 199 ]
Buses and trams
The city tram net consists of approximately 160 kilometres ( 99 nautical mile ) of traverse and 18 lines, and is Europe ‘s most advance light rail system. [ 200 ] Bus lines cover over 1,070 km ( 665 mi ). Milan has besides taxi services operated by individual companies and licensed by the City council of Milan. The city is besides a cardinal node for the home road network, being served by all the major highways of Northern Italy. numerous long-distance bus lines link Milan with many early cities and towns in Lombardy and throughout Italy. [ 201 ]
aviation
The Milan metropolitan area is served by three international airports, with a august sum of about 47 million passengers served in 2018. [ 202 ]
- Malpensa Airport is Italy’s second-busiest airport with 24.7 million passengers served in 2018 and Italy’s busiest for freight and cargo, handling about 600,000 tons of international freight in 2018. Malpensa lays 45 km (28 mi) from downtown Milan and is connected to the city by the Malpensa Express railway service.[203]
- Linate Airport is Milan’s city airport, and is now mainly used for domestic and short-haul international flights, serving 9.2 million passengers in 2018. Linate Airport is the second largest base for Italy’s national flag carrier, Alitalia.[204]
- Orio al Serio Airport, located some 50 km (31 mi) away, near the town of Bergamo, mainly serves the low-cost traffic of Milan and it is the main base of Ryanair (12.9 million passengers served in 2018).[205]
last, Bresso Airfield is a general air travel airport, operated by Aero Club Milano. [ 206 ]
motorbike
The bicycle is becoming an increasingly crucial modality of fare in Milan. Since 2008, the implementation of a city-wide network of motorcycle paths has been initiated, to fight congestion and air pollution. During the COVID pandemic in 2019, 35km of bicycle lanes have been realized on short notification, to relieve pressure on the metro occupation. [ 207 ] The bicycle sharing systems BikeMi has been deployed in about all the city and enjoys increasing popularity. Stationless commercial bicycle and scoter sharing systems are widely available .
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Milan has fifteen official baby cities as reported on the city ‘s web site. [ 208 ] The date column indicates the class in which the relationship was established. São Paulo was Milan ‘s first baby city .
The partnership with the city of St. Petersburg, Russia, that started in 1967, was suspended in 2012 ( a decisiveness taken by the city of Milan ), because of the prohibition of the russian government on “ homosexual propaganda ”. [ 211 ]
early relations
Milan has the succeed collaborations : [ 212 ]
People
honorary citizens
People awarded the honorary citizenship of Milan are :
See besides
Notes
References
bibliography
Milan at Wikipedia’s at Wikipedia ‘s
sister projects
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