The flag of Italy ( italian : Bandiera d’Italia, italian : [ banˈdjɛːra diˈtaːlja ] ), often referred to in italian as il Tricolore ( english : the Tricolour, italian : [ illinois trikoˈloːre ] ), is the national ease up of Italy. It is a tricolor featuring three equally size vertical pales of green, white and loss, national color of Italy, with the green at the hoist side, as defined by article 12 of the Constitution of the italian Republic. [ 1 ] The italian law regulates its consumption and display, protecting its defense and providing for the crime of insulting it ; it besides prescribes its teaching in italian schools together with other national symbols of Italy. The Tricolour Day, Flag Day dedicated to the italian sag, was established by jurisprudence n. 671 of 31 December 1996, which is held every class on 7 January. This celebration commemorates the first base official adoption of the tricolor as a national pin by a autonomous italian state, the Cispadane Republic, a Napoleonic sister democracy of Revolutionary France, which took target in Reggio Emilia on 7 January 1797, on the footing of the events following the french Revolution ( 1789–1799 ) which, among its ideals, advocated the national self-determination. The italian national colours appeared for the first fourth dimension in Genoa on a tricolor cockade on 21 August 1789, anticipating by seven years the first green, white and bolshevik italian military war flag, which was adopted by the Lombard Legion in Milan on 11 October 1796.
Reading: Flag of Italy – Wikipedia
After 7 January 1797, democratic support for the italian sag grew steadily, until it became one of the most authoritative symbols of the italian fusion, which culminated on 17 March 1861 with the announcement of the Kingdom of Italy, of which the tricolor became the national flag. Following its adoption, the tricolor became one of the most recognizable and defining features of unify italian statehood in the take after two centuries of the history of Italy .
history [edit ]
The french revolution [edit ]
The italian tricolor, like other tricolor flags, is inspired by the french one, introduced by the revolution in the fall of 1790 on french Navy warships, [ 2 ] and symbol of the refilling perpetrated by the origins of Jacobinism. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] soon after the french revolutionary events, the ideals of social initiation began to spread wide on the basis of the advocacy of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, even in Italy, and subsequently besides political with the beginning patriotic ferments addressed to the national self-government which late led to the italian union on the italian peninsula. For this argue, the french blue, white and bolshevik ease up became the first reference of the italian Jacobins and subsequently a beginning of inspiration for the universe of an italian identity sag. On 12 July 1789, two days before the storm of the Bastille, the rotatory journalist Camille Desmoulins, while hailing the parisian herd to revolt, asked the protesters what color to adopt as a symbol of the french rotation, proposing the greens hope or the blue of the american revolution, symbol of exemption and majority rule. The protesters replied “ The green ! The green ! We want green cockades ! ” [ 7 ] Desmoulins then seized a green flick from the ground and pointed it to the hat as a classifiable bless of the revolutionaries. [ 7 ] The green, in the crude french cockade, was immediately abandoned in favor of aristocratic and red, or the ancient color of Paris, because it was besides the color of the king ‘s brother, Count of Artois, who became monarch after the first restoration with the name of Charles X of France. [ 8 ] The french tricolor cockade was then completed on 17 July 1789 with the addition of white, the color of the House of Bourbon, in deference to King Louis XVI of France, who hush ruled despite the violent revolts that raged in the nation ; the french monarchy was in fact abolished on 10 August 1792 .
The first document touch of the practice of italian home coloring material is dated 21 August 1789. In the diachronic archives of the Republic of Genoa it is reported that eyewitnesses had seen some demonstrators pinned on their clothes hanging a red, white and greens cockade on their clothes. [ 9 ] The italian gazettes of the time had in fact created confusion about the facts of french revolution, particularly on the substitute of k with blue and red, reporting the newsworthiness that the french tricolor was green, white and loss. [ 10 ] When the correct information on the chromatic composition of the french tricolor arrived in Italy, the italian Jacobins decided to keep fleeceable alternatively of bluing, because it represented nature and therefore metaphorically, besides natural rights, or sociable equality and freedom, both principles dear to them. [ 11 ] The bolshevik, flannel and k cockade then reappeared respective years late on 13–14 November 1794 break by a group of students of the University of Bologna, led by Luigi Zamboni and Giovanni Battista De Rolandis, who attempted to plot a popular riot to topple the catholic government of Bologna, [ 12 ] a city which was part of the Papal States at the time. Zamboni and De Rolandis defined themselves as “ patriots ” and wore tricolour cockades to signal they were inspired by Jacobin rotatory ideals, but modified them besides to distinguish themselves from the french cockade. The red, white and green cockade appeared, after the events of Bologna, during Napoleon ‘s entrance into Milan, which took place on 15 May 1796. These cockades, having the distinctive circular determine, possessed red on the outside, green on an intermediate stead, and white on the center. These ornaments were worn by the rioters even during the religious ceremonies officiated inside the Milan Cathedral as thanks for the arrival of Napoleon, who was seen, at least initially, as a liberator. The tricolor cockades then became one of the official symbols of the Milanese National Guard, which was founded on 20 November 1796, and then spread elsewhere along the italian peninsula. [ 11 ] Later the park, white and red cockade always spread to a greater extent, gradually becoming the only decorate used in Italy by the rioters. [ 16 ] The patriots began to call it “ italian cockade “ making it become one of the symbols of the country. [ 16 ] The green, whiten and loss tricolor therefore acquired a impregnable patriotic respect, becoming one of the symbols of national awareness, a deepen that gradually led it to enter the collective imagination of the Italians. [ 16 ]
The Napoleonic era [edit ]
The war iris of the Lombard Legion, which was the first military unit to adopt, in 1796, the three italian national colours The oldest document touch that mentions the italian tricolor iris is linked to Napoleon Bonaparte ‘s first descent into the italian peninsula. The first district to be conquered by Napoleon was Piedmont ; in the historic archive of the Piedmontese municipality of Cherasco is preserved a document attest, on 13 May 1796, on the occasion of the Armistice of Cherasco between Napoleon and the Austro-Piedmontese troops, the first base mention of the italian tricolor, referring to municipal banners hoisted on three towers in the historic center. [ 17 ] On the text file the term “ green ” was subsequently crossed and replaced by “ blue ”, the coloring material that forms — together with white and red — the french flag. [ 3 ] With the startle of the first campaign in Italy, in many places the Jacobins of the italian peninsula rose up, contributing, together with the italian soldiers framed in the Napoleonic united states army, to the french victories. This renewal was accepted by the Italians despite being linked to the conveniences of Napoleonic France, which had strong imperialist tendencies, because the modern political situation was better than the previous one : the double-threaded connection with France was in fact much more satisfactory than the previous centuries passed in the dictatorship .
ease up of the Cispadane Republic, which was the first italian tricolor adopted by a sovereign italian state of matter ( 1797 ) On 11 October 1796, Napoleon communicated to the Directorate the birth of the Lombard Legion, a military unit constituted by the General Administration of Lombardy, a government that was headed by the Transpadane Republic ( 1796–1797 ). [ 23 ] On this document, with mention to its war flag, which followed the french tricolor and which was proposed to Napoleon by the Milanese patriots, it is reported that this military unit of measurement would have had a bolshevik, white and green standard, colours once used by milanese National Guard vitamin a well as on the cockades. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] In a earnest ceremony at the Piazza del Duomo on 16 November 1796, a military flag was presented to the Lombard Legion. The Lombard Legion was therefore the first italian military department to equip itself, as a banner, with a tricolor iris. [ 23 ] The beginning official approval of the italian flag by the authorities was therefore as a military insignia of the Lombard Legion and not even as the national masthead of a sovereign italian state. With the succession of Napoleon ‘s military victories and the attendant parturition of republics favorable to revolutionary ideals, crimson, whiten and fleeceable were adopted on military banners as a symbol of social and political invention in many italian cities. On 19 June 1796, Bologna was occupied by Napoleon ‘s troops. On 18 October 1796, together with the institution of the italian Legion ( the military standard of this military unit was composed of a crimson, white and green tricolor, probably inspired by the similar decisiveness of the Lombard Legion ), the wire Napoleonic congregation of magistrates, and deputy deputies of Bologna, decided to create a civil banner red, ashen and green, this clock released from military use. Following the adoption by the Bolognese congregation, the italian flag became a political symbol of the conflict for the independence of Italy from foreign powers, supported by its use besides in the civil sphere. The first base loss, white and green national ease up of a sovereign italian state was adopted on 7 January 1797, when the Fourteenth Parliament of the Cispadane Republic ( 1797 ), on the proposal of deputy Giuseppe Compagnoni, decreed “ to make universal the … standard or pin of three colours, green, white, and red … ” : [ 31 ]
[ … ] From the minutes of the XIV Session of the Cispadan Congress : Reggio Emilia, 7 January 1797, 11 am. Patriotic Hall. The participants are 100, deputies of the populations of Bologna, Ferrara, Modena and Reggio Emilia. Giuseppe Compagnoni besides motioned that the standard or Cispadan Flag of three colours, Green, White and Red, should be rendered Universal and that these three colours should besides be used in the Cispadan Cockade, which should be worn by everyone. It is decreed. [ … ] [ 32 ] — Decree of adoption of the tricolor flag by the Cispadane Republic
For having proposed the park, white and red tricolor flag, Giuseppe Compagnoni is considered the “ forefather of the italian flag ”. The sexual intercourse decision to adopt a park, white and crimson tricolor flag was then greeted by a elated standard atmosphere, such was the enthusiasm of the delegates, and by a peal of applause. The borrowing of the italian flag by a sovereign italian state, the Cispadane Republic, was inspired by this Bolognese banner, linked to a municipal world and consequently still having a strictly local setting, and to the former military banners of the Lombard Legion and italian Legion. [ 4 ] [ 36 ] In detail, the italian Legion was formed by soldiers coming from Emilia and Romagna. The iris of the Cispadane Republic was a horizontal hearty with red uppermost and, at the heart of the white fez, an emblem composed of a garland of laurel decorated with a trophy of arms and four arrows, representing the four provinces that formed the Republic. In France, due to the Revolution, the flag went from having a “ dynastic ” and “ military ” meaning to a “ national ” one, and this concept, hush stranger in Italy, was transmitted by the french to the Italians .
Sala del Tricolore, which later became the council hall of the municipality of The, which subsequently became the council mansion of the municipality of Reggio Emilia, where the italian flag was born on 7 January 1797 The Cispadane Republic and the Transpadane Republic merged in 1797 into the Cisalpine Republic ( 1797–1802 ) and adopted the vertical public square tricolor without badge in 1798. originally the color of the flag of the Cisalpine Republic were arranged horizontally, with green at the clear, but on 11 May 1798, the Grand Council of the newborn State choose, as the national streamer, an italian tricolor with the colours arranged vertically. At the conventional celebration of the give birth in the new republic, which took place on 9 July in Milan, 300,000 people took part, including ordinary citizens, french soldiers and representatives of the major municipalities of the republic. The event was characterised by a riot of tricolor flags and cockades. On this juncture, Napoleon solemnly gave to the military units of the neonate democracy, after having reviewed them, their tricolor banners. The flag of Cisalpine Republic was maintained until 1802, when it was renamed the Napoleonic Italian Republic ( 1802–1805 ), and a modern flag was adopted, this time with a crimson field carrying a greens square within a white pill : the Presidential Standard of Italy in manipulation since 14 October 2000 was inspired by this sag. [ 42 ] It was during this period that the green, white and crimson tricolor predominantly penetrated the collective resource of the Italians, becoming an unequivocal symbol of Italianness. In less than 20 years, the red, white and green flag had acquired its own peculiarity from a simple flag derived from the french one, becoming very celebrated and known. In 1799, the mugwump Republic of Lucca came under french influence and horizontally adopted the vertical green, white and loss flag, with green at the top ; this lasted until 1801. In 1805, Napoleon installed his sister, Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi, as Princess of Lucca and Piombino. This affair is commemorated in the open of Leo Tolstoy ‘s War and Peace. [ 45 ] In the same class, after Napoleon had crowned himself as the beginning french Emperor, the italian Republic was transformed into the first Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy ( 1805–1814 ), or Italico, under his direct rule. The flag of the Kingdom of Italy was that of the Republic in orthogonal form, charged with the golden Napoleonic eagle. This remained in use until the fall of Napoleon in 1814 .
italian union [edit ]
The revolutions of the nineteenth hundred [edit ]
With the fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the absolutist monarchal regimes, the italian tricolor went underground, becoming the symbol of the patriotic ferments that began to spread in Italy and the symbol which united all the efforts of the italian people towards freedom and independence. [ 47 ] In the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, a state pendent on the austrian Empire bear after the fall of Napoleon, those who exhibited the italian tricolor were topic to the death penalty. The Austrians ‘ objective was in fact, quoting the textual words of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria :
[ The tricolor was banned to ] make people forget that they are italian. — Franz Joseph I of Austria
between 1820 and 1861, a sequence of events led to the independence and union of Italy ( except for Veneto and the province of Mantua, Lazio, Trentino-Alto Adige and Julian March, known as Italia irredenta, which were united with the remainder of Italy in 1866 after the Third Italian War of Independence, in 1870 after the get of Rome, and in 1918 after the first World War respectively ) ; this period of italian history is known as the Risorgimento. The italian tricolor waved for the first clock time in the history of the Risorgimento on 11 March 1821 in the Cittadella of Alessandria, during the revolutions of 1820s, after the obliviousness caused by the restoration of the absolutist monarchal regimes .
The green, white and crimson flag reappeared during the revolutions of 1830, chiefly due to Ciro Menotti, the patriot who started the rebellion in Italy. Menotti, in particular, argued that the best shape of department of state for a unify Italy was the monarchy with a autonomous chosen by a national congress : the chief points of this estimate were Rome capital of Italy and the tricolor flag as a national streamer. On 5 February 1831, during the Forlì uprisings, the patriot Teresa Cattani wrapped herself in the tricolor flag during the rape on the building that was the seat of the Legation of Romagna, challenging the shots of the papal soldiers. In 1831, the tricolor was chosen by Giuseppe Mazzini as the emblem of Young Italy. An original pin of Young Italy is kept at the Museum of the Risorgimento and Mazzinian institute in Genoa From 1833–1834, the symbolism of the tricolor spread more and more along the italian peninsula, starting from northern and central Italy. Mazzini, regarding the reason why the italian patriots had participated in the uprisings of 1830–1831, said :
Ask those who ran from one point to another to bring together the diverse districts, to the flag that flew between those riots. That flag was the italian flag ; those first gear voices were voices of Fatherland and union. [ 58 ] — Giuseppe Mazzini
The italian flag besides spread among political exiles, becoming the symbol of the struggle for independence and the title to have more big constitutions. In 1834 the tricolor was adopted by the rioters who tried to invade Savoy, while the tricolor iris of the Young Italy was brought to South America in 1835 by Giuseppe Garibaldi during his exile .
The italian flag was besides waved during the uprisings of 1837 in Sicily, of 1841 in Abruzzo and of 1843 in Romagna. In 1844, a tricolor of Young Italy accompanied the Bandiera brothers in their fail undertake to raise the population of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The patriots following the two brothers wore a uniform dwell of a amobarbital sodium and green shirt, white trousers, red handguards, a loss and green collar, a crimson leather belt and a cap with an italian tricolor cockade pinned. italian tricolor waved, challenging the authorities, who had decreed the prohibition, besides on the occasion of the commemoration of the rebellion of the genoese quarter of Portoria against the Habsburg occupiers during the War of the austrian Succession. During this consequence, which took place on 10 December 1847 in Genoa at the square of the santuario della Nostra Signora di Loreto of the Genoese zone of Oregina, Il Canto degli Italiani by Goffredo Mameli and Michele Novaro played for the first clock in history ; it would become the italian national anthem from 1946. Il Canto degli Italiani, in a poetry, quotes the italian sag :
[ … ] Let one flag, one hope, gather us all. The hour has struck for us to unite. [ … ] [ 65 ]Il Canto degli Italiani
These verses, which can be read in the second verse, recall the hope that Italy, still divided into the pre-unification states, is finally founded in a single state, gathering under a individual iris : the tricolor. Starting from this period the strawberry tree plant began to be considered a national symbol of Italy due to the greens leaves, ashen flowers and bolshevik berries, which recall the colors of the italian flag. [ 66 ] The strawberry tree is the national tree of Italy. [ 66 ]
The italian flag was then the supporter of the revolutions of 1848. In March 1848, the Five Days of Milan, an armed rebellion which led to the temp liberation of the city from austrian rule, were characterised by a profusion of flags and tricolor cockades. On 20 March, during angry contend, with the Austrians barricaded in the Castello Sforzesco and within the defensive systems of the city walls, the patriots Luigi Torelli and Scipione Bagaggia managed to climb on the roof of the Milan Cathedral and hoist the italian flag on the highest steeple of the church service, the one on which the Madonnina stands At the moment of the appearance of the tricolor on the steeple of the Madonnina, the crowd below greeted the event with a serial of enthusiastic “ Hurray ! ” This historic flag is kept inside the Museum of the Risorgimento in Milan. The patriot Luciano Manara then managed to hoist the tricolor, amidst the austrian artillery shots, on the lead of Porta Tosa. The abandonment of the city by the austrian troops of field marshal Josef Radetzky, on March 22, determined the immediate administration of the probationary politics of Milan chaired by the podestà Gabrio Casati, who issued a proclamation which reads :
Let ‘s get it over with once with any foreign domination in Italy. embrace this tricolor sag that flies over the country for your heroism and trust never to let it tear again. [ 73 ] — Gabrio Casati
The work of transforming the flag of Italy into one of the italian home symbols was completed, definitively consolidating itself, during the milanese uprisings .
The comply day King Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia assured the probationary government of Milan that his troops, ready to come to his care by starting the first italian War of Independence, would use a tricolor defaced with the Savoyan coat of arms superimposed on the egg white as a war flag. In his proclamation to the Lombard–Venetian people, Charles Albert said : [ 76 ]
“ In orderliness to show more clearly with outside signs the commitment to italian union, We want that Our troops … have the Savoy shield placed on the italian tricolor flag. [ 77 ] — Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia
As the arms, blazoned gules a cross argent, assorted with the white of the flag, it was fimbriated azure, blue being the dynastic discolor, although this does not conform to the heraldic convention of impregnate. [ 78 ] The orthogonal civil and state variants were adopted in 1851. A improvised tricolor consist of redshirts, green displays and a white sheet was hoisted on the flagpole of the ship that brought Giuseppe Garibaldi back to Italy from South America shortly after the outbreak of the First Italian War of Independence. The patriots who had gathered at the port of Genoa to welcome her come back gave Anita Garibaldi, in front of 3,000 people, a tricolor to be given to Giuseppe Garibaldi so that he could plant it on Lombard dirty. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany in the act of granting the fundamental law ( 17 February 1848 ) did not change the national streamer ( “ The State retains its masthead and its colours ” ) but later granted the Tuscan militia, by decree, the use of a tricolor scarf next to the symbols of the Grand Duchy ( 25 March 1848 ). The Grand Duke, following the press of the Tuscan patriots, then adopted the tricolor flag besides as a state standard and as a military banner for the troops sent to help Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia. like measures were adopted by the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza and by the Duchy of Modena and Reggio .
The masthead of the Constitutional Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, a white field charged with the coats of arms of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Two Sicilies, and Granada, was modified by Ferdinand II through the addition of a red and k boundary line. This flag lasted from 3 April 1848 until 19 May 1849. The probationary Government of Sicily, which lasted from 12 January 1848 to 15 May 1849 during the sicilian Revolution, adopted the italian tricolor, defaced with the trinacria, or triskelion. The Republic of San Marco, proclaimed independent in 1848 by the austrian Empire, besides adopted the tricolor. The flags that they adopted, marked the link to italian independence and fusion efforts ; the former, the italian tricolor undefaced, and the latter, charged with the winged lion of St. Mark, from the flag of the Republic of Venice ( maritime democracy which existed from 697 AD until 1797 AD ), on a white guangzhou. [ 86 ] A chronicler of the prison term described the final moments of the subsequent capitulation of the Republic of San Marco by the austrian troops, which took place on 22 August 1849 :
The tricolor flags waved above every sour, in every risk, and because the foe balls not only tore up the silk, but broke the perplex, it was immediately found who at bang-up risk was going to replace another. [ 88 ] — Chronicler witnessing the final hours of the Republic of San Marco
The tricolor pin of 1848 that greeted the expulsion of the Austrians from Venice is kept in the Museum of the Risorgimento and the venetian nineteenth hundred .
In 1849, the Roman Republic, formed following the disgust against the Papal State that dethroned the Pope, adopted as its national streamer a green, white and crimson masthead with a republican Roman eagle at the tip of the pole. This lasted for four months, while the Papal States of the Church was in abeyance. [ 93 ] The Roman Republic resisted until 4 July 1849, when it was capitulated by the french Army. The troops from beyond the Alps, as a last act, entered the municipality of Rome where the last members of the republican assembly not however captured were barricaded. Their secretary Quirico Filopanti surrendered wearing a tricolor scarf. The tricolor besides flew over the barricades of the Ten Days of Brescia ( disgust of the citizens of the Lombard city against the austrian Empire ), and in many other centres such as Varese, Gallarate, Como, Melegnano, Cremona, Monza, Udine, Trento, Verona, Rovigo, Vicenza, Belluno and Padua. This spread throughout the italian peninsula was the demonstration that the tricolor iris had by nowadays assumed a consolidate symbolism valid throughout the national district. The iconography of the italian masthead then began to spread not only in the vexillological and military fields, but besides in some everyday objects such as scarves and clothe fabrics. This turning point lasted until the bankruptcy of revolutions and the conclusion of the First Italian War of Independence ( 1849 ), which ended with the kill of the Piedmont-Sardinian Army of Charles Albert ; after this, the ancient flags were restored. only the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia confirmed the italian tricolor as the national pin of the state even after the first base italian War of Independence ended. After the kill in the beginning italian War of Independence in 1849, Charles Albert abdicated in party favor of his son Victor Emmanuel II .
From the union of Italy to the World War I [edit ]
On 14 April 1855, before the passing for the Crimean War, the italian tricolor flags were solemnly entrusted to the soldiers of the sardinian Expeditionary Corps in the Crimean War by King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia with the following farewell conviction :
Soldiers ! here are your flags. liberally explained by the greathearted Charles Albert, they remind you of the distant fatherland and eight centuries of noble traditions. Know how to defend them ; bring them back crowned with new glory and your sacrifices will be blessed by present and future generations. [ 103 ] — Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia
One of the italian flags that participated in the Crimean War is kept in the Royal Armoury of Turin. In 1857, an italian flag with the perch surmounted by a phrygian cap and with an archipendulum, a symbol of social symmetry, was the protagonist of the Sapri expedition, or quite the fail attack to trigger a disgust in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies perpetrated by Carlo Pisacane. In order not to be captured, Pisacane committed suicide, and was reported to be bandaged with the tricolor flag. On 10 January 1859, King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia, in battlefront of the members of fantan, announced the at hand submission into war of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia against the austrian empire :
therefore move confidently in the victory, and with newfangled laurels adorn your flag, that flag with the three colors and with the choose youth here from every share of Italy agreed and gathered under her, it shows you that you have the independence of Italy, this good and holy enterprise which will be your war cry [ 109 ] — Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia
When the Second Italian War of Independence ( 1859 ) broke out, volunteers from all over Italy were enrolled in the Piedmont-Sardinian united states army. During the second Italian War of Independence the cities that were gradually conquered by Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia and Napoleon III of France greeted the two sovereigns as liberators in a belly laugh of flags and tricolor cockades ; even the centres about to ask for annexation to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia through plebiscites underlined their desire to be separate of a unite Italy with the beckon of the tricolor. The italian ease up shine in Lombardy, annexed following the victory of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in the second gear Italian War of Independence, adenine well as in Tuscany, Emilia, Marche and Umbria, annex in the follow year to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia through plebiscites, but besides in cities that would have had to wait some time before being annexed, such as Rome and Naples. The capital enthusiasm of the population towards the tricolor is precisely from these years : in addition to the army of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and the troops of volunteers who participated in the moment Italian War of Independence, the green, white and loss iris spread wide available in newly conquered or annexed regions by plebiscite, appearing on house windows, in shop windows and in populace places such as hotels, taverns and taverns. The tricolor was besides the masthead of the United Provinces of Central Italy, ephemeral military government established by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia that it was formed by a union of the early Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, and the Papal Legations, after their monarchs were ousted by popular revolutions. [ 115 ] The United Provinces of Central Italy existed from 1859 to 1860, when they were annexed to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. [ 116 ]
The tricolor accompanied, although not officially, besides the volunteers of the Expedition of the Thousand ( 1860–1861 ) led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, whose goal was to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ; Garibaldi, in particular, had an absolute deference and deference for the italian flag. concisely after the passing of Sicily, on 25 June 1860, trying to limit the price given the growing participation of the population in the dispatch of the Thousand, King Francis II of the Two Sicilies, decreed that the green, whiten and red flag was besides the official banner of his Kingdom, with the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies coat of arms superimposed on the white. Adopted on 21 June 1860, this lasted until 17 March 1861, when the Two Sicilies was incorporated into the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, after its kill in the excursion of the Thousand. Ironically, in the concluding phase of the Expedition of the Thousand, the tricolor of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies fluttered in antagonism to the tricolor flag of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. Two of the master tricolours that flew on the Lombardo steamer that participated, together with Piedmont, in the expedition of the Thousand, are preserved, respectively, inside the Central Museum of the Risorgimento at the Vittoriano in Rome [ 124 ] and the Museum of the Risorgimento in Palermo .
Animated map of the italian union from 1829 to 1871 On 17 March 1861, there was the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, conventional act that sanctioned, with a prescriptive act of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the parentage of the unite Kingdom of Italy. [ 126 ] On 15 April 1861, the ease up of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was declared the flag of the newly formed Kingdom of Italy. [ 127 ] The tricolor consequently continued to be the national sag besides of the raw State, although not formally recognised by a specific law, [ 129 ] but regulated with attentiveness to the shape of military banners. This italian tricolor, with the armorial bearings of the erstwhile Royal House of Savoy, was the first base national flag and lasted in that shape for 85 years until the birth of the italian Republic in 1946 .
The tricolore had a universal, cross meaning, shared by both monarchists and republicans, progressives and conservatives and Guelphs a well as by the Ghibellines. The tricolor was chosen as the flag of a unify Italy besides for this reason. After the Unification of Italy, the use of the tricolor became increasingly far-flung among the population as the pin and its colours began to appear on the labels of commercial products, school notebooks, the beginning cars and cigar packages. even among the aristocrats it was successful ; the most authoritative families much had a iris holder installed on the main façade of their mansions where they placed the italian tricolor. It then began to appear outside public buildings, schools, judicial offices and post offices. During this menstruation, tricolor bands were introduced for mayors and the jurors of the assize court is of this period. Following the Third Italian War of Independence in 1866, Veneto and Friuli were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy ; the entrance of the italian Army troop into Venice, which took place on 19 October 1866, was greeted by a profusion of tricolor flags. Since the announcement of a resolution of its municipal council, dated 5 November 1866, Vicenza is the only city in Italy to have adopted the tricolor flag as its own gonfalon, alternatively of the civil standard, loaded with the coat of arms of the municipality. [ 136 ] The venetian city decided to patriotically change the nature of its sign concisely before the travel to of King Victor Emmanuel II, who arrived in the city for the award of the Gold Medal of Military Valour earned by the venetian municipality with the struggle of Monte Berico, fought on 10 June 1848 in the outskirts of the city : on the occasion of the Sovereign ‘s chew the fat, Vicenza presented Victor Emmanuel II not with his own banner but, a decision from which his subsequent resolution was to originate, the italian tricolor. [ 136 ]
During the battle of Custoza ( 24 June 1866 ), part of the Third Italian War of Independence, near Oliosi, nowadays contribution of the municipality of Castelnuovo del Garda, the soldiers of the 44th regiment of the “ Forlì ” brigade saved the tricolor war masthead from the capture of the Austro-Hungarian Army. In holy order not to handwriting over their military streamer to the enemy, they tore the drape of the tricolor flag into thirteen pieces, divided among those present, and hid those shreds of fabric under the crown. After the war it was possible to recover eleven of the thirteen portions of the fabric and thus reconstruct the flag, which went depressed in history with the name of Tricolore di Oliosi. [ 137 ] Every year, on the third Sunday in June, the remembrance of the war sequence is celebrated in Oliosi. [ 138 ] At the military parade on 2 June 2011, held in via dei Fori Imperiali in Rome on the occasion of the celebrations for the hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary of the Unification of Italy, the Tricolore di Oliosi was paraded on a cannon passenger car along with five early historic italian flags. [ 139 ] Massimo d’Azeglio was among the first to recognize the importance of the tricolor flag as a instrument for forming a widespread national awareness. In this involve he declared that the ease up : “ The iris is a inside symbol in the teaching of a nation ”. Tricolour flags then greeted the italian Army during the borderland toward Rome, which ended with the capture of Rome on 20 September 1870, and the annexation of Lazio to the Kingdom of Italy. Rome officially became the capital of Italy on 1 January 1871, while the establishment of the royal court and the Savoy government took invest on 6 July of the like year. From this date, the italian pin flies from the highest flagpole of the Quirinal Palace .
Postcard of the Carabinieri sent from the italian Eritrea in 1907 and depicting an eagle flying an italian iris The first italian colony was founded in 1882, the Assab bay, which became the inaugural frontier settlement of the future italian Eritrea : for the first gear time, the flag of Italy flew in an italian colony. subsequently the tricolor besides waved in the italian Somaliland, in the italian Libya, in the italian concession of Tientsin and in the italian Islands of the Aegean. In 1897 the italian flag turned one hundred years previous. The celebration was profoundly felt by the population, thus much so that Italy was invaded by tricolours ; the most crucial event took place in Reggio Emilia, where the tricolor was born on 7 January one hundred years early. On the day of the celebration in the Emilian city, Giosuè Carducci, who was the first italian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1906, [ 144 ] defined the flag as “ blessed ” and kissed it at the end of the language .
Around 1880 are the begin of italian diaspora, specially towards the american english continent. The tricolor, often carried in the suitcases of migrants, began to wave outside the home borders, particularly in the little Italies that were forming around the universe. This adhere with the kingdom of origin did not fade with the run of generations—often placid alive in the third or fourth genesis. several years early, in 1861, the President of the United States Abraham Lincoln reviewed some military units that were participating in the American Civil War —among them was a Garibaldi Guard, made up of italian immigrants, which had as its military banner the tricolor iris. In 1885 the tricolor jersey was introduced for the cyclist who won the title of champion of Italy. Conceptually, this recognition is like to the placement of a tricolor harbor, the scudetto, on the jersey of the team champion of Italy in football, rugby, volleyball, basketball, etc. ; the idea of affixing a scudetto on the shirts of the winning sports teams of the respective national championships was Gabriele D’Annunzio. [ 150 ] In football, the first mutant to use it, it was introduced in 1924. [ 150 ] In 1889, in the culinary field, the pizza Margherita was invented, named in honor of Queen Margherita of Savoy, whose independent ingredients recall the tricolor ease up : green for the basil, white for the mozzarella and red for the tomato sauce. With the first trade union struggles at the end of the nineteenth hundred, the italian flag began to wave in the hands of the demonstrators during the strikes. even during the struggles perpetrated by the Fasci Siciliani between 1892 and 1894 there was a profusion of italian sag : they were contrasted by the tricolor of the police sent by the government to quell the trade union revolts. On 25 April 1900, the italian flag flew in the Franz Josef Land, an archipelago located north of the russian Empire between the Arctic Ocean and the Kara Sea : it was brought during an expedition organized in the arctic areas that it was led by the internet explorer Umberto Cagni. On 29 July 1900, King Umberto I of Italy, who succeeded his father Victor Emmanuel II in 1878, was assassinated in Monza at a public ceremony with the streets flagged with tricolours. [ 156 ] The king was shot four times by the Italian-American anarchist Gaetano Bresci. Bresci claimed he wanted to avenge the people killed in Milan during the suppression of the riots of May 1898. [ 157 ] Umberto I was succeeded by his son Victor Emmanuel III of Italy .
The two world wars and the interwar period [edit ]
Italy entered the beginning World War in 1915 with the calculate of completing national oneness : for this rationality, the italian intervention in the First World War is besides considered the Fourth Italian War of Independence, [ 158 ] in a historiographical position that identifies in the latter the conclusion of the fusion of Italy, whose military actions began during the revolutions of 1848 with the First Italian War of Independence. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, the day the Kingdom of Italy entered the war, appeared from the balcony of the Quirinal Palace while waving the tricolor shouting “ Long know Italy ”. Victor Emmanuel III then made an official announcement shortly before leaving for the italian war movement, which read, in its final examination separate :
Soldiers of land and sea ! [ … ] To us the glory of planting the tricolor of Italy on the sacred limit that nature placed on the borders of our fatherland, to us the glory of finally completing the work with therefore much heroism begun by our fathers. [ 164 ] — Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
The absolute protagonist, both in the trenches and in the civil sector, was the tricolor flag. The color green, blank and crimson were wide used as a stimulation to the general mobilization and moral support of the civilian population, which was climbing a way that would have led to a very difficult position, characterized by many deprivations. In the trenches, the tricolor was a fundamental symbol to spur the soldiers, while on the home front it was identical crucial for compacting and strengthening civil company .
One of the most celebrated episodes that involved the italian masthead in the First World War was the flight over Vienna, an aeriform circular that Gabriele D’Annunzio made over the skies of the Habsburg capital. On 9 August 1918, the poet launched the tricolor cusp over Vienna with which he exhorted the enemy to surrender and end the war. The italian troops then entered Trieste in November 1918 following the victory in the battle of Vittorio Veneto, which ended the conflict with the retreat and the definitive frustration of the Austrians. The War Bulletin No. 1267 of 3 November 1918 by General Armando Diaz, who announced the Bollettino della Vittoria and the Bollettino della Vittoria Navale by few days, read :
Our troops have occupied Trento and landed in Trieste. The tricolor flies over the Buonconsiglio Castle and the San Giusto tower. [ 169 ] — Armando Diaz
After the first World War the italian flag was besides the protagonist of the Impresa di Fiume, led by Gabriele D’Annunzio and a consequence of the alleged “ mutilated victory “, a condition used to describe the dissatisfaction concerning territorial rewards in favor of Italy at the end of First World War, shouted : “ raise the flag : wave the tricolor ! ” During the italian Regency of Carnaro ( 1919–1920 ), a state entity that administered the city of Fiume, nowadays part of contemporary Croatia, Gabriele D’Annunzio defined the italian ease up “ the garment of the ageless nation ” and urged the Italians to rebel against creditworthy for the kill of Caporetto by waving the “ tricolor across the flip ”. In particular, Italy, as a peace agreement at the conclusion of the First World War, signed the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye ( 1919 ) and the Treaty of Rapallo ( 1920 ), which allowed the annexation of Trentino Alto-Adige, Julian March, Istria, Kvarner, with the cities of Trieste, Trento, Gorizia, Pola, ampere well as the Dalmatian city of Zara. The subsequent treaty of Rome ( 1924 ) led to the annexation of the city of Fiume to Italy. The coffin of the italian Unknown Soldier was placed on the gunman carriage of a cannon and wrapped in a tricolor flag during its journey from the Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta, Aquileia to the Altare della Patria in Rome, which took position in 1921 on a railroad track hearse. This historic flag is kept inside the Central Museum of the Risorgimento at the Vittoriano in Rome .
With the March on Rome in 1922, and the administration of the fascist dictatorship, the italian masthead lost its symbolic singularity partially obscured by the iconography of the government. When it was used, as the symbol of the National Fascist Party, its history was distorted, given that the tricolor was born as a symbol of freedom and civil rights. Despite this supporting function, with the royal rule nº 2072 of 24 September 1923 and subsequently with the law nº2264 of 24 December 1925, the tricolor formally became the national ease up of the Kingdom of Italy. On 31 January 1923, the salute to the flag by the students of italian schools was instituted by the Ministry of Public Education whereby every Saturday morning, at the end of the lessons, the students paid court to the pin with the Roman salute and with the performance of patriotic musical pieces. In 1926, the Fascist regimen attempted to have the italian home ease up redesigned by having the fasces, the symbol used by the Fascist bowel movement, included on the flag. [ 175 ] however, this undertake by the fascist politics to change the italian flag to incorporate the fasces was stopped by firm resistance to the marriage proposal by italian monarchists. [ 175 ] Afterwards, the fascist government raised the national tricolor flag along with a fascist black flag in public ceremonies. [ 177 ]
In 1926, an italian flag was first brought to the North Pole by the Norge airship during the expedition led by Umberto Nobile and Roald Amundsen ; [ 178 ] the tricolours then greeted Italo Balbo in his oceanic seaplane crossings. The Azione Cattolica, which made the italian flag its banner in 1931, grouped the children of its organization dedicated to children into three categories, which were based on senesce group and colors of the italian flag : “ k flames ”, “ white flames ” and “ red flames ”. In August 1933, the italian ocean lining SS Rex, which had just won the Blue Riband, arrived in New York City setting the record for Atlantic ocean crossing in the unretentive clock ( four days ) was greeted by the roll of tricolor flags. Trains covered with tricolor flags carried the settlers to the new cities founded after the reclamation of the Pontine Marshes, while on 5 May 1936 there was the grave flag-raising in Addis Ababa, italian Ethiopia, which greeted the establish of the italian Empire. The flag in Addis Ababa was then lowered in November 1941 at the end of the East African campaign, which was fought during the second World War .
Italy entered the second World War on 10 June 1940 with the celebrated speech by Benito Mussolini delivered from the chief balcony of Palazzo Venezia in Rome ; the climate, however, was identical unlike from that which characterized Italy ‘s entrance into the first World War. The baron did not appear on the balcony of the Quirinal Palace waving the flag as he did in 1915 ; Italy was not then crossed by that carouse of tricolor flags that had greeted the nation ‘s entry into the beginning World War. During the second World War, the italian pin came second strongly after the Armistice of Cassibile of 8 September 1943, where it was taken as a symbol by the two sides who faced each early in the italian Civil War in an attack to recall the union of Italy and its cultural tradition. In particular, it was used by the partisans as a symbol of the struggle against tyrants and emblem of the dream of a free Italy. even the communist partisan brigades, which had the red flag as the official banner, often waved the italian pin. Tricolour flags were besides the official banners of the italian Partisan Republics and of the National Liberation Committee, ampere well as their antagonists, the Republicans in an try to recall the period of the union of Italy and its cultural background. The national flag of the ephemeral Fascist state in northern Italy, the italian Social Republic ( 1943–1945 ), or “ Republic of Salò ” as it was normally known, was identical to the flag of the modern Italian Republic, as both republics used the former iris of the Kingdom of Italy with the coat of arms of Savoy removed. This masthead was reasonably rarely seen, however, while the war iris, charged with a silver/black eagle clutching horizontally placed fascio littorio ( literally, bundles of the lictors ), was very park in propaganda. [ 187 ] italian fascism derived its name from the fasces, which symbolised imperium, or ability and authority, in ancient Rome. Roman legions had carried the aquila, or eagle, as signa militaria. The italian tricolor was besides used for propaganda. The italian Social Republic, for exercise, used it on a celebrated bill poster depicting Goffredo Mameli, the writer of the lyrics of Il Canto degli Italiani, the national anthem of Italy from 1946, with an unsheathe sword and a tricolor behind him while he launches towards an assault. This poster bears the words “ Brothers of Italy / Italy has woken ! ” and “ 1849-1944 The liveliness of Goffredo Mameli/Defend the Social Republic ” .
masthead of the Italian ethnic minority in Yugoslavia On 25 April 1945, the government of Benito Mussolini fell. This event is hush remembered today by Liberation Day. With the dismissal, the tricolor appeared in public places such as the towers of the town halls, on the bell towers of the churches, and in factories. Remembering these events, Francesco Cossiga, at the clock time President of the Senate of the Republic, in a speech delivered on 28 June 1984, said :
With the tricolor of Italy the fatherland was resurrected and republican democracy was established, which today peacefully unites the all Italians. [ 189 ] — Francesco Cossiga
In the eastern italian territories occupied by the Yugoslav enthusiast militia, the italian pin was used with a loss headliner in the kernel as a model of the flag used by the enthusiast Garibaldi Brigades initially in the city of Fiume in 1943, then extended to all the territories where the italian heathen minority ( Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians ) resided. Having entered Yugoslavia, this flag remained official until 1992, when it was formally replaced by the ease up adopted by the italian state. [ 190 ] [ 191 ] [ 192 ] Following the kill of Italy in the second World War and the Paris Treaties of 1947, Istria, Kvarner and most of julian March, with the cities of Pola, Fiume and Zara, passed to Yugoslavia, and after the latter ‘s dissolution, to Croatia, causing the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local heathen Italians ( Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians ), the others being ethnic Slovenians, heathen Croatians, and cultural Istro-Romanians, choosing to maintain italian citizenship. [ 193 ] After the second World War, Gorizia was divided in two : one separate remained with Italy while the other, which was renamed “ Nova Gorica “, passed foremost to Yugoslavia and then to Slovenia. [ 194 ]
italian Republic [edit ]
On 13 June 1946, the italian Republic was formally born and the last king of Italy Umberto II, who succeeded his founder Victor Emmanuel III on 9 May 1946, left the country on 13 June to go into expatriate. On the lapp day, the tricolor with the Savoy coat of arms in the kernel was lowered from the Quirinal Palace. [ 195 ] The italian flag was modified with the decree of the President of the Council of Ministers No. 1 of 19 June 1946. Compared to the monarchal standard, the Savoy coat of arms was eliminated. This decision was late confirmed in the session of 24 March 1947 by the Constituent Assembly, which decreed the interpolation of article 12 of the italian Constitution, subsequently ratified by the italian Parliament, which states :
[ … ] The pin of the Republic is the italian tricolor : green, white, and crimson, in three vertical bands of equal dimensions. [ … ] [ 1 ] — Article 12 of constitution of italian Republic
The members of the Constituent Assembly were profoundly moved when they approved this article, and as a signboard of rejoice and esteem, stood up and applauded at length curtly after the blessing. soon before the officialization of the flag in the constitution, on 7 January 1947, the tricolor turned 150 years. The function of chief of ceremonies that belonged to Giosuè Carducci 50 years earlier was played by Luigi Salvatorelli, whose speech, uttered during the Reggio Emilia official celebrations in the presence of Enrico De Nicola, Provisional Head of State, alluded to the delicate phase that post-war Italy was going through with particular mention to the humiliations suffered by the nation in the second World War :
Guinness World Records due to its length. The italian ease up entered thedue to its length .
The tricolor is not lowered, it will not be lowered. It was re-blessed, rededicated by the rebellion of the patriots, by the blood of the partisans and soldiers of Italy fighting against Nazi-fascism in the fresh dismissal struggle. [ 204 ]
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— Luigi Salvatorelli
The Republican tricolor was then formally and solemnly delivered to the italian military corporation on 4 November 1947 on the juncture of National Unity and Armed Forces Day. The universally adopted proportion is 2:3, while the war flag is squared ( 1:1 ). Each comune besides has a gonfalone yield its coat of arms. On 27 May 1949, a law was passed that identify and regulated the means the flag was displayed outside public buildings and during national holidays. During the republican earned run average, the tricolor greeted important events in italian history. The ease up was hoisted at the top of K2 during the italian expedition in 1954 that led Achille Compagnoni and Lino Lacedelli to be the first people to reach the summit of this mountain—the second base highest in the global after Mount Everest, and was brought in 2011 to the International Space Station by astronaut Roberto Vittori on the juncture of the hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary of the Unification of Italy. [ 206 ] A profusion of italian flags greeted the reelect of Trieste to Italy in 1954, which took position following the agreements signed between the governments of Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Yugoslavia concerning the status of the Free Territory of Trieste, an independent territory situated between northerly Italy and Yugoslavia. The district, under the direct duty of the United Nations Security Council in the aftermath of Second World War, established on 10 February 1947 by a protocol of the Treaty of Peace with Italy. The italian naval ensign comprises the national ease up defaced with the arms of the italian Navy ; the mercantile nautical ( and secret citizens at ocean ) use the civil national flag, differenced by the absence of the mural crown and the leo holding open the gospel, bearing the inscription PAX TIBI MARCE EVANGELISTA MEVS, alternatively of a sword. [ 207 ] The carapace is quartered, symbolic of the four bang-up thalassocracies of Italy, the repubbliche marinare of Venice ( represented by the leo passant, circus tent leave ), Genoa ( top right ), Amalfi ( bottom leave ), and Pisa ( represented by their respective crosses ) ; the rostrata crown was proposed by Admiral Cavagnari in 1939 to acknowledge the Navy ‘s origins in ancient Rome. [ 208 ] The tricolor flag was the official streamer of the italian Trust Administration of Somalia ( 1950–1960 ), which was granted on a UN mandate, and which was the first peacekeeping mission of the italian Army. [ 209 ] The tricolor then continues to represent Italy in all peacekeeping missions in which the italian armed forces participate .
In 1997, on its bicentennial, 7 January was declared Tricolour Day ; it is intended as a celebration, though not a populace vacation. [ 212 ] On 31 December 1996, with the like law that established the Tricolour Day, a celebration held on 7 January of each year in memory of the adoption of the red, ashen and green sag by the Cispadane Republic ( 7 January 1797 ), established a national committee of 20 members that would have had the objective of organising the first grave commemoration of the birth of the italian flag. [ 213 ] Among the events celebrating the bicentennial of the italian flag, there was the realization of the longest tricolor in history, which besides entered the Guinness World Records. work of the National Association returning from imprisonment, internment and dismissal war, it was 1,570 metres ( 5,150 foot ) long, 4.8 metres ( 16 foot ) wide and had an area of 7,536 feather metres ( 81,120 sq foot ), and paraded in Rome from the Colosseum to the Capitoline Hill. During the celebrations for the 140 years of national integrity, on 4 November 2001, in San Martino della Battaglia, during the National Unity and Armed Forces Day, in character to the tricolor, the erstwhile President of the Italian Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, said :
Let us work to ensure that every family, in every home, there is a tricolor to testify the feelings that have united us since the days of the glorious union of Italy. The tricolor is not a simple state sign of the zodiac, it is a banner of freedom conquered by a people who recognize themselves as joined, who find their identity in the principles of brotherhood, equality, justice. In the values of its own history and culture. [ 215 ] — Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
In 2003, a state ensign was created specifically for non-military vessels engaged in non-commercial government service whereby the italian tricolor is defaced with the home coating of arms. [ 216 ] Since 1914, the Italian Air Force have besides used a annulet of concentric rings in the color of the tricolor as aircraft grade, substituted, from 1923 to 1943, by gird fasces. The Frecce Tricolori, formally known as the 313º Gruppo Addestramento Acrobatico, is its aerobatic demonstration team. The law n. 222 of 23 November 2012, concerning “ Rules on the learning of cognition and skills in the sphere of ” Citizenship and Constitution “ and on the teaching of the Mameli hymn in schools ”, prescribes the study in schools of the italian flag and others National symbols of Italy. [ 217 ]
diachronic evolution of the pin of Italy [edit ]
description [edit ]
Colours [edit ]
The color of the italian ease up are indicated in article 12 [ 220 ] of the Constitution of the Italian Republic, published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale No. 298, extraordinary version, of 27 December 1947, and came into wedge on 1 January 1948 :
If the flag is exposed horizontally, the green function should be placed at the hoist english, with the white one in a central military position and the crimson one external, while if the standard is exposed vertically the green part should be placed above. [ 221 ]
chromatic definition [edit ]
The italian flag, using the 2003 to 2006 colours
The italian flag, using the 2006 discolor The indigence to precisely define the colors was born from an event that happened at the Justus Lipsius build, seat of the Council of the European Union, of the European Council and of their Secretariat, when an italian MEP, in 2002, noticed that the color of the italian flag were unrecognizable with red, for exercise, which had a shade that turned towards orange. For this rationality the government, following the report of this MEP, decided to specifically define the color of the italian national iris. The shades of green, white and crimson were first specified by these official documents : [ 223 ]
New documents then replaced the former ones : [ 223 ]
The chromatic tones of the three colours, on polyester stamen, are enshrined in paragraph 1 of article n. 31 “ Colour definition of the color of the flag of the Republic ”, of Section V “ Flag of Republic, National Anthem, National Feasts and State Funeral ”, of Chapter II “ General provisions relating to ceremonial ”, of the annex “ Presidency of the Council of Ministers – State Ceremonial Department ”, to the rule of the President of the Council of ministers of 14 April 2006 “ General provisions on ceremony and precedence between public offices ”, published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale No. 174 of 28 July 2006 .
early official italian flags [edit ]
Standards of most authoritative institutional offices [edit ]
The President of the Italian Republic has an official standard. The current version is based on the square flag of the Napoleonic Italian Republic, on a field of blue, charged with the emblem of Italy in amber. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] [ 226 ] The square shape with a Savoy blue frame symbolise the four italian armed forces, namely the italian Air Force, the Carabinieri, the italian Army and the italian Navy, of which the President is the commanding officer. [ 42 ] The first version of the standard, adopted in 1965 and used until 1990 was very similar to the current version lone without the red, blank and k. The emblem was besides much larger. [ 227 ] This translation of the standard was replaced in 1990 by then President Francesco Cossiga. Cossiga ‘s new interpretation of the standard contained the same royal blue background but nowadays with a squared italian home ease up in the kernel and no emblem. [ 228 ] This version was brusque lived however as only two years late it was replaced by the 1965 standard, only with a smaller emblem. [ 229 ] This translation lasted until 2000 from when it was replaced by the stream version. After the Republic was proclaimed, the national sag was provisionally adopted as the head of state in place of the royal standard. [ 230 ] On the first step of the Ministry of Defence, a project was prepared in 1965 to adopt a distinct pin. [ 231 ] Opportunity suggested the most natural solution was the italian tricolor defaced with the coat of arms ; however, under conditions of poor visibility, this could easily be mistaken for the standard of the President of Mexico, which is besides that country ‘s national masthead. The standard is kept in the detention of the Commander of the Reggimento Corazzieri of the Arma dei Carabinieri, along with the war flag ( assigned to Regiment in 1878 ). [ 232 ] The italian fundamental law does not make provision for a Vice-President. however, separate insignia for the President of the Senate, in exercise of duties as acting promontory of state under Article 86, was created in 1986. [ 233 ] This has a white straight on the gloomy field, charged with the arms of the Republic in silver. Distinguishing insignia for former Presidents of the Republic was created in 2001 ; [ 234 ] a tricolor in the stylus of the Presidential standard, it is emblazoned with the Cypher of Honour of the President of the Republic. [ 235 ] The standard of President of the Council of Ministers of Italy, introduced for the first time in 1927 by Benito Mussolini, in its first form a littorio beam appeared in the middle of the drape. The sign was abolished in 1943, while the current one was defined in 2008 by Silvio Berlusconi. It consists of a blue curtain bordered by two gold-colored borders in the center of which stands the emblem of the Republic. The streamer should be exposed to every official betrothal of the president of the united states and on the vehicles that carry it, however it is about never used. The main colours are blue and gold, which have always been considered colours linked to the command. [ 236 ]
Naval insignia [edit ]
The naval ensigns are defaced to distinguish themselves from the flag of Mexico : [ 237 ]
Jack of the ( early ) Regia Marina [ 238 ]
italian civil ensign
italian government national flag
italian naval ensign
italian naval mariner ( recto )
protocol [edit ]
obligation to exhibit [edit ]
From above, clockwise, image showing how to fold the italian sag correctly The law, implementing Article 12 of the Constitution and following of Italy ‘s membership of the European Union, lays down the general provisions governing the consumption and display of the pin of the Italian Republic and the masthead of European Union ( in its territory ). [ 239 ] In particular, in public buildings the flag of the Italian Republic, the ease up of the European Union and the portrait of the President of the italian Republic must be displayed in the offices of the most crucial italian institutional offices [ 240 ] [ 241 ] The flag of Italy must besides be displayed outside all schools of all levels, outside university complexes, outside the buildings that host the vote operations, outside the prefectures, police headquarters, palaces of judge and outside the cardinal mail offices. The flag of Italy must besides be displayed on all public offices on the Tricolour Day ( 7 January ), the Anniversary of the Lateran Treaty ( 11 February ), the Anniversary of the Liberation ( 25 April ), the Labour Day ( 1 May ), the Europe Day ( 9 May ), the Feast of the italian Republic ( 2 June ), the memorial of the Four days of Naples ( 28 September ), the banquet of the patron saint of Italy ( Francis of Assisi, 4 October ), United Nations Day ( 24 October ; here the tricolor must fly together with the flag of the United Nations ) and National Unity and Armed Forces Day ( 4 November ). When displayed alongside other flags, the flag of Italy takes the position of honor ; it is raised first and lowered last. other national flags should be arranged in alphabetic order. Where two ( or more than three ) flags appear together, the national masthead should be placed to the right field ( left of the perceiver ) ; in a display of three flags in line, the national flag occupies the central position. The european flag is besides flown from politics buildings on a daily basis. In the bearing of a foreign visitor belonging to a member state of matter, this takes precedence over the italian flag. As a sign of the zodiac of mourning, flags flown outwardly shall be lowered to half-mast ; two black ribbons may be attached to those otherwise displayed. [ 243 ] Traditionally, the flag may be decorated with a golden fringe surrounding the perimeter .
vulnerability modality [edit ]
The tricolor flags displayed must always be in excellent circumstance, in full extended and must never touch urine or kingdom. [ 221 ] In no case can figures and writings be written or printed on the fabric. furthermore, the italian flag can never be used as a simpleton drapery or as a framework in coarse practice ( eg to cover tables or as curtains ). [ 221 ] In the event of populace mourning the banner can be raised at half-mast and two strips of black velvet can be affixed to the fabric ; the latter are rather mandatary [ 246 ] when the tricolor participates in funeral ceremonies. In populace ceremonies, the tricolor must always parade first. [ 247 ]
There is a precise way to fold the tricolor correctly, by taking into explanation the three vertical bands of which the standard is composed. [ 248 ] The masthead must be folded according to the boundaries of the color bands : beginning the crimson band and then the green ring must be folded over the blank one in holy order to leave alone the latter two colours visible ; merely subsequently should it be folded further in order to completely cover the red and white with green—the entirely colour that must be visible at the time of the blockage of the fabric. [ 248 ] [ 249 ] [ 250 ]
Legal protective covering [edit ]
article 292 of the italian Penal Code ( “ Insult or damage to the flag or other emblem of the State ” ) protects the italian flag by providing for the crime of insulting it, or other banners bearing the national color, therefore provide :
Anyone who vilifies the national masthead or another emblem of the State with diss expressions is punished with a ticket range from €1,000 to €5,000. The penalty is increased from €5,000 to €10,000 if the like act is committed in affair of a public occasion or an official ceremony. Anyone who publicly and intentionally destroys, disperses, deteriorates, renders useless or smears the national pin or another emblem of the express is punished with captivity for up to two years. For the purposes of criminal police, the national flag means the official pin of the department of state and any other flag bearing the national color. [ 252 ] — Art. 292 of the italian penal code
The flag-raising of the tricolor takes topographic point at the first light of dawn, with the sag which is made to slide quickly and decisively up to the end of the flagpole. In the military sphere, it is announced by cornet blasts and is performed on the notes of the national hymn. The flagship, which takes rate in the even, is rather slower and more solemn so as not to make it seem a rapid lower. The tricolor can be exposed besides during the night entirely if the place where it is flying is handily illuminated. In the presence of other flags, angstrom well as receiving the most important honor position, it must be hoisted first and lowered last .
mean of colours [edit ]
As the similarity suggests, the italian tricolor derives from the flag of France, which was born during the french revolution from the marriage of white — the color of the monarchy — with loss and blue — the color of Paris, and which became the symbol of social and political reclamation perpetrated by the original Jacobinism. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Green, the first gear italian tricolor cockades, symbolised natural rights, namely social equality and exemption. [ 11 ] After versatile events it came to 7 January 1797, the date of the borrowing of the tricolor flag by the Cispadane Republic, the first italian sovereign state to make practice of it. [ 4 ] During the Napoleonic period, the three colours acquired a more exalted mean for the population : the green represents hope, the white represents faith and the red represents love. other less probable conjectures that explain the adoption of the park speculate a protection that Napoleon wanted to give to Corsica, where he was born, or to a possible reference to the verdant italian landscape. For the borrowing of greenery there is besides the alleged “ masonic guess ” : even for Freemasonry, park was the color of nature, a symbol of human rights, which are naturally built-in in the human being, ampere much as of the aureate italian landscape. This interpretation, however, is opposed by those who maintain that Freemasonry, as a hidden club, did not have such an influence at the time that inspired italian national colours. Another hypothesis that attempts to explain the think of of the three italian national colours would, without historical bases, be that the greens is linked to the color of the meadows and the Mediterranean maquis, the white to that of the snows of the Alps and the loss to the lineage spill in the Wars of italian Independence and Unification. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] A more religious and philosophical interpretation is that greens represents hope, white represents faith, and red represents charity ( love ), in reference point to the three theological virtues. [ 258 ]
Tricolour Day [edit ]
To commemorate the birth of the italian iris, the Tricolour Day was established on 31 December 1996, which is known in italian as the Festa del Tricolore. [ 213 ] It is celebrated every year on 7 January, with the official celebrations being organised in Reggio nell’Emilia, the city where the first official adoption of the tricolor was declared as a national sag by an italian sovereign state, the Cispadane Republic, which took locate on 7 January 1797. [ 4 ] In Reggio nell’Emilia, the Festa del Tricolore is celebrated in Piazza Prampolini, in front of the town hall, in the presence of one of the highest offices of the italian Republic ( the President of the italian Republic or the president of one of the chambers ), who attends the flag-raising on the notes of Il Canto degli Italiani and which renders military honours a reproduction of the ease up of the Cispadane Republic. [ 259 ] In Rome, at the Quirinal Palace, the ceremonial foresees rather the change of the Guard of award in earnest form with the deployment and the parade of the Corazzieri Regiment in gala undifferentiated and the Fanfare of the Carabinieri Cavalry Regiment. [ 260 ] This grave rite is carried out alone on three other occasions, during the Anniversary of the Unification of Italy ( 17 March ), the Festa della Repubblica ( 2 June ) and the National Unity and Armed Forces Day ( 4 November ). [ 260 ]
The flag of Italy in museums [edit ]
There are many museums that master of ceremonies at least one historic italian sag. Located throughout the italian peninsula, they are chiefly located in northerly Italy. The most important exhibition space that hosts italian tricolor flags is found in the architectural building complex of the Altare della Patria in Rome. Inside the “ Central Museum of the Risorgimento at the Vittoriano “, there are about 700 diachronic flags belonging to the italian Army, italian Navy and Italian Air Force departments, adenine well as the tricolor pin with which it was wrapped in 1921 coffin of the Unknown Soldier on his journey to the Altar of the Patria. The oldest tricolor preserved in the Central Museum of the Risorgimento dates second to 1860 : it is one of the master tricolours that flew on the Lombardo steamer which, together with Piedmont steamer, participated in the expedition of the Thousand. [ 263 ] The Vittoriano besides houses the Flag Memorial ( Sacrario delle Bandiere ), the museum that collects and preserves disused italian war flags. [ 264 ]
other exhibition spaces that besides host historic tricolor flags in Rome include, the Historical Museum of the Carabinieri, the Historical Museum of the Bersaglieri, the Historical Museum of the Infantry, the Historical Museum of the sardinian Grenadiers, the Historical Museum of the Military engineering, the Historical Museum of the Guardia di Finanza and the Historical Museum of Military Motorization. The Tricolour Flag Museum in Reggio nell’Emilia, the city that saw the birth of the italian iris in 1797, was founded in 2004. It is located within the township hall of the Emilian city, adjacent to the Sala del Tricolore where documents and memorabilia attributable to the period between the arrival of Napoleon Bonaparte in Reggio ( 1796 ) and 1897, the year of the first centennial of the italian flag are kept. other exhibition spaces that besides host historic tricolor flags in Emilia-Romagna are the Museum of the Risorgimento and of the Resistance in Ferrara, the Civic Museum of the Risorgimento in Modena, the Museum of the Resistance in Montefiorino, the Civic Museum of the Risorgimento in Bologna, the Museum of the Risorgimento in Imola and the Museum of the Risorgimento in Piacenza .
The National Museum of the italian Risorgimento in Turin, the entirely one of Risorgimento that officially has the style of “ national ”, house a rich people solicitation of tricolours, including some dating back to the revolutions of 1848. Among the relics of the Royal Armory of Turin there is a sag of 1855, a keepsake in the Crimean War, in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. In Piedmont, there are besides other museums that host italian flags in their collections : the National Historical Museum of Artillery in Turin, the Historical Museum of the Cavalry in Pinerolo and the Badogliano Historical Museum in Grazzano Badoglio. In Liguria, there is the museum of the Risorgimento and Mazzinian Institute in Genoa which preserves, among other things, an original flag of the Young Italy, while in La Spezia there is the Naval Technical Museum of the Navy, founded in the fifteenth hundred by Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy .
The Museum of the Risorgimento in Milan houses several tricolours from the Napoleonic earned run average, including a flag of the Lombard Legion dating spinal column to 1797 and delivered to the cohort of hunters on horseback only after the aforesaid ceremony in Piazza del Duomo, Milan, on 6 November 1796. Inside the Milanese museum there is besides the tricolor flag dating back to the Five Days of Milan that flew from the Milan Cathedral on 20 March 20 1848. Near Mantua, in Solferino, is the museum of the Risorgimento of Solferino and San Martino, which celebrates the 1859 military battle of the same name and which houses many relics of the event, including respective tricolor flags. other exhibition spaces that besides host diachronic tricolor flags in Lombardy include the International Museum of the Red Cross in Castiglione delle Stiviere, the Museum of the Risorgimento in Bergamo, the Museum of the Risorgimento in Brescia, the Museum of the Risorgimento in Como, the Vittoriale degli Italiani in Gardone Riviera, the Museum of the Risorgimento in Mantua, the Museum of the Risorgimento in Pavia and the Museum of the Risorgimento in Voghera .
In Venice, the Museum of the Risorgimento and the venetian nineteenth century preserves the tricolor pin of 1848 which greeted the extrusion of the Austrians from the city ; Venice besides hosts the naval History Museum, which has an importance comparable to the homonymic exhibition space in La Spezia. The description of the Triveneto museum is completed by the italian War History Museum in Rovereto, dedicated to the First World War, which houses many relics, including several tricolor flags ; the Historical Museum of Trento, which preserves finds dedicated to the Alpini troops, the Museum of the Risorgimento and of the contemporaneous old age in Padua, the Museum of the Risorgimento and of the Resistance in Vicenza. In Trieste, on the other hand, there is the museum of the Risorgimento and the enshrine of Oberdan. In Sardinia, in summation to the Museum of the Risorgimento of the State Archives in Cagliari, [ 281 ] there is the museum of the Risorgimento Duca d’Aosta in Sanluri, set up at the castle of Eleonora D’Arborea, which preserves, among the numerous patriotic and the historical flags, the tricolor that on 3 November 1918 flew beginning in the Trieste just reconquered by Italy after the victory in the First World War. [ 282 ] other exhibition spaces that besides host diachronic tricolor flags in other regions of Italy include the Domus Mazziniana in Pisa, the Marche museum of the Risorgimento and the Resistance in Macerata, the Museum of the Risorgimento in Palermo, which besides preserves one of the original tricolor flags belonging to the Lombardo steamer which participated in the dispatch of the Thousand, and the museum of the State Archives in Naples which houses, among early things, twelve of the blackjack tricolor flags requisitioned by the Bourbon general Carlo Filangieri from the sicilian patriots of Caltagirone, Catania, Leonforte and Syracuse during the sicilian revolution of 1848 .
National flags alike to the flag of Italy [edit ]
The italian national flag belongs to the family of flags derived from the french tricolor, [ 285 ] with all the meanings attached, as mentioned, to the ideals of the french revolution. due to the coarse placement of the semblance, at first sight, it seems that the entirely deviation between the Italian and the mexican flag is lone the Aztec coat of arms award in the moment ; in reality the italian tricolor uses lighter shades of green and red, and has different proportions than the Mexican flag—those of the italian flag are equal to 2:3, while the proportions of the mexican flag are 4:7. [ 286 ] The similarity between the two flags posed a serious trouble in nautical transport, given that primitively the Mexican mercantile flag was barren of arms and consequently was consequently identical to the italian Republican tricolor of 1946 ; to obviate the inconvenience, at the request of the International Maritime Organization, both Italy and Mexico adopted naval flags with different crests. [ 237 ] besides ascribable to the italian layout, the italian flag is besides quite similar to the flag of Ireland, with the exception of orange rather of red ( although the shades used for the two colours are very like ) and proportions ( 2:3 against 1:2 ). [ 288 ]
The hungarian sag has the lapp colors as the italian one, but on the Magyar banner the bolshevik, white and green tricolor is arranged horizontally. Another banner chromatically similar to the italian one is the flag of Bulgaria ; similarly to the hungarian sag, the Bulgarian banner has the white, green and loss tricolor ( starting from the top ) in horizontal stripes, and therefore besides in this case there is no confusion with the italian tricolor. like to the hungarian banner is the flag of Iran, but k and red are reversed. In the flag of Madagascar green and red are in horizontal bands while ashen is in vertical band. The iris of Oman is like to the Bulgarian streamer, while the flag of Tajikistan is like to the hungarian banner. ultimately, they present early combinations of the three colours, the flags of Madagascar, Suriname, and Burundi. The flag of Suriname has a very specific composing of horizontal trichromatic bands : the central bolshevik band ( loaded with a gold headliner ) and flanked by flannel and greens bands. The sag of Burundi alternatively has a white Saint Andrew ‘s Cross that divides the fabric into four triangular sections, the upper and lower ones red and the lateral ones green .
The flag of Italy in the arts [edit ]
In the ocular arts [edit ]
Garibaldi wounded in Aspromonte by an unknown author (around 1870) by an unknown writer ( around 1870 )
The first Italian flag brought to Florence by Francesco Saverio Altamura (1859) by Francesco Saverio Altamura ( 1859 )
26 April 1859 by Odoardo Borrani (1861) by Odoardo Borrani ( 1861 )
Fighting at Litta Palace (mid 19th century) by Baldassare Verazzi ( mid 19th hundred ) by Baldassare Verazzi
Little patriots (1862) by Gioacchino Toma ( 1862 ) by Gioacchino Toma
The breach of Porta Pia (1880) by Carlo Ademollo ( 1880 ) by Carlo Ademollo
Garibaldi lands in Marsala (late 19th century) by Gerolamo Induno ( deep nineteenth hundred ) by Gerolamo Induno celebrated paintings dating back to the union of Italy whose subject revolves around the tricolor are Pasquale Sottocorno assaulting the Military Engineering Palace during the Five Days of Milan ( 1860 ) by Pietro Bouvier, Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia on the balcony of the Greppi Palace ( 1848 ) by Carlo Bossoli, Little patriots ( 1862 ) by Gioacchino Toma, Garibaldi lands in Marsala ( recently nineteenth hundred ), The departure of the volunteers ( 1877–1878 ), The departure of the Garibaldine ( 1860 ), The departure of the conscripts in 1866 ( 1878 ) [ 294 ] The return of the wounded soldier ( 1854 ), all by Gerolamo Induno, The first Italian flag brought to Florence ( 1859 ) by Francesco Saverio Altamura, The wounded soldier ( 1865–1870 ) by Angelo Trezzini, Episode of the Five Days in Piazza Sant’Alessandro by Carlo Stragliati ( recently nineteenth century ), [ 294 ] Fighting at Litta Palace ( half nineteenth hundred ) by Baldassare Verazzi, The brothers are in the field! Remembrance of Venice ( 1869 ) by Mosè Bianchi, [ 297 ] The breach of Porta Pia ( 1880 ) by Carlo Ademollo, On 26 April 1859 ( 1861 ) by Odoardo Borrani, [ 299 ] and Garibaldi’s Burial ( 1862-64 ) by Filippo Liardo. The tricolor often recurs in the paintings of italian painters adhering to futurism. In finical, Giacomo Balla has much used the symbol of the italian flag in some patriotic works such as Flag Waving, Interventionist Demonstration and Demonstration 20th September. [ 300 ]
In music [edit ]
The first songs on the tricolor started to be composed shortly after its official adoption on 7 January 1797. The most celebrated popular musical composing written in this time period and dedicated to the italian flag is To the tricolour, which reads :
Tricolour the Insignia and the Standard
new fire awaken us in the heart !
The ring of the trumpets is a harbinger
of victories, exuberate and heroism [ 303 ] — To the tricolour, obscure generator
however, most of the songs dedicated to the italian flag were written during the union of Italy. The most celebrated is The flag of the three colours, sung in all italian primary schools for decades : [ 305 ]
The ease up of the three colours
has always been the most beautiful,
we always want that,
we want freedom.
And the jaundiced and black flag
here he has finished reigning !
The scandalmongering and black flag
here he has finished reigning !
All united in one treaty
tight around the flag,
we will shout morning and evening :
long live the three color ! [ 306 ] — The flag of the three colours, nameless author
During the conflict of Aspromonte ( 29 August 1862 ), the notes of The tricolour flag, by an obscure generator, rang out ; the pin is besides mentioned in Garibaldi’s hymn, a 1859 song by Luigi Mercantini, which accompanied the expedition of the Thousand. [ 309 ] other pieces from the fusion of Italy celebrating the tricolor are Giuseppe Bertoldi ‘s Liberation of Milan, O Ardent young people by an anonymous author and Luigi Mercantini ‘s War Hymn of 1848-49. The italian flag is then mentioned in the melodious composition The bell of San Giusto and in the piece Faccetta Nera, written by Renato Micheli and set to music by Mario Ruccione in April 1935 on the occasion of the second Italo-Ethiopian War ( 1935–1936 ). The 1961 birdcall The Flag by Domenico Modugno was besides dedicated to the flag. In 1965, singer Ivan Della Mea recalled the tricolor as a symbol of national oneness in the song 9th May. The birdcall refers to the event organized on 9 May 1965 in memory of the 20eth anniversary of the Liberation of Italy ( 1943–1945 ). In March 2007, singer-songwriter Graziano Romani published the album Three colours, inspired by the italian flag and the occasion in which the tricolor was adopted in his hometown, Reggio Emilia. [ 314 ]
In literature [edit ]
many romantic poets treated the tricolor pin in their literary works, drawing juxtapositions and symbolisms :
From the Alps to the Strait brothers we are all !
On the open limits, on the destroy thrones
permit ‘s plant our common three semblance !
green hopes it for therefore many years,
red the rejoice of having accomplished it,
white the brotherly faith of love. [ 315 ]Giovanni Berchet, To arms to arms !, 1831
White is the faith that chains us
red is the gladden of our hearts
I ‘ll put a verbena leaf in it
which I myself fed with fresh moods. [ 316 ]Francesco Dall’Ongaro, The Brigidino (In honor of the Italian tricolour), 1847
We excessively have our flag
no longer like one day sol chicken, so black ;
on the white linen of our banner
waving a fleeceable laurel wreath :
of our tyrants in cowardly blood
the sphere of the third tinge is tinted. [ 317 ]Arnaldo Fusinato, The Song of the Insurgents, April 1848
The three colours of your flag are not three kingdoms but the whole of Italy :
the white Alps,
red the two volcanoes,
green is the grass of the Lombard planes. [ 318 ] — Francesco Dall’Ongaro, Garibaldi in Sicily, May 1860
Be blessed ! Blessed in the faultless origin, blessed in the way of trials and misfortunes for which immaculate hush you proceeded, blessed in battle and victory, immediately and everlastingly, everlastingly ! Do not ramp of eagles and lions, do not surmount predaceous beasts, in the holy place banner ; but the color of our leap and our state, from Mont Cenis to Etna ; the snows of the Alps, the April of the valleys, the flames of the volcanoes. And immediately those colours spoke to generous and kind souls, with the inspirations and effects of the virtues with which the fatherland stands and augusts : white, the calm religion in the ideas that make the soul divine in the constancy of the knowing ; green, the ceaseless re-flowering of hope as the yield of good in the youth of poets ; red, the passion and blood of martyr and heroes. And immediately the people sang to her flag that she was the most beautiful of all and that they constantly wanted her and with her freedom ! [ 319 ]Giosuè Carducci, speech given to celebrate the 1st Centenary of the birth of the Tricolour, Reggio Emilia, 7 January 1897
See besides [edit ]
Citations [edit ]
References [edit ]
Read more: โบรุสเซีย ดอร์ทมุนด์(Borussia Dortmund)