Pavel Nedvěd pictured in 2006 wearing a typical modern football kit In association football, kit ( besides referred to as a strip or uniform ) is the standard equipment and attire worn by players. The sport ‘s rules specify the minimum kit which a actor must use, and besides prohibit the use of anything that is dangerous to either the player or another participant. individual competitions may stipulate further restrictions, such as regulating the size of son displayed on shirts and stating that, in the consequence of a match between teams with identical or like colours, the away team must change to different color overdress. Footballers generally wear identifying numbers on the backs of their shirts. primitively a team of players wore numbers from 1 to 11, corresponding approximately to their bring positions, but at the professional tied this has by and large been superseded by team enumeration, whereby each player in a team is allocated a fix count for the duration of a season. Professional clubs besides normally display players ‘ surnames or nicknames on their shirts, above ( or, infrequently, below ) their police squad numbers.
Reading: Kit (association football)
Football kit has evolved significantly since the early days of the sport when players typically wore thick cotton shirts, knickerbockers and heavy rigid leather boots. In the twentieth hundred, boots became lighter and softer, shorts were worn at a shorter length, and advances in clothing fabrication and impression allowed shirts to be made in light celluloid fibres with increasingly colorful and complex designs. With the emanation of ad in the twentieth hundred, sponsors ‘ logos began to appear on shirts, and replica strips were made available for fans to purchase, generating meaning amounts of tax income for clubs .
equipment [edit ]
basic equipment [edit ]
Shin pads are compulsory The rules set out the basic equipment which must be worn by all players in Law 4 ( Players ‘ Equipment ). Five discriminate items are specified : shirt ( besides known as a new jersey ), shorts, socks ( besides known as stockings ), footwear and shin pads. [ 1 ] Goalkeepers are allowed to wear tracksuit bottoms alternatively of shorts. [ 2 ] While most players wear studded football boots ( “ soccer shoes ” [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or “ cleats ” [ 4 ] in North America ), the Laws do not specify that these are required. [ 1 ] Shirts must have sleeves ( both short and long sleeves are accepted ), and goalkeepers must wear shirts which are easily distinguishable from all early players and the match officials. thermal undershorts may be worn, but must be the same tinge as the shorts themselves. tibia pads must be covered wholly by the stockings, be made of rubber eraser, fictile or a exchangeable substantial, and “ provide a reasonable degree of auspices ”. [ 1 ] The only other restriction on equipment defined is the necessity that a player must not use equipment or wear anything deemed dangerous to himself or another actor. [ 1 ] It is normal for individual competitions to specify that all outfield players on a team must wear the same color, though the Law states entirely “ The two teams must wear colours that distinguish them from each early and besides the referee and the assistant referees ”. [ 1 ] In the event of a match between teams who would normally wear identical or alike colours the away team must change to a unlike coloring material. [ 5 ] Because of this prerequisite a team ‘s second-choice is frequently referred to as its “ away kit out ” or “ away colours ”, although it is not stranger, particularly at international level, for teams to opt to wear their away colours even when not required to by a clash of colours, or to wear them at home. The England national team sometimes plays in crimson shirts even when it is not required, as this was the strip tire when the team won the 1966 FIFA World Cup. [ 6 ] In some cases both teams have been forced to wear their second choice away kits ; such as the match between Netherlands and Brazil in the 1974 FIFA World Cup where they wore ashen and dark blue rather than their foremost choice of orange and yellow, respectively ; and the match between Netherlands and Spain in the 2014 FIFA World Cup where they wore colored blue sky and white rather than their home colors of orange and crimson, respectively. many professional clubs besides have a “ third kit ”, apparently to be used if both their first-choice and aside colours are deemed besides like to those of an opposition. [ 7 ] Most professional clubs have retained the same basic coloring material scheme for respective decades, [ 7 ] and the color themselves form an integral part of a club ‘s culture. [ 8 ] Teams representing countries in international competition broadly wear national colours in coarse with early sporting teams of the same state. These are normally based on the color of the state ‘s national flag, although there are exceptions— the italian national team, for case, wear blue as it was the color of the House of Savoy, the australian team like most australian sporting teams wear the australian National Colours of green and gold, neither of which appear on the masthead, and the Dutch national team wear orange, the color of the Dutch Royal House. [ 9 ]
Shirts are normally made of a polyester interlock, which does not trap the fret and torso heat in the same way as a shirt made of a natural fiber. [ 10 ] Most professional clubs have sponsors ‘ logos on the front of their shirts, which can generate significant levels of income, [ 11 ] and some besides offer sponsors the find to place their son on the back of their shirts. [ 12 ] Depending on local rules, there may be restrictions on how large these logos may be or on what logo may be displayed. [ 13 ] Competitions such as the Premier League may besides require players to wear patches on their sleeves depicting the logo of the competition. [ 14 ] A player ‘s total is normally printed on the back of the shirt, although international teams much besides place numbers on the front man, [ 15 ] and professional teams broadly print a actor ‘s surname above their number. [ 16 ] The master of each team is normally required to wear an elasticated armband around the left sleeve to identify them as the captain to the referee and supporters .
turf shoes, which are designed to be used on hard artificial turf or sand. Modern, which are designed to be used on hard artificial turf or sand. Most stream players wear specialist football boots, which can be made either of leather or a synthetic material. modern boots are cut slenderly below the ankles, as opposed to the high-ankled boots used in former times, and have studs attached to the soles. Studs may be either moulded directly to the lone or be detachable, normally by means of a screw ribbon. [ 17 ] Modern boots such as the Adidas Predator, in the first place designed by early Liverpool player Craig Johnston, sport increasingly intricate, scientifically aided designs and features such as vent pockets in the soles and rubber “ blades ” on the sole rather than studs. [ 18 ] The blades have been the capable of controversy as several crown managers have blamed them for injuries both to confrontation players and to the wearers themselves. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] The rules specify that all players, careless of gender, must wear the lapp kit, however in September 2008 the Dutch women ‘s team FC de Rakt made international headlines by swapping its old strip for a newfangled one featuring inadequate skirts and tight-fitting shirts. This initiation, which had been requested by the team itself, was initially vetoed by the KNVB, Dutch football ‘s governing body, but this decisiveness was reversed when it was revealed that the FC de Rakt team were wearing hot pants ( very short-change shorts ) under their skirts, and were therefore technically in complaisance. [ 21 ]
early equipment [edit ]
respective styles of goalkeeping gloves All players are permitted to wear gloves, [ 22 ] and goalkeepers normally wear specialist goalkeeping gloves. Prior to the 1970s gloves were rarely break, [ 23 ] but it is nowadays extremely unusual to see a goalkeeper without gloves. In Portugal ‘s match against England in the Euro 2004 tournament, Ricardo drew much comment for deciding to remove his gloves during the punishment shoot-out. [ 24 ] Since the 1980s meaning advancements have been made in the purpose of gloves, which now feature protectors to prevent the fingers bending backwards, cleavage to allow greater flexibility, and palms made of materials designed to protect the hand and to enhance a player ‘s grip. [ 23 ] Gloves are available in a assortment of unlike cuts, including “ flat decoration ”, “ hustle finger ” and “ veto ”, with variations in the sew and fit. [ 25 ] Goalkeepers sometimes besides wear caps to prevent glare from the sun or floodlights affecting their performance. [ 22 ] Players with sight problems may wear glasses a long as there is no gamble of them falling off or breaking and thereby becoming dangerous. Most players affected choose to wear contact lenses, although Dutch player Edgar Davids, unable to wear contact lenses due to glaucoma, was known for his distinctive wraparound goggles. [ 26 ] other items that may be dangerous to other players, such as jewelry, however, are not allowed. [ 1 ] Players may besides choose to wear headgear to protect themselves from head wound deoxyadenosine monophosphate long as it presents no hazard to the condom of the wearer or any early musician. [ 27 ]
match officials ‘ kit
[edit ]
Referees, assistant referees and fourth officials wear kits of a alike expressive style to that worn by players ; until the 1950s it was more common for a reviewer to wear a blazer than a jersey. Although not specified in the rules, it is considered a principle of football that officials wear shirts of a different tinge to those worn by the two teams and their goalkeepers. [ 28 ] Black is the traditional coloring material worn by officials, and “ the man in black ” is wide used as an informal term for a referee, [ 29 ] [ 30 ] although increasingly other colours are being used in the modern earned run average to minimise tinge clashes. [ 31 ] The 1994 World Cup was the first in which FIFA dispensed with black kits for officials. [ 32 ] Referees besides sometimes have sponsors ‘ logos on their shirts, although these are normally confined to the sleeves. [ 33 ]
history [edit ]
priggish earned run average [edit ]
The first base written evidence of a dress item specifically dedicated to football comes in 1526, from the Great Wardrobe of King Henry VIII of England, which included a reference point to a couple of football boots. [ 34 ] The earliest evidence of biased shirts used to identify football teams comes from early English public school football games, for example an double of Winchester College football from before 1840 is entitled “ The commoners have red and the college boys blue sky jerseys ” and such colours are mentioned again in a Bell’s Life in London article of 1858. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] House frolic colours are mentioned in Rugby football ( rule XXI ) american samoa early as 1845 : “ No player may wear cap or new jersey without leave from the head of his house ”. [ 37 ] In 1848, it was noted at Rugby that “ considerable improvement has taken place in the final few years, in the appearance of a match … in the use of peculiar dress consist of velvet caps and jerseys ” [ 38 ] Organised association football was first base played in England in the 1860s, and many teams would probably play in whatever dress they had available, with players of the lapp team distinguishing themselves by wearing color caps or sashes. [ 7 ] This came to be debatable though, and an 1867 handbook of the game suggested that teams should attempt “ if it can be previously so arranged, to have one side with strip jerseys of one tinge, say bolshevik, and the other with another, say blue. This prevents confusion and godforsaken attempts to wrest the ball from your neighbor. ” [ 39 ]
The New Brompton team of 1894 sporting typical kit of the era, including heavy jersey, long shorts, heavy high-top boots and shin pads worn outside the stockings. Goalkeepers wore the lapp shirts as their team-mates at this point in time. The inaugural criterion strips began to emerge in the 1870s, with many clubs opting for colours associated with the schools or early sporting organisations from which the club had emerged. [ 7 ] Blackburn Rovers, for model, adopted shirts of a halve plan based on those of the team for erstwhile pupils of Malvern College, one of the schools where the sport had developed. Their original colours of light gloomy and egg white were chosen to reflect an association with Cambridge University, where a phone number of the club ‘s founders had been educated. [ 40 ] Colours and designs often changed dramatically between matches, with Bolton Wanderers turning out in both pink shirts and white shirts with crimson spots within the same year. [ 41 ] Rather than the modern shorts, players wore long knickerbockers or full-length trousers, often with a belt or even braces. [ 42 ] Lord Kinnaird, an early star of the game, was noted for always being glorious in long white trousers. [ 43 ] There were no numbers printed on shirts to identify individual players, and the program for an 1875 match between Queen ‘s Park and Wanderers in Glasgow identifies the players by the colours of their caps or stockings. [ 44 ] The first clamber pads were worn in 1874 by the Nottingham Forest player Sam Weller Widdowson, who cut down a pair of cricket pads and wore them outside his stockings. initially the concept was ridiculed but it soon caught on with other players. [ 45 ] By the turn of the century pads had become smaller and were being worn inside the stockings. [ 46 ] As the game gradually moved away from being a pursuit for affluent amateurs to one dominated by propertyless professionals, kits changed consequently. The club themselves, rather than individual players, were now responsible for purchasing kit and fiscal concerns, along with the indigence for the growing numbers of spectators to easily identify the players, led to the lurid colors of earlier years being abandoned in favor of bare combinations of chief colours. In 1890, the Football League, which had been formed two years earlier, ruled that no two member teams could register alike colours, so as to avoid clashes. This dominion was late abandoned in favor of one stipulate that all teams must have a second set of shirts in a unlike color available. [ 7 ] Initially the home team was required to change colours in the consequence of a clash, but in 1921 the rule was amended to require the away team to change. [ 47 ] Specialised football boots began to emerge in the professional earned run average, taking the place of everyday shoes or influence boots. Players initially simply smash strips of leather to their boots to enhance their fascinate, leading the Football Association to rule in 1863 that no nails could project from boots. By the 1880s these crude attachments had become studs. Boots of this era were made of heavy leather, had hard toecaps, and came high above a musician ‘s ankles. [ 48 ]
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early twentieth hundred [edit ]
As the game began to spread to Europe and beyond, clubs adopted kits similar to those worn in the United Kingdom, and in some cases chose colours directly inspired by british clubs. In 1903, Juventus of Italy adopted a black and whiten strip inspired by Notts County. [ 49 ] Two years late, Argentina ‘s Club Atlético Independiente adopted crimson shirts after watching Nottingham Forest play. [ 50 ]
By the early twentieth century, shorts had become inadequate and goalkeepers wore shirts of a different color, as seen in this photograph of Internazionale in 1910. In 1904, the Football Association dropped its rule that players ‘ knickerbockers must cover their knees and teams began wearing them much shorter. They became known as “ knickers ”, and were referred to by this terminus until the 1960s when “ shorts ” became the prefer term. [ 42 ] Initially, about all teams wore knickers of a contrasting color to their shirts. [ 7 ] In 1909, in a bid to assist referees in identifying the goalkeeper amongst a pucker of players, the rules were amended to state of matter that the goalkeeper must wear a shirt of a unlike color to their team-mates. Initially it was specified that goalkeepers ‘ shirts must be either scarlet or royal blue, but when green was added as a third option in 1912 it caught on to the extent that soon about every goalkeeper was playing in green. In this period goalkeepers by and large wore a heavy wool dress more akin to a jumper than the shirts worn by outfield players. [ 42 ] sporadic experiments with number shirts took position in the 1920s but the estimate did not initially catch on. [ 51 ] The first major match in which numbers were worn was the 1933 FA Cup Final between Everton and Manchester City. Rather than the numbers being added to the clubs ‘ existing strips, two especial sets, one white and one crimson, were made for the concluding and allocated to the two teams by the convulse of a mint. The Everton players wore numbers 1–11, while the City players wore 12–22. [ 52 ] It was not until around the time of the Second World War that numbering became standard, with teams wearing numbers 1–11. Although there were no regulations on which player should wear which number, specific numbers came to be associated with specific positions on the field of play, examples of which were the number 9 shirt for the team ‘s independent striker [ 51 ] and the count 1 shirt for the goalkeeper. In contrast to the common practice, scots club Celtic wore numbers on their shorts quite than their shirts until 1975 for international matches, and until 1994 for domestic matches. [ 53 ] The 1930s besides saw capital advancements in boot fabricate, with new celluloid materials and softer leathers becoming available. By 1936 players in Europe were wearing boots which weighed only a third of the system of weights of the rigid boots of a decade earlier, although british clubs did not adopt the new-style boots, with players such as Billy Wright openly pronouncing their condescension for the new footwear and claim that it was more become to ballet than football. [ 54 ]
In the period immediately after the war, many teams in Europe were forced to wear unusual kits due to clothing restrictions. [ 7 ] England ‘s Oldham Athletic, who had traditionally worn blue and white, exhausted two seasons playing in crimson and white shirts borrowed from a local rugby league club, [ 55 ] and Scotland ‘s Clyde wore khaki. [ 56 ] In the 1950s kits worn by players in southerly Europe and South America became a lot more lightweight, with V-necks replacing collars on shirts and synthetic fabrics replacing big natural fibres. [ 22 ] The inaugural boots to be cut below the ankle rather than high-topped were introduced by Adidas in 1954. Although they cost twice adenine a lot as existing styles, the boots were a huge success and cemented the german company ‘s place in the football market. Around the same clock Adidas besides developed the first boots with screw-in studs which could be changed according to pitch conditions. [ 17 ] other areas were slower to adopt the new styles – british clubs again resisted change and stuck resolutely to kits little different from those worn before the war, [ 22 ] and easterly european teams continued to wear kits that were deemed antique elsewhere. The FC Dynamo Moscow team that toured Western Europe in 1945 draw about as much comment for the players ‘ long baggy shorts as for the quality of their football. [ 57 ] With the second coming of external competitions such as the european Cup, the southern european style dispersed to the rest of the continent and by the end of the decade the arduous shirts and boots of the pre-war years had fallen entirely out of use. The 1960s saw small initiation in kit out design, with clubs broadly opting for simple color schemes which looked good under the newly adopted floodlights. [ 7 ] Designs from the belated 1960s and early 1970s are highly regarded by football fans. [ 58 ]
Modern era [edit ]
Sponsored shirts, such as these worn in respective seasons by Paris St Germain, became the norm in the modern earned run average. In the 1970s, clubs began to create strongly individual strips, and in 1975, Leeds United, who had changed their traditional aristocratic and gold colours to all white in the 1960s to mimic Real Madrid, [ 59 ] became the first base baseball club to design shirts which could be sold to fans in the form of replica. Driven by commercial concerns, early clubs soon followed suit, adding manufacturers ‘ logos and a higher level of trimming. [ 7 ] In 1973, german team Eintracht Braunschweig signed a deal with local anesthetic alcohol producer Jägermeister to display its logo on the front man of their shirts. [ 60 ] Soon about all major clubs had signed such deals, and the cost to companies who sponsor large teams has increased dramatically. In 2008 german golf club FC Bayern Munich received €25 million in sponsorship money from Deutsche Telekom. [ 61 ] however spanish clubs FC Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao refused to allow sponsors ‘ logos to appear on their shirts arsenic recently as 2005. [ 62 ] Until 2011 Barcelona refused paying sponsors in favor of wearing the UNICEF logo on their shirts while donating €1.5 million to the charity per year. [ 63 ] Players besides began to sign sponsorship deals with individual companies. In 1974 Johan Cruijff refused to wear the Dutch national team ‘s strip as its Adidas post conflicted with his own individual condense with Puma, and was permitted to wear a interpretation without the Adidas post. [ 64 ] Puma had besides paid Pelé $ 120,000 to wear their boots and specifically requested that he bend down and tie his laces at the start of the 1970 FIFA World Cup final, ensuring a close-up of the boots for a cosmopolitan television hearing. [ 65 ] In the 1970s, the U.S.-based north american Soccer League experimented with printing players ‘ names on their shirts and allocating each actor a police squad number preferably than just numbering the 11 players starting a plot from 1 to 11, but these ideas did not catch on at the time in other countries. [ 66 ]
From left to right : Verona ‘s midfielder Maddè versus Juventus ‘ fore Bettega in 1975 : “ light shorts ” were the norm from the mid-1960s to the early-90s, when they changed back to a classic longer and baggy phase. In the 1980s, manufacturers such as Hummel and Adidas began to design shirts with increasingly intricate designs, as fresh technology led to the initiation of such plan elements as shadow prints and pinstripes. [ 7 ] Hummel ‘s distinctive halve strip designed for the Danish national team for the 1986 FIFA World Cup caused a stimulate in the media but FIFA worried about moiré artefacts in television pictures. [ 67 ] Shorts became shorter than ever during the 1970s and 1980s, [ 51 ] and frequently included the player ‘s count on the front. [ 68 ] In the 1991 FA Cup Final Tottenham Hotspur ‘s players lined up in farseeing baggy shorts. Although, the newly front was derided, clubs in Britain and elsewhere had within a shortstop clock time adopted the longer shorts. [ 69 ] In the 1990s shirt designs became increasingly complex, with many teams sporting extremely gaudy color schemes. design decisions were increasingly driven by the need for the shirt to look good when worn by fans as a manner item, [ 7 ] but many designs from this era have since come to be regarded as amongst the worst of all prison term. [ 70 ] In 1996, Manchester United notoriously introduced a grey plunder which had been specifically designed to look good when worn with jeans, but abandoned it halfway through a match after coach Alex Ferguson claimed that the reason why his team was losing 3–0 was that the players could not see each early on the pitch. United switched to unlike colours for the second half and scored one goal without reply. [ 71 ] The leading leagues besides introduced team numbers, whereby each player is allocated a specific count for the duration of a temper. [ 72 ] A brief fad arose for players celebrating goals by lifting or completely removing their shirts to reveal political, religious or personal slogans printed on undershirts. This led to a rule from the International Football Association Board in 2002 that undershirts must not contain slogans or logos ; [ 73 ] since 2004 it has been a bookable offense for players to remove their shirts. [ 74 ]
Manchester United replica strips on display. The grocery store for replica shirts has grown enormously, with the gross generated for leading clubs and the frequency with which they change designs coming under increased scrutiny, specially in the United Kingdom, where the grocery store for replica is worth in excess of £200m. [ 75 ] respective clubs have been accused of price situate, and in 2003 Manchester United were fined £1.65m by the Office of Fair Trading. [ 76 ] The high prices charged for replica have besides led to many fans buying fudge shirts which are imported from countries such as Thailand and Malaysia. [ 77 ] The opportunity for fans to purchase a shirt bearing the name and issue of a headliner player can lead to meaning gross for a baseball club. In the beginning six months after David Beckham ‘s transfer to Real Madrid the club sold more than one million shirts bearing his list. [ 78 ] A market has besides developed for shirts worn by players during significant matches, which are sold as collector ‘s items. The shirt worn by Pelé in the 1970 FIFA World Cup Final sold at auction for over £150,000 in 2002. [ 79 ] A number of advances in kit out design have taken place since 2000, with varying degrees of success. In 2002 the Cameroon national team competed in the african Cup of Nations in Mali wearing shirts with no sleeves, [ 80 ] but FIFA subsequently ruled that such garments were not considered to be shirts and consequently were not permitted. [ 81 ] Manufacturers Puma AG initially added “ invisible ” black sleeves to comply with the regnant, but late supplied the team with new one-piece singlet -style tops. [ 71 ] FIFA ordered the team not to wear the tops but the rule was disregarded, with the result that the Cameroon team was docked six points in its passing campaign for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, [ 82 ] a decision late reversed after an appeal. [ 83 ] More successful were the skintight shirts designed for the italian national team by manufacturers Kappa, a style subsequently emulated by other national teams and club sides. [ 71 ] A brief fashion for men wearing snood-scarf neckwarmers ended in 2011 when the IFAB banned them as potentially dangerous. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] A ban on women wearing the hijab was introduced by the IFAB in 2007, but lifted in 2012 after imperativeness from Prince Ali of Jordan. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] In keeping with french views, the french Football Federation said it would maintain its ban. [ 88 ]
See besides [edit ]
far reading [edit ]
References [edit ]
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