Paul the Octopus ( 26 January 2008 [ 1 ] – 26 October 2010 ) was a common octopus used to predict the results of association football matches. Accurate predictions in the 2010 World Cup brought him worldwide attention as an animal oracle. During divinations, Paul ‘s keepers would present him with two boxes containing food. The boxes were identical except that they were decorated with the different team flags of the competitors in an approaching football match. Whichever box Paul corrode from beginning was considered his prediction for which team would win the match. His keepers at the Sea Life Centre in Oberhausen, Germany, chiefly tasked him with predicting the outcomes of international matches in which the Germany national football team was playing. Paul correctly chose the winning team in four of Germany ‘s six Euro 2008 matches, and all seven of their matches in the 2010 World Cup—including Germany ‘s third gear set play-off acquire over Uruguay on 10 July. He besides correctly choose Spain as the winner of the 2010 FIFA World Cup final. [ 2 ] In all, Paul amassed an overall read of 12 discipline predictions out of 14 : a achiever rate of approximately 85.7 %.
Reading: Paul the Octopus
life [edit ]
Paul in his tank, 2010 Paul was hatched from an testis at the Sea Life Centre in Weymouth, England, and was then moved to a tank car at one of the chain ‘s centres at Oberhausen in Germany. [ 3 ] Paul ‘s diagnose derived from the title of a poem by the german children ‘s writer Boy Lornsen : Der Tintenfisch Paul Oktopus. [ 4 ] According to Sea Life ‘s entertainment film director, Daniel Fey, Paul demonstrated intelligence early in life : ” There was something about the way he looked at our visitors when they came close to the tank. It was so unusual, so we tried to find out what his special talents were. ” [ 5 ] The animal rights arrangement PETA commented that octopuses are some of the most intelligent of invertebrates, with complex think processes, long- and short-run memories, and unlike personalities. They can use tools, learn through observation, and are peculiarly sensitive to pain, according to the group. They said it would be cruel to keep Paul in permanent wave confinement. Sea Life Centres responded that it would be dangerous to release him, because he was born in captivity, and was not accustomed to finding food for himself. [ 6 ] Following Paul ‘s rise to fame, businessmen in Carballiño, a community in Galicia, collected about €30,000 for a “ transfer fee ” to get Paul as independent attraction of the local Fiesta del Pulpo festival. [ 7 ] Manuel Pazo, a fisherman and forefront of the local commercial enterprise club assured people that Paul would be presented alive in a cooler and not on the menu. Sealife rejected the offer however. [ 8 ] Paul was last check by staff on 25 October 2010, and was in commodity health, but the follow good morning he was found dead. He was aged two-and-a-half, a convention life for the species. His agent, Chris Davies, said “ It ‘s a sad day. Paul was quite special but we managed to film Paul before he left this deadly earth ”. Sea Life Centre director Stefan Porwoll remembered Paul as an octopus who had “ enthuse people across every celibate ”. [ 9 ] [ 10 ]
divination [edit ]
Paul choosing Spain over Germany for his 2010 semi-final prediction Paul ‘s career as an oracle began during the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament. [ 3 ] [ 11 ] In the lead-up to Germany ‘s international football matches, Paul was presented with two clean formative boxes, each containing food : a mussel or an oyster. Each container was marked with the iris of a team, one the iris of Germany, and the other the iris of Germany ‘s opponent. The box which Paul opened first base ( and ate its contents ) was deemed to be the bode achiever of the equal. [ 12 ] There was no method for Paul to pick a tie, despite this being a possible result for group degree matches. Professor Chris Budd, of the University of Bath, and Professor David Spiegelhalter, of Cambridge University, both compared Paul ‘s success to a run of luck when tossing a coin. [ 13 ] Under the hypothesis that Paul was equally probably to choose the winner or the loser of a pit, and neglecting the possibility of a draw, he had a 1 in 2 chance of predicting a unmarried result and a 1 in 64 probability of predicting six in a row. This feat would be improbable to happen by luck entirely, but not enormously sol. Spiegelhalter points out that there are “ other animals that have attempted but failed to predict the consequence of football matches ” ; it is not remarkable that one animal is more successful than the others, and lone the successful animals will gain public attention after the fact. [ 13 ] There was discussion as to whether differences in flags design could have influenced Paul [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] ( despite Octopus vulgaris being about surely colour blind [ 18 ] ), or whether he could have been choosing boxes based on differences in their smell. [ 19 ] [ 16 ]
Results [edit ]
Germany ( 11 )
Spain ( 2 )
Serbia ( 1 ) Flags picked by Paul over both competitions
UEFA Euro 2008 [edit ]
In UEFA Euro 2008, Paul predicted Germany to win all of their games, a adjust prediction in 4 out of 6 cases. He failed to predict their defeats by Croatia in the group stage, [ 20 ] and by Spain in the championship ‘s final. [ 3 ] [ nota bene 1 ]
Germany’s opponent
Stage
Date
Prediction
Result
Outcome
Poland
group stage
8 June 2008
Germany
2–0
Correct
Croatia
group stage
12 June 2008
Germany[3][20]
1–2
Incorrect
Austria
group stage
16 June 2008
Germany
1–0
Correct
Portugal
quarter-finals
19 June 2008
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Germany
3–2
Correct
Turkey
semi-finals
25 June 2008
Germany
3–2
Correct
Spain
final
29 June 2008
Germany[3]
0–1
Incorrect
2010 FIFA World Cup [edit ]
Paul choosing Spain over Netherlands for the final examination match Paul ‘s accurate choices for the 2010 World Cup, broadcast exist by german news channel n-tv, endowed him with fame condition. [ 3 ] Paul predicted the winners of each of the seven 2010 FIFA World Cup matches that the german team played, against Australia, Serbia, Ghana, England, Argentina, Spain, [ 22 ] and Uruguay. His prediction that Argentina would lose motivate Argentine chef Nicolas Bedorrou to post an octopus recipe on Facebook. [ 3 ]
There are always people who want to eat our octopus but he is not shy and we are here to protect him adenine well. He will survive .Oliver Walenciak (Paul’s keeper)[23]
Paul correctly predicted the consequence of the semi-final, by choosing the food in the box marked with the spanish sag. german supporters drew hope from his wrong choice for the Germany versus Spain match in the UEFA Euro 2008 but were disappointed. [ 24 ] The prediction led to german fans calling for Paul to be eaten. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] In response, the spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero offered to send Paul official state protection, and the Industry Minister Miguel Sebastian called for Paul to be given dependable haven in Spain. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Paul ‘s notoriety attracted criticism from the President of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who accused him of being a symbol of western degeneracy and disintegrate. [ 29 ] Doubts were expressed as to whether “ Paul ” was actually the lapp octopus in both 2008 and 2010. [ 30 ]
similar predictors [edit ]
memorial to Paul at the Sea Life Centre in Oberhausen Some other german oracles did not fare indeed well in the World Cup. The animals at the Chemnitz Zoo were wrong on all of Germany ‘s group-stage games, with Leon the porcupine picking Australia, Petty the pygmy hippopotamus spurning Serbia ‘s apple-topped pile of hay, and Anton the tamarin eating a raisin representing Ghana. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Mani the parakeet of Singapore became celebrated for correctly predicting the results of all four quarter-final matches. Mani contradicted Paul by picking the Netherlands to win the final, resulting in some media outlets describing the game as an “ octopus-versus-parakeet confrontation ”. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Rabio the Octopus who correctly predicted the results of all of Japan ’ s group stage games at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, was killed and sent to market, on 2 July 2018 by the japanese fisherman who had caught it. [ 39 ]
bequest [edit ]
In 2010, uTouchLabs developed an iPhone app called “ Ask the Octopus ”. [ 40 ] A 2010 Chinese thriller film Kill Octopus Paul depicts Paul ‘s predictions as being separate of an international match-fixing schema. [ 41 ] On 17 June 2014, during the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Paul was featured in a Google “ scribble ”. He was represented as in eden, perched on a billowy bed of clouds and adorned with a ring ; when animated, he appeared to vacillate in his predictions for the day ‘s matches. [ 42 ] Paul was again featured on 13 July in the scribble for the 2014 concluding. In that doodle, clicking on the overcast in the upper left brings up an double of Paul, similar to that in the earlier scribble, “ cheering ” on the final examination from eden. [ 43 ]
References [edit ]
- Footnotes
- ^[21] Some former sources reported his success rate at 80 % .
far recitation [edit ]
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