The goalkeeper, sometimes shortened to keeper or goalie, is one of the major positions of association football. It is the most speciate position in the frolic. The goalkeeper ‘s primary function is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defend goal-line within the frame of the goal ). This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line. Within the penalty sphere goalkeepers are able to use their hands, making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball. The especial condition of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing unlike coloured kits from their teammates. The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates. Goalkeepers normally perform goal kicks, and besides give commands to their defense during recess kicks, direct and indirect free kicks, and marking. Goalkeepers play an authoritative function in directing on discipline scheme as they have an nonsensitive view of the stallion peddle, giving them a alone position on play exploitation.
Reading: Goalkeeper (association football)
The goalkeeper is the merely ask position of a team. If they are hurt or sent off, a utility goalkeeper has to take their identify, differently an outfield actor must take the ejected custodian ‘s plaza in goal. In holy order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off, a team normally substitutes an outfield actor for the stand-in keeper ( therefore effectively the bolshevik menu and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ). They then play the rest of the equal with nine outfield players. If a team does not have a utility goalkeeper, or they have already used all of their allow substitutions for the catch, an outfield player has to take the dismiss goalkeeper ‘s place and wear the goalkeeper shirt. Because the position requires different skills from the outfielders, goalkeepers train individually from their teammates and rather workplace with a goalkeeping bus because they have different skills. [ 1 ] While outfielders typically must be in thoroughly cardio supreme headquarters allied powers europe to play up to 90 minutes in a match, a goalkeeper must be able to move quick and have fast feet for small bursts. During a football couple, goalkeepers may get a lot of natural process, normally in 5 minutes intervals, until their teammates can clear the ball out of the zone. During practice, goalkeepers focus heavily on footwork and being able to get up quickly after a save is made. It ’ randomness crucial that a goalkeeper is able to get set, meaning feet shoulder width apart and on their toes, before the next scene comes their way, so they are able to react and make the deliver. [ 2 ] The team numeral for a first base choice goalkeeper is generally number 1, although they may wear any jersey act between 1 and 99. [ 3 ]
history [edit ]
A goalkeeper ( left, wearing a white shirt ) being charged by a equal player ( 1905 ) Association football, like many sports, has experienced many changes in tactics resulting in the coevals and elimination of different positions. Goalkeeper is the only position that is sealed to have existed since the code of the sport. evening in the early days of mastermind football, when systems were limited or non-existent and the chief idea was for all players to attack and defend, teams had a intend penis to play as the goalkeeper. The earliest account of football teams with musician positions comes from Richard Mulcaster in 1581 and does not specify goalkeepers. The earliest specific mention to keeping finish comes from cornish Hurling in 1602. According to Carew : “ they pitch two bushes in the ground, some eight or ten foot asunder ; and directly against them, ten or twelve score off, early twayne in comparable distance, which they term their Goals. One of these is appointed by lots, to the one slope, and the other to his adverse party. There is assigned for their guard, a copulate of their best stop Hurlers ”. [ 4 ] other references to scoring goals begin in English literature in the early sixteenth hundred ; for exercise, in John Day ‘s play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green ( performed circa 1600 ; published 1659 ) : “ I ‘ll play a gole at camp-ball “ ( an highly violent variety of football, popular in East Anglia ). similarly, in a 1613 poem, Michael Drayton refers to “ when the Ball to throw, And drive it to the Gole, in squadrons forth they goe ”. It seems inevitable that wherever a game has evolved goals, some kind of goalkeeping must besides be developed. David Wedderburn refers to what has been translated from Latin as to “ keep goal ” in 1633, though this does not necessarily imply a fixed goalkeeper position. The bible “ goal-keeper ” is used in the novel Tom Brown’s School Days ( published in 1857, but set in the 1830s ). The author is here referring to an early human body of rugby football :
You will see in the first place, that the sixth-form boy, who has the charge of goal, has spread his coerce ( the goal-keepers ) so as to occupy the solid space behind the goal-posts, at distances of about five yards apart ; a safe and shipshape goal is the foundation of all good play. [ 5 ]
The parole “ goal-keeper ” appeared in the Sheffield Rules of 1867, but the term did not refer to a designated player, but rather to “ that player on the maintain side who for the time being is nearest to his own goal ”. The goal-keeper, therefore defined, did not enjoy any special manage privileges. [ 6 ] The FA ‘s foremost Laws of the Game of 1863 did not make any limited provision for a goalkeeper, with any actor being allowed to catch or knock-on the ball. [ 7 ] Handling the testis was completely forbid ( for all players ) in 1870. [ 8 ] The following year, 1871, the laws were amended to introduce the goalkeeper and specify that the keeper was allowed to handle the ball “ for the auspices of his goal ”. [ 9 ] The restrictions on the ability of the goalkeeper to handle the ball were changed several times in subsequent revisions of the laws :
- 1871: the keeper may handle the ball only “for the protection of his goal”.
- 1873: the keeper may not “carry” the ball.[10]
- 1883: the keeper may not carry the ball for more than two steps.[11]
- 1887: the keeper may not handle the ball in the opposition’s half.[12]
- 1901: the keeper may handle the ball for any purpose (not only in defence of the goal).[13]
- 1912: the keeper may handle the ball only in the penalty area.
- 1931: the keeper may take up to four steps (rather than two) while carrying the ball.[14]
- 1992: the keeper may not handle the ball after it has been deliberately kicked to him/her by a team-mate.
- 1997: the keeper may not handle the ball for more than six seconds.
initially, goalkeepers typically played between the goalposts and had limited mobility, except when trying to save enemy shots. Throughout the years, the function of the goalkeeper has evolved, due to the changes in systems of play, to become more active. The goalkeeper is the only player in association football allowed to use their hands to control the ball ( early than during throw-ins ). During the 1935–36 English football season, young Sunderland AFC goalkeeper of the team, Jimmy Thorpe, died as a resultant role of a kick in the head and breast after he had picked up the musket ball following a backpass in a game against Chelsea at Roker Park. He continued to take region until the meet finished, but collapsed at base afterwards and died in hospital four days late from diabetes mellitus and kernel failure ‘accelerated by the grating custom of the opposing team. ‘ [ 15 ] The tragic end to Thorpe ‘s career led to a change in the rules, where players were no long allowed to raise their foot to a goalkeeper when he had control of the ball in his arms. [ 16 ] due to respective time-wasting techniques which were used by goalkeepers, such as bouncing the ball on the ground or throwing it in the breeze and then catching it again, in the 1960s, the Laws of the game were revised far, and the goalkeeper was given a maximum of four steps to travel while holding, bouncing or throwing the ball in the air and catching it again, without having to release it into act. The FIFA Board subsequently besides devised an anti-parrying rule, saying that such consider parry for the purpose of evading the Law was to be regarded besides as holding the ball. [ 17 ] In 1992, the International Football Association Board made changes in the laws of the game that affected goalkeepers – notably the back-pass rule, [ 18 ] which prohibits goalkeepers from handling the ball when receiving a consider exceed from a teammate that is made with their feet. This predominate change was made to discourage time-wasting and excessively defensive play after the 1990 FIFA World Cup which was described as extremely muffle, overabundant with back-passing and goalkeepers holding the ball. besides, goalkeepers would frequently drop the ball and drivel it approximately, only to pick it up again once opponents came closer to put them under press, a typical time-wasting technique. Therefore, another dominion was introduced at the same prison term as the back-pass predominate. This rule prohibits the goalkeeper from handling the ball again once he or she has released it for play ; an crime results in an indirect exempt kick to the opposition. furthermore, any player negating the spirit of the fresh principle would be probable to be cautioned for unsporting behavior and punished by an indirect free-kick. [ 17 ] On 1 July 1997, FIFA decided to extend the back-pass rule by applying it besides to throw-ins from defenders to their own goalkeeper ; in order to prevent foster time-wasting, FIFA besides established that if a goalkeeper holds the ball for more than five or six seconds the referee must adjudge this as time-wasting and award an collateral free-kick to the opposing team, although in commit the “ six second rule ” is rarely enforced on a literal 6 second reckon from the moment they control the ball as written in the laws, and alternatively when enforce it is frequently after a longer timeframe involving the goal keeper fudge throws, kicks or running around the penalty area. An model of this rule in a high profile match was at the London 2012 Summer Olympics Women ‘s Football semi-final game between the United States and Canada. With Canada in front 3-2 late in the game, their goalkeeper Erin McLeod grabbed the ball from a corner gripe then held onto it for 10 seconds despite being warned by the reviewer not to waste prison term. The indirect free kick resulted in a penalty being called for a handball crime, which was scored to make it 3-3 and take the game to extra time, where the United States won the game 4-3. [ 17 ] [ 19 ]
Laws of the Game and general play [edit ]
The position of goalkeeper is the only put in the game which is technically clear-cut from the others in the course of normal play. The Laws of the Game distinguish the goalkeeper from the other players in several ways, most importantly exempting them from the prohibition on handling the musket ball, though alone within their own penalty area. [ 20 ] once a goalkeeper has operate of the ball in their hands, opponents are not permitted to challenge them. [ 20 ] Goalkeepers have a specialize character as the sole defender against a punishment kick. [ 20 ] Goalkeepers are required to wear discrete colours from other players, and are permitted to wear caps and tracksuit bottoms. [ 20 ] The Laws mandate that one musician on the team must be designated as the goalkeeper at all times, meaning that if a goalkeeper is sent off or injure and unable to continue another player must assume the goalkeeper position. [ 20 ] The Laws leave for teams to change the musician designated as goalkeeper at stoppages in toy, [ 20 ] but in rehearse this is rarely exercised. The Laws place no restrictions on a goalkeeper leaving their penalty area and acting as an ordinary player, though generally goalkeepers stay close to their finish throughout the match. Goalkeepers routinely perform extension dives. To execute this, they push off the grind with the foot nearest to the ball, launching themselves into a horizontal position. At this point, the ball may be caught or parried away from the goal. In the latter event, a good goalkeeper will attempt to ensure that the rally can not be taken by a musician of the opposing team, although this is not always potential. Because goalkeepers can spend the majority of a match without a lot legal action they need very good concentration in the event of the enemy going on the attack at any one time. Goalkeepers besides need good ‘anticipation ‘ mean they can ‘read ‘ where the ball is going to go and react by moving before the ball is kicked or headed and promptly decide whenever to catch, punch or palm the ball .
Responsibilities [edit ]
A goalkeeper ( right ) making a save The tactical responsibilities of goalkeepers include :
- To keep goal by physically blocking attempted shots with any part of their body. The keeper is permitted to play the ball anywhere on the field, but may not handle the ball using hands or outstretched arms outside of their penalty area.
- To organise the team’s defenders during defensive set pieces such as free kicks and corners. In the case of free kicks, this includes picking the numbers and the organisation of a defensive man “wall”. The wall serves to provide a physical barrier to the incoming ball, but some goalkeepers position their wall in a certain position to tempt the kick-taker to a certain type of shot. Occasionally, goalkeepers may opt to dispense with the wall. Some goalkeepers are also entrusted with the responsibility of picking markers while defending at set pieces.
- To pick out crosses and attempted long passes either by collecting them in flight or punching them clear if heavily challenged by opposing strikers.
Although goalkeepers have special privileges, including the ability to handle the ball in the penalty area, they are differently capable to the same rules as any other musician.
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Playmaking and attack [edit ]
Goalkeepers are not required to stay in the punishment area ; they may get involved in playing period anywhere on the pitch, and it is common for them to act as an extra defender ( or ‘sweeper ‘ ) during certain passages of the game. Goalkeepers with a long shed range or accurate long-distance kicks may be able to promptly create attacking positions for a team and generate goal-scoring chances from defensive situations, a tactic known as the long ball .
Gyula Grosics from the Hungary “ Golden Team “ of the 1950s was thought to be the first goalkeeper to play as the ‘sweeper-keeper ‘. [ 22 ] Tommy Lawrence has besides been credited with revolutionising the character of the goalkeeper by effectively acting as an 11th outfield musician. [ 23 ] The rushing play dash used by Liverpool legend Bruce Grobbelaar seen during the 1980s–90s makes him one of the original sweeper-keepers of the modern earned run average. [ 24 ] René Higuita was another who became known for his unorthodox, adept but sometimes heedless techniques. [ 25 ] As of 2011, Manuel Neuer has been described as a sweeper-keeper due to his speed and alone style of play which occasionally includes him acting as a sweeper for his team by rushing off his line to anticipate oppose forwards who have beaten the offside trap. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] With his excellent musket ball control and distribution, which enables him to start plays from the back, [ 26 ] [ 27 ] he has said he could play in the german third division as a centre-back if he wanted to. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Hugo Lloris of Tottenham Hotspur and France and erstwhile goalkeepers Fabien Barthez and Edwin van five hundred Sar, have besides been described as sweeper-keepers, [ 30 ] [ 31 ] while Claudio Bravo and Ederson Moraes have even been described as playmakers in the media. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] other players who have been labelled “ sweeper-keepers ” in the media include Marc-Andre Ter Stegen of FC Barcelona and Germany, spanish early goalkeeper Iker Casillas, and former Soviet keeper Lev Yashin, the latter of whom is frequently cited by pundits as one of the goalkeepers who pioneered the role of the sweeper-keeper. [ 35 ] Sweeper-keepers have been popularised by managers who normally employ tactics inspired by sum football, such as Johan Cruyff and Pep Guardiola, for example, and are chosen not only for their shot-stopping and goalkeeping abilities, but besides due to their skill with the ball at their feet, their ability to pick out passes and lend to the build-up play of their team, and their accelerate when rushing out of the penalty sphere to anticipate opponents, which enables their team to maintain a high defensive cable. It is not without risk, as a goalkeeper being so far from the punishment sphere can lead to spectacular retentive stove lob goals if they or their team lose self-control, a well as risking being red carded if they run out to challenge an opponent but foul them or handball a shoot by mistake .
Goalscorers [edit ]
Rogério Ceni is the highest-scoring goalkeeper of all time, with over 100 career goals. Some goalkeepers have scored goals. other than by accident when a long kick headroom reaches the early end of the field and evades the opposing goalkeeper with the help of impregnable winds and/or unexpected bounces, this most normally occurs where a goalkeeper has rushed up to the reverse end of the lurch to give his team a numerical advantage in fire, leaving his own goal assailable. As such, it is normally only done belated in a game at set-pieces where the consequences of scoring far outweigh those of conceding a far goal, such as for a team trail in a knock-out tournament. Some goalkeepers, such as Higuita, Rogério Ceni, Hans-Jörg Butt and José Luis Chilavert, are besides technical set-piece takers. These players may take their team ‘s attacking free kicks or penalties. Rogério Ceni, São Paulo ‘s goalkeeper from 1992 to 2015, has scored 132 goals in his career, more than many outfield players. [ 36 ] [ 37 ]
equipment and attire [edit ]
Goalkeepers must wear kit out that distinguishes them distinctly from early players and meet officials, as this is all that the FIFA Laws of the Game necessitate. Some goalkeepers have received recognition for their catch attire, like Lev Yashin of the Soviet Union, who was nicknamed the “ Black Spider ” for his classifiable all-black outfit ; [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Klaus Lindenberger of Austria, who designed his own mutant of a clown ‘s costume ; Jorge Campos of Mexico, who was democratic for his colorful overdress ; [ 40 ] Raul Plassmann of Cruzeiro Esporte Clube and his all-yellow outfit ; and Gábor Király for wearing a pair of grey tracksuit bottoms rather of shorts. [ 41 ] Although it was initially more common for goalkeepers to wear long-sleeved jerseys, recently respective goalkeepers, such as Gianluigi Buffon, have besides been known to wear short-sleeves. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Most goalkeepers besides wear gloves to improve their grip on the ball, and to protect themselves from injury. Some gloves now include rigid plastic spines down each finger to help prevent injuries such as jam, fractured, and sprained fingers. Though gloves are not mandate attire, it is rare for goalkeepers to opt against them ascribable to the advantages they offer. [ citation needed ] At UEFA Euro 2004, Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo excellently took off his gloves during the quarter-final penalty shoot-out against England, knowing he was the next taker for his slope. He then went on to save Darius Vassell ‘s penalty using his unsheathed hands before scoring his own kick to win it for Portugal. [ 46 ] [ failed verification ] Though rare, goalkeepers are permitted to wear visored headgear ( such as a baseball cap ) to minimize glare from bright sunlight, or a knit crown to insulate from cold upwind, at any time if they elect to do so. After recovering from a near-fatal skull fracture that he had sustained in 2006, Petr Čech wore a rugby-style scrum cap during his matches for the rest of his playing career. [ 47 ]
Careers and injuries [edit ]
Goalkeepers have a very physically demanding job. They are the only players allowed to use their hands, except for throw-ins. Because of this, goalkeepers are frequently injured during breakaways, corner kicks, and release kicks since they put their bodies on the lineage. respective celebrated goalkeepers have been injured in ways their counterparts could not possibly sustain. For case, Petr Čech received a head injury after colliding with another player during a 2006 game. He made his debut match a couple of months later wearing a rugby-style headstall. however, some goalkeepers manage to avoid injury and retain to play, many not retiring until their late 30s or early 40s. notably, Peter Shilton played for 31 years between 1966 and 1997 before retiring at the historic period of 47. In general, goalkeepers can sustain any wound to which their outfield counterparts are vulnerable. Common lower and upper extremity injuries include cartilage tears, anterior cruciate ligament tears, and knee sprains. On the other hand, goalkeepers rarely fall victim to fatigue-related injuries, such as stage cramps, pulled hamstrings, and dehydration. [ 49 ] Shoulder injuries can be caused by heavy touch with the ground and can cause meaning long term injuries as passing of the range of motion can cause a accomplished inability to do their occupation. Vedran Janjetovic suffered such a contact injury play in an A-League meet on 25 January 2019 after diving to make a save. After playing 9 games on painkilling injections he undergo experimental surgery that required a two and a half year convalescence and caused him to miss two integral seasons. [ 50 ]
Records [edit ]
Goalkeepers are crucial in penalty shoot-outs. The phonograph record for most penalties saved in a shoot-out is held entirely by Ugandan, Denis Onyango. He saved five penalty gunfight kicks to help his club, Mamelodi Sundowns edge Cape Town City 3-2 on penalties at the MTN 8 tournament South Africa in October 2021. second gear spot is shared by Helmuth Duckadam of Steaua București in the 1986 european Cup Final against Barcelona, [ 51 ] and Ciarán Kelly for Sligo Rovers against Shamrock Rovers in the 2010 FAI Cup Final, both of whom who saved all four penalties faced. [ 52 ] Ray Clemence holds the record for the most clean sheets in the history of football, with 460 in more than 1000 official matches [ 53 ] Stefano Tacconi is the only goalkeeper to have won all official club competitions for which he was eligible. [ 54 ] Goalkeeper Ned Doig, who spent most of his career with Sunderland, set a 19th-century world record by not conceding any goals in 87 of his 290 top division appearances ( 30 % ). [ 55 ] Rogério Ceni has scored the most goals for a goalkeeper, having recorded 131 goals through free kicks and penalties across his 23-year career. [ 56 ] Tony Read and José Luis Chilavert are the only goalkeepers to score a hat-trick ( three goals in a game ), with all three goals coming from penalty kicks. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Gianluigi Buffon is the alone goalkeeper to have won the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year Award. [ 59 ] Oliver Kahn holds the record for most UEFA Best Club Goalkeeper and Best European Goalkeeper Awards, with four. [ 60 ] Iker Casillas holds the record for most appearances by a goalkeeper in the FIFPro World11 and in the UEFA Team of the class, a well as most IFFHS World ‘s Best goalkeeper Awards, aboard Buffon and Manuel Neuer, [ 61 ] winning the award for five back-to-back years between 2008 and 2012. [ 62 ] Casillas holds the record for the most clean sheets in UEFA Champions League history. [ 63 ] At the international level, Dino Zoff has remained unbeaten for the longest period of time, [ 64 ] whilst Walter Zenga holds the phonograph record for longest unbeaten run in a FIFA World Cup tournament at 517 minutes. [ 65 ] Gianluigi Buffon, Fabien Barthez and Iker Casillas hold the record for fewest goals conceded by a winning goalkeeper in a World Cup tournament at two each. [ citation needed ] Buffon is the lone World Cup–winning goalkeeper not to have conceded a finish in open fun throughout the stallion tournament, one goal having resulted from an own goal after a spare kick back, the early from a penalty. [ citation needed ] Fabien Barthez and Peter Shilton hold the record for most clean sheets in World Cup matches, with ten each. [ 66 ] Mohamed Al-Deayea holds the commemorate for most international caps by a male goalkeeper, with one 178 official appearances for Saudi Arabia. [ 67 ] Hope Solo of the United States holds the record for most international caps by a female goalkeeper, with 202 appearances. [ 68 ] pascal Zuberbühler holds the record for fewest goals conceded by a goalkeeper in a World Cup tournament, and besides went a record five consecutive matches at an international tournament without conceding a finish. He did not concede a goal in 463 minutes of World Cup play against France, Korea, and Togo —making Switzerland the lone team in the history of the tournament not to concede a goal in convention time. [ citation needed ] Tim Howard holds the record for most saves made in a FIFA World Cup couple, with sixteen against Belgium in the round of 16 of the 2014 tournament. [ citation needed ] Oliver Kahn is the only goalkeeper to have won the Adidas Golden Ball for the best actor of the tournament in a World Cup doing then in 2002. Lev Yashin is the alone goalkeeper to have won the Ballon d’Or, given to the best player of the class. [ citation needed ] In 2021, Gianluigi Donnarumma became the first goalkeeper to win the player of the tournament prize at UEFA Euro 2020. [ 69 ] Gianluca Pagliuca of Italy became the beginning goalkeeper to be sent off in a World Cup finals match, dismissed for handling outside his area against Norway in 1994. [ citation needed ] His team went on to win 1–0 and reached the final earlier losing to Brazil in a punishment shoot-out, in which Pagliuca became the first goalkeeper always to stop a penalty in a World Cup Final shoot-out. [ citation needed ] Iker Casillas holds both the record for few goals conceded in a UEFA european Championship ( only one in 2012 ), and the record for longest unbeaten run at a european Championship, beating the former record held by Dino Zoff. [ 70 ] He besides holds the records for most international clean sheets ( 102 ) by a male goalkeeper, beating the previous record held by Edwin van five hundred Sar ( 72 ), and became the beginning goalkeeper in history, male or female, to keep 100 clean sheets at international flush in 2015 ; he besides shares with Hope Solo the overall men ‘s and women ‘s record for most international clean and jerk sheets. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Buffon holds the record for most minutes without conceding a goal in european Championship qualifying matches at 644. [ 73 ]
Highest fees [edit ]
As of August 2018, the most expensive goalkeeper of all time is Kepa Arrizabalaga, following his 2018 € 80 million ( £71 million ) transportation to Chelsea from Athletic Bilbao .