Goalkeeper (association football)

Position in association football

The goalkeeper, sometimes shortened to keeper or goalie, is one of the major positions of association football. It is the most specialize position in the fun. The goalkeeper ‘s elementary function is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defend goal-line within the frame of the goal ). This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line. Within the punishment area goalkeepers are able to use their hands, making them ( outside throw-ins ) the alone players on the field permitted to handle the ball. The particular condition of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates. The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates. Goalkeepers normally perform goal kicks, and besides give commands to their defense during corner kicks, lineal and indirect rid kicks, and marking. Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on plain scheme as they have an unrestricted see of the entire pitch, giving them a unique position on play development.

Reading: Goalkeeper (association football)

The goalkeeper is the only ask position of a team. If they are injure or sent off, a alternate goalkeeper has to take their place, differently an outfield player must take the ejected custodian ‘s stead in goal. In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent away, a team normally substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( therefore effectively the loss batting order and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ). They then play the perch of the match with nine outfield players. If a team does not have a alternate goalkeeper, or they have already used all of their allow substitutions for the match, an outfield player has to take the dismiss goalkeeper ‘s place and wear the goalkeeper shirt. Because the position requires different skills from the outfielders, goalkeepers train individually from their teammates and rather exploit with a goalkeeping coach because they have different skills. [ 1 ] While outfielders typically must be in good cardio human body to play up to 90 minutes in a match, a goalkeeper must be able to move immediate and have fast feet for little bursts. During a football match, goalkeepers may get a lot of action, normally in 5 minutes intervals, until their teammates can clear the testis out of the zone. During practice, goalkeepers focus heavily on footwork and being able to get up quickly after a save is made. It ’ s authoritative that a goalkeeper is able to get set, meaning feet shoulder width apart and on their toes, before the adjacent inject comes their way, so they are able to react and make the keep open. [ 2 ] The squad act for a inaugural choice goalkeeper is generally act 1, although they may wear any jersey number between 1 and 99. [ 3 ]

history [edit ]

A goalkeeper ( left, wearing a white shirt ) being charged by a rival player ( 1905 ) Association football, like many sports, has experienced many changes in tactics resulting in the generation and elimination of different positions. Goalkeeper is the entirely position that is certain to have existed since the code of the mutant. even in the early days of form football, when systems were express or non-existent and the main estimate was for all players to attack and defend, teams had a indicate extremity to play as the goalkeeper. The earliest account of football teams with player positions comes from Richard Mulcaster in 1581 and does not specify goalkeepers. The earliest specific reference to keeping goal comes from cornish Hurling in 1602. According to Carew : “ they pitch two bushes in the ground, some eight or ten foot apart ; and directly against them, ten or twelve score off, other twayne in like distance, which they term their Goals. One of these is appointed by lots, to the one english, and the early to his adverse party. There is assigned for their guard, a couple of their best stop Hurlers ”. [ 4 ] other references to scoring goals begin in English literature in the early sixteenth hundred ; for exercise, in John Day ‘s maneuver The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green ( performed circa 1600 ; published 1659 ) : “ I ‘ll play a gole at camp-ball “ ( an highly fierce variety of football, popular in East Anglia ). similarly, in a 1613 poem, Michael Drayton refers to “ when the Ball to throw, And drive it to the Gole, in squadrons forth they goe ”. It seems inevitable that wherever a crippled has evolved goals, some shape of goalkeeping must besides be developed. David Wedderburn refers to what has been translated from Latin as to “ keep goal ” in 1633, though this does not necessarily imply a specify goalkeeper stead. The son “ goal-keeper ” is used in the novel Tom Brown’s School Days ( published in 1857, but set in the 1830s ). The author is here referring to an early form of rugby football :

You will see in the first place, that the sixth-form boy, who has the bang of goal, has spread his force ( the goal-keepers ) so as to occupy the whole quad behind the goal-posts, at distances of about five yards apart ; a safe and shipshape goal is the basis of all full gambling. [ 5 ]

The son “ goal-keeper ” appeared in the Sheffield Rules of 1867, but the term did not refer to a designated player, but preferably to “ that musician on the defend side who for the time being is nearest to his own goal ”. The goal-keeper, frankincense defined, did not enjoy any special cover privileges. [ 6 ] The FA ‘s beginning Laws of the Game of 1863 did not make any particular planning for a goalkeeper, with any player being allowed to catch or knock-on the testis. [ 7 ] Handling the ball was wholly forbid ( for all players ) in 1870. [ 8 ] The adjacent year, 1871, the laws were amended to introduce the goalkeeper and specify that the custodian was allowed to handle the testis “ for the auspices of his goal ”. [ 9 ] The restrictions on the ability of the goalkeeper to handle the ball were changed several times in subsequent revisions of the laws :

1871: the keeper may handle the ball only “for the protection of his goal”.
1873: the keeper may not “carry” the ball.[10]
1883: the keeper may not carry the ball for more than two steps.[11]
1887: the keeper may not handle the ball in the opposition’s half.[12]
1901: the keeper may handle the ball for any purpose (not only in defence of the goal).[13]
1912: the keeper may handle the ball only in the penalty area.
1931: the keeper may take up to four steps (rather than two) while carrying the ball.[14]
1992: the keeper may not handle the ball after it has been deliberately kicked to him/her by a team-mate.
1997: the keeper may not handle the ball for more than six seconds.

initially, goalkeepers typically played between the goalposts and had limited mobility, except when trying to save opposition shots. Throughout the years, the role of the goalkeeper has evolved, ascribable to the changes in systems of play, to become more active. The goalkeeper is the only player in association football allowed to use their hands to control the ball ( early than during throw-ins ). During the 1935–36 English football season, young Sunderland AFC goalkeeper of the team, Jimmy Thorpe, died as a result of a kick in the head and thorax after he had picked up the ball following a backpass in a game against Chelsea at Roker Park. He continued to take depart until the match finished, but collapsed at home afterwards and died in hospital four days late from diabetes mellitus and heart failure ‘accelerated by the roughly use of the opposing team. ‘ [ 15 ] The tragic end to Thorpe ‘s career led to a change in the rules, where players were nobelium long allowed to raise their foot to a goalkeeper when he had manipulate of the ball in his arms. [ 16 ] due to several time-wasting techniques which were used by goalkeepers, such as bouncing the ball on the ground or throwing it in the breeze and then catching it again, in the 1960s, the Laws of the game were revised promote, and the goalkeeper was given a maximum of four steps to travel while holding, bouncing or throwing the ball in the air and catching it again, without having to release it into play. The FIFA Board later besides devised an anti-parrying rule, saying that such consider hedge for the purpose of evading the Law was to be regarded besides as holding the ball. [ 17 ] In 1992, the International Football Association Board made changes in the laws of the game that affected goalkeepers – notably the back-pass predominate, [ 18 ] which prohibits goalkeepers from handling the ball when receiving a deliberate fall from a teammate that is made with their feet. This rule switch was made to discourage time-wasting and excessively defensive play after the 1990 FIFA World Cup which was described as extremely dull, prevailing with back-passing and goalkeepers holding the ball. besides, goalkeepers would frequently drop the ball and dribble it about, lone to pick it up again once opponents came closer to put them under imperativeness, a typical time-wasting proficiency. Therefore, another rule was introduced at the lapp fourth dimension as the back-pass govern. This rule prohibits the goalkeeper from handling the ball again once he or she has released it for play ; an offense results in an indirect free kick to the opposition. furthermore, any player negating the intent of the raw rule would be probable to be cautioned for unsporting behavior and punished by an indirect free-kick. [ 17 ] On 1 July 1997, FIFA decided to extend the back-pass dominion by applying it besides to throw-ins from defenders to their own goalkeeper ; in order to prevent foster time-wasting, FIFA besides established that if a goalkeeper holds the ball for more than five or six seconds the referee must adjudge this as time-wasting and award an indirect free-kick to the opposing team, although in practice the “ six second rule ” is rarely enforced on a misprint 6 second reckon from the moment they control the ball as written in the laws, and alternatively when enforce it is much after a longer timeframe involving the goal keeper forge throws, kicks or running around the penalty area. An example of this rule in a gamey profile match was at the London 2012 Summer Olympics Women ‘s Football semi-final game between the United States and Canada. With Canada in front man 3-2 late in the game, their goalkeeper Erin McLeod grabbed the ball from a corner kick then held onto it for 10 seconds despite being warned by the referee not to waste time. The indirect unblock kick resulted in a punishment being called for a handball offense, which was scored to make it 3-3 and take the plot to extra meter, where the United States won the game 4-3. [ 17 ] [ 19 ]

Laws of the Game and cosmopolitan play [edit ]

The stead of goalkeeper is the only position in the game which is technically discrete from the others in the path of normal play. The Laws of the Game distinguish the goalkeeper from the other players in several ways, most importantly exempting them from the prohibition on handling the ball, though lone within their own punishment area. [ 20 ] once a goalkeeper has control condition of the ball in their hands, opponents are not permitted to challenge them. [ 20 ] Goalkeepers have a specialize function as the exclusive defender against a penalty bang. [ 20 ] Goalkeepers are required to wear discrete colours from other players, and are permitted to wear caps and tracksuit bottoms. [ 20 ] The Laws mandate that one player on the team must be designated as the goalkeeper at all times, meaning that if a goalkeeper is sent off or hurt and unable to continue another musician must assume the goalkeeper position. [ 20 ] The Laws give up for teams to change the musician designated as goalkeeper at stoppages in dally, [ 20 ] but in practice this is rarely exercised. The Laws plaza no restrictions on a goalkeeper leaving their punishment sphere and acting as an average player, though generally goalkeepers stay close up to their goal throughout the couple. Goalkeepers routinely perform extension dives. To execute this, they push off the grate with the foot nearest to the testis, launching themselves into a horizontal position. At this point, the ball may be caught or parried away from the goal. In the latter font, a good goalkeeper will attempt to ensure that the recoil can not be taken by a actor of the opposing team, although this is not constantly potential. Because goalkeepers can spend the majority of a match without much legal action they need identical good concentration in the consequence of the opposition going on the attack at any one time. Goalkeepers besides need thoroughly ‘anticipation ‘ meaning they can ‘read ‘ where the ball is going to go and react by moving before the ball is kicked or headed and cursorily decide whenever to catch, punch or palm the ball .

Responsibilities [edit ]

A goalkeeper ( right ) making a save The tactical responsibilities of goalkeepers include :

To keep goal by physically blocking attempted shots with any part of their body. The keeper is permitted to play the ball anywhere on the field, but may not handle the ball using hands or outstretched arms outside of their penalty area.
To organise the team’s defenders during defensive set pieces such as free kicks and corners. In the case of free kicks, this includes picking the numbers and the organisation of a defensive man “wall”. The wall serves to provide a physical barrier to the incoming ball, but some goalkeepers position their wall in a certain position to tempt the kick-taker to a certain type of shot. Occasionally, goalkeepers may opt to dispense with the wall. Some goalkeepers are also entrusted with the responsibility of picking markers while defending at set pieces.
To pick out crosses and attempted long passes either by collecting them in flight or punching them clear if heavily challenged by opposing strikers.

Although goalkeepers have special privileges, including the ability to handle the musket ball in the punishment area, they are otherwise submit to the lapp rules as any early musician.

Playmaking and attack [edit ]

Goalkeepers are not required to stay in the penalty area ; they may get involved in play anywhere on the peddle, and it is coarse for them to act as an extra defender ( or ‘sweeper ‘ ) during sealed passages of the game. Goalkeepers with a long hurl range or accurate long-distance kicks may be able to promptly create attacking positions for a team and generate goal-scoring chances from defensive situations, a tactic known as the long ball .
Gyula Grosics from the Hungary “ Golden Team “ of the 1950s was thought to be the first goalkeeper to play as the ‘sweeper-keeper ‘. [ 22 ] Tommy Lawrence has besides been credited with revolutionising the function of the goalkeeper by effectively acting as an 11th outfield musician. [ 23 ] The rushing play stylus used by Liverpool caption Bruce Grobbelaar seen during the 1980s–90s makes him one of the original sweeper-keepers of the modern earned run average. [ 24 ] René Higuita was another who became known for his irregular, nice but sometimes heedless techniques. [ 25 ] As of 2011, Manuel Neuer has been described as a sweeper-keeper due to his speed and unique style of shimmer which occasionally includes him acting as a sweeper for his team by rushing off his line to anticipate fight forwards who have beaten the offside trap. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] With his excellent ball control and distribution, which enables him to start plays from the back, [ 26 ] [ 27 ] he has said he could play in the german third part as a centre-back if he wanted to. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Hugo Lloris of Tottenham Hotspur and France and early goalkeepers Fabien Barthez and Edwin van five hundred Sar, have besides been described as sweeper-keepers, [ 30 ] [ 31 ] while Claudio Bravo and Ederson Moraes have even been described as playmakers in the media. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] early players who have been labelled “ sweeper-keepers ” in the media include Marc-Andre Ter Stegen of FC Barcelona and Germany, spanish erstwhile goalkeeper Iker Casillas, and erstwhile Soviet custodian Lev Yashin, the latter of whom is frequently cited by pundits as one of the goalkeepers who pioneered the function of the sweeper-keeper. [ 35 ] Sweeper-keepers have been popularised by managers who normally employ tactics inspired by total football, such as Johan Cruyff and Pep Guardiola, for exercise, and are chosen not only for their shot-stopping and goalkeeping abilities, but besides ascribable to their skill with the ball at their feet, their ability to pick out passes and contribute to the build-up looseness of their team, and their focal ratio when rushing out of the penalty area to anticipate opponents, which enables their team to maintain a senior high school defensive telephone line. It is not without risk, as a goalkeeper being sol far from the penalty area can lead to spectacular long range lob goals if they or their team lose possession, vitamin a well as risking being red carded if they run out to challenge an adversary but foul them or handball a changeable by mistake .

Goalscorers [edit ]

Rogério Ceni is the highest-scoring goalkeeper of all time, with over 100 career goals. Some goalkeepers have scored goals. other than by accident when a long kick clearance reaches the other end of the plain and evades the opposing goalkeeper with the aid of firm winds and/or unexpected bounces, this most normally occurs where a goalkeeper has rushed up to the opposite end of the lurch to give his team a numerical advantage in attack, leaving his own goal assailable. As such, it is normally only done belated in a crippled at set-pieces where the consequences of scoring far outweigh those of conceding a further finish, such as for a team trail in a knock-out tournament. Some goalkeepers, such as Higuita, Rogério Ceni, Hans-Jörg Butt and José Luis Chilavert, are besides expert set-piece takers. These players may take their team ‘s attacking free kicks or penalties. Rogério Ceni, São Paulo ‘s goalkeeper from 1992 to 2015, has scored 132 goals in his career, more than many outfield players. [ 36 ] [ 37 ]

equipment and overdress [edit ]

Goalkeepers must wear kit that distinguishes them clearly from other players and pit officials, as this is all that the FIFA Laws of the Game necessitate. Some goalkeepers have received recognition for their catch attire, like Lev Yashin of the Soviet Union, who was nicknamed the “ Black Spider ” for his classifiable all-black kit ; [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Klaus Lindenberger of Austria, who designed his own variation of a clown ‘s costume ; Jorge Campos of Mexico, who was popular for his colorful attire ; [ 40 ] Raul Plassmann of Cruzeiro Esporte Clube and his all-yellow equip ; and Gábor Király for wearing a pair of grey tracksuit bottoms alternatively of shorts. [ 41 ] Although it was initially more common for goalkeepers to wear long-sleeved jerseys, recently several goalkeepers, such as Gianluigi Buffon, have besides been known to wear short-sleeves. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Most goalkeepers besides wear gloves to improve their grapple on the ball, and to protect themselves from injury. Some gloves now include rigid plastic spines down each finger to help prevent injuries such as jam, fractured, and sprained fingers. Though gloves are not mandate overdress, it is rare for goalkeepers to opt against them due to the advantages they offer. [ citation needed ] At UEFA Euro 2004, Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo famously took off his gloves during the quarter-final penalty shoot-out against England, knowing he was the next taker for his slope. He then went on to save Darius Vassell ‘s penalty using his bare hands before scoring his own recoil to win it for Portugal. [ 46 ] [ failed verification ] Though rare, goalkeepers are permitted to wear visored headgear ( such as a baseball cap ) to minimize glare from bright sunlight, or a pucker cap to insulate from cold weather, at any meter if they elect to do so. After recovering from a near-fatal skull fracture that he had sustained in 2006, Petr Čech wore a rugby-style scrum hood during his matches for the rest of his playing career. [ 47 ]

Careers and injuries [edit ]

Goalkeepers have a very physically demanding speculate. They are the lone players allowed to use their hands, except for throw-ins. Because of this, goalkeepers are much injured during breakaways, corner kicks, and free kicks since they put their bodies on the line. several celebrated goalkeepers have been injured in ways their counterparts could not possibly sustain. For exercise, Petr Čech received a headway injury after colliding with another player during a 2006 game. He made his introduction match a couple of months late wearing a rugby-style headpiece. however, some goalkeepers manage to avoid wound and continue to play, many not retiring until their late 30s or early 40s. notably, Peter Shilton played for 31 years between 1966 and 1997 before retiring at the long time of 47. In general, goalkeepers can sustain any injury to which their outfield counterparts are vulnerable. Common lower and amphetamine extremity injuries include cartilage tears, anterior cruciate ligament tears, and knee sprains. On the other hand, goalkeepers rarely fall victim to fatigue-related injuries, such as leg cramps, pulled hamstrings, and dehydration. [ 49 ] Shoulder injuries can be caused by heavy contact with the ground and can cause significant long term injuries as passing of the range of motion can cause a complete inability to do their job. Vedran Janjetovic suffered such a liaison injury play in an A-League match on 25 January 2019 after diving to make a save. After playing 9 games on painkilling injections he undergo experimental surgery that required a two and a half year recovery and caused him to miss two stallion seasons. [ 50 ]

Records [edit ]

Goalkeepers are all-important in penalty shoot-outs. The commemorate for most penalties saved in a shoot-out is held entirely by Ugandan, Denis Onyango. He saved five punishment gunfight kicks to help his club, Mamelodi Sundowns edge Cape Town City 3-2 on penalties at the MTN 8 tournament South Africa in October 2021. second smudge is shared by Helmuth Duckadam of Steaua București in the 1986 european Cup Final against Barcelona, [ 51 ] and Ciarán Kelly for Sligo Rovers against Shamrock Rovers in the 2010 FAI Cup Final, both of whom who saved all four penalties faced. [ 52 ] Ray Clemence holds the record for the most clean sheets in the history of football, with 460 in more than 1000 official matches [ 53 ] Stefano Tacconi is the only goalkeeper to have won all official golf club competitions for which he was eligible. [ 54 ] Goalkeeper Ned Doig, who spent most of his career with Sunderland, set a 19th-century populace commemorate by not conceding any goals in 87 of his 290 peak division appearances ( 30 % ). [ 55 ] Rogério Ceni has scored the most goals for a goalkeeper, having recorded 131 goals through free kicks and penalties across his 23-year career. [ 56 ] Tony Read and José Luis Chilavert are the only goalkeepers to score a hat-trick ( three goals in a game ), with all three goals coming from punishment kicks. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Gianluigi Buffon is the only goalkeeper to have won the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year Award. [ 59 ] Oliver Kahn holds the record for most UEFA Best Club Goalkeeper and Best European Goalkeeper Awards, with four. [ 60 ] Iker Casillas holds the read for most appearances by a goalkeeper in the FIFPro World11 and in the UEFA Team of the year, american samoa well as most IFFHS World ‘s Best goalkeeper Awards, aboard Buffon and Manuel Neuer, [ 61 ] winning the prize for five back-to-back years between 2008 and 2012. [ 62 ] Casillas holds the record for the most clean sheets in UEFA Champions League history. [ 63 ] At the international grade, Dino Zoff has remained unbeaten for the longest period of time, [ 64 ] whilst Walter Zenga holds the record for longest unbeaten run in a FIFA World Cup tournament at 517 minutes. [ 65 ] Gianluigi Buffon, Fabien Barthez and Iker Casillas hold the record for few goals conceded by a winning goalkeeper in a World Cup tournament at two each. [ citation needed ] Buffon is the merely World Cup–winning goalkeeper not to have conceded a finish in open playing period throughout the entire tournament, one finish having resulted from an own goal after a spare bang, the other from a penalty. [ citation needed ] Fabien Barthez and Peter Shilton hold the record for most clean sheets in World Cup matches, with ten-spot each. [ 66 ] Mohamed Al-Deayea holds the record for most international caps by a male goalkeeper, with one 178 official appearances for Saudi Arabia. [ 67 ] Hope Solo of the United States holds the record for most external caps by a female goalkeeper, with 202 appearances. [ 68 ] pascal Zuberbühler holds the record for fewest goals conceded by a goalkeeper in a World Cup tournament, and besides went a record five consecutive matches at an external tournament without conceding a goal. He did not concede a goal in 463 minutes of World Cup play against France, Korea, and Togo —making Switzerland the only team in the history of the tournament not to concede a goal in normal time. [ citation needed ] Tim Howard holds the commemorate for most saves made in a FIFA World Cup match, with sixteen against Belgium in the round of 16 of the 2014 tournament. [ citation needed ] Oliver Kahn is the only goalkeeper to have won the Adidas Golden Ball for the best player of the tournament in a World Cup doing sol in 2002. Lev Yashin is the merely goalkeeper to have won the Ballon d’Or, given to the best player of the year. [ citation needed ] In 2021, Gianluigi Donnarumma became the inaugural goalkeeper to win the player of the tournament award at UEFA Euro 2020. [ 69 ] Gianluca Pagliuca of Italy became the first gear goalkeeper to be sent off in a World Cup finals meet, dismissed for handling outside his sphere against Norway in 1994. [ citation needed ] His team went on to win 1–0 and reached the concluding earlier losing to Brazil in a penalty shoot-out, in which Pagliuca became the first goalkeeper ever to stop a penalty in a World Cup Final shoot-out. [ citation needed ] Iker Casillas holds both the record for fewest goals conceded in a UEFA european Championship ( alone one in 2012 ), and the record for longest unbeaten discharge at a european Championship, beating the former record held by Dino Zoff. [ 70 ] He besides holds the records for most external clean sheets ( 102 ) by a male goalkeeper, beating the former record held by Edwin vanguard five hundred Sar ( 72 ), and became the inaugural goalkeeper in history, male or female, to keep 100 uninfected sheets at international level in 2015 ; he besides shares with Hope Solo the overall men ‘s and women ‘s record for most international clean sheets. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Buffon holds the record for most minutes without conceding a goal in european Championship qualifying matches at 644. [ 73 ]

Highest fees [edit ]

As of August 2018, the most expensive goalkeeper of all time is Kepa Arrizabalaga, following his 2018 € 80 million ( £71 million ) transplant to Chelsea from Athletic Bilbao .