taiwanese American actor, soldierly artist ( 1940–1973 )
This article is about the soldierly artist and actor. For other uses, see Bruce Lee ( disambiguation )
Bruce Lee ( chinese : 李小龍 ; pinyin : Lǐxiǎolóng ; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973 ), born Lee Jun-fan ( chinese : 李振藩 ; pinyin : Lǐzhènfān ), was a Hong Kong American actor, film director, martial artist, soldierly arts teacher and philosopher. [ 2 ] He was the collapse of Jeet Kune Do, a hybrid martial arts philosophy drawing from different fight disciplines that is much credited with paving the way for advanced desegregate warlike arts ( MMA ). Lee is considered by commentators, critics, media, and other martial artists to be the most influential martial artist of all time and a pop polish icon of the twentieth hundred, who bridged the col between East and West. He is credited with helping to change the way Asians were presented in american films. [ 3 ]

The son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-chuen, Lee was born in the Chinatown area of San Francisco, on November 27, 1940, to parents from Hong Kong, and was raised with his family in Kowloon, Hong Kong. [ 4 ] He was introduced to the film industry by his father and appeared in respective films as a child actor. His early martial arts have included Wing Chun ( trained under Yip Man ), thai qi, boxing ( winning the Hong Kong schools boxing tournament ), and street fight ( frequently participating in Hong Kong rooftop fights ). Lee moved to the United States at the age of 18 to receive his higher education at the University of Washington in Seattle ; [ 5 ] it was during this clock that he began teaching martial arts, later drawing meaning attention at the 1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships. In the 1970s, his Hong Kong and Hollywood -produced films elevated the traditional martial arts film to a new floor of popularity and acclaim, sparking a surge of interest in the chinese nation and taiwanese warlike arts in the West. The focus and tone of his films dramatically influenced and changed martial arts and martial arts films cosmopolitan. [ 6 ] He is noted for his roles in five feature-length soldierly arts films in the early 1970s : Lo Wei ‘s The Big Boss ( 1971 ) and Fist of Fury ( 1972 ) ; Golden Harvest ‘s Way of the Dragon ( 1972 ), directed and written by Lee ; and Golden Harvest and Warner Brothers ‘ Enter the Dragon ( 1973 ) and The Game of Death ( 1978 ), both directed by Robert Clouse. [ 7 ] Lee became an iconic figure known throughout the world, peculiarly among the Chinese, based upon his portrait of chinese nationalism in his films, [ 8 ] and among asian Americans for defying stereotypes associated with the emasculate asian male. [ 9 ] Having initially learnt Wing Chun, tai chi, box, and street crusade, he combined them with other influences from respective sources into the spirit of his personal warlike arts philosophy, which he dubbed Jeet Kune Do ( The Way of the Intercepting Fist ). Lee had residences in Hong Kong and Seattle. [ 10 ] Lee died on July 20, 1973, at the senesce of 32. There was no visible external injury ; however, according to autopsy reports, Lee ‘s brain had swollen well. The autopsy found Equagesic in his system. When the doctors announced Lee ‘s death, it was officially ruled a “ death by mishap “. Since his death, Lee has continued to be a outstanding charm on modern combat sports, including judo, karate, mix soldierly arts, and box, angstrom well as modern popular culture, including film, television receiver, comics, animation and video recording games. Time named Lee one of the 100 most crucial people of the twentieth hundred .

early life

Bruce Lee as a baby with his parents, Grace Ho and Lee Hoi-chuen Bruce Lee was born on November 27, 1940, at the chinese Hospital in Chinatown, San Francisco. According to the chinese zodiac, Lee was born in both the hour and the class of the Dragon, which according to custom is a solid and causeless omen. [ 11 ] His parents returned to Hong Kong with Lee when he was three months erstwhile. [ 12 ] Bruce ‘s church father, Lee Hoi-chuen, was Han Chinese, and his beget, Grace Ho ( 何愛瑜 ), was of eurasian lineage. [ 13 ] Lee ‘s maternal grandfather was chinese and his maternal grandma was English. [ 14 ] Lee ‘s capital uncle, Robert Hotung, was a successful businessman and philanthropist of Dutch Jewish and taiwanese descent. [ 15 ]

career and education

1940–1958 : early roles, schooling and martial arts initiation

Lee ‘s don Lee Hoi-chuen was a celebrated yue opera star. As a result, the junior Lee was introduced to the world of film at a identical new age and appeared in several films as a child. Lee had his first function as a baby who was carried onto the stage in the film Golden Gate Girl. [ 16 ] As a nine-year-old, he would co-star with his beget in The Kid in 1950, which was based on a amusing book character and was his first lead role. [ 17 ] By the time he was 18, he had appeared in twenty films. [ 11 ] After attending Tak Sun School ( 德信學校 ; several blocks from his home plate at 218 Nathan Road, Kowloon ), Lee entered the basal school division of the Catholic La Salle College at the age of 12. [ 18 ] In 1956, due to poor academic performance and possibly poor people conduct, he was transferred to St. Francis Xavier ‘s College, where he would be mentored by Brother Edward, a teacher and coach of the school box team. [ 15 ] After Lee was involved in several street fights, his parents decided that he needed to be trained in the warlike arts. Lee ‘s friend William Cheung [ 19 ] introduced him to Ip Man [ when? ] but [ 20 ] he was rejected from learning Wing Chun Kung Fu under him because of the long-standing rule in the chinese Martial Arts universe not to teach foreigners. [ 21 ] His one quarter german [ citation needed ] setting from his mother ‘s side would be an initial obstacle towards his Wing Chun coach ; however, Cheung would speak on his behalf and Lee was accepted into the educate. [ 22 ] Lee began training in Wing Chun with Yip Man. [ 23 ] Yip tried to keep his students from fighting in the street gangs of Hong Kong by encouraging them to fight in organized competitions. [ 24 ] After a class into his Wing Chun educate, most of Yip Man ‘s other students refused to train with Lee when they had learned of his mix ancestry, as the Chinese were broadly against teaching their martial arts techniques to non-Asians. Lee ‘s spar partner, Hawkins Cheung, states, “ credibly fewer than six people in the hale Wing Chun kin were personally teach, or even partially taught, by Yip Man “. [ 27 ] however, Lee showed a acute interest in Wing Chun and continued to train privately with Yip Man, William Cheung and Wong Shun-leung. In 1958, Bruce won the Hong Kong schools boxing tournament, knocking out the previous champion, Gary Elms, in the final examination. [ 15 ] That class, Lee was besides a cha-cha dancer, winning Hong Kong ‘s Crown Colony Cha-Cha Championship. [ 29 ]

1959–1964 : continuous studies and warlike arts breakthrough

Until his recently teens, Lee ‘s street fights became more frequent and included beating the son of a fear trio kin. [ 30 ] In 1958, after students from a equal Choy Li Fut martial arts school challenged Lee ‘s Wing Chun school, he engaged in a fight on a rooftop. In response to an unfair punch by another boy, Bruce beat him thus badly that he knocked out one of his tooth, leading to a complaint by the boy ‘s parents to the patrol. Lee ‘s mother had to go to a police station and sign a document saying that she would take full province for Bruce ‘s actions if they released him into her hands. Though she did not mention the incident to her husband, she suggested that Bruce, being an american citizen, reappearance to the United States. Lee ‘s beget agreed, as Lee ‘s college prospects were he to remain in Hong Kong were not very promise. [ 31 ]

The police detective came and he says “ Excuse me Mr. Lee, your son is very fighting bad in school. If he gets into just one more fight I might have to put him in jail ” .Robert Lee[32]

In April 1959, Lee ‘s parents decided to send him to the United States to stay with his older sister, Agnes Lee ( 李秋鳳 ), who was already living with family friends in San Francisco. After several months, he moved to Seattle in 1959 to continue his high school education, where he besides worked for Ruby Chow as a live-in waiter at her restaurant. Chow ‘s conserve was a colleague and friend of Lee ‘s beget. Lee ‘s elder buddy Peter Lee ( 李忠琛 ) would besides join him in Seattle for a short stay before moving on to Minnesota to attend college. That year Lee besides started to teach martial arts. He called what he taught Jun Fan Gung Fu ( literally Bruce Lee ‘s Kung Fu ). It was basically his border on to Wing Chun. [ 33 ] Lee taught friends he met in Seattle, starting with Judo practitioner Jesse Glover, who continued to teach some of Lee ‘s early on techniques. Taky Kimura became Lee ‘s first Assistant Instructor and continued to teach his art and doctrine after Lee ‘s death. [ 34 ] Lee opened his first warlike arts school, named the Lee Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute, in Seattle. Lee completed his high school education and received his diploma from Edison Technical School on Capitol Hill in Seattle. [ 35 ] In March 1961, Lee enrolled at the University of Washington and studied dramatic arts, philosophy, psychology, and assorted early subjects. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Despite what Lee himself and many others have stated, Lee ‘s official major was drama preferably than doctrine according to a 1999 article in the university ‘s alumnus publication. [ 38 ] Lee dropped out of college in early 1964 and moved to Oakland to live with James Yimm Lee. James Lee was twenty dollar bill years aged to Bruce Lee and a long-familiar chinese martial artist in the area. together, they founded the irregular Jun Fan warlike arts studio in Oakland. James Lee was besides responsible for introducing Bruce Lee to Ed Parker, an american martial artist. At the invitation of Parker, Lee appeared in the 1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships and performed repetitions of two-finger push-ups ( using the ovolo and the index finger of one hand ) with feet at approximately shoulder-width apart. In the same Long Beach event he besides performed the “ one edge punch “. [ 39 ] Lee stood upright, his right foot forward with knees bent slenderly, in movement of a stand, stationary partner. Lee ‘s right sleeve was partially extended and his good fist approximately one edge ( 2.5 centimeter ) away from the collaborator ‘s chest. Without retracting his right arm, Lee then forcibly delivered the punch to volunteer Bob Baker while largely maintaining his model, sending Baker backwards and falling into a electric chair said to be placed behind Baker to prevent wound, though Baker ‘s momentum soon caused him to fall to the floor. Baker recalled, “ I told Bruce not to do this type of demonstration again. When he punched me that last clock, I had to stay home from work because the pain in my thorax was intolerable ”. [ 40 ] It was at the 1964 championships that Lee beginning met Taekwondo master Jhoon Goo Rhee. The two developed a friendship—a relationship from which they benefited as martial artists. Rhee taught Lee the side kick in detail, and Lee taught Rhee the “ non-telegraphic ” punch. [ 41 ] In Oakland ‘s Chinatown in 1964, Lee had a controversial private match with Wong Jack-man, a address scholar of Ma Kin Fung, known for his command of Xingyiquan, Northern Shaolin, and T’ai chi ch’uan. According to Lee, the Chinese community issued an ultimatum to him to stop teaching non-Chinese people. When he refused to comply, he was challenged to a combat match with Wong. The arrangement was that if Lee lost, he would have to shut down his school, while if he won, he would be barren to teach white people, or anyone else. [ 42 ] Wong denied this, stating that he requested to fight Lee after Lee boasted during one of his demonstrations at a Chinatown field that he could beat anyone in San Francisco, and that Wong himself did not discriminate against Whites or early non-Chinese people. [ 43 ] Lee commented, “ That newspaper had all the names of the sifu from Chinatown, but they do n’t scare me ”. [ 44 ] Individuals known to have witnessed the match include Cadwell, James Lee ( Bruce Lee ‘s consociate, no relation ), and William Chen, a teacher of T’ai qi ch’uan. Wong and William Chen stated that the fight lasted an unusually long 20–25 minutes. [ 43 ] [ 45 ] Wong claims that although he had primitively expected a serious but civilized turn, Lee aggressively attacked him with purpose to kill. When Wong presented the traditional handshake, Lee appeared to accept the greet, but alternatively, Lee allegedly thrust his hand as a spear aimed at Wong ‘s eyes. Forced to defend his life sentence, Wong however asserted that he refrained from striking Lee with killing pull when the opportunity presented itself because it could have earned him a prison sentence, but used illegal cufflings under his sleeves. According to Michael Dorgan ‘s 1980 book Bruce Lee’s Toughest Fight, the fight ended ascribable to Lee ‘s “ unusually hoist ” condition, as opposed to a decisive shove off by either fighter. [ 43 ] however, according to Bruce Lee, Linda Lee Cadwell, and James Yimm Lee, the competitiveness lasted a bare three minutes with a decisive victory for Lee. In Cadwell ‘s bill, “ The contend ensued, it was a no-holds-barred fight, it took three minutes. Bruce got this guy down to the ground and said ‘Do you give up ? ‘ and the man said he gave up ”. [ 42 ] A copulate of weeks after the bust, Lee gave an interview claim that he had defeated an nameless rival, which Wong says was an obvious reference book to him. [ 43 ] [ 45 ] In response, Wong published his own report of the contend in the taiwanese Pacific Weekly, a Chinese-language newspaper in San Francisco, with an invitation to a public replay if Lee was not satisfied with the account. Lee did not respond to the invitation despite his reputation for violently responding to every incitement, [ 43 ] and there were no further public announcements by either, though Lee continued to teach white people. Lee had abandoned thoughts of a film career in favor of pursuing martial arts. however, a martial arts exhibition on Long Beach in 1964 finally led to the invitation by television manufacturer William Dozier for an audition for a function in the pilot program for “ Number One Son ” about Lee Chan, the son of Charlie Chan. The prove never materialized, but Dozier saw electric potential in Lee. [ 46 ]

1966–1970 : american roles and creating Jeet Kune Do

The Green Hornet Publicity photograph of Williams and Lee for From 1966 to 1967, Lee played the character of Kato alongside the championship character played by Van Williams in the television receiver series produced and narrated by William Dozier [ 47 ] titled The Green Hornet, based on the radio testify by the same name. [ 48 ] [ 46 ] The indicate lasted only one season ( 26 episodes ) from September 1966 to March 1967. Lee and Williams besides appeared as their characters in three crossover episodes of Batman, another William Dozier-produced television receiver series. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] The green Hornet introduced the adult Bruce Lee to an american consultation, and became the first popular American picture presenting Asian-style warlike arts. The read ‘s film director wanted Lee to fight in the distinctive american english manner using fists and punches. As a professional martial artist, Lee refused, insisting that he should fight in the style of his expertness. At first, Lee moved then fast that his movements could not be caught on film, so he had to slow them down. [ 52 ] After the show was cancelled in 1967, Lee wrote to Dozier thanking him for starting “ my career in express business ”. [ 52 ] In 1967, Lee played a character in one sequence of Ironside. [53] The Jeet Kune Do emblem is a cross-file trademark held by the Bruce Lee Estate. The chinese characters around the Taijitu symbol read : “ Using no means as room ” and “ Having no restriction as restriction ” The arrows represent the dateless interaction between yang and yin. Jeet Kune Do originated in 1967. After filming one season of The Green Hornet, Lee found himself out of bring and opened The Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute. The controversial match with Wong Jack-man influenced Lee ‘s doctrine about martial arts. Lee concluded that the crusade had lasted excessively hanker and that he had failed to live up to his likely using his Wing Chun techniques. He took the view that traditional martial arts techniques were excessively rigid and formalized to be practical in scenarios of chaotic street fighting. Lee decided to develop a arrangement with an emphasis on “ practicality, flexibility, speed, and efficiency ”. He started to use different methods of prepare such as weight trail for military capability, running for endurance, stretching for flexibility, and many others which he constantly adapted, including fence and basic boxing techniques. [ citation needed ] Lee emphasized what he called “ the style of no expressive style ”. This consisted of getting rid of the formalized approach which Lee claimed was indicative of traditional styles. Lee felt that tied the system he now called Jun Fan Gung Fu was besides restrictive, and it finally evolved into a philosophy and martial artwork he would come to call Jeet Kune Do or the Way of the Intercepting Fist. It is a terminus he would belated regret, because Jeet Kune Do implied specific parameters that styles imply, whereas the estimate of his martial art was to exist outside of parameters and limitations. [ 54 ] At the time, two of Lee ‘s martial arts students were Hollywood handwriting writer Stirling Silliphant and actor James Coburn. In 1969, the three worked on a script for a film called The Silent Flute, and went together on a localization hunt to India. The project was not realised at the time, but the 1978 film Circle of Iron, starring David Carradine, was based on the same plot. In 2010, manufacturer Paul Maslansky was reported to have planned and received fund for a film based on the original script for The Silent Flute. [ 55 ] In 1969, Lee made a brief appearance in the Silliphant-penned film Marlowe, where he played a hood hired to intimidate secret detective Philip Marlowe, ( played by James Garner ), who uses his soldierly arts abilities to commit acts of vandalization to intimidate Marlowe. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] The lapp year, he was credited as the karate adviser in The Wrecking Crew, the one-fourth installation of the Matt Helm comedy spy-fi film starring Dean Martin. [ 58 ] besides that year, Lee acted in one sequence of Here Come the Brides and Blondie. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] In 1970, he was responsible for fight choreography for A Walk in the Spring Rain starring Ingrid Bergman and Anthony Quinn, again written by Silliphant. [ 61 ] [ 62 ]

1971–1973 : Hong Kong films and Hollywood breakthrough

In 1971, Lee appeared in four episodes of the television receiver series Longstreet, written by Silliphant. Lee played Li Tsung the martial arts teacher of the title character Mike Longstreet ( played by James Franciscus ), and authoritative aspects of his martial arts philosophy were written into the script. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] According to statements made by Lee, and besides by Linda Lee Cadwell after Lee ‘s death, in 1971 Lee pitched a television serial of his own tentatively titled The Warrior, discussions of which were besides confirmed by Warner Bros. During a December 9, 1971 television consultation on The Pierre Berton Show, Lee stated that both Paramount and Warner Brothers wanted him “ to be in a overhaul type of a thing, and that they think the western theme is out, whereas I want to do the Western ”. [ 65 ] According to Cadwell, however, Lee ‘s concept was retooled and renamed Kung Fu, but Warner Bros. gave Lee no credit. [ 66 ] Warner Brothers states that they had for some meter been developing an identical concept, [ 67 ] created by two writers and producers, Ed Spielman and Howard Friedlander in 1969, [ 68 ] as stated besides by Lee ‘s biographer Matthew E. Polly. [ 69 ] According to these sources, the reason Lee was not cast was because he had a thick emphasis, [ 70 ] but Fred Weintraub attributes that to his ethnicity. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] The role of the Shaolin monk in the Wild West was finally awarded to then-non-martial-artist David Carradine. In The Pierre Berton Show consultation, Lee stated he understood Warner Brothers ‘ attitudes towards casting in the series : “ They think that business-wise it is a risk. I do n’t blame them. If the site were reversed, and an american english star were to come to Hong Kong, and I was the man with the money, I would have my own concerns as to whether the acceptance would be there ”. [ 73 ] Producer Fred Weintraub had advised Lee to return to Hong Kong and make a feature film which he could showcase to executives in Hollywood. [ 74 ] not glad with his supporting roles in the US, Lee returned to Hong Kong. Unaware that The Green Hornet had been played to achiever in Hong Kong and was unofficially referred to as “ The Kato Show ”, he was surprised to be recognized as the leading of the express. [ 75 ] After negotiating with both Shaw Brothers Studio and Golden Harvest, Lee signed a film shrink to star in two films produced by Golden Harvest. Lee played his first run function in The Big Boss ( 1971 ), which proved to be an enormous box function success across Asia and catapulted him to stardom. He soon followed up with Fist of Fury ( 1972 ), which broke the box office records set previously by The Big Boss. Having finished his initial biennial narrow, Lee negotiated a newfangled cope with Golden Harvest. Lee subsequently formed his own company, Concord Production Inc., with Chow. For his one-third film, Way of the Dragon ( 1972 ), he was given accomplished control of the movie ‘s production as the writer, film director, star, and choreographer of the fight scenes. In 1964, at a demonstration in Long Beach, California, Lee met karate champion Chuck Norris. In Way of the Dragon Lee introduced Norris to moviegoers as his adversary, their confrontation has been characterized as “ one of the best fight scenes in martial arts and film history “. [ 76 ] [ 77 ] The role had in the first place been offered to American karate ace Joe Lewis. [ 78 ] Fist of Fury and Way of the Dragon went on to crude an calculate US $ 100 million and US $ 130 million worldwide, respectively. [ 79 ] From August to October 1972, Lee began work on his fourth Golden Harvest film Game of Death. He began filming some scenes, including his fight sequence with 7 ft 2 in ( 218 centimeter ) American basketball star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, a former scholar. production stopped in November 1972 when Warner Brothers offered Lee the opportunity to star in Enter the Dragon, the first movie to be produced jointly by Concord, Golden Harvest, and Warner Bros. Filming began in Hong Kong in February 1973 and was completed in April 1973. [ 80 ] One calendar month into the film, another output ship’s company, Starseas Motion Pictures, promoted Bruce Lee as a leading actor in Fist of Unicorn, although he had merely agreed to choreograph the competitiveness sequences in the film as a favor to his long-time friend Unicorn Chan. Lee planned to sue the product company, but retained his friendship with Chan. [ 81 ] however, only a few months after the completion of Enter the Dragon, and six days before its July 26, 1973 release, Lee died. Enter the Dragon would go on to become one of the year ‘s highest-grossing films and cement Lee as a martial arts legend. It was made for US $ 850,000 in 1973 ( equivalent to $ 4 million adjusted for inflation as of 2007 ). [ 82 ] Enter the Dragon went on to gross an estimate $ 350 million global. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] The film sparked a abbreviated fad in martial arts, epitomised in songs such as “ Kung Fu Fighting “ and some television shows .

1978–present : posthumous knead

Robert Clouse, the director of Enter the Dragon, together with Golden Harvest, revived Lee ‘s bare film Game of Death. Lee had shot over 100 minutes of footage, including out-takes, for Game of Death before shooting was stopped to allow him to work on Enter the Dragon. In accession to Abdul-Jabbar, George Lazenby, Hapkido master Ji Han-Jae, and another of Lee ‘s students, Dan Inosanto, were besides to appear in the film, which was to culminate in Lee ‘s fictional character, Hai Tien ( clad in the now-famous yellow track befit [ 85 ] [ 86 ] ) taking on a series of different challengers on each floor as they make their way through a five-level pagoda. In a controversial move, Robert Clouse finished the movie using a look-alike and archive footage of Lee from his early films with a new storyline and hurl, which was released in 1978. however, the cobbled-together film contained lone fifteen minutes of actual footage of Lee ( he had printed many abortive takes ) [ 87 ] while the rest had a Lee look-alike, Kim Tai Chung, and Yuen Biao as stunt double over. The fresh footage Lee had filmed was recovered 22 years later and included in the documentary Bruce Lee: A Warrior’s Journey. apart from Game of Death, other future film projects were planned to feature Lee at the time. In 1972, after the achiever of The Big Boss and Fist of Fury, a third film was planned by Raymond Chow at Golden Harvest to be directed by Lo Wei, titled Yellow-Faced Tiger. however, at the time, Lee decided to direct and produce his own script for Way of the Dragon alternatively. Although Lee had formed a output ship’s company with Raymond Chow, a time period film was besides planned from September–November 1973 with the competing Shaw Brothers Studio, to be directed by either Chor Yuen or Cheng Kang, and written by Yi Kang and Chang Cheh, titled The Seven Sons of the Jade Dragon. [ 88 ] In 2015, Perfect Storm Entertainment and Bruce Lee ‘s daughter, Shannon Lee, announced that the series The Warrior would be produced and would air on the Cinemax and film maker Justin Lin was chosen to direct the series. [ 89 ] Production began on October 22, 2017 in Cape Town, South Africa. The first season will contain 10 episodes. [ 90 ] In April 2019, Cinemax renewed the series for a second season. [ 91 ] On March 25, 2021, it was announced that producer Jason Kothari has acquired the rights to The Silent of Flute “ to become a miniseries, which will have John Fusco as a screenwriter and administrator manufacturer. [ 92 ]

Unproduced works

Lee had besides worked on several scripts himself. A tape containing a recording of Lee narrating the basic storyline to a film tentatively titled Southern Fist/Northern Leg exists, showing some similarities with the canned script for The Silent Flute ( Circle of Iron ). [ 93 ] Another script had the entitle Green Bamboo Warrior, set in San Francisco, planned to co-star Bolo Yeung and to be produced by Andrew Vajna. [ 81 ] Photoshoot costume tests were besides organized for some of these planned film projects .

martial arts and seaworthiness

Lee ‘s foremost insertion to martial arts was through his don, from whom he learned the fundamentals of Wu-style t’ai qi ch’uan. [ 95 ] In his teens, Lee became involved in Hong Kong gang conflicts, which led to frequent street fights. [ 30 ] The largest influence on Lee ‘s soldierly arts growth was his study of Wing Chun. [ 94 ] Lee was 16 years old under the Wing Chun teacher Yip Man, between late 1956 and 1957, after losing to rival crowd members. Yip ‘s regular classes by and large consisted of the forms commit, chi sao ( sticking hands ) drills, wooden dummy techniques, and dislodge sparring. There was no sic traffic pattern to the classes. [ 23 ] Lee was besides trained in boxing, between 1956 and 1958, by Brother Edward, coach of the St. Francis Xavier ‘s College box team. Lee went on to win the Hong Kong schools boxing tournament in 1958, while scoring knockdowns against the previous champion Gary Elms in the final. [ 15 ] After moving to the United States, Lee was heavily influenced by giant boxing champion Muhammad Ali, whose footwork he studied and incorporated into his own style in the 1960s. [ 97 ] Another major determine on Lee was Hong Kong ‘s street fight culture in the shape of rooftop fights. In the mid-20th hundred, soaring crime in Hong Kong, combined with limited Hong Kong Police work force, led to many young Hongkongers learning soldierly arts for self-defense. Around the 1960s, there were about 400 soldierly arts schools in Hong Kong, teaching their own distinctive styles of martial arts. In Hong Kong ‘s street contend polish, there emerged a rooftop battle picture in the 1950s and 1960s, where gangs from rival martial arts schools challenged each early to rough-and-tumble fights on Hong Kong ‘s rooftops, in order to avoid crackdowns by colonial british Hong Kong authorities. Lee frequently participated in these Hong Kong rooftop fights, and combined unlike techniques from different martial arts schools into his own hybrid martial arts stylus. [ 98 ] At 172 centimeter ( 5 foot 8 in ) and weighing 64 kilogram ( 141 pound ) at the fourth dimension, [ 99 ] Lee was renowned for his physical fitness and energy, achieved by using a dedicated fitness regimen to become ampere potent as potential. After his equal with Wong Jack-man in 1965, Lee changed his approach toward soldierly arts train. Lee felt that many soldierly artists of his time did not spend enough time on physical condition. Lee included all elements of sum fitness—muscular intensity, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and flexibility. He used traditional bodybuilding techniques to build some muscle bulk, though not exaggerated, as that could decrease rush or flexibility. At the lapp time, with obedience to balance, Lee maintained that mental and apparitional preparation are fundamental to the success of physical educate in martial arts skills. In Tao of Jeet Kune Do he wrote :

coach is one of the most neglected phases of athletics. Too a lot clock time is given to the development of skill and besides short to the development of the individual for participation. … JKD, ultimately is not a count of petty techniques but of highly developed spirituality and physique. [ 100 ]

Lee besides favored cross-training between different fighting styles, and had a particular matter to in grappling. After befriending accomplished national judo champion Gene LeBell on the rig of The Green Hornet, Lee offered to teach him striking arts in exchange for being teach judo and wrestling techniques. LeBell was teach overtake wrestle by fear grapplers Lou Thesz and Ed Lewis, and luminary judo and catch wrestling techniques can be seen in Lee ‘s Tao of Jeet Kune Do. He besides trained with early judokas in Seattle and California, and expressed to LeBell a wish to integrate judo into his fighting style. Although Lee opined grappling was of fiddling use on action choreography because it was not visually classifiable, he did showcase grappling moves in his own films, such as Way of the Dragon, where his character finishes his opponent Chuck Norris with a neck hold inspired by LeBell, and Enter the Dragon, whose prologue features Lee submitting his opponent Sammo Hung with an armbar. [ 103 ] Lee besides normally used the oblique gripe, [ 104 ] called the jeet tek ( “ stop kick back ” or “ wiretap kick ” ) in jeet kune do. [ 105 ] According to Linda Lee Cadwell, soon after he moved to the United States, Lee started to take nutriment seriously and developed an interest in health foods, high-protein drinks, and vitamin and mineral supplements. He later concluded that achieving a high-performance torso was akin to maintaining the engine of a high-performance car. allegorically, as one could not keep a car running on low-octane fuels, one could not sustain one ‘s body with a steady diet of debris food, and with “ the wrong fuel ”, one ‘s torso would perform sluggishly or sloppily. [ 106 ] Lee besides avoided bake goods and refined flour, describing them as providing evacuate calories that did nothing for his body. [ 107 ] He was known for being a fan of asian cuisine for its diverseness, and much ate meals with a combination of vegetables, rice, and pisces. Lee had a dislike for dairy products and as a resultant role, used powdered milk in his diet. [ 108 ] Lee was besides influenced by the train routine of The Great Gama ( Ghulam Mohammad Baksh Butt ), an Indian/Pakistani pehlwani wrestler known for his wrestling strength ; Lee incorporated Gama ‘s exercises into his own prepare everyday. [ 109 ] Lee demonstrated his Jeet Kune Do martial arts at the Long Beach International Karate Championships in 1964 and 1968, with the latter having higher-quality television footage available. Lee can be seen demonstrating immediate eye strikes before his opponent can block, and demonstrating the one-inch punch on several volunteers. He besides demonstrates chi sao drills while blindfolded against an opponent, probing for weaknesses in his opposition while scoring with punches and takedowns. Lee then participates in a full-contact sparring turn against an adversary, with both wearing leather head gear. Lee can be seen implementing his Jeet Kune Do concept of economical movement, using Muhammad Ali inspired footwork to keep out of range while counter-attacking with backfists and straight punches. He besides halts his opponent ‘s attacks with stop-hit side kicks, and quickly executes respective sweeps and head kicks. The adversary repeatedly attempts to attack Lee, but is never able to connect with a clean strike ; he once manages to come close with a spin kick, but Lee counters it. The fight footage was reviewed by Black Belt magazine in 1995, concluding that “ the military action is as flying and angered as anything in Lee ‘s films. ” [ 110 ] It was at the 1964 championships that Lee beginning met tae kwon do master Jhoon Goo Rhee. While Rhee taught Lee the english kick in detail, Lee taught Rhee the “ non-telegraphic ” punch. [ 41 ] Rhee learned what he calls the “ accupunch ” from Lee and incorporated it into american tae kwon do. The “ accupunch ” is a rapid fast punch that is very unmanageable to block, based on human reaction time— ” the theme is to finish the execution of the punch before the opponent can complete the brain-to-wrist communication. ” [ 111 ]

art

philosophy

While good known as a warlike artist, Lee besides studied drama and asian and western philosophy starting while a student at the University of Washington. He was well-read and had an extensive library dominated by soldierly arts subjects and philosophical text. [ 112 ] His own books on warlike arts and fighting doctrine are known for their philosophic assertions, both inside and outside of warlike arts circles. His eclectic philosophy frequently mirrored his fight belief, though he was quick to claim that his martial arts were entirely a metaphor for such teachings. He believed that any cognition ultimately led to self-knowledge, and said that his choose method acting of self-expression was martial arts. [ 113 ] His influences include Taoism, Jiddu Krishnamurti, and Buddhism. [ 114 ] Lee ‘s philosophy was very much in opposition to the conservative worldview advocated by Confucianism. [ 115 ] John Little states that Lee was an atheist. When asked in 1972 about his religious affiliation, he replied, “ none any ”, [ 116 ] and when asked if he believed in God, he said, “ To be absolutely blunt, I actually do not. ” [ 113 ]

poetry

apart from martial arts and doctrine, which focus on the physical aspect and self-consciousness for truths and principles, [ 117 ] Lee besides wrote poetry that reflected his emotion and a stage in his life jointly. [ 118 ] many forms of artwork remain accordant with the artist creating them. Lee ‘s principle of self-expression was applied to his poetry ampere well. His daughter Shannon Lee said, “ He did write poetry ; he was truly the consummate artist. ” [ 119 ] His poetic works were primitively handwritten on paper, then by and by on edited and published, with John Little being the major author ( editor ), for Bruce Lee ‘s works. Linda Lee Cadwell ( Bruce Lee ‘s wife ) shared her conserve ‘s notes, poems, and experiences with followers. She mentioned “ Lee ‘s poems are, by american standards, rather dark—reflecting the deep, less disclose recesses of the homo soul ”. [ 120 ] Most of Bruce Lee ‘s poems are categorized as anti-poetry or fall into a paradox. The climate in his poem shows the side of the man that can be compared with other poets such as Robert Frost, one of many long-familiar poets expressing himself with dark poetic works. The paradox taken from the Yin and Yang symbol in soldierly arts was besides integrated into his poetry. His martial arts and doctrine contribute a great part to his poetry. The exempt verse form of Lee ‘s poetry reflects his celebrated quote “ Be formless … shapeless, like body of water. ” [ 121 ]

personal biography

Names

Lee ‘s yue parentage name was Lee Jun-fan ( 李振藩 ). [ 122 ] The diagnose homophonically means “ return again ”, and was given to Lee by his mother, who felt he would return to the United States once he came of senesce. [ 123 ] Because of his mother ‘s superstitious nature, she had originally named him Sai-fon ( 細鳳 ), which is a feminine diagnose meaning “ small phoenix “. [ 32 ] The English identify “ Bruce ” is thought to have been given by the hospital attending doctor, Dr. Mary Glover. [ 124 ] Lee had three other chinese names : Lee Yuen-cham ( 李源鑫 ), a family/clan name ; Lee Yuen-kam ( 李元鑒 ), which he used as a student name while he was attending La Salle College, and his chinese screen name Lee Siu-lung ( 李小龍 ; Siu-lung means “ little dragon ” ). [ citation needed ] Lee ‘s given name Jun-fan was primitively written in Chinese as 震藩 ; however, the Jun ( 震 ) Chinese character was identical to part of his grandfather ‘s name, Lee Jun-biu ( 李震彪 ). [ citation needed ] Hence, the taiwanese character for Jun in Lee ‘s name was changed to the homonym 振 alternatively, to avoid naming forbidden in chinese custom. [ citation needed ]

family

Lee and his family Lee ‘s father, Lee Hoi-chuen, was one of the leading yue opera and film actors at the clock time and was embarking on a year-long opera go with his class on the eve of the japanese invasion of Hong Kong. Lee Hoi-chuen had been touring the United States for many years and performing in numerous chinese communities there. Although many of his peers decided to stay in the US, Lee Hoi-chuen returned to Hong Kong after Bruce ‘s parentage. inside months, Hong Kong was invaded and the Lees lived for three years and eight months under japanese occupation. After the war ended, Lee Hoi-chuen resumed his acting career and became a more popular actor during Hong Kong ‘s rebuilding years. Lee ‘s mother, Grace Ho, was from one of the wealthiest and most mighty clans in Hong Kong, the Ho-tungs. She was the half-niece of Sir Robert Ho-tung, [ 125 ] [ 126 ] the eurasian patriarch of the kin. As such, the unseasoned Bruce Lee grew up in an affluent and inside environment. Despite the advantage of his family ‘s condition, the region in which Lee grew up became overcrowd, dangerous, and wide of gang rivalries due to an inflow of refugees fleeing communist China for Hong Kong, at that time a british Crown Colony. [ 32 ] Grace Ho is reported as either the adopted or biological daughter of Ho Kom-tong ( Ho Gumtong, 何甘棠 ) and the half-niece of Sir Robert Ho-tung, both celebrated Hong Kong businessmen and philanthropists. [ 125 ] Bruce was the fourth of five children : Phoebe Lee ( 李秋源 ), Agnes Lee ( 李秋鳳 ), Peter Lee, and Robert Lee .
With his son Brandon in 1966 Grace ‘s parenthood remains unclear. Linda Lee, in her 1989 biography The Bruce Lee Story, suggests that Grace had a german forefather and was a Catholic. [ 76 ] Bruce Thomas, in his influential 1994 biography Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit, suggests that Grace had a chinese beget and a german beget. [ 127 ] Lee ‘s relative Eric Peter Ho, in his 2010 book Tracing My Children’s Lineage, suggests that Grace was born in Shanghai to a eurasian charwoman named Cheung King-sin. [ 127 ] Eric Peter Ho said that Grace Lee was the daughter of a blend raceway Shanghainese charwoman and her father was Ho Kom Tong. Grace Lee said her mother was english and her church father was taiwanese. [ 128 ] Fredda Dudley Balling said Grace Lee was three-quarters chinese and one-fourth british. [ 129 ] In the 2018 biography Bruce Lee: A Life, Matthew Polly identifies Lee ‘s parental grandfather as Ho Kom-tong, who had often been reported as his adopted grandfather. Ho Kom-tong ‘s father, Charles Maurice Bosman, [ 130 ] was a dutch jewish businessman from Rotterdam. He moved to Hong Kong with the Dutch East India Company and served as the Dutch consul to Hong Kong at one time. He had a chinese concubine named Sze Tai with whom he had six children, including Ho Kom Tong. Bosman subsequently abandoned his family and immigrated to California. Ho Kom Tong became a affluent businessman with a wife, 13 concubines, and a british schoolmarm who gave birth to Grace Ho. [ 134 ] [ 135 ] His younger brother Robert Lee Jun-fai is a luminary musician and singer, his group The Thunderbirds were celebrated in Hong Kong. [ 136 ] [ 137 ] [ 138 ] A few singles were sung by and large or all in English. besides released was Lee singing a duet with Irene Ryder. [ 139 ] Lee Jun-fai lived with Lee in Los Angeles in the United States and stayed. After Lee ‘s death, Lee Jun-fai released an album and the individual by the same name dedicated to Lee called The Ballad of Bruce Lee. [ 140 ] While studying at the University of Washington he met his future wife Linda Emery, a fellow student studying to become a teacher. As relations between people of different races was placid banned in many US states, they married in secret in August 1964. Lee had two children with Linda : Brandon ( 1965–1993 ) and Shannon Lee ( behave 1969 ). Upon ‘s Lee evanesce in 1973, she continued to promote Bruce Lee ‘s warlike art Jeet Kune Do. She wrote the 1975 book Bruce Lee: The Man Only I Knew, on which the 1993 feature film Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story was based. [ 142 ] In 1989, she wrote the record The Bruce Lee Story. She retired in 2001 from the family estate of the realm. Lee died when his son Brandon was eight years previous. While alive, Lee taught Brandon soldierly arts and would invite him to visit sets. This gave Brandon the desire to act and went on to study the craft. As a young pornographic, Brandon Lee found some success acting in action-oriented pictures such as Legacy of Rage ( 1986 ), Showdown in Little Tokyo ( 1991 ), and Rapid Fire ( 1992 ). In 1993, at the senesce of 28, Brandon Lee died after being by chance shot by a airplane propeller accelerator on the determine of The Crow. Lee died when his daughter Shannon was four. In her young she studied Jeet Kune Do under Richard Bustillo, one of her church father ‘s students ; however, her dangerous studies did not begin until the late 1990s. To train for parts in action movies, she studied Jeet Kune Do with Ted Wong. [ 143 ]

Friends, students, and contemporaries

Lee ‘s brother Robert with his friends Taky Kimura, Dan Inosanto, Steve McQueen, James Coburn, and Peter Chin were his pallbearers. [ 144 ] Coburn was a warlike arts student and a friend of Lee. Coburn worked with Lee and Stirling Silliphant on developing The Silent Flute. Upon Lee ‘s early death, at his funeral Coburn gave a encomium. [ 144 ] Regarding McQueen, Lee made no mystery that he wanted everything McQueen had and would stop at nothing to get it. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] [ 147 ] Inosanto and Kimura were friends and disciple of Lee. Inosanto who would go on to train Lee ‘s son Brandon. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] Kimura continued to teach Lee ‘s trade in Seattle. [ 150 ] According to Lee ‘s wife, Chin was a lifelong family ‘s supporter and a scholar of Lee. [ 151 ] James Yimm Lee ( no relation back ) was one of Lee ‘s three personally certified 3rd rate instructors and co-founded the Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute in Oakland where he taught Jun Fan Gung Fu in Lee ‘s absence. James was responsible for introducing Lee to Ed Parker, the organizer of the Long Beach International Karate Championships, where Lee was beginning introduced to the martial arts community. [ 152 ] Hollywood couple Roman Polanski and Sharon Tate studied warlike arts with Lee. Polanski flew Lee to Switzerland to train him. Tate studied with Lee in preparation for her character in The Wrecking Crew. After Tate was murdered by the Manson Family, Polanski initially suspected Lee. [ 153 ] Screenwriter Stirling Silliphant was a soldierly arts scholar and a friend of Lee. [ 154 ] [ 155 ] Silliphant worked with Lee and James Coburn on developing The Silent Flute. [ 156 ] Lee acted and provided his martial arts expertness in respective projects penned by Silliphant, the foremost in Marlowe ( 1969 ) where Lee plays Winslow Wong a hood well versed in martial arts, Lee besides did fight choreographies for the film A Walk in the Spring Rain ( 1970 ), and Lee played Li Tsung a Jeet Kune Do teacher who teaches the chief character in the television indicate Longstreet ( 1971 ), included in the script were elements of his soldierly arts doctrine. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 61 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 64 ] Basketball player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar studied martial arts and developed a friendship with Lee. [ 61 ] actor and karate champion Chuck Norris was a friend and train partner of Lee ‘s. [ 157 ] After Lee ‘s excrete, Norris said he kept in touch with Lee ‘s family. [ 158 ] Judoka and master wrestler Gene LeBell became a supporter of Lee on the set of The Green Hornet. They trained together and exchanged their cognition of soldierly arts .

death

On May 10, 1973, Lee collapsed during an automatize negotiation replacement session for Enter the Dragon at Golden Harvest film studio in Hong Kong. Suffering from seizures and headaches, he was immediately rushed to Hong Kong Baptist Hospital, where doctors diagnosed cerebral edema. They were able to reduce the swelling through the administration of mannitol. The concern and cerebral edema that occurred in his beginning collapse were belated repeated on the day of his death. [ 159 ] On Friday, July 20, 1973, Lee was in Hong Kong to have dinner with actor George Lazenby, with whom he intended to make a movie. According to Lee ‘s wife Linda, Lee met manufacturer Raymond Chow at 2 post meridiem at home to discuss the make of the film Game of Death. They worked until 4 post meridiem and then drove together to the home of Lee ‘s colleague Betty Ting Pei, a taiwanese actress. The three went over the handwriting at Ting ‘s home plate, and then Chow left to attend a dinner meet. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] late, Lee complained of a concern, and Ting gave him the analgesic Equagesic, which contained both aspirin and the tranquilizer meprobamate. Around 7:30 post meridiem, he went to lie down for a nap. When Lee did not come for dinner, Chow came to the apartment, but he was ineffective to wake Lee astir. A doctor was summoned, and spent ten minutes attempting to revive Lee before sending him by ambulance to Queen Elizabeth Hospital. Lee was declared dead on arrival at the age of 32. [ 162 ] There was no visible external injury ; however, according to autopsy reports, Lee ‘s mind had swollen well, from 1,400 to 1,575 grams ( a 13 % increase ). The autopsy found Equagesic in his arrangement. On October 15, 2005, Chow stated in an interview that Lee died from an allergic reaction to the tranquilizer meprobamate, the independent ingredient in Equagesic, which Chow described as an ingredient normally used in painkillers. When the doctors announced Lee ‘s death, it was formally ruled a “ death by mishap “. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] Lee ‘s wife Linda returned to her hometown of Seattle, and had Lee ‘s body buried in Lake View Cemetery in Seattle. [ 165 ] [ 166 ] Pallbearers at Lee ‘s funeral on July 25, 1973 included Taky Kimura, Steve McQueen, James Coburn, Dan Inosanto, Peter Chin, and Lee ‘s brother Robert. [ 167 ] Around the time of Lee ‘s death, numerous rumors appeared in the media. [ 168 ] Lee ‘s iconic status and prematurely death fed many hazardous rumors and theories. These included murder involving the triads and a presuppose execration on him and his family, rumors that persist to the give day. [ 169 ] Donald Teare, a forensic scientist, recommended by Scotland Yard, who had overseen over 1,000 autopsies, was assigned to the Lee case. His decision was “ death by mishap ” caused by cerebral edema due to a reaction to compounds show in the combination medication Equagesic. [ 170 ] Although there was initial speculation that cannabis found in Lee ‘s stomach may have contributed to his death, Teare said it would “ be both ‘irresponsible and irrational number ‘ to say that [ cannabis ] might have triggered either the events of Bruce ‘s crack up on May 10 or his death on July 20 ”. [ 170 ] Dr. R. R. Lycette, the clinical diagnostician at Queen Elizabeth Hospital, reported at the coroner hearing that the death could not have been caused by cannabis. [ 170 ] At the 1975 San Diego Comic-Con convention, Lee ‘s acquaintance Chuck Norris attributed his death to a chemical reaction to the combination of the muscle-relaxant medication he had been taking since 1968 for a tear magnetic disk in his back and an “ antibiotic “ he was given for his concern on the night of his death. [ 171 ] In a 2018 biography, author Matthew Polly consulted with checkup experts and theorized that Lee died from cerebral edema caused by over-exertion and heating system throw ; and heat accident was not considered at the time because it was then a poorly-understood condition. Furthermore, Lee had his underarm sweat glands removed in late 1972, in the apparent belief that underhand effort was unphotogenic on film. Polly further theorized that this caused Lee ‘s body to overheat while practicing in hot temperatures on May 10 and July 20, 1973, resulting in heat accident that in turn exacerbated the cerebral edema that led to his death .

bequest

Jeet Kune Do, a hybrid warlike arts philosophy drawing from different fight disciplines that was founded by Lee, is much credited with paving the way for modern mix martial arts ( MMA ). [ 173 ] [ 174 ] [ 175 ] Lee is considered by commentators, critics, media, and other martial artists to be the most influential martial artist of all time [ 176 ] [ 177 ] [ 178 ] and a pop polish icon of the twentieth hundred, who bridged the gap between East and West. [ 179 ] [ 180 ]

cultural impingement

He is credited with helping to change the way Asians were presented in american films [ 3 ] and was largely responsible for launching the “ kung fu craze ” of the 1970s. [ 181 ] [ 182 ] He initially introduced kung fu to the West with American television shows such as The Green Hornet and Kung Fu, [ 182 ] before the “ kung fu madden ” began with the authority of Hong Kong martial arts films in 1973. [ 181 ] Lee ‘s success subsequently inspired a beckon of western warlike arts films and television shows throughout the 1970s–1990s ( launching the careers of western warlike arts stars such as Jean-Claude Van Damme, Steven Seagal and Chuck Norris ), american samoa well as the more general consolidation of asian soldierly arts into western action films and television shows during the 1980s–1990s. [ 182 ] Enter the Dragon has been cited as one of the most influential action films of all time. Sascha Matuszak of Vice said Enter the Dragon “ is referenced in all manner of media, the plot line and characters continue to influence storytellers today, and the shock was particularly felt in the revolutionizing room the film portrayed African-Americans, Asians and traditional martial arts. ” [ 183 ] Kuan-Hsing Chen and Beng Huat Chua cited competitiveness scenes in Lee ‘s films such as Enter the Dragon as being influential for the way they pitched “ an elemental fib of well against evil in such a spectacle-saturated way ”. [ 184 ] The concept of mix warlike arts was popularized in the West by Bruce Lee via his system of Jeet Kune Do. Lee believed that “ the best champion is not a Boxer, Karate or Judo man. The best combatant is person who can adapt to any manner, to be amorphous, to adopt an individual ‘s own stylus and not following the system of styles. ” In 2004, Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) founder Dana White called Lee the “ church father of mix martial arts ” and stated : “ If you look at the way Bruce Lee trained, the way he fought, and many of the things he wrote, he said the perfect stylus was no dash. You take a little something from everything. You take the good things from every different discipline, use what works, and you throw the rest off ”. [ 185 ] Lee was largely responsible for many people taking up martial arts. [ 175 ] These include numerous fighters in fight sports who were inspired by Lee ; boxing champion Sugar Ray Leonard said he perfected his dig by watching Lee, boxing champion Manny Pacquiao compared his fighting manner to Lee, and UFC champion Conor McGregor besides compared himself to Lee and said that he believes Lee would have been a champion in the UFC if he were to compete in the award day. [ 186 ] Lee inspired the foundation garment of american full-contact kickboxing tournaments by Joe Lewis [ 175 ] and Benny Urquidez in the 1970s. [ 175 ] [ 187 ] american tae kwon do initiate Jhoon Goo Rhee memorize from Lee what he calls the “ accupunch ”, which he incorporated into american tae kwon do ; Rhee late coached heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali and taught him the “ accupunch ”, which Ali used to knockout Richard Dunn in 1975. [ 111 ] According to heavyweight boxing supporter Mike Tyson, “ everyone wanted to be Bruce Lee ” in the 1970s. [ 188 ] UFC pound-for-pound champion Jon Jones besides cited Lee as inhalation, [ 189 ] with Jones known for frequently using the devious kick to the knee, a proficiency that was popularized by Lee. [ 104 ] numerous other UFC fighters have cited Lee as their divine guidance, with respective referring to him as a “ godfather ” or “ grandfather ” of MMA. [ 190 ] In Japan, the manga and zanzibar copal franchises Fist of the North Star ( 1983–1988 ) and Dragon Ball ( 1984–1995 ) were inspired by Lee films such as Enter the Dragon. [ 191 ] [ 192 ] In turn, Fist of the North Star and particularly Dragon Ball are credited with setting the trends for popular shōnen manga and anime from the 1980s onwards. [ 193 ] [ 194 ] Spike Spiegel, the supporter from the 1998 anime Cowboy Bebop, is seen practicing Jeet Kune Do and quotes Lee. [ 195 ] similarly in India, Lee films had an influence on Bollywood masala films ; [ 196 ] after the success of Lee ‘s films such as Enter the Dragon in India, [ 197 ] Deewaar ( 1975 ) and late Bollywood films incorporated fight scenes inspired by 1970s Hong Kong warlike arts films up until the 1990s. [ 198 ] Bruce Lee films such as Game of Death and Enter the Dragon were besides the foundation for video game genres such as beat ’em up action games and fighting games. [ 199 ] [ 200 ] [ 201 ] The first tick ’em up game, Kung-Fu Master ( 1984 ), was based on Lee ‘s Game of Death. [ 202 ] The Street Fighter video recording crippled franchise ( 1987 introduction ) was inspired by Enter the Dragon, with the gameplay centered around an international contend tournament, and each fictional character having a unique combination of ethnicity, nationality and active style ; Street Fighter went on to set the template for all fighting games that followed. [ 203 ] In April 2014, Lee was named a featured character in the battle sports television crippled EA Sports UFC, and is playable in multiple weight classes. [ 204 ] Numerous sports and entertainment figures have cited Lee as an divine guidance, including actors such as Jackie Chan [ 205 ] and Eddie Murphy, [ 206 ] actresses Olivia Munn and Dianne Doan, musicians such as Steve Aoki and Rohan Marley, knocker LL Cool J, comedians Eddie Griffin and W. Kamau Bell, basketball players Stephen Curry and Jamal Murray, skaters Tony Hawk and Christian Hosoi, UFC champions Uriah Hall and Anderson Silva, and American football musician Kyler Murray, among others. [ 205 ] Though Bruce Lee did not appear in commercials during his life, Nokia launched an internet-based political campaign in 2008 with staged “ documentary-looking ” footage of Bruce Lee playing table tennis with his nunchaku and besides igniting matches as they are thrown toward him. The video went viral on YouTube, creating confusion as some people believed them to be authentic footage. [ 207 ]

Honors

Awards

Statues

Places

A composition park dedicated to Lee was built in Jun’an, Guangdong. Mainland Chinese only started watching Bruce Lee films in the 1980s, when videos of classic movies like The Chinese Connection became available. Films like Enter the Dragon and Fists of Fury were banned by Mao as spiritual befoulment and rightist sentimentality. [ 214 ] On January 6, 2009, it was announced that Lee ‘s Hong Kong home plate ( 41 Cumberland Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong ) would be preserved and transformed into a tourist site by Yu Pang-lin. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Yu died in 2015 and this design did not materialize. [ 217 ] In 2018, Yu ‘s grandson, Pang Chi-ping, said : “ We will convert the mansion into a center for chinese studies next year, which provides courses like Mandarin and taiwanese music for children. ” [ 218 ]

Filmography

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See besides

References

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