Bahrain - Wikipedia

This article is about the area in Arab Peninsula. For early uses, see Bahrain ( disambiguation ) nation in the Persian Gulf

Bahrain ( bar-AYN ; Arabic : البحرين‎, romanized : al-Baḥrayn, locally [ æl baħˈreːn ] ( ) ), formally the Kingdom of Bahrain ( Arabic : مملكة البحرين‎ ), is a country in the Persian Gulf. The island nation comprises a modest archipelago made up of 50 natural islands and an extra 33 artificial islands, centered on Bahrain Island which makes up about 83 percentage of the country ‘s landmass. The nation is situated between the Qatari peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia to which it is connected by the 25-kilometre ( 16 mile ) King Fahd Causeway. According to the 2020 census, Bahrain ‘s population numbers 1,501,635 people, of which 712,362 are Bahraini nationals. [ 4 ] At 760 public square kilometres ( 290 sq mile ) [ 13 ] in size, it is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore. [ 14 ] The capital and largest city is Manama.

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Bahrain is the web site of the ancient Dilmun refinement. [ 15 ] It has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries, which were considered the best in the universe into the nineteenth century. Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to be influenced by Islam, during the life of Muhammad in 628 CE. Following a menstruation of Arab rule, Bahrain was ruled by the Portuguese Empire from 1521 until 1602, when they were expelled by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty. In 1783, the Bani Utbah kin captured Bahrain from Nasr Al-Madhkur and it has since been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal class, with Ahmed alabama Fateh as Bahrain ‘s beginning hakim. In the recently 1800s, following consecutive treaties with the british, Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom. [ 17 ] In 1971, it declared independence. once an emirate, Bahrain was declared an Islamic constitutional monarchy in 2002. In 2011, the country experienced protests inspired by the regional Arab Spring. [ 18 ] Bahrain ‘s rule Al Khalifa royal family has been criticised for violating the human rights of groups including dissidents, political resistance figures, and its majority Shia Muslim population. [ 19 ] Bahrain developed the first post-oil economy in the Persian Gulf, [ 20 ] the result of decades of investing in the banking and tourism sectors ; [ 21 ] many of the world ‘s largest fiscal institutions have a presence in the country ‘s capital. It consequently has a senior high school Human Development Index and is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy. Bahrain is a penis of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Gulf Cooperation Council. [ 22 ]

Etymology

[edit ]

A 1745 Bellin map of the historical region of Bahrain Bahrayn is the dual form of Arabic bahr ( “ sea ” ), indeed al-Bahrayn originally means “ the two seas ”. however, the diagnose has been lexicalised as a feminine proper noun and does not follow the grammatical rules for duals ; frankincense its phase is always Bahrayn and never Bahrān, the expect nominative shape. Endings are added to the word with no changes, as in the name of the national hymn Bahraynunā ( “ our Bahrain ” ) or the demonym Bahraynī. The medieval grammarian al-Jawahari commented on this saying that the more formally correct terminus Bahrī ( unhorse. “ belonging to the ocean ” ) would have been misunderstood and so was unused. [ 23 ] [ page needed ] It remains disputed which “ two seas ” the name Bahrayn primitively refers to. [ 24 ] The term appears five times in the Quran, but does not refer to the modern island—originally known to the Arabs as Awal. [ 24 ] today, Bahrain ‘s “ two seas ” are by and large taken to be the bay east and west of the island, [ 25 ] [ page needed ] the seas north and south of the island, [ 26 ] or the salt and newly body of water present above and below the land. [ 23 ] [ page needed ] In addition to wells, there are areas of the sea north of Bahrain where fresh water bubbles up in the middle of the seawater as noted by visitors since antiquity. [ 27 ] [ page needed ] An alternate hypothesis with attentiveness to Bahrain ‘s toponymy is offered by the al-Ahsa region, which suggests that the two seas were the Great Green Ocean ( the Persian Gulf ) and a peaceful lake on the arabian mainland. Until the recently Middle Ages, “ Bahrain ” referred to the region of Eastern Arabia that included Southern Iraq, Kuwait, Al-Hasa, Qatif, and Bahrain. The region stretched from Basra in Iraq to the Strait of Hormuz in Oman. This was Iqlīm al-Bahrayn ‘s “ Bahrayn Province. ” The demand date at which the term “ Bahrain ” began to refer entirely to the Awal archipelago is unknown. [ 28 ] The entire coastal strip of Eastern Arabia was known as “ Bahrain ” for a millennium. [ 29 ] The island and kingdom were besides normally spelled Bahrein into the 1950s .

history [edit ]

antiquity [edit ]

Map showing the locations of the ancient burying mounds. There are an calculate 350,000 burying mounds. Bahrain was home to Dilmun, an important Bronze Age deal center linking Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. [ 31 ] Bahrain was former ruled by the Assyrians and Babylonians. [ 32 ] From the sixth to third century BC, Bahrain was part of the Achaemenid Empire. By about 250 BC, Parthia brought the iranian Gulf under its control and extended its influence arsenic far as Oman. The Parthians established garrisons along the southerly coast of the Persian Gulf to control trade wind routes. [ 33 ] [ page needed ] During the classical era, Bahrain was referred to by the ancient Greeks as Tylos, the center of pearl trade, when the greek admiral Nearchus serving under Alexander the Great landed on Bahrain. Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander ‘s commanders to visit the island, and he found a verdant domain that was part of a across-the-board trade net ; he recorded : “ That on the island of Tylos, situated in the Persian Gulf, are bombastic plantations of cotton trees, from which are manufactured clothes called sindones, of powerfully differing degrees of value, some being costly, others less expensive. The manipulation of these is not confined to India, but extends to Arabia. ” [ 35 ] The greek historian Theophrastus states that much of Bahrain was covered by these cotton trees and that Bahrain was celebrated for exporting walking canes engraved with emblems that were customarily carried in Babylon. [ 36 ] Alexander had planned to settle greek colonists in Bahrain, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Bahrain became very much partially of the Hellenised world : the language of the upper classes was Greek ( although Aramaic was in casual use ). local neologism shows a seated Zeus, who may have been worshiped there as a syncretize mannequin of the arabian sun-god Shams. [ 37 ] Tylos was besides the site of Greek athletic contests. [ 38 ] The greek historian Strabo believed the Phoenicians originated from Bahrain. [ 39 ] Herodotus besides believed that the fatherland of the Phoenicians was Bahrain. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] This theory was accepted by the 19th-century german classicist Arnold Heeren who said that : “ In the greek geographers, for exemplify, we read of two islands, named Tyrus or Tylos, and Aradus, which boasted that they were the mother country of the Phoenicians, and exhibited relics of phoenician temples. ” [ 42 ] [ title missing ] The people of Tyre, in particular, have long maintained Persian Gulf origins, and the similarity in the words “ Tylos ” and “ Tyre ” has been commented upon. [ 43 ] however, there is little evidence of any human liquidation at all on Bahrain during the time when such migration had purportedly taken invest. [ 44 ] The mention Tylos is thought to be a Hellenisation of the Semitic Tilmun ( from Dilmun ). [ 45 ] The condition Tylos was normally used for the islands until Ptolemy ‘s Geographia when the inhabitants are referred to as Thilouanoi. [ 46 ] [ title missing ] Some station names in Bahrain go back to the Tylos era ; for case the appoint of Arad, a residential suburb of Muharraq, is believed to originate from “ Arados ”, the ancient Greek name for Muharraq. In the third century, Ardashir I, the first gear ruler of the Sassanid dynasty, marched on Oman and Bahrain, where he defeated Sanatruq the rule of Bahrain. [ 47 ] At this meter, Bahrain was known as Mishmahig ( which in Middle-Persian/Pahlavi means “ ewe-fish ” ). [ 48 ] [ title missing ] Bahrain was besides the locate of worship of an ox deity called Awal ( Arabic : اوال‎ ) Worshipers built a large statue to Awal in Muharraq, although it has now been lost. For many centuries after Tylos, Bahrain was known as Awal. By the fifth hundred, Bahrain became a center for nestorian Christianity, with the village Samahij [ 49 ] as the seat of bishops. In 410, according to the Oriental Syriac Church synodal records, a bishop named Batai was excommunicated from the church service in Bahrain. [ 46 ] As a sect, the Nestorians were frequently persecuted as heretics by the Byzantine Empire, but Bahrain was outside the Empire ‘s control condition, offering some safety. The names of several Muharraq villages today reflect Bahrain ‘s Christian bequest, with Al Dair meaning “ the monastery ”. Bahrain ‘s pre-Islamic population consisted of Christian Arabs ( by and large Abd al-Qays ), Persians ( Zoroastrians ), Jews, [ 50 ] and Aramaic -speaking agriculturalists. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] According to Robert Bertram Serjeant, the Baharna may be the Arabised “ descendants of converts from the original population of Christians ( Aramaeans ), Jews and Persians inhabiting the island and cultivated coastal provinces of Eastern Arabia at the time of the Muslim conquest “. [ 51 ] [ 54 ] The sedentary people of pre-Islamic Bahrain were Aramaic speakers and to some degree irani speakers, while Syriac functioned as a liturgical lyric. [ 52 ]

muslim time [edit ]

Muhammad ‘s first gear interaction with the people of Bahrain was the Al Kudr Invasion. Muhammad ordered a surprise attack on the Banu Salim tribe for plotting to attack Medina. He had received news that some tribes were assembling an army in Bahrain and preparing to attack the mainland, but the tribesmen retreated when they learned Muhammad was leading an army to do struggle with them. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] traditional Islamic accounts state that Al-Ala’a Al-Hadrami was sent as an emissary during the Expedition of Zayd ibn Harithah ( Hisma ) [ 57 ] [ 58 ] to the Bahrain area by the prophet Muhammad in AD 628 and that Munzir ibn Sawa Al Tamimi, the local rule, responded to his deputation and converted the entire area. [ 59 ] [ 60 ]

Middle Ages [edit ]

In 899, the Qarmatians, a millenarian Ismaili Muslim sect, seized Bahrain, seeking to create a utopian company based on cause and redistribution of property among initiates. thereafter, the Qarmatians demanded tribute from the caliph in Baghdad, and in 930 despoiled Mecca and Medina, bringing the consecrated Black Stone back to their basis in Ahsa, in chivalric Bahrain, for ransom. According to historian Al-Juwayni, the stone was returned 22 years late in 951 under cryptic circumstances. Wrapped in a net, it was thrown into the Great Mosque of Kufa in Iraq, accompanied by a eminence saying “ By command we took it, and by dominate we have brought it back. ” The larceny and removal of the Black Stone caused it to break into seven pieces. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Following their 976 defeat by the Abbasids, [ 64 ] the Qarmatians were overthrown by the Arab Uyunid dynasty of al-Hasa, who took over the entire Bahrain area in 1076. [ 65 ] The Uyunids controlled Bahrain until 1235, when the archipelago was briefly occupied by the Persian rule of Fars. In 1253, the Bedouin Usfurids brought down the Uyunid dynasty, thereby gaining see over eastern Arabia, including the islands of Bahrain. In 1330, the archipelago became a tributary state of matter of the rulers of Hormuz, [ 28 ] though locally the islands were controlled by the Shi’ite Jarwanid dynasty of Qatif. [ 66 ] In the mid-15th hundred, the archipelago came under the rule of the Jabrids, a Bedouin dynasty besides based in Al-Ahsa that ruled most of eastern Arabia .

early advanced era [edit ]

In 1521, the Portuguese Empire allied with Hormuz and seized Bahrain from the Jabrid ruler Muqrin ibn Zamil, who was killed during the coup d’etat. portuguese rule lasted for around 80 years, during which meter they depended chiefly on Sunni Persian governors. [ 28 ] The Portuguese were expelled from the islands in 1602 by Abbas I of the Safavid Iran, [ 67 ] which gave impulse to Shia Islam. [ 68 ] For the adjacent two centuries, irani rulers retained control of the archipelago, interrupted by the 1717 and 1738 invasions of the Ibadis of Oman. [ 69 ] During most of this time period, they resorted to governing Bahrain indirectly, either through the city of Bushehr or through immigrant Sunni Arab clans. The latter were tribe returning to the arabian english of the Persian Gulf from iranian territories in the union who were known as Huwala. [ 28 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] In 1753, the Huwala kin of Nasr Al-Madhkur invaded Bahrain on behalf of the iranian Zand drawing card Karim Khan Zand and restored direct iranian dominion. [ 71 ] In 1783, Al-Madhkur lost the islands of Bahrain following his kill by the Bani Utbah tribe at the 1782 Battle of Zubarah. Bahrain was not new district to the Bani Utbah ; they had been a presence there since the seventeenth century. [ 72 ] During that fourth dimension, they started purchasing date handle gardens in Bahrain ; a document shows that 81 years before arrival of the Al Khalifa, one of the sheik of the Al Bin Ali tribe ( an outgrowth of the Bani Utbah ) had bought a palm garden from Mariam bint Ahmed Al Sanadi in Sitra island. [ 73 ]
Purple – portuguese in Persian Gulf in the 16th and seventeenth hundred. Main cities, ports and routes. The Al Bin Ali were the dominant group controlling the town of Zubarah on the Qatar peninsula, [ 74 ] [ 75 ] primitively the kernel of world power of the Bani Utbah. After the Bani Utbah gained control of Bahrain, the Al Bin Ali had a practically independent status there as a autonomous tribe. They used a flag with four red and three white stripes, called the Al-Sulami sag [ 76 ] in Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, and the Eastern state of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Later, unlike Arab family clans and tribes from Qatar moved to Bahrain to settle after the fall of Nasr Al-Madhkur of Bushehr. These families included the House of Khalifa, Al-Ma’awdah, Al-Fadhil, Al-Mannai, Al-Noaimi, Al-Sulaiti, Al-Sadah, Al-Thawadi and early families and tribes. [ 77 ] The House of Khalifa moved from Qatar to Bahrain in 1799. in the first place, their ancestors were expelled from Umm Qasr in central Arabia by the Ottomans due to their marauding habits of preying on caravans in Basra and trade ships in Shatt al-Arab waterway until Turks expelled them to Kuwait in 1716, where they remained until 1766. [ 78 ] Around the 1760s, the Al Jalahma and House of Khalifa, both belonging to the Utub Federation, migrated to Zubarah in contemporary Qatar, leaving Al Sabah as the lone proprietors of Kuwait. [ 79 ]

nineteenth hundred and late [edit ]

In the early nineteenth century, Bahrain was invaded by both the Omanis and the Al Sauds. In 1802 it was governed by a 12-year-old child, when the Omani rule Sayyid Sultan installed his son, Salim, as governor in the Arad Fort. [ 80 ] In 1816, the british political resident in the Persian Gulf, William Bruce, received a letter from the Sheikh of Bahrain who was concerned about a rumor that Britain would support an attack on the island by the Imam of Muscat. He sailed to Bahrain to reassure the Sheikh that this was not the case and drew up an informal agreement assuring the Sheikh that Britain would remain a neutral party. [ 81 ]
This photograph shows the coronation of Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa as the Hakim of Bahrain in February 1933. In 1820, the Al Khalifa kin were recognised by the United Kingdom as the rulers ( “ Al-Hakim ” in Arabic ) of Bahrain after signing a treaty relationship. [ 82 ] however, ten years by and by they were forced to pay annually tributes to Egypt despite seeking iranian and british protection. [ 83 ]
Map of Bahrain in 1825. In 1860, the Al Khalifas used the lapp tactic when the british tried to overpower Bahrain. Writing letters to the Persians and Ottomans, Al Khalifas agreed to place Bahrain under the latter ‘s protection in March ascribable to offering better conditions. finally the Government of British India overpowered Bahrain when the Persians refused to protect it. Colonel Pelly signed a new treaty with Al Khalifas placing Bahrain under British rule and protection. [ 83 ]
Manama harbor, c. 1870 Following the Qatari–Bahraini War in 1868, british representatives signed another agreement with the Al Khalifas. It specified that the rule could not dispose of any of his district except to the United Kingdom and could not enter into relationships with any foreign government without british consent. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] In return the british promised to protect Bahrain from all aggression by sea and to lend support in case of land attack. [ 85 ] More importantly the british promised to support the rule of the Al Khalifa in Bahrain, securing its unstable put as rulers of the country. early agreements in 1880 and 1892 sealed the protectorate condition of Bahrain to the british. [ 85 ] Unrest amongst the people of Bahrain began when Britain formally established complete laterality over the district in 1892. The first rebellion and far-flung uprise took place in March 1895 against Sheikh Issa bin Ali, then rule of Bahrain. Sheikh Issa was the first of the Al Khalifa to rule without iranian relations. Sir Arnold Wilson, Britain ‘s representative in the Persian Gulf and writer of The Persian Gulf, arrived in Bahrain from Muscat at this time. The bristle developed further with some protesters killed by british forces. Before the development of petroleum, the island was largely devoted to pearl fisheries and, vitamin a late as the nineteenth century, was considered to be the finest in the world. In 1903, german explorer, Hermann Burchardt, visited Bahrain and took many photograph of historic sites, including the old Qaṣr es-Sheikh, photos now stored at the Ethnological Museum of Berlin. [ 87 ] Prior to the First World War, there were about 400 vessels hunting drop and an annual export of more than £30,000. In 1911, a group of Bahraini merchants demanded restrictions on the british influence in the country. The group ‘s leaders were subsequently arrested and exiled to India. In 1923, the british introduced administrative reforms and replaced Sheikh Issa bin Ali with his son. Some clerical opponents and families such as alabama Dossari left or were exiled to Saudi Arabia and Iran. [ 88 ] Three years late the british placed the country under the de facto rule of Charles Belgrave who operated as an adviser to the rule until 1957. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Belgrave brought a number of reforms such as establishment of the country ‘s first modern school in 1919, the Persian Gulf ‘s first girls ‘ school in 1928 [ citation needed ] and the abolition of slavery in 1937. [ 91 ] At the lapp meter, the drop diving industry developed at a rapid pace. In 1927, Rezā Shāh, then Shah of Iran, demanded sovereignty over Bahrain in a letter to the League of Nations, a move that prompted Belgrave to undertake harsh measures including encouraging conflicts between Shia and Sunni Muslims in order to bring down the uprisings and limit the iranian influence. [ 92 ] Belgrave even went far by suggesting to rename the Persian Gulf to the “ arabian Gulf ” ; however, the proposal was refused by the british politics. [ 89 ] Britain ‘s interest in Bahrain ‘s development was motivated by concerns over Saudi and iranian ambitions in the area .
A photograph of the First Oil Well in Bahrain, with oil beginning being extracted in 1931 The Bahrain Petroleum Company ( Bapco ), a subordinate of the Standard Oil Company of California ( Socal ), [ 93 ] discovered anoint in 1932. [ 94 ] This was to bring rapid modernization to Bahrain. Relations with the United Kingdom became close, as evidenced by the british Royal Navy moving its entire Middle Eastern command from Bushehr in Iran to Bahrain in 1935. [ citation needed ] In the early 1930s, Bahrain Airport was developed. Imperial Airways flew there, including the Handley Page HP42 aircraft. Later in the same ten the Bahrain Maritime Airport was established, for flying-boats and seaplanes. [ 95 ] Bahrain participated in the second base World War on the Allied side, joining on 10 September 1939. On 19 October 1940, four italian SM.82s bombers bombed Bahrain alongside Dhahran oilfields in Saudi Arabia, [ 96 ] targeting Allied-operated oil refineries. [ 97 ] Although minimal wrong was caused in both locations, the attack forced the Allies to upgrade Bahrain ‘s defences, an action which foster stretched Allied military resources. [ 97 ]
overview of Manama, 1953. After World War II, increasing anti-British sentiment bedspread throughout the arabian World and led to riots in Bahrain. The riots focused on the Jewish community. [ 98 ] In 1948, following rising hostilities and looting, [ 99 ] most members of Bahrain ‘s Jewish community abandoned their properties and evacuated to Bombay, former settling in Israel ( Pardes Hanna-Karkur ) and the United Kingdom. As of 2008, 37 Jews remained in the nation. [ 99 ] In the 1950s, the National Union Committee, formed by reformists following sectarian clashes, demanded an elected popular assembly, removal of Belgrave and carried out a number of protests and general strikes. In 1965 a month-long originate broke out after hundreds of workers at the Bahrain Petroleum Company were laid off. [ 100 ]

independence [edit ]

On 15 August 1971, [ 101 ] [ 102 ] though the Shah of Iran was claiming historic reign over Bahrain, he accepted a referendum held by the United Nations and finally Bahrain declared independence and signed a raw treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom. Bahrain joined the United Nations and the Arab League late in the year. [ 103 ] The petroleum smash of the 1970s benefited Bahrain greatly, although the subsequent downturn hurt the economy. The area had already begun diversification of its economy and benefited further from the Lebanese Civil War in the 1970s and 1980s, when Bahrain replaced Beirut as the Middle East ‘s fiscal hub after Lebanon ‘s large bank sector was driven out of the country by the war. [ 104 ] Following the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran in 1981, the Bahraini Shia population orchestrated a failed coup try under the auspices of a front arrangement, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain. The coup d’etat would have installed a Shia cleric exiled in Iran, Hujjatu l-Islām Hādī al-Mudarrisī, as supreme drawing card heading a theocratic politics. [ 105 ] In December 1994, a group of youths throw stones at female runners for running bare-legged during an international marathon. The resulting clash with police soon grew into civil agitation. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] A democratic arise occurred between 1994 and 2000 in which leftists, liberals and Islamists joined forces. [ 108 ] The consequence resulted in approximately forty deaths and ended after Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa became the Emir of Bahrain in 1999. [ 109 ] He instituted elections for fantan, gave women the correct to vote, and released all political prisoners. [ 110 ] A referendum on 14–15 February 2001 massively supported the National Action Charter. [ 111 ] As depart of the adoption of the National Action Charter on 14 February 2002, Bahrain changed its formal name from the State ( dawla ) of Bahrain to the Kingdom of Bahrain. [ 112 ] At the lapp time, the deed of the Head of State, Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa, was changed from Emir to King. [ 113 ] The country participated in military action against the Taliban in October 2001 by deploying a frigate in the Arabian Sea for rescue and humanist operations. [ 114 ] As a result, in November of that year, US president George W. Bush ‘s administration designated Bahrain as a “ major non-NATO ally “. [ 114 ] Bahrain opposed the invasion of Iraq and had offered Saddam Hussein mental hospital in the days prior to the invasion. [ 114 ] Relations improved with neighbouring Qatar after the margin quarrel over the Hawar Islands was resolved by the International Court of Justice in The Hague in 2001. Following the political liberalization of the country, Bahrain negotiated a dislodge trade agreement with the United States in 2004. [ 115 ]

Bahraini protests 2011–13 [edit ]

Inspired by the regional Arab Spring, Bahrain ‘s Shia majority started big protests against its Sunni rulers in early 2011. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] The politics initially allowed protests following a pre-dawn raid on protesters camped in Pearl Roundabout. [ 118 ] A calendar month later it requested security aid from Saudi Arabia and other Gulf Cooperation Council countries and declared a three-month state of emergency. [ 119 ] The politics then launched a crackdown on the opposition that included conducting thousands of arrests and systematic torment. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] [ 122 ] [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Almost daily clashes between protesters and security forces led to dozens of deaths. [ 125 ] Protests, sometimes staged by enemy parties, were ongoing. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] [ 129 ] [ 130 ] More than 80 civilians and 13 policemen have been killed as of March 2014. [ 131 ] According to Physicians for Human Rights, 34 of these deaths were related to government use of tear gas primitively manufactured by U.S.-based Federal Laboratories. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] The lack of coverage by arabian media in the Persian Gulf, [ 134 ] as compared to early arab spring uprisings, has sparked several controversies. Iran is alleged by United States and others to have a hand in the arm of Bahraini militants. [ 135 ]

geography [edit ]

Satellite position of Bahrain and eastern Saudi Arabia in 2016 . Bahrain map 2014 Bahrain is a generally flatcar and arid archipelago in the Persian Gulf. It consists of a low desert plain rising gently to a humble cardinal escarpment with the highest sharpen the 134 thousand ( 440 foot ) mountain of Smoke (Jabal ad Dukhan). [ 136 ] [ 137 ] Bahrain had a full sphere of 665 km2 ( 257 sq michigan ) but due to land reclamation, the area increased to 780 km2 ( 300 sq nautical mile ), which is slenderly larger than Anglesey. [ 137 ] often described as an archipelago of 33 islands, [ 138 ] extensive land reclamation projects have changed this ; by August 2008 the number of islands and island groups had increased to 84. [ 139 ] Bahrain does not contribution a land boundary with another nation but does have a 161 kilometer ( 100 myocardial infarction ) coastline. The country besides claims a farther 22 kilometer ( 12 nmi ) of territorial ocean and a 44 kilometer ( 24 nmi ) adjacent zone. Bahrain ‘s largest islands are Bahrain Island, the Hawar Islands, Muharraq Island, Umm an Nasan, and Sitra. Bahrain has mild winters and very hot, humid summers. The country ‘s natural resources include big quantities of anoint and natural gasoline american samoa good as pisces in the offshore waters. arable estate constitutes merely 2.82 % [ 6 ] of the total area. about 92 % of Bahrain is desert with periodic droughts and dust storms, the main natural hazards for Bahrainis. [ 140 ] Environmental issues facing Bahrain include desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable country, coastal abasement ( damage to coastlines, coral reef, and sea vegetation ) resulting from petroleum spills and early discharges from large tankers, vegetable oil refineries, distribution stations, and illegal domain reclamation at places such as Tubli Bay. The agricultural and domestic sectors ‘ over-utilisation of the Dammam Aquifer, the star aquifer in Bahrain, has led to its salinisation by adjacent brackish and saline water bodies. A hydrochemical study identified the locations of the sources of aquifer salinisation and delineated their areas of charm. The probe indicates that the aquifer water quality is significantly modified as groundwater flows from the northwestern parts of Bahrain, where the aquifer receives its water by lateral underflow from easterly Saudi Arabia, to the southern and southeast parts. Four types of salinisation of the aquifer are identified : brackish-water up-flow from the underlying brackish-water zones in north-central, western, and eastern regions ; seawater intrusion in the easterly region ; intrusion of sabkha water in the southwestern region ; and irrigation return flow in a local area in the western region. Four alternatives for the management of groundwater quality that are available to the urine authorities in Bahrain are discussed and their priority areas are proposed, based on the type and extent of each salinisation reservoir, in addition to groundwater use in that area. [ 141 ]

climate [edit ]

The Zagros Mountains across the Persian Gulf in Iran lawsuit low-level winds to be directed toward Bahrain. Dust storms from Iraq and Saudi Arabia transported by northwestern winds, locally called shamal wreathe, causing reduced visibility in the months of June and July. [ 142 ] Summers are very hot. The seas around Bahrain are very shoal, heating up cursorily in the summer to produce very high gear humidity, specially at night. Summer temperatures may reach up to 50 °C ( 122 °F ) under the right conditions. [ 143 ] Rainfall in Bahrain is minimal and irregular. Precipitation by and large occurs in winter, with an average of 70.8mm of rain recorded annually. [ citation needed ]

Climate data for Manama
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	20.0 (68.0)	21.2 (70.2)	24.7 (76.5)	29.2 (84.6)	34.1 (93.4)	36.4 (97.5)	37.9 (100.2)	38.0 (100.4)	36.5 (97.7)	33.1 (91.6)	27.8 (82.0)	22.3 (72.1)	30.1 (86.2)
Average low °C (°F)	14.1 (57.4)	14.9 (58.8)	17.8 (64.0)	21.5 (70.7)	26.0 (78.8)	28.8 (83.8)	30.4 (86.7)	30.5 (86.9)	28.6 (83.5)	25.5 (77.9)	21.2 (70.2)	16.2 (61.2)	23.0 (73.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	14.6 (0.57)	16.0 (0.63)	13.9 (0.55)	10.0 (0.39)	1.1 (0.04)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.5 (0.02)	3.8 (0.15)	10.9 (0.43)	70.8 (2.79)
Average precipitation days	2.0	1.9	1.9	1.4	0.2	0	0	0	0	0.1	0.7	1.7	9.9
Source: World Meteorological Organisation (UN)[144]

biodiversity [edit ]

Greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) are native to Bahrain. ) are native to Bahrain. More than 330 species of birds were recorded in the Bahrain archipelago, 26 species of which breed in the area. Millions of migratory birds pass through the Persian Gulf region in the winter and fall months. [ 145 ] One globally endangered species, Chlamydotis undulata, is a regular migrant in the fall. [ 145 ] The many islands and shallow seas of Bahrain are globally authoritative for the breed of the Socotra cormorant ; up to 100,000 pairs of these birds were recorded over the Hawar islands. [ 145 ] Bahrain ‘s national bird is the bulbul while its national animal is the arabian oryx. And the national bloom of Bahrain is the beloved Deena. only 18 species of mammals are found in Bahrain, animals such as gazelles, defect rabbits and hedgehogs are common in the barbarian but the Arabian oryx was hunted to extinction on the island. [ 145 ] twenty-five species of amphibians and reptiles were recorded vitamin a well as 21 species of butterflies and 307 species of plant. [ 145 ] The marine biotopes are diverse and include extensive ocean eatage beds and mudflats, patchy coral reef adenine well as offshore islands. Sea grass beds are crucial foraging grounds for some threaten species such as dugongs and the green turtle. [ 146 ] In 2003, Bahrain banned the get of ocean cows, marine turtles and dolphins within its territorial waters. [ 145 ] The Hawar Islands Protected Area provides valuable feeding and breed grounds for a variety of migrant seabirds, it is an internationally recognize locate for dame migration. The breeding colony of Socotra cormorant on Hawar Islands is the largest in the world, and the dugongs foraging around the archipelago form the second-largest dugong collection after Australia. [ 146 ] Bahrain has five designated protected areas, four of which are marine environments. [ 145 ] They are :

Hawar Islands
Mashtan Island, off the coast of Bahrain.
Arad bay, in Muharraq.
Tubli Bay
Al Areen Wildlife Park, which is a zoo and a breeding centre for endangered animals, is the only protected area on land and also the only protected area which is managed on a day-to-day basis.[145]

Bahrain emits a bunch of carbon dioxide per person compared to other countries, [ 147 ] which is contribution of the reason for climate change in the Middle East and North Africa .

Government and politics [edit ]

Shaikh Hamad bank identification number Isa Al Khalifa, the King of Bahrain Bahrain under the Al Khalifa is a constitutional monarchy headed by the King, Shaikh Hamad bank identification number Isa Al Khalifa. King Hamad enjoys wide executive powers which include appointing the Prime Minister and his ministers, commanding the army, chairing the Higher Judicial Council, appointing the fantan ‘s upper theater and dissolving its elected lower house. [ 148 ] The head of government is the premier minister. In 2010, about half of the government was composed of the Al Khalifa family. [ 149 ] Bahrain has a bicameral National Assembly ( al-Jam’iyyah al-Watani ) dwell of the Shura Council ( Majlis Al-Shura ) with 40 seats and the Council of Representatives ( Majlis Al-Nuwab ) with 40 seats. The forty members of the Shura are appointed by the king. In the Council of Representatives, 40 members are elected by absolute majority vote in single-member constituencies to serve four-year terms. [ 150 ] The appointed council “ exercises a de facto veto ” over the elected, because draft acts must be approved so they may pass into law. After approval, the king may ratify and issue the work or return it within six months to the National Assembly where it may alone pass into law if approved by two thirds of both councils. [ 148 ] In 1973, the country held its first gear parliamentary elections ; however, two years late, the deep emir dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution after parliament rejected the State Security Law. [ 100 ] The period between 2002 and 2010 saw three parliamentary elections. The first, held in 2002 was boycotted by the enemy, Al Wefaq, which won a majority in the irregular in 2006 and third gear in 2010. [ 151 ] The 2011 by-election was held to replace 18 members of Al Wefaq who resigned in protest against government crackdown. [ 152 ] [ 153 ] The open up of politics saw big gains for both Shīa and Sunnī Islamists in elections, which gave them a parliamentary platform to pursue their policies. [ 154 ] It gave a modern prominence to clerics within the political organization, with the most senior Shia religious leader, Sheikh Isa Qassim, playing a vital character. [ 155 ] This was particularly apparent when in 2005 the government called off the Shia branch of the “ Family jurisprudence ” after over 100,000 Shia took to the streets. Islamists opposed the law because “ neither elected MPs nor the government has the authority to change the law because these institutions could misinterpret the word of God ”. The jurisprudence was supported by women activists who said they were “ suffering in secrecy ”. They managed to organise a rally attended by 500 participants. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Ghada Jamsheer, a leading woman militant [ 159 ] said the government was using the police as a “ bargaining instrument with resistance Islamic groups ”. [ 160 ] Analysts of democratization in the Middle East cite the Islamists ‘ references to respect human rights in their justification for these programmes as testify that these groups can serve as a progressive military unit in the region. [ 161 ] Some Islamist parties have been particularly critical of the politics ‘s readiness to sign external treaties such as the United Nations ‘ International Convention on Civil and Political Rights. At a parliamentary school term in June 2006 to discuss ratification of the convention, Sheikh Adel Mouwda, the early drawing card of salafist party, Asalah, explained the party ‘s objections : “ The conventionality has been tailored by our enemies, God kill them all, to serve their needs and protect their interests rather than ours. This why we have eyes from the american english Embassy watching us during our sessions, to ensure things are swinging their way ”. [ 162 ]

military [edit ]

The kingdom has a small but well equipped military called the Bahrain Defence Force ( BDF ), numbering around 13,000 personnel. [ 163 ] The supreme commander of the Bahraini military is King Hamad bank identification number Isa Al Khalifa and the deputy supreme air force officer is the Crown Prince, Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. [ 164 ] [ 165 ] The BDF is primarily equipped with United States equipment, such as the F-16 Fighting Falcon, F-5 Freedom Fighter, UH-60 Blackhawk, M60A3 tanks, and the ex- USS Jack Williams, an Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate renamed the RBNS Sabha. [ 166 ] [ 167 ] On 7 August 2020, it was announced in a ceremony held at the HMNB Portsmouth Naval Base in the UK, that HMS Clyde had been transferred to the Royal Bahrain Naval Force, with the transport renamed as RBNS Al-Zubara. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] The Government of Bahrain has close relations with the United States, having signed a cooperative agreement with the United States Military and has provided the United States a base in Juffair since the early 1990s, although a US naval presence existed since 1948. [ 170 ] This is the home of the headquarter for Commander, United States Naval Forces Central Command ( COMUSNAVCENT ) / United States Fifth Fleet ( COMFIFTHFLT ), [ 171 ] and around 6,000 United States military personnel. [ 172 ] Bahrain participates in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, [ 173 ] who was deposed in the 2011 Arab Spring get up. [ 174 ] The permanent wave british Royal Navy base at Mina Salman, HMS Jufair, was formally opened in April 2018. [ 175 ]

foreign relations [edit ]

bahrain has established bilateral relations with 190 countries global. [ 176 ] As of 2012, Bahrain maintains a net of 25 embassies, 3 consulates and 4 permanent wave missions to the Arab League, United Nations and European Union respectively. [ 177 ] Bahrain besides hosts 36 embassies. Bahrain plays a modest, moderating function in regional politics and adheres to the views of the Arab League on Middle East peace and palestinian rights by supporting the two state solution. [ 178 ] Bahrain is besides one of the founding members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. [ 179 ] Relations with Iran tend to be tense as a result of a failed coup in 1981 which Bahrain blames Iran for and casual claims of irani sovereignty over Bahrain by ultra-conservative elements in the iranian public. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] Saudi Arabian troops were sent into Bahrain to crush pro-democracy protests in 2011. [ 182 ] Bahrain beginning welcomed israeli cabinet member Yossi Sarid to Manama in 1994. [ 183 ] In September 2020, after the United Arab Emirates announced normalize relations with Israel, Bahrain announced that it would allow all commercial flights coming from Israel to fly over its airspace [ 184 ] On 11 September 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump announced that Bahrain and Israel were to normalize relations under the Bahrain–Israel standardization agreement. [ 185 ] Bahrain ‘s official recognition of the State of Israel followed its GCC neighbor Oman ‘s host of the Israeli prime minister in 2018 [ 186 ] a well as the UAE ‘s official recognition of the State of Israel in August 2020. Bahrain ‘s decision was identical likely approved in advance by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [ 186 ]

Media [edit ]

The overriding forms of media in Bahrain consists of weekly and daily newspapers, television, and radio. Newspapers are wide available in multiple languages such as Arabic, English, Malayalam, etc. to support the deviate population. Akhbar Al Khaleej ( أخبار الخليج ) and Al Ayam ( الأيام ) are examples of major Arabic newspapers published day by day. Gulf Daily News and Daily Tribune publish daily newspapers in English. Gulf Madhyamam is a newspaper published in Malayalam. The country ‘s television network operates over 5 networks, all of which are by the Information Affairs Authority. Radio, much like the television network, is by and large state-run and normally in Arabic. Radio Bahrain is a long-running english terminology radio station and Your FM is a radio receiver post serving the big exile population from the amerind Subcontinent surviving in the state. By June 2012, Bahrain had 961,000 internet users. [ 187 ] The chopine “ provides a welcome loose distance for journalists, although one that is increasingly monitored ”, according to Reporters Without Borders. rigorous filtering targets political, human rights, religious material and message deemed abhorrent. Bloggers and early netizens were among those detained during protests in 2011. [ 188 ] Bahraini journalists risk prosecution for offenses which include “ cave ” the government and religion. Self-censorship is widespread. Journalists were targeted by officials during anti-government protests in 2011. Three editors from resistance casual Al-Wasat were sacked and later fined for publishing “ false ” news. respective foreign correspondents were expelled. [ 188 ] An autonomous commission, set up to look into the unrest, found that state media coverage was at times inflammatory. It said opposition groups suffered from lack of access to mainstream media, and recommended that the government “ consider relaxing censoring ”. Bahrain will host the Saudi-financed Alarab News Channel, expected to launch in December 2012. It will be based at a planned “ Media City ”. An opposition satellite station, LuaLua TV, operates from London but has found its signals blocked. [ 188 ]

Governorates [edit ]

The beginning municipality in Bahrain was the 8-member Manama municipality which was established in July 1919. [ 189 ] Members of the municipality were elected annually ; the municipality was said to have been the foremost municipality to be established in the arab populace. [ 189 ] The municipality was in charge of cleaning roads and renting buildings to tenants and shops. By 1929, it undertook road expansions deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as opening markets and slaughterhouses. [ 189 ] In 1958, the municipality started water purification projects. [ 189 ] In 1960, Bahrain comprised four municipalities : Manama, Hidd, Al Muharraq, and Riffa. [ 190 ] Over the next 30 years, the 4 municipalities were divided into 12 municipalities as settlements such as Hamad Town and Isa Town grew. [ 190 ] These municipalities were administered from Manama under a central municipal council whose members are appointed by the king. [ 191 ] The first base municipal elections to be held in Bahrain after independence in 1971, was in 2002. [ 192 ] The most recent was in 2010. The municipalities are listed below :
After 3 July 2002, Bahrain was split into five administrative governorates, each of which has its own governor. [ 193 ] These governorates are :

The Central Governorate was abolished in September 2014, its district divided between the Northern Governorate, Southern Governorate, and Capital Governorate. [ 194 ]
The United States designated Bahrain a major non-NATO ally in 2001. [ 195 ] As of October 2014, Bahrain is ruled by an “ authoritarian regimen “ and is rated as “ not loose ” by the U.S.-based non-governmental Freedom House. [ 196 ]

Human rights [edit ]

The period between 1975 and 1999 known as the “ State Security Law Era “, saw wide stove of homo rights violations including arbitrary arrests, detention without test, torture and forced exile. [ 197 ] [ 198 ] After the Emir Hamad Al Khalifa ( now king ) succeeded his founder Isa Al Khalifa in 1999, he introduced broad reforms and homo rights improved significantly. [ 199 ] These moves were described by Amnesty International as representing a “ historic menstruation of homo rights ”. [ 110 ] Human rights conditions started to decline by 2007 when torture began to be employed again. [ 200 ] In 2011, Human Rights Watch described the area ‘s human rights situation as “ blue ”. [ 201 ] ascribable to this, Bahrain lost some of the high gear International rankings it had gained ahead. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] [ 204 ] [ 205 ] [ 206 ]

Women ‘s rights [edit ]

Women in Bahrain acquired voting rights and the right field to stand in home elections in the 2002 election. [ 229 ] however, no women were elected to agency in that year ‘s polls. [ 230 ] In reception to the failure of women candidates, six were appointed to the Shura Council, which besides includes representatives of the Kingdom ‘s autochthonal jewish and christian communities. [ 231 ] Dr. Nada Haffadh became the nation ‘s first female cabinet minister on her appointment as Minister of Health in 2004. The quasi-governmental women ‘s group, the Supreme Council for Women, trained female candidates to take character in the 2006 general election. When Bahrain was elected to head the United Nations General Assembly in 2006 it appointed lawyer and women ‘s rights activist Haya bint Rashid Al Khalifa President of the United Nations General Assembly, only the third base woman in history to head the world body. [ 232 ] Female militant Ghada Jamsheer said “ The politics used women ‘s rights as a cosmetic joyride on the external degree. ” She referred to the reforms as “ artificial and bare ” and accused the politics of “ back [ ing ] non-governmental women societies ”. [ 160 ] In 2006, Lateefa Al Gaood became the foremost female MP after winning by nonpayment. [ 233 ] The number rose to four after the 2011 by-elections. [ 234 ] In 2008, Houda Nonoo was appointed ambassador to the United States making her the foremost jewish ambassador of any arab country. [ 235 ] In 2011, Alice Samaan, a christian woman, was appointed ambassador to the United Kingdom. [ 236 ]

The Central Governorate was abolished in September 2014, its district divided between the Northern Governorate, Southern Governorate, and Capital Governorate. [ 237 ]
The United States designated Bahrain a major non-NATO ally in 2001. [ 238 ] As of October 2014, Bahrain is ruled by an “ authoritarian government “ and is rated as “ not dislodge ” by the U.S.-based non-governmental Freedom House. [ 196 ]

economy [edit ]

A proportional theatrical performance of Bahrain exports, 2019 According to a January 2006 report by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for western Asia, Bahrain has the fastest-growing economy in the arab universe. [ 239 ] Bahrain besides has the freest economy in the Middle East and is twelfth-freest overall in the global based on the 2011 Index of Economic Freedom published by the Heritage Foundation / The Wall Street Journal. [ 240 ] In 2008, Bahrain was named the global ‘s fastest-growing fiscal center by the City of London ‘s Global Financial Centres Index. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] Bahrain ‘s bank and fiscal services sector, particularly Islamic bank, have benefited from the regional boom driven by demand for oil. [ 243 ] Petroleum output and work is Bahrain ‘s most export product, accounting for 60 % of export receipts, 70 % of government revenues, and 11 % of GDP. [ 6 ] Aluminium production is the second-most export product, followed by finance and construction materials. [ 6 ]
Manama skyline as viewed from Juffair economic conditions have fluctuated with the changing price of anoint since 1985, for exemplar during and following the irani Gulf crisis of 1990–91. With its highly developed communication and transportation facilities, Bahrain is home to a total of multinational firms and construction proceeds on several major industrial projects. A large share of exports dwell of petroleum products made from spell crude oil, which accounted for 51 % of the area ‘s imports in 2007. [ 140 ] Bahrain depends heavily on food imports to feed its growing population ; it relies heavily on kernel imports from Australia and besides imports 75 % of its total fruit pulmonary tuberculosis needs. [ 244 ] [ 245 ] Since only 2.9 % of the area ‘s down is arable, agriculture contributes to 0.5 % of Bahrain ‘s GDP. [ 245 ] In 2004, Bahrain signed the Bahrain–US Free Trade Agreement, which will reduce certain deal barriers between the two nations. [ 246 ] In 2011, ascribable to the combination of the ball-shaped fiscal crisis and the late agitation, the gross domestic product growth pace decreased to 1.3 %, which was the lowest increase rate since 1994. [ 247 ] access to biocapacity in Bahrain is a lot lower than earth average. In 2016, Bahrain had 0.52 ball-shaped hectares of biocapacity per person within its district, much less than the populace average of 1.6 global hectares per person. [ 249 ] In 2016 Bahrain used 8.6 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their ecological footprint of pulmonary tuberculosis. This means they use 16.5 times arsenic much biocapacity as Bahrain contains. As a solution, Bahrain is running a biocapacity deficit. unemployment, specially among the young, and the depletion of both oil and clandestine water resources are major long-run economic problems. In 2008, the idle figure was at 4 %, [ 250 ] with women over represented at 85 % of the full. [ 251 ] In 2007 Bahrain became the first gear arab country to institute unemployment benefits as separate of a serial of labor reforms instigated under Minister of Labour, Dr. Majeed Al Alawi. [ 252 ]

tourism [edit ]

foreground) and The cities of Muharraq ) and Manama ( background ) As a tourist destination, Bahrain received over eight million visitors in 2008. [ 253 ] Most of these are from the surrounding Arab states although an increasing numeral hail from outside the area due to growing awareness of the kingdom ‘s inheritance and its higher profile as a result of the Bahrain International F1 Circuit. The kingdom combines modern arabian culture and the archaeological bequest of five thousand years of culture. The island is home to forts including Qalat Al Bahrain which has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The Bahrain National Museum has artefacts from the nation ‘s history dating binding to the island ‘s first human inhabitants some 9000 years ago and the Beit Al Quran ( Arabic : بيت القرآن, think of : the House of Qur’an ) is a museum that holds Islamic artefacts of the Qur’an. Some of the popular historic tourist attractions in the kingdom are the Al Khamis Mosque, which is one of the oldest mosques in the region, the Arad fort in Muharraq, Barbar temple, which is an ancient temple from the Dilmunite period of Bahrain, angstrom well as the A’ali Burial Mounds and the Saar temple. [ 254 ] The Tree of Life, a 400-year-old tree that grows in the Sakhir desert with no nearby body of water, is besides a popular tourist drawing card. [ 255 ]
Bird watch ( primarily in the Hawar Islands ), aqualung dive, and horse ride are democratic tourist activities in Bahrain. many tourists from nearby Saudi Arabia and across the region chew the fat Manama chiefly for the shopping malls in the capital Manama, such as the Bahrain City Centre and Seef Mall in the Seef district of Manama. The Manama Souq and Gold Souq in the old zone of Manama are besides democratic with tourists. [ 256 ] In January 2019 the state-run Bahrain News Agency announced the summer 2019 unfold of an subaqueous subject park covering about 100,000 feather meters with a slump Boeing 747 as the site ‘s centerpiece. The stick out is a partnership between the Supreme Council for Environment, Bahrain Tourism and Exhibitions Authority ( BTEA ), and secret investors. Bahrain hopes aqualung divers from around the earth will visit the submerged parking lot, which will besides include artificial coral reefs, a copy of a Bahraini pearl merchant ‘s house, and sculptures. [ 257 ] The park is intended to become the earth ‘s largest eco-friendly subaqueous composition ballpark. [ 258 ] Since 2005, Bahrain hosts an annual festival in March, titled Spring of Culture, which features internationally celebrated musicians and artists performing in concerts. [ 259 ] Manama was named the Arab Capital of Culture for 2012 and Capital of Arab Tourism for 2013 by the Arab League and asian tourism for 2014 with the Gulf Capital of Tourism for 2016 by The Gulf Cooperation Council. The 2012 festival featured concerts starring Andrea Bocelli, Julio Iglesias and other musicians. [ 260 ]

As per the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ), Bahrain ‘s economy contracted by 5.4 % in 2020 as the COVID-19 pandemic badly affected the tourism and energy sector. [ 261 ] According to a report by the UN Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ), Bahrain ‘s tourism sector is amongst the hardest hit by COVID-19 pandemic. As compared to 2019, the industry witnessed losses between $ 1.7 trillion and $ 2.4 trillion in 2021. [ 262 ]

infrastructure [edit ]

Bahrain has one chief international airport, the Bahrain International Airport ( BAH ) which is located on the island of Muharraq, in the northeast. The airport handled more than 100,000 flights and more than 8 million passengers in 2010. [ 263 ] Bahrain ‘s national carrier, Gulf Air operates and bases itself in the BIA .
The King Fahd Causeway as seen from space Bahrain has a well-developed road net, peculiarly in Manama. The discovery of oil in the early 1930s accelerated the creation of multiple roads and highways in Bahrain, connecting several apart villages, such as Budaiya, to Manama. [ 264 ] To the east, a bridge connected Manama to Muharraq since 1929, a new causeway was built in 1941 which replaced the previous wooden bridge. [ 264 ] presently there are three modern bridges connecting the two locations. [ 265 ] Transits between the two islands peaked after the construction of the Bahrain International Airport in 1932. [ 264 ] Ring roads and highways were subsequently built to connect Manama to the villages of the Northern Governorate and towards towns in central and southern Bahrain. The four independent islands and all the towns and villages are linked by well-constructed roads. There were 3,164 kilometer ( 1,966 myocardial infarction ) of roadways in 2002, of which 2,433 kilometer ( 1,512 nautical mile ) were paved. A causeway stretching over 2.8 km ( 2 myocardial infarction ), connect Manama with Muharraq Island, and another bridge joins Sitra to the main island. The King Fahd Causeway, measuring 24 kilometer ( 15 michigan ), links Bahrain with the Saudi Arabian mainland via the island of Umm an-Nasan. It was completed in December 1986, and financed by Saudi Arabia. In 2008, there were 17,743,495 passengers transiting through the causeway. [ 266 ] Bahrain ‘s port of Mina Salman is the main seaport of the area and consists of 15 berths. [ 267 ] In 2001, Bahrain had a merchant fleet of eight ships of 1,000 GT or complete, totaling 270,784 GT. [ 268 ] Private vehicles and taxis are the primary means of transportation in the city. [ 269 ] A nationally metro system is presently under construction and is due to be operational by 2023 .

Telecommunications [edit ]

The telecommunications sector in Bahrain officially started in 1981 with the establishment of Bahrain ‘s first telecommunication company, Batelco and until 2004, it monopolised the sector. In 1981, there were more than 45,000 telephones in habit in the nation. By 1999, Batelco had more than 100,000 mobile contracts. [ 270 ] In 2002, under press from international bodies, Bahrain implemented its telecommunications law which included the institution of an independent Telecommunications Regulatory Authority ( TRA ). [ 270 ] In 2004, Zain ( a rebranded translation of MTC Vodafone ) started operations in Bahrain and in 2010 VIVA ( owned by STC Group ) became the third company to provide mobile services. [ 271 ] Bahrain has been connected to the internet since 1995 with the nation ‘s world suffix is ‘ .bh ‘. The country ‘s connectivity score ( a statistic which measures both Internet access and fixed and mobile telephone lines ) is 210.4 percentage per person, while the regional average in arabian States of the Persian Gulf is 135.37 percentage. [ 272 ] The number of Bahraini internet users has risen from 40,000 in 2000 [ 273 ] to 250,000 in 2008, [ 274 ] or from 5.95 to 33 percentage of the population. As of August 2013, the TRA has licensed 22 Internet Service Providers. [ 275 ]

science and engineering [edit ]

policy model [edit ]

The Bahraini Economic Vision 2030 published in 2008 does not indicate how the declared goal of shifting from an economy built on anoint wealth to a fat, globally competitive economy will be attained. Bahrain has already diversified its exports to some extent, out of necessity. It has the smallest hydrocarbon reserves of any Persian Gulf state, producing 48,000 barrels per day from its one onshore airfield. [ 276 ] The bulk of the state ‘s gross comes from its partake in the offshore field administered by Saudi Arabia. The flatulence reserve in Bahrain is expected to last for less than 27 years, leaving the nation with few sources of capital to pursue the development of new industries. investment in research and exploitation remained very broken in 2013. [ 277 ] apart from the Ministry of Education and the Higher department of education Council, the two independent hives of action in skill, technology, and invention are the University of Bahrain ( established in 1986 ) and the Bahrain Centre for Strategic, International, and Energy Studies. The latter was founded in 2009 to undertake research with a concentrate on strategic security and energy issues to encourage new think and influence policy-making. [ 277 ]

New infrastructure for science and education [edit ]

Bahrain hopes to build a skill culture within the kingdom and to encourage technological invention, among other goals. In 2013, the Bahrain Science Centre was launched as an synergistic educational facility targeting 6- to 18-year-olds. The topics covered by stream exhibitions include junior technology, human health, the five senses, Earth sciences and biodiversity. [ 277 ] In April 2014, Bahrain launched its National Space Science Agency. The means has been working to ratify external space-related agreements such as the Outer Space Treaty, the Rescue Agreement, the Space Liability Convention, the Registration Convention and the Moon Agreement. The agency plans to establish infrastructure for the observation of both out distance and the Earth. [ 277 ] In November 2008, an agreement was signed to establish a Regional Centre for Information and Communication Technology in Manama under the auspices of UNESCO. The drive is to establish a cognition hub for the six extremity states of the Gulf Cooperation Council. In March 2012, the center hosted two high-level workshops on ICTs and education. In 2013, Bahrain topped the arabian world for internet penetration ( 90 % of the population ), trailed by the United Arab Emirates ( 86 % ) and Qatar ( 85 % ). Just one-half of Bahrainis and Qataris ( 53 % ) and two-thirds of those in the United Arab Emirates ( 64 % ) had access in 2009. [ 277 ]

investment in education and inquiry [edit ]

In 2012, the government devoted 2.6 % of GDP to education, one of the lowest ratios in the arabian global. This proportion was on a par with investment in education in Lebanon and higher lone than that in Qatar ( 2.4 % in 2008 ) and Sudan ( 2.2 % in 2009 ). [ 277 ] Bahrain was ranked 79th in the Global Innovation Index in 2020, down from 78th in 2019. [ 278 ] [ 279 ] [ 280 ] [ 281 ] Bahrain invests short in inquiry and growth. In 2009 and 2013, this investment reportedly amounted to 0.04 % of GDP, although the data were incomplete, covering only the higher education sector. The miss of comprehensive data on inquiry and development poses a challenge for policy-makers, as data inform evidence-based policy-making. [ 277 ] The available data for researchers in 2013 only cover the higher education sector. here, the numeral of researchers is equivalent to 50 per million inhabitants, compared to a global average for all employment sectors of 1,083 per million. [ 277 ] The University of Bahrain had over 20,000 students in 2014, 65 % of whom are women, and around 900 faculty members, 40 % of whom are women. From 1986 to 2014, university staff published 5 500 papers and books. The university spent about US $ 11 million per year on inquiry in 2014, which was conducted by a contingent of 172 men and 128 women. Women therefore made up 43 % of researchers at the University of Bahrain in 2014. [ 277 ] Bahrain was one of 11 Arab states which counted a majority of female university graduates in science and engineering in 2014. Women accounted for 66 % of graduates in natural sciences, 28 % of those in engineering and 77 % of those in health and wellbeing. It is harder to judge the contribution of women to research, as the datum for 2013 only cover the higher education sector. [ 277 ]

Trends in inquiry output [edit ]

In 2014, Bahraini scientists published 155 articles in internationally cataloged journals, according to Thomson Reuters ‘ Web of Science ( Science Citation Index Expanded ). This corresponds to 15 articles per million inhabitants, compared to a global average of 176 per million inhabitants in 2013. Scientific output has risen slowly from 93 articles in 2005 and remains humble. By 2014, only Mauritania and Palestine had a smaller output signal in this database among arabian states. [ 282 ] [ 277 ] between 2008 and 2014, Bahraini scientists collaborated most with their peers from Saudi Arabia ( 137 articles ), followed by Egypt ( 101 ), the United Kingdom ( 93 ), the United States ( 89 ) and Tunisia ( 75 ). [ 277 ]

Demographics [edit ]

Bahrainis observing public prayers in Manama In 2010, Bahrain ‘s population grew to 1.2 million, of which 568,399 were Bahraini and 666,172 were non-nationals. [ 283 ] It had risen from 1.05 million ( 517,368 non-nationals ) in 2007, the year when Bahrain ‘s population crossed the one million target. [ 284 ] Though a majority of the population is Middle Eastern, a ample total of people from South Asia live in the area. In 2008, approximately 290,000 amerind nationals lived in Bahrain, making them the unmarried largest expatriate community in the country, the majority of which hail from the confederacy amerind state of Kerala. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Bahrain is the fourthly most dumbly populate sovereign state in the world with a population concentration of 1,646 people per km2 in 2010. [ 283 ] The only autonomous states with larger population densities are city states. much of this population is concentrated in the north of the area with the southern Governorate being the least dumbly populate character. [ 283 ] The north of the country is so urbanized that it is considered by some to be one large metropolitan area. [ 287 ]

cultural groups [edit ]

Bahraini people are ethnically divers. Shia Bahrainis are divided into two chief heathen groups : Baharna and Ajam. The Shia Bahrainis are Baharna ( Arab ), and the Ajam are iranian Shias. Shia Persians form large communities in Manama and Muharraq. A small minority of Shia Bahrainis are cultural Hasawis from Al-Hasa. Sunni Bahrainis are chiefly divided into two independent ethnic groups : Arabs ( aluminum Arab ) and Huwala. Sunni Arabs, while a minority, are the most influential heathen group in Bahrain. They hold most government positions and the Bahraini monarchy are Sunni Arabs. Sunni Arabs have traditionally lived in areas such as Zallaq, Muharraq, Riffa and Hawar islands. The Huwala are descendants of Sunni Iranians ; some of them are sunni Persians, [ 288 ] [ 289 ] while others Sunni Arabs. [ 290 ] [ 291 ] There are besides Sunnis of Baloch origin. Most african Bahrainis come from East Africa and have traditionally lived in Muharraq Island and Riffa. [ 292 ]

religion [edit ]

The state religion of Bahrain is Islam and most Bahraini citizens are Muslim. The majority of Bahraini Muslims are Shiites. [ 294 ] It is one of three countries in the Middle East in which Shiites are the majority, the other two being Iraq and Iran. [ 294 ] Public surveys are rare in Bahrain, but the US department of state ‘s report on religious freedom in Bahrain estimates that Shia constitute 55–60 % of Bahrain ‘s citizen population. [ 295 ] Although the majority of the nation ‘s citizens are Shia, the royal family and most Bahrani elites are Sunni. [ 296 ] The area ‘s two Muslim communities are united on some issues, but disagree aggressively on others. [ 296 ] Shia have often complained of being politically repressed and economically marginalized in Bahrain ; as a result, most of the protestors in the Bahraini bristle of 2011 were Shia. [ 297 ] [ 298 ] [ 299 ] The Muslim population is numbered 866,888 according to the 2010 census. Christians in Bahrain make up approximately 14.5 % of the population. [ 283 ] There is a native Christian community in Bahrain. Non-Muslim Bahraini residents numbered 367,683 per the 2010 census, most of whom are Christians. [ 300 ] Expatriate Christians make up the majority of Christians in Bahrain, while native Christian Bahrainis ( who hold Bahraini citizenship ) make up a smaller community. Alees Samaan, a former Bahraini ambassador to the United Kingdom is a native Christian. Bahrain besides has a native Jewish community numbering thirty-seven Bahraini citizens. [ 301 ] Various sources cite Bahrain ‘s native Jewish community as being from 36 to 50 people. [ 302 ] According to Bahraini writer Nancy Khedouri, the Jewish community of Bahrain is one of the youngest in the universe, having its origins in the migration of a few families to the island from then-Iraq and then-Iran in the late 1880s. [ 303 ]
Due to an inflow of immigrants and guest workers from asian countries, such as India, the Philippines and Sri Lanka, the overall share of Muslims in the country has declined in late years. [ citation needed ] According to the 2001 census, 81.2 % of Bahrain ‘s population was Muslim, 10 % were Christian, and 9.8 % rehearse Hinduism or other religions. [ 6 ] The 2010 census records that the Muslim proportion had fallen to 70.2 % ( the 2010 census did not differentiate between the non-Muslim religions ). [ 283 ]

Languages

[edit ]

Arabic is the official speech of Bahrain, though English is widely used. [ 2 ] Bahrani Arabic is the most widely speak dialect of the Arabic linguistic process, though it differs widely from standard Arabic, like all Arabic dialects. Arabic plays an important function in political life sentence, as, according to article 57 ( vitamin c ) of Bahrain ‘s united states constitution, an MP must be fluent in Arabic to stand for fantan. [ 304 ] In summation, Balochi is the second largest and wide speak language in Bahrain.The Baloch are eloquent in Arabic and Balochi. Among the Bahraini and non-Bahraini population, many people speak iranian, the official lyric of Iran, or Urdu, an official language in Pakistan and a regional speech in India. [ 2 ] Nepali is besides widely spoken in the nepalese workers and Gurkha Soldiers community. Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Bangla and Hindi are spoken among meaning amerind communities. [ 2 ] All commercial institutions and road signs are bilingual, displaying both English and Arabic. [ 305 ]

department of education [edit ]

education is compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 14. [ 306 ] education is free for Bahraini citizens in populace schools, with the Bahraini Ministry of Education providing exempt textbooks. coeducation is not used in public schools, with boys and girls segregated into distinguish schools. [ 307 ] At the beginning of the twentieth hundred, Qur’anic schools ( Kuttab ) were the entirely form of education in Bahrain. [ 308 ] They were traditional schools aimed at teaching children and youth the read of the Qur’an. After World War I, Bahrain became open to westerly influences, and a demand for advanced educational institutions appeared. 1919 marked the beginning of modern public school system in Bahrain when the Al-Hidaya Al-Khalifia School for boys opened in Muharraq. [ 308 ] In 1926, the Education Committee opened the moment public school for boys in Manama, and in 1928 the first base public school for girls was opened in Muharraq. [ 308 ] As of 2011, there are a total of 126,981 students studying in public schools. [ 309 ] In 2004, King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa introduced the “ King Hamad Schools of Future ” project that uses Information Communication Technology to support K–12 education in Bahrain. [ 310 ] The project ‘s objective is to connect all schools within the kingdom with the Internet. [ 311 ] In summation to British intermediate schools, the island is served by the Bahrain School ( BS ). The BS is a United States Department of Defense school that provides a K-12 course of study including International Baccalaureate offerings. There are besides private schools that offer either the IB Diploma Programme or United Kingdom ‘s A-Levels. Bahrain besides encourages institutions of higher memorize, drawing on expatriate endowment and the increasing consortium of Bahrain nationals returning from afield with advanced degrees. The University of Bahrain was established for standard undergraduate and calibrate study, and the King Abdulaziz University College of Health Sciences, operating under the direction of the Ministry of Health, trains physicians, nurses, pharmacists and paramedics. The 2001 National Action Charter paved the way for the geological formation of secret universities such as the Ahlia University in Manama and University College of Bahrain in Saar. The Royal University for Women ( RUW ), established in 2005, was the first individual, purpose-built, external university in Bahrain dedicated entirely to educating women. The University of London External has appointed MCG ( Management Consultancy Group ) as the regional representative position in Bahrain for distance learning programmes. [ 312 ] MCG is one of the oldest private establish in the country. Institutes have besides opened which educate South asian students, such as the Pakistan Urdu School, Bahrain and the indian School, Bahrain. A few big institutions are the American University of Bahrain established in 2019, [ 313 ] the Bahrain Institute of Banking and Finance, the Ernst & Young Training Institute, and the Birla Institute of Technology International Centre. In 2004, the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland ( RCSI ) set up a constituent medical university in the country. In accession to the Arabian Gulf University, AMA International University and the College of Health Sciences, these are the only medical schools in Bahrain .

Health [edit ]

IHB Ambulance Bahrain has a universal health manage system, dating back to 1960. [ 314 ] Government-provided health concern is unblock to Bahraini citizens and heavily subsidised for non-Bahrainis. Healthcare outgo accounted for 4.5 % of Bahrain ‘s GDP, according to the World Health Organization. Bahraini physicians and nurses form a majority of the country ‘s work force in the health sector, unlike neighbouring Gulf states. [ 315 ] The first gear hospital in Bahrain was the american Mission Hospital, which opened in 1893 as a dispensary. [ 316 ] The first populace hospital, and besides third hospital, to open in Bahrain was the Salmaniya Medical Complex, in the Salmaniya zone of Manama, in 1957. [ 317 ] Private hospitals are besides present throughout the nation, such as the International Hospital of Bahrain. The life anticipation in Bahrain is 73 for males and 76 for females. Compared to many countries in the region, the preponderance of AIDS and HIV is relatively low. [ 318 ] Malaria and tuberculosis ( TB ) do not constitute major problems in Bahrain as neither disease is autochthonal to the nation. As a consequence, cases of malaria and TB have declined in recent decades with cases of contractions amongst Bahraini nationals becoming rare. [ 318 ] The Ministry of Health sponsors unconstipated vaccination campaigns against TB and other diseases such as hepatitis B. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] Bahrain is presently suffering from an fleshiness epidemic as 28.9 % of all males and 38.2 % of all females are classified as corpulent. [ 320 ] Bahrain besides has one of the highest prevalence of diabetes in the universe ( fifth target ), with more than 15 % of the Bahraini population suffering from the disease, and accounting for 5 % of deaths in the country. [ 321 ] cardiovascular diseases account for 32 % of all deaths in Bahrain, being the number one cause of death in the state ( the second gear being cancer ). [ 322 ] Sickle-cell anemia and thalassemia are prevalent in the state, with a report concluding that 18 % of Bahrainis are carriers of sickle-cell anemia while 24 % are carriers of thalassemia. [ 323 ]

culture [edit ]

Islam is the main religion, and Bahrainis are known for their tolerance towards the practice of other faiths. [ 324 ] Intermarriages between Bahrainis and expatriates are not uncommon—there are many Filipino-Bahrainis like Filipino child actress Mona Marbella Al-Alawi. [ 325 ] Rules regarding female attire are generally relaxed compared to regional neighbours ; the traditional overdress of women normally include the hijab or the abaya. [ 137 ] Although the traditional male attire is the thobe which besides includes traditional headdresses such as the keffiyeh, ghutra and agal, western clothe is common in the country. [ 137 ] Although Bahrain legalized homosexuality in 1976, many homosexuals have since been arrested. [ 326 ] [ 327 ] [ 328 ]

artwork [edit ]

The modern artwork movement in the state formally emerged in the 1950s, culminating in the constitution of an art society. expressionism and surrealism, ampere well as calligraphic art are the popular forms of art in the country. abstract expressionism has gained popularity in late decades. [ 329 ] Pottery -making and textile -weaving are besides popular products that were widely made in Bahraini villages. [ 329 ] Arabic calligraphy grew in popularity as the Bahraini government was an active patron in Islamic art, culminating in the institution of an Islamic museum, Beit Al Quran. [ 329 ] The Bahrain national museum houses a permanent contemporaneous art exhibition. [ 330 ] The annual spring of Culture [ 331 ] festival tend by the Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities [ 332 ] has become a popular event promoting performance arts in the Kingdom. The architecture of Bahrain is exchangeable to that of its neighbours in the Persian Gulf. The wind tower, which generates natural ventilation in a theater, is a common sight on erstwhile buildings, peculiarly in the old districts of Manama and Muharraq. [ 333 ]

literature [edit ]

literature retains a strong tradition in the nation ; most traditional writers and poets write in the authoritative Arabic style. In recent years, the number of younger poets influenced by western literature are rising, most writing in release verse and much including political or personal content. [ 334 ] Ali Al Shargawi, a dress longtime poet, was described in 2011 by Al Shorfa as the literary picture of Bahrain. [ 335 ] In literature, Bahrain was the site of the ancient down of Dilmun mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Legend besides states that it was the localization of the Garden of Eden. [ 336 ] [ 337 ]

music [edit ]

The music style in Bahrain is exchangeable to that of its neighbours. The Khaliji style of music, which is tribe music, is popular in the state. The sawt style of music, which involves a building complex form of urban music, performed by an Oud ( plucked lute ), a violin and mirwas ( a brake drum ), is besides popular in Bahrain. [ 338 ] Ali Bahar was one of the most celebrated singers in Bahrain. He performed his music with his Band Al-Ekhwa ( The Brothers ). Bahrain was besides the site of the first recording studio amongst the Persian Gulf states. [ 338 ]

entertainment [edit ]

With regards to cultural and tourism activities, the Ministry of Culture [ 339 ] organizes a number of annual festivals. such as the spring of polish in March and April, the Bahrain Summer Festival and Ta ’ a Al-Shabab from August to September, and the Bahrain International Music Festival in October which features musical and theatrical performance performances, lectures, and much more. As for cultural sites, residents, visitors, and tourists can re-live history through Bahrain ‘s many historical sites .

Sports [edit ]

Bahrain is the first nation other than United States of America to host International Mixed Martial Arts Federation World Championships of Amateur MMA. [ 340 ] Bahrain have recorded an inflow in ball-shaped athletes visiting the nation for Mixed Martial Arts prepare during 2017. [ 341 ] In 2018, Cricket was introduced in Bahrain under inaugural of KHK Sports and Exelon. [ 342 ] Bahrain Premier League 2018 comprised six franchise squads of 13 resident cricketers competing in the T20 format. The teams were SRam MRam Falcons, Kalaam Knight-Riders, Intex Lions, Bahrain Super Giants, Four Square Challengers and Awan Warriors. [ 343 ] Association football is the most popular sport in Bahrain. [ 344 ] Bahrain ‘s national football team has competed multiple times at the asian Cup, Arab Nations Cup and played in the FIFA World Cup qualifiers, though it has never qualified for the World Cup. [ 345 ] Bahrain has its own top-tier domestic professional football league, the Bahraini Premier League. Basketball, rugby and horse racing are besides wide popular in the country. [ 344 ] The government of Bahrain besides sponsors a UCI WorldTeam cycle team, Bahrain–Merida, which participated in the 2017 Tour de France. [ 346 ] [ 347 ] Brave Combat Federation is a Bahrain-based Mixed Martial Arts promotion which has hosted events in Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Brazil, Kazakhstan, and India. Bahrain MMA Federation ( BMMAF ) has been set up under the condescension of Sheikh Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa and the jurisdiction of the Sports Minister, Sheikh Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa. [ 348 ] The development of MMA in the nation is convened through KHK MMA, which owns Brave Combat Federation which is the largest desegregate martial Arts promotion in the Middle East. [ 349 ] Bahrain will be hosting Amateur World Championships 2017 in association with International Mixed Martial Arts Federation. Bahrain will be the first base asian and arabian country to host the amateur MMA championship. [ 350 ]
Bahrain has a Formula One race-track, which hosted the inaugural address Gulf Air Bahrain Grand Prix on 4 April 2004, the first in an arabian nation. This was followed by the Bahrain Grand Prix in 2005. Bahrain hosted the opening Grand Prix of the 2006 season on 12 March of that class. Both the above races were won by Fernando Alonso of Renault. The raceway has since been hosted annually, except for 2011 when it was cancelled due to ongoing anti-government protests. [ 351 ] The 2012 race occurred despite concerns of the safety of the teams and the ongoing protests in the nation. [ 352 ] The decisiveness to hold the race despite ongoing protests and ferocity [ 353 ] has been described as “ controversial ” by Al Jazeera English, [ 354 ] CNN, [ 355 ] AFP [ 356 ] and Sky News. [ 357 ] The Independent named it “ one of the most controversial in the history of the sport ”. [ 358 ] In 2006, Bahrain besides hosted its inaugural australian V8 Supercar event dubbed the “ Desert 400 “. The V8s returned every November to the Sakhir circumference until 2010, in which it was the irregular event of the series. The series has not returned since. The Bahrain International Circuit besides features a full-length dragstrip where the Bahrain Drag Racing Club has organised invitational events featuring some of Europe ‘s top drag racing teams to try to raise the profile of the sport in the Middle East. [ 359 ] On August 3, 2020, the Kingdom of Bahrain bought a minority stake in the Paris F.C., a team that plays in France ‘s second base tier. Bahrain ‘s submission into the soccer golf club came with people criticizing that the state is trying to whitewash its human rights record and this is another way of buying influence in Europe. [ 360 ]

Holidays [edit ]

On 1 September 2006, Bahrain changed its weekend from being Thursdays and Fridays to Fridays and Saturdays, in order to have a day of the weekend shared with the rest of the populace. luminary holidays in the country are listed below :

Etymology [edit ]