The adhan ( Arabic : أَذَان [ ʔaˈðaːn ] ; besides variously written as azan, adhaan, athan, adhane ( French ), [ 1 ] azaan ( persian and Pashto ), adzan ( indonesian and Malay ), and ezan ( Urdu and Turkish ), among other languages [ 2 ] ) is the Islamic predict to prayer, recited by a muadhin at appointed times of the day. The root of the discussion is ʾadhina أَذِنَ mean “ to listen, to hear, be informed about ”. Another derivative of this parole is ʾudhun ( أُذُن ), meaning “ auricle ”. Adhan is recited by a muadhin from the mosque five times a day, a unharmed day long in the event of religious holidays ( i.e. Eid al-Fitr or Eid al-Adha ), traditionally from the minaret, summoning Muslims for obligatory ( fard ) prayer ( salah ). A second call, known as the iqamah then summons Muslims to line up for the begin of the prayers. The main function behind the multiple brassy pronouncements of adhan in every mosque is to make available to everyone an easily intelligible drumhead of Islamic impression. [ citation needed ] In advanced times, loudspeakers have been installed on minarets for this determination. [ citation needed ]
AdhanArabic أَذَان
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Romanizationaḏān, azan, athan, azaan, adhaan, athaanLiteral meaningcall to prayer
announcer [edit ]
The muezzin ( Arabic : مُؤَذِّن muʾaḏḏin ) is the person who recites the Adhan [ 3 ] : 470 from the mosque. typically in modern times, this is done using a microphone : a course session that is consequently broadcast to the speakers normally mounted on the higher separate of the mosque ‘s minarets, frankincense calling those nearby to prayer. however, in many mosques, the message can besides be recorded. This is due to the fact that the “ call to prayer ” has to be done loudly and at least five times a day. This is normally done by replaying previously recorded “ call to prayer ” without the bearing of a muezzin. This way, the mosque operator has the ability to edit or mix the message and adjust the bulk of the message while besides not having to hire a full-time muezzin or in case of the absence of a muezzin. This is why in many Muslim countries, the good of the prayer call can be precisely identical between one mosque and another, angstrom well as between one Salah hour and another, as is the case for the London Central Mosque. In the consequence of a religious holidays like Eid al-Fitr, for exemplar in Indonesia, where the Kalimah ( lecture ) has to be recited out forte all day hanker, mosque operators uses this recording method acting to create a iteration recitation of the Kalimah. [ citation needed ] The muezzin is chosen for his ability in reciting the Adhan clearly, melodious and loudly for all Muslims to hear. This is one of the important duties in the mosque, as his companions and community trust on him in his margin call for Muslims to come to pray in congregation. [ weasel words ] The Imam leads the prayer five times a day. The first muezzin in Islam was Bilal ibn Rabah, a free slave of abyssinian inheritance. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
Words [edit ]
- ^ The lapp Adhan is used by Ahmadiyya Muslims .
- ^[13] Followers of the traditionally 4x.Followers of the Maliki madhhab besides repeat this pipeline four times .
- ^ Followers of the Maliki madhhab say this line doubly and repeat the follow two lines before occupation four times, as noted in Sahih Muslim, Book 4, Ch. 2, No. 0740 .
religious views [edit ]
sunnite [edit ]
Sunnis express that the adhan was not written or said by the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, but by one of his Sahabah ( his companions ). Abdullah ibn Zayd, a sahabi of Muhammad, had a vision in his dream, in which the call for prayers was revealed to him by God. He later related this to his companions. meanwhile, this news reached Muhammad, who confirmed it. Because of his stunning spokesperson Muhammad chose a free Habeshan slave by the name of Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi to make the address for prayers. Muhammad preferred the call better than the use of bells ( as used by the Christians ) and horns ( as by the Jews ). [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 14 ]
During the Friday entreaty (Salat al-Jumu’ah), there is one adhan but some Sunni Muslims increase it to two adhans ; the first is to call the people to the mosque, the second is said before the Imam begins the khutbah ( sermon ). Just before the prayers start, person amongst the praying people recites the iqama as in all prayers. The basis for this is that at the time of the Caliph Uthman he ordered two adhans to be made, the beginning of which was to be made in the marketplace to inform the people that the Friday prayer was soon to begin, and the second adhan would be the unconstipated one contain in the mosque. not all Sunnis prefer two adhans as the want for warning the people of the at hand meter for entreaty is nobelium longer all-important now that the times for prayers are well known. [ citation needed ]
shiah [edit ]
External video
Recitation of the Shia Adhan
Shia sources state Muhammad, according to God ‘s command, ordered the adhan as a means of calling Muslims to prayer. Shia Islam teaches that no one else contributed, or had any authority to contribute, towards the composing of the adhan. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Shia sources besides narrate that Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi was, in fact, the beginning person to recite the Adhan publicly out loud in presence of the Muslim congregation. The fundamental idiom lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh is the foundation gem of Islam along with the impression in it. It declares that “ there is no god but the God ”. This is the confession of Tawhid or the “ doctrine of Oneness [ of God ] ”. The phrase Muḥammadun rasūlu -llāh fulfills the requirement that there should be person to guide in the name of God, which states Muhammad is God ‘s Messenger. This is the acceptance of prophethood or Nabuwat of Muhammad .
Muhammad declared Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor, at Ghadir Khumm, which was required for the sequel of his guidance. According to the sunnah of the pond of Khumm, Muhammad stated that “ Of whomsoever I am the authority, Ali is his authority ”. Hence, it is recommended to recite the phrase ʿalīyun walī -llāh ( “ Ali is His [ God ‘s ] Authority “ ). In one of the Qiblah of Ma’ad al-Mustansir Billah ( 1035–1094 ) of Fatemi era masjid of Qahira ( Mosque of Ibn Tulun ) engraved his appoint and kalimat ash-shahādah as lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāh, muḥammadun rasūlu -llāh, ʿalīyun walīyu -llāh ( لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلِيٌّ وَلِيُّ ٱللَّٰهِ ). Adhan reminds Muslims of these three Islamic teaching Tawhid, Nabuwat and Imamate before each prayer. These three underscore devotion to God, Muhammad and Imam, which are considered to be sol linked together that they can not be viewed individually ; one leads to other and ultimately to God. The phrase is optional to some Shia as absolve above. They feel that Ali ‘s Walayah ( “ Divine Authority ” ) is axiomatic, a testification and need not be declared. however, the greatness of God is besides taken to be axiomatic, but Muslims even declare Allāhu ʾakbar to publicize their religion. This is the reason that the most Shia give for the course session of the idiom regarding Ali .
Dua ( invocation ) [edit ]
sunni [edit ]
While listening to the Adhan, Sunni Muslims repeat the lapp words mutely, except when the Adhan reciter ( muezzin ) says : “ حَيَّ عَلَى ٱلصَّلَاةِ ” or “ حَيَّ عَلَى ٱلْفَلَاحِ ” ( ḥayya ʿalā ṣ-ṣalāhti or ḥayya ʿala l-falāḥi ) [ 15 ] they mutely say : “ لَا حَوْلَ وَلَا قُوَّةَ إِلَّا بِٱللَّٰهِ ” ( lā ḥawla wa lā quwwata ʾillā bi-llāhi ) ( there is no persuasiveness or office except from God ). [ 16 ] immediately following the Adhan, Sunni Muslims recite the watch dua ( supplications ) : 1. A testimony :
وَأَنَا أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ رَضِيتُ بِٱللَّٰهِ رَبًّا وَمُحَمَّدٍ رَسُولًا وَبِٱلْإِسْلَامِ دِينًا wa-ʾanā ʾašhadu ʾan lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāhu waḥdahu lā šarīka lahu wa-ʾanna muḥammadan ʿabduhu wa-rasūluhu, raḍītu bi-llāhi rabban wa-bi-muḥammadin rasūlan wa-bi-lʾislāmi dīnān
“ I bear witness that there is no god but God alone with no spouse and that Muhammad is His handmaid and Messenger, and the Lord God ‘s chosen messenger is Muhammad and Islam is his religion. ” [ 17 ]
2. An invocation of blessings on mohammed :
ٱللَّٰهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا صَلَّيْتَ عَلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيدٌ ٱللَّٰهُمَّ بَارِكْ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا بَارَكْتَ عَلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيدٌ ʾallāhumma ṣalli ʿalā muḥammadin wa-ʿalā ʾāli muḥammadin, kamā ṣallayta ʿalā ʾibrāhīma wa-ʿalā ʾāli ʾibrāhīma, ʾinnaka ḥamīdun majīd. ʾallāhumma bārik ʿalā muḥammadin wa-ʿalā ʿalā muḥammadin, kamā bārakta ʿalā ʾibrāhīma wa-ʿalā ʾāli ʾibrāhīma ʾinnaka ḥamīdun majīdun
“ O Allah, sanctify Muhammad and the Progeny of Muhammad, as you have sanctified Ibrahim and the Progeny of Ibrahim. Truly, You are Praised and Glorious. O Allah, consecrate Muhammad and the Progeny of Muhammad, as you have blessed Ibrahim and the Progeny of Ibrahim. Truly, You are Praised and Glorious. ” [ 18 ]
3. Muhammad ‘s name is invoked request :
ٱللَّٰهُمَّ رَبَّ هَٰذِهِ ٱلدَّعْوَةِ ٱلتَّامَّةِ وَٱلصَّلَاةِ ٱلْقَائِمَةِ آتِ مُحَمَّدًا ٱلْوَسِيلَةَ وَٱلْفَضِيلَةَ وَٱبْعَثْهُ مَقَامًا مَحْمُودًا ٱلَّذِي وَعَدْتَهُ ʾallāhumma rabba haḍihi d-daʿawati t-tāmmah wa-ṣ-ṣalāti l-qaʾimati, ʾāti muḥammadan al-wasīlata wa-l-faḍīlata wa-bʿathhu l-maqaman al-maḥmūdan al-laḍī waʿadtahū
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“ O, Allah ! Lord of this perfect call and of the established entreaty, give Muhammad the correct of intercession and greatness, and resurrect him to the best and the praise side that You have covenanted him. ” [ 17 ]
4. Dua are then made directly to God, between the adhan and the iqamaah. According to Abu Dawud, Muhammad said : “ Repeat the words of the mu’azzin and when you finish, ask God what you want and you will get it ”. [ 19 ]
shiah [edit ]
While listening to the Adhan, Shia Muslims repeat the like words mutely, except when the Adhan reciter ( muezzin ) says : “ أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ ” and “ أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ ” ( ʾašhadu ʾan lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāhu and ʾašhadu ʾanna Muḥammadan rasūlu -llāhi ) they mutely say :
وَأَنَا أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ ( صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ ) أَكْتَفِي بِهَا عَمَّنْ أَبَىٰ وَجَحَدَ وَأُعِينُ بِهَا مَنْ أَقَرَّ وَشَهِدَ wa-ʾanā ʾašhadu ʾan lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāhu wa-ʾašhadu ʾanna muḥammadan rasūlu -llāhi (ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhi wa-ʾālihi wa-sallama) ʾaktafī bihā ʿamman ʾabā wa-jaḥada wa-ʾuʿīnu bihā man ʾaqarra wa-šahida
“ And I [ besides ] hold witness that there is no deity but God, I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God, and I suffice by it ( the testimonies ) against whoever refuses and fights against it ( the testimonies ), and I designate by it one who agrees and testifies. ” [ 20 ]
Whenever Muhammad ‘s identify is mentioned in the Adhan or Iqama, Shia Muslims recite salawat, [ 21 ] a shape of the peace be upon him blessing specifically for Muhammad. This salawat is normally recited as either ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī wa-sallama ( صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ ), ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī ( صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ ), or ʾallāhumma ṣalli ʿalā muḥammadin wa-ʾāli muḥammadin ( ٱللَّٰهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَآلِ مُحَمَّدٍ ). immediately following the Adhan, Shia Muslims sit and recite the follow dua ( supplication ) :
ٱللَّٰهُمَّ ٱجْعَلْ قَلْبِي بَارًّا وَرِزْقِي دَارًّا وَٱجْعَلْ لِي عِنْدَ قَبْرِ نَبِيِّكَ ( صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ ) قَرَارًا وَمُسْتَقَرًّا ʾallāhumma -jʿal qalbī bārran wa-rizqī dārran wa-jʿal lī ʿinda qabri nabīyika (ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhi waʾ-ālihi wa-sallama) qarāran wa-mustaqarrān
“ O Allah ! Make my center to be righteous, and my support to be constant, and my support to be continuous, and Make for me, in the presence of Your Prophet ( God bless him and his offspring and grant him peace ) a harp and a lie. ” [ 20 ]
form [edit ]
The call to entreaty is said after entering the fourth dimension of entreaty. The muezzin normally stands and stands during the call to prayer. [ 22 ] It is coarse for the muezzin to put his hands to his ears when reciting Adhan. Each phrase is followed by a longer hesitate and is repeated one or more times according to fixed rules. During the beginning affirmation each give voice is limited in tonal rate, less melismatic, and shorter. Upon repetition the phrase is longer, ornamented with melismas, and may possess a tonal rate of over an octave. The adhan ‘s shape is characterised by contrast and contains twelve melodious passages which move from one to another tonic center of one maqam a fourth or fifth apart. diverse geographic regions in the Middle East traditionally perform the Adhan in finical maqamat : Medina, Saudi Arabia uses Maqam Bayati while Mecca uses Maqam Hijaz. The tempo is largely decelerate ; it may be faster and with fewer melismas for the sunset prayer. During festivals, it may be performed antiphonally as a pas de deux. [ 23 ]
modern legal status [edit ]
Bangladesh [edit ]
In 2016, opposition leader Khaleda Zia alleged the government was preventing the broadcast medium of adhans through loudspeakers, with government officials citing security concerns for the prime curate Sheikh Hasina “. [ 24 ] [ citation needed ]
Israel [edit ]
In 2016, Israel ‘s ministerial committee approved a enlist placard that limits the volume of the function of public address systems for calls to prayer, peculiarly, outdoor loudspeakers for adhaan, citing it as a factor of noise pollution. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] The bill was submitted by Knesset extremity Motti Yogev of the far right Zionist party Jewish Home and Robert Ilatov of the right fender Yisrael Beiteinu. [ 26 ] The banish is meant to affect three mosques in Abu Dis village of East Jerusalem, disbarring them from broadcasting the dawn margin call ( fajr ) prayers. [ 28 ] The bill was backed by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu who said : “ I can not count the times — they are just excessively numerous — that citizens have turned to me from all parts of Israeli company, from all religions, with complaints about the noise and suffer caused to them by the excessive noise coming to them from the public address systems of houses of prayer. ” [ 27 ] The Israel Democracy Institute, a non-partisan think tank, expressed concerns that it specifically stifles the rights of Muslims, and restricts their freedom of religion. [ 27 ] [ 28 ]
turkey [edit ]
As an reference of the reforms brought about by the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the turkish government at the clock, encouraged by Atatürk, introduced secularism to Turkey. The plan involved implementing a turkish adhan plan as separate of its goals, as opposed to the conventional Arabic call to prayer. [ 29 ] Following the termination of said debates, on the 1 February 1932, the Adhan was chanted in Turkish and the commit was continued for a time period of 18 years. There was some resistance against the Adhan in Turkish language and protests surged. In order to suppress this protests, in 1941, a newly law was issued, with which people who chanted the Adhan in Arabic could be imprisoned until for up to 3 months and be fined with up to 300 turkish Lira. On 17 June 1950, a new politics led by Adnan Menderes, restored Arabic as the liturgical language. [ 30 ]
sweden [edit ]
The Fittja Mosque in Botkyrka, south of Stockholm, was in 2013 the first mosque to be granted license for a weekly public call to Friday prayer, on condition that the sound volume does not exceed 60 dubnium. [ 31 ] In Karlskrona ( state of Blekinge, southern Sweden ) the Islamic association built a minaret in 2017 and has had weekly prayer calls since then. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The irregular mosque in Växjö filed for a exchangeable permission in February 2018, [ 34 ] which sparked a nationally debate about the practice. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] A yearlong license was granted by the swedish Police Authority in May the same year. [ 38 ] [ 39 ]
Kuwait and UAE [edit ]
During the outbreak of the coronavirus in 2019-2020 and the attendant viral pandemic, some cities in Kuwait changed its adhan from the usual hayya ‘ala as-salah, meaning “ come to prayer ”, to as-salatu fi buyutikum meaning “ beg in your homes ” or ala sallu fi rihalikum meaning “ pray where you are ”. [ 40 ] other Muslim countries ( notably Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Indonesia ) besides made this deepen because Muslims are prohibited to pray in mosques during the pandemic as preventive measures to stop the chain of the outbreak. The footing for the authority to change a idiom in the adhan was justified by the Prophet Muhammad ‘s instructions while calling for adhan during adverse conditions. [ 41 ]
tajikistan [edit ]
The use of loudspeakers to broadcast the adhan was banned in 2009 with Law No. 489 of 26 March 2009 on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Unions. [ 42 ] In early countries, there is no written law forbidding the distribution of the call to prayer in mosques and prayer halls .
In popular culture [edit ]
In television receiver [edit ]
In some Muslim-majority countries, television stations normally broadcasts the adhan at prayer times, in a similar fashion to radio stations. In Indonesia and Malaysia, it is mandate for all television stations to broadcast the adhan at Fajr and Magrib prayers, with the exception of non-Muslim religious stations. Islamic religious stations often broadcast the adhan at all five prayer times. The adhan are broadcast with a ocular cinematic describe mosques and worshippers attending to the prayer. Some television receiver stations in both Malaysia and Indonesia often utilize a more artistic approach to the cinematic, by depicting “ everyday life ” plat that accompanies the adhan such as children walking together to attend the prayer, helping a disable or aged people to pray, a person stuck in a traffic jam while driving to a mosque, a horizon of a city at sunset, among others. These practices are popularized in Indonesia in the 1990s
turkish National Anthem [edit ]
The adhan is referenced in the one-eighth verse of İstiklâl Marşı, the turkish national hymn :
O glorious God, the sole wish of my soul is that,
No heathen ‘s hand should ever touch the embrace of my hallowed Temples.
These adhans, whose shahadahs are the foundations of my Dīn (religion),
May their baronial sound last loudly and wide over my endless fatherland .
“ The Armed man ” [edit ]
The adhan appears in “ The Armed man : A Mass For Peace ” composed by Karl Jenkins .
See besides [edit ]
- Barechu – Jewish call to prayer
- Church bells – Christian call to prayer
- Dhikr
- Tashahhud
References [edit ]
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