City in Osijek-Baranja, Croatia
Osijek ( croatian pronunciation : [ ôsijeːk ] ( ) ) is the fourth-largest city in Croatia, with a population of 108,048 in 2011. [ 1 ] It is the largest city and the economic and cultural center of the easterly croatian area of Slavonia, vitamin a good as the administrative center of Osijek-Baranja County. Osijek is located on the right trust of the Drava River, 25 kilometer ( 16 nautical mile ) upstream of its confluence with the Danube, at an elevation of 94 molarity ( 308 foot ).
Reading: Osijek – Wikipedia
name [edit ]
The list was given to the city due to its position on raise labor, which prevented the city being flooded by the local swamp waters. Its appoint “ Osijek ” derives from the croatian give voice oseka, which means “ ebb tide “. Due to its history within the Habsburg Monarchy and concisely in the Ottoman Empire, a well as the presence of German, Hungarian, and serbian minorities throughout its history, Osijek has ( or had ) its names in other languages, Осек/Osek in serbian, hungarian : Eszék, german : Esseg or Essegg, turkish : Ösek, Latin : Essek. It is besides spelled Esgek. [ 2 ] Its ancient name was Mursa and is supposed to come from the Proto-Indo-European word *móri ( ocean, marsh ). The lapp root is possibly seen in the place name “ Marsonia ” and “ Mariniana ”. [ 3 ] [ unreliable source? ]
history [edit ]
Origins [edit ]
hungarian seal of 1900 cancelled Lower town in both languages
Crveni fićo installation installation The origins of human habitation of Osijek date back to Neolithic times, with the first acknowledge inhabitants belonging to the Illyrians and late invading Celtic tribes. After the conquest of Pannonia, Osijek, known at the time as Mursa, was under the administration and protection of the Roman 7th horde, which maintained a military castrum at the colony and a bridge over the river Drava. The Roman emperor Hadrian raised the old village of Mursa to the condition of a colony with extra privileges in 131. After that, Mursa had a disruptive history, with respective decisive battles taking place at its contiguous proximity, among which the most luminary are the struggle between Aureolus and Ingenuus in 260 and specially brutal and bally Battle of Mursa Major in 351. These battles, particularly the latter one, had long-run consequences for the colony and the region, which was already under ever-increasing coerce from the invading Goths and other invading tribes. After the fall of westerly Roman Empire and the end of local tribes by Avar Kaghanate in sixth century, this area was resettled by Slavic tribes. The earliest record mention of Osijek dates back to 1196. [ 4 ] The town was a feudal property of Kórógyi family between 1353 and 1472. After the death of the final Kórógyi, King Matthias Corvinus granted it to the Rozgonyi syndicate. The city was about completely destroyed by the Ottoman conquerors on 8 August 1526. [ 4 ] The Turks rebuilt it in Ottoman oriental style and it was mentioned in the turkish census of 1579. In 1566, Suleiman the Magnificent built a celebrated, 8-km-long wooden bridge of boats in Osijek, considered at that time to be one of the wonders of the global. [ 5 ] In Ottoman Empire, Osijek was share of the Budin Eyalet. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1687, Osijek was liberated by the Habsburg Monarchy on 29 September 1687. [ 6 ]
Habsburg Empire [edit ]
Osijek was restored to western rule on 29 September 1687, when the Turks were ousted and the city was occupied by the Habsburg Empire. [ 7 ] Between 1712 and 1715, austrian authorities built a raw fortress, out walls, and all five planned bastions ( authored by the architect Maximilian de Gosseau ) known as Tvrđa, [ 8 ] in the heart of the town. Holy Trinity Square is surrounded on the north by the construct of the Military Command, on the west by the Main Guard build and on the east by the Magistrate build ( presently Museum of Slavonia ). In the middle of the square, a memorial to the blight was erected in 1729 by General Maximilian Petras ‘ widow. [ 9 ] The Gornji Grad ( “ Upper Town ” ) was founded in 1692 and Donji Grad ( “ Lower Town ” ) followed on 1698 settled largely by the inhabitants from boggy area of Baranja. Tvrđa, Gornji Grad, and Donji Grad continued as separate municipalities until 1786, when they were united into a individual entity. [ 10 ] In former eighteenth hundred, it took over from Virovitica as the centre of the Virovitica County. The Habsburg empire besides facilitated the migration and liquidation of german immigrants into the township and region during this period. [ 11 ] In 1809, Osijek was granted the title of a detached Royal City, and during the early nineteenth hundred, it was the largest city in Croatia. [ 12 ] The city developed along the lines of early central european cities, with cultural, architectural and socioeconomic influences filtering down from Vienna and Buda. [ citation needed ] At the begin of the hungarian Revolution of 1848, the town was held by the Hungarians, but on 4 February 1849, it was taken by the Austrians under General Baron Trebersberg. [ 13 ] In the late 19th and early on twentieth centuries, Osijek was the seat of the Virovitica County [ 13 ] of the autonomous territory Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia in Austria-Hungary. [ 14 ] During the nineteenth century, cultural life largely revolved around the field, museums ( the first museum, Museum of Slavonia, was opened in 1877 by private donations ), collections, and impression houses ( the Franciscans ). [ 15 ] City club, whose development was accompanied by a golden economy and modernize trade relations, was related to religious festivals, populace events ( fairs ), entertainment, and sports. The Novi Grad ( New Town ) section of the city was built in the nineteenth century, arsenic well as Retfala to the west. [ citation needed ]
Twentieth century [edit ]
The newest additions to the city include Sjenjak, Vijenac Ivana Meštrovića, Novi Grad and Jug II, which were built in the twentieth century. The city ‘s geographic riverbank localization, and noted cultural and historic inheritance – peculiarly the baroque Tvrđa, one of the most immediately recognizable structures in the region – facilitated the development of tourism. The Osijek oil refinery was a strategic bombing prey of the Oil Campaign of World War II. [ 16 ] immediately after the war, the day by day newspaper Glas Slavonije was relocated to Osijek and has been printed there ever since. A history archive was established in the city in 1947 and GISKO ( city library ) in 1949. A children ‘s dramaturgy and an art gallery were outdoors in 1950. As a sequel of the custom of promoting national inheritance, specially in music, club of culture and art, “ Pajo Kolarić “ was established on 21 March 1954. [ citation needed ] Osijek has been connected with the Croatian democracy ‘s capital Zagreb and the previous union capital Belgrade by a modern paved road since 1958. The newly Drava bridge to the north was built in 1962. The first staff opened in Osijek was Faculty of Economy ( in 1959 as Centre for economic studies of the Faculty of Economy in Zagreb ), [ 17 ] followed immediately by a gamey school of agribusiness, later renamed as Faculty of Agriculture [ 18 ] and Faculty of Philosophy. [ 19 ] The Faculty of Law was established in 1975. [ 20 ] frankincense becoming the beginning new member of newly established University of Osijek. As part of further development as a regional food industry and agricultural center, a major ( working ) collective for department of agriculture and industry was established in 1962. During the 1980s, a fresh pedestrian abeyance bridge over the Drava was built. A regional centre of National Television JRT was besides opened. [ citation needed ]
croatian War of Independence [edit ]
During the war in Croatia, from 1991 to 1995, the city sustained damage by Yugoslav People ‘s Army ( JNA ) and local Serbs, particularly to the concentrate and Co-cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul [ 21 ] and to the periphery. About 800 people were killed in the blast of the township that occurred from August 1991 to June 1992. [ 22 ] Overall, a sum of 1,724 people from Osijek were killed over the course of the war, including 1,327 soldiers and 397 civilians. [ 23 ] At least five croatian officials were condemned for war crimes against Serb civilians in Osijek, including General Branimir Glavaš. [ 24 ]
climate [edit ]
Osijek has a warm-summer humid continental climate ( Köppen climate categorization Dfb ) .
| Climate data for Osijek (1971–2000, extremes 1899–2014) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.0 (66.2) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.9 (80.4) |
30.9 (87.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
39.6 (103.3) |
40.3 (104.5) |
40.3 (104.5) |
37.1 (98.8) |
30.5 (86.9) |
25.8 (78.4) |
21.3 (70.3) |
40.3 (104.5) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 3.3 (37.9) |
6.5 (43.7) |
12.3 (54.1) |
17.2 (63.0) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.5 (81.5) |
23.4 (74.1) |
17.4 (63.3) |
9.4 (48.9) |
4.7 (40.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.2 (31.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
6.4 (43.5) |
11.2 (52.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.8 (69.4) |
16.5 (61.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
5.1 (41.2) |
1.2 (34.2) |
11.0 (51.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −3.3 (26.1) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
1.3 (34.3) |
5.5 (41.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
14.8 (58.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
10.8 (51.4) |
6.1 (43.0) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
6.0 (42.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.1 (−16.8) |
−26.4 (−15.5) |
−21 (−6) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−3 (27) |
1.0 (33.8) |
4.7 (40.5) |
5.1 (41.2) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−15.7 (3.7) |
−23.2 (−9.8) |
−27.1 (−16.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 41.4 (1.63) |
35.1 (1.38) |
40.5 (1.59) |
51.0 (2.01) |
59.2 (2.33) |
82.0 (3.23) |
65.4 (2.57) |
61.9 (2.44) |
51.0 (2.01) |
56.6 (2.23) |
61.7 (2.43) |
49.1 (1.93) |
654.9 (25.78) |
| Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 millimeter ) | 11.3 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 13.0 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 12.3 | 137.2 |
| Average snowy days ( ≥ 1.0 centimeter ) | 10.3 | 7.8 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 6.5 | 28.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 87.5 | 81.9 | 74.1 | 71.3 | 70.1 | 70.9 | 69.6 | 71.8 | 76.2 | 79.2 | 86.1 | 88.5 | 77.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 58.9 | 96.1 | 145.7 | 171.0 | 217.0 | 231.0 | 260.4 | 251.1 | 189.0 | 142.6 | 69.0 | 55.8 | 1,887.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 20 | 34 | 42 | 45 | 52 | 55 | 60 | 61 | 53 | 44 | 25 | 21 | 45 |
| Source: Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service[25][26] | |||||||||||||
population [edit ]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1880 | 25,260 | — |
| 1890 | 27,801 | +10.1% |
| 1900 | 33,407 | +20.2% |
| 1910 | 40,106 | +20.1% |
| 1921 | 42,930 | +7.0% |
| 1931 | 51,871 | +20.8% |
| 1948 | 58,046 | +11.9% |
| 1953 | 66,073 | +13.8% |
| 1961 | 84,652 | +28.1% |
| 1971 | 109,189 | +29.0% |
| 1981 | 123,944 | +13.5% |
| 1991 | 129,792 | +4.7% |
| 2001 | 114,616 | −11.7% |
| 2011 | 108,048 | −5.7% |
| Source: Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857–2001, DZS, Zagreb, 2005 | ||
suburban houses According to the 1910 census, the city had 31,388 inhabitants. The official austrian census lists 12,625 as Croats, 11,269 as Germans or Danube Swabians, 3,729 as Hungarians, 2,889 as Serbs and 876 others. According to religion, there were 24,976 Roman Catholics, 2,943 Orthodox Christians, 2,340 Jews, 594 Reformed ( Calvinists ), 385 Evangelicals, 122 greek Catholics and 28 others. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] After World War II a big function of the Danube Swabian population were expelled as a revenge for their presume participation in german occupation of Yugoslavia. Their property has become publicly owned and redistributed to the World War II victims. According to the 1981 census, the total population of the city had reached 104,775, including 63,373 ( 60.48 % ) Croats, 13,716 ( 13.09 % ) Serbs and 1,521 ( 1.45 % ) Hungarians. [ 29 ] anterior to the Croatian War of Independence, the 1991 census recorded a sum population of 165,253, composed of 110,934 ( 67.1 % ) Croats, 33,146 ( 20.0 % ) Serbs, 3,156 ( 1.9 % ) Hungarians, 276 ( 0.16 % ) Germans, and 17,741 ( 10.7 % ) people categorised as Yugoslavs or ‘others ‘. [ 30 ] According to the census of 2001, the full population of Osijek dropped to 114,616. Croats made up the majority of Osijek ‘s citizens, comprising 86.58 per penny of the city ‘s population. other ethnicities include 8,767 ( 7.65 % ) Serbs, 1,154 ( 1.01 % ) Hungarians, 480 ( 0.42 % ) Albanians, 211 ( 0.18 % ) Bosniaks, 175 ( 0.15 % ) Montenegrins, 178 ( 0.16 % ) cultural Macedonians, 124 ( 0.11 % ) Romani, and others including 24 Jews. [ 31 ] Osijek ‘s population in 2001 included 96,600 ( 84.28 % ) Roman Catholics, 78 ( 0.07 % ) Eastern-rite Catholics, 8,619 ( 7.52 % ) Orthodox Christians, and 966 ( 0.84 % ) Muslims and others. [ 32 ] In the census of 2011, the following settlements were recorded : [ 1 ]
- Brijest, population 1,187
- Briješće, population 1,318
- Josipovac, population 4,101
- Klisa, population 324
- Nemetin, population 139
- Osijek, population 84,104
- Podravlje, population 357
- Sarvaš, population 1,884
- Tenja, population 7,376
- Tvrđavica, population 578
- Višnjevac, population 6,680
Institutions and industries [edit ]
major institutions in the city include the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek ( established in 1975 ), the croatian National Theatre, the Museum of Slavonia ( established in 1877 ), and the printing house dating to 1735. The city besides has several gymnasiums, the oldest of which dates to 1729, a drawing school from the nineteenth hundred, a zoological garden, a centre for the promotion of livestock breeding, and an institute for sugar beet farm. [ citation needed ]
Read more: Willem Dafoe
The Saponia chemical factory is the largest factory located in the Osijek area. It is a major producer of detergents, soap and cosmetics whose products are recognized throughout the region as being of quality. [ 33 ] It is by far the largest exporter in the city area. other industries include a regional brewery, the Pivovara Osijek ( first gear Croatian beer ), a boodle process plant, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as a sugarcoat factory Kandit. The Niveta brush factory founded as Siva in 1922 even operates. The Osijek area used to be much more industrialize and a broad rate of goods and products were being manufactured there. One of the earliest factories was the Drava match factory, established in 1856, which no longer exists. [ 34 ] early industries included production of man-made materials, agricultural machinery, metallic furniture, woodwind and timbre, textiles, footwear, and silk, vitamin a well as metallic element march and printing. however, the 1990s saw most of these industries decline and in some cases close completely. however, the city remains at the center of an significant agricultural region. [ citation needed ]
Politics [edit ]
At the November 2007 elections, no party held a majority, which is not unusual for Croatia as local elections have proportional representation. however, the three mathematically possible coalitions had political problems that made coalescence construction unusually unmanageable. The November elections were early ( izvanredne ) elections caused by the breakdown of the alliance of the two main parties, the Croatian Party of Rights ( HSP ) and the Croatian Democratic Assembly of Slavonia and Baranja ( HDSSB ). The campaign of the breakdown was disagreement over the build of a new sports stadium. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] At the elections held on 25 November 2007, the HSP and the HDSSB gained 7 seats each, the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) 6 seats, the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) 4, and the croatian People ‘s Party – Liberal Democrats ( HNS ) 1. [ 37 ] A possible alliance between HDSSB and SDP provoked criticism of the Social Democrats for miss of principle such as from Damir Kajin, who called it a ‘sellotape alliance ‘, alluding to the charges of war crimes that the HDSSB leader Branimir Glavaš is facing. [ 38 ] After the parties failed to agree on a alliance, the croatian government called newfangled elections for the city. [ 36 ] These elections took station on 9 March 2008 and gave the HSP 9 councilors, the HDSSB 6, HDZ, 5, SDP, 3 and a coalition of HNS and two smaller parties 2. Anto Đapić has expressed his hope for a coalition with the HDZ. [ 39 ]
society and culture [edit ]
european Avenue
hotel Osijek
cultural events [edit ]
numerous events take identify in the city throughout the year. The most authoritative of them are the croatian Tambura Music Festival ( in May ), attended by tambura orchestras from all over Croatia and the Osijek Summer Nights ( during June, July and August ), a series of cultural and entertainment programs in the open, accompanied by excellent food and fair. The Day of the City of Osijek is celebrated with a cultural and artistic activities and exhibitions. The surroundings of Osijek provide opportunities for hunting and angling on the Drava river and its backwaters. Hunting in the area known as Kopački Rit ( in Baranja ) is celebrated beyond the borders of Croatia .
cuisine [edit ]
The abundance of bet on and agriculture has made Osijek the nation ‘s semi-official gastronomic capital. local dishes include traditional Slavonian-style specialities ( kulen, paprika-flavoured blimp, other kinds of sausages, ham, bacon, dairy products ), american samoa well as venison and pisces dishes such as the celebrated riblji paprikaš ( fish stew made with paprika ). The two brands of beer brewed in Osijek are Osječko and Esseker .
Sports [edit ]
The amateur and sports center Copacabana, opened in 1980, located on the leave bank of the Drava river, provides opportunities for assorted water sports ( outdoor naiant pools and a backbone beach with versatile facilities ) during the summer months. The city offers diverse playgrounds : football, handball, basketball, tennis courts, etc. NK Osijek are the city ‘s main football team, which are followed by their supporters group called Kohorta Osijek, playing in the Croatian First League at Gradski vrt stadium. The city is besides home to a issue of smaller teams including NK Grafičar Vodovod and NK Metalac. Before the second World War, the city ‘s most successful golf club was Slavija Osijek, which collapsed in 1941. A new sports hall ( Dvorana Gradski vrt ) was built as the 2009 World Men ‘s Handball Championship venue. Osijek hosts an extreme sports contest called the “ Pannonian challenge ”, which features competitions in skateboarding, inline skate, freestyle BMX and MTB soil racing. [ 40 ] Osijek hosted the 2017 Davis Cup World Group between Croatia and Spain at the Gradski vrt Hall in February 2017 .
tourism, sights and attractions [edit ]
Osijek remains a democratic domestic tourist destination for its Baroque style, loose spaces and ample amateur opportunities. The most authoritative sights in the city include the chief public square, Ante Starčević Square, Tvrđa the eighteenth century Baroque bastion, the promenade along the Drava ( “ promenada ” ), and the suspension pedestrian bridge toward Baranja. [ citation needed ] The Municipal Park of King Petar Krešimir IV and the Tomislav Park date from the begin of the twentieth hundred, and are protected national landmarks. Osijek is besides home to one of the few croatian zoological gardens, along the Drava river. The city is home to a monument to Ante Starčević. [ 41 ] The Co-cathedral of St. Peter and Paul is a Neo-Gothic social organization with the second highest tower in Croatia after the Zagreb Cathedral. The loom measures 90 megabyte ( 295.28 foot ) and can be seen from throughout Osijek. Because of its size most locals refer to it as the cathedral but it is only a parish church. The church service of St Peter and St Paul was designed by Franz Langenberg and contains 40 stain glass windows, although they are not all intact after the fail in the 1990s. The church besides contains sculptures by Eduard Hauser. [ citation needed ]
A bird’s-eye view of the pedestrian bridge over the Drava
transportation [edit ]
Osijek tramway
Osijek promenade Transport links to and from Osijek include major railway and highway junctions, a river port, and Osijek Airport. International flights from the airport to Cologne/Bonn Airport in Germany commenced in March 2008. [ 42 ] A four-lane highway, function of the Pan-European Corridor Vc, linking Osijek to the perch of the croatian advanced highway network, was completed and opened in April 2009. From Osijek, it is possible to take the train to numerous destinations including Zagreb, Rijeka, Požega, Virovitica, Našice, Slavonski Brod, Erdut, Vrpolje, Dalj and Đakovo. [ citation needed ] A small streetcar network runs through the city, which has been in continuous operation since 1884 and is the merely tramcar net still in process in Croatia outside of Zagreb. The network is presently being completely overhauled and more than doubled in length, and the city ‘s previous trams have been thoroughly modernized. [ citation needed ]
celebrated people [edit ]
luminary people who were born or have lived in Osijek include Matija Petar Katančić, an 18th-century croatian writer, professor of archeology, translator of the Bible into Croatian, and author of the first gear newspaper on archeology in Croatia ), Josip Juraj Strossmayer, a croatian Maecenas bishop, Franjo Šeper, Archbishop of Zagreb from 1960 to 1968, and Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith from 1968 to 1981, Francis, Duke of Teck, a german prince and forefather of Mary of Teck ( by and by the Queen Consort of George V ) hence the great grandfather of Queen Elizabeth II, sculptor Oscar Nemon, painters Adolf Waldinger and Bela Čikoš Sesija, musicologist Franjo Kuhač, violinist Franjo Krežma, musicians Miroslav Škoro, Branko Mihaljević and Krunoslav Slabinac, historian Ferdo Šišić, linguist Snježana Kordić, television journalist Vladimir Herzog, Hollywood producer Branko Lustig, footballers Davor Šuker, Franjo Glaser and Borna Barišić, sport shot Jasna Šekarić and tennis players Jelena Dokić and Donna Vekić. Nobel Prize winners Lavoslav ( Leopold ) Ružička and Vladimir Prelog besides lived in the city, as did meteorologist and seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić, mathematician and climatologist Milutin Milanković, and Mijo Kišpatić, celebrated croatian mineralogist and petrologist, first doctor of science ( Ph.D. ) in the field of natural sciences at the University of Zagreb .
Twin towns – baby cities [edit ]
Osijek is twinned with : [ 43 ]