Kyrgyzstan

country in Central Asia
“ Kirghizia ” redirects here. For the Soviet republic, see Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic Coordinates :
Kyrgyzstan ( Kyrgyz : Кыргызстан, romanized : Kyrgyzstan ), officially the Kyrgyz Republic ( Kyrgyz : Кыргыз Республикасы, romanized : Kyrgyz Respublikasy ; russian : Киргизская Республика, romanized : Kirgizskaya Respublika ), is a mountainous landlocked area in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. cultural Kyrgyz make up the majority of the state ‘s six million people, followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians. The Kyrgyz speech is closely related to early Turkic languages, although russian remains talk and is a co-official speech. Ninety percentage of Kyrgyzstan ‘s population are Muslim, with the majority of its population following Sunni Islam. [ 8 ] In addition to its Turkic origins, Kyrgyz culture bears elements of Iranic, Mongolian and russian influence.

Reading: Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan ‘s history spans a kind of cultures and empires. Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of several great civilizations as part of the Silk Road and early commercial routes. Inhabited by a succession of tribes and clans, Kyrgyzstan has sporadically fallen under larger domination. Between periods of self-government it was ruled by Göktürks, the Uyghur Empire and the Khitan people, before being conquered by the Mongols in the thirteenth hundred ; it regained independence but was invaded by Kalmyks, Manchus and Uzbeks. In 1876, it became part of the Russian Empire, and in 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was formed to become a component republic of the Soviet Union. Following Mikhail Gorbachev ‘s democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president of the united states. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from Moscow and a democratic government was established. Kyrgyzstan attained reign as a nation express after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. After independence, Kyrgyzstan was officially a unitary presidential democracy, then between 2010 and 2021 was formally a unitary parliamentary republic, although it gradually developed an executive president of the united states and was governed as a semi-presidential republic before reverting to a presidential system in 2021. Throughout its universe, the area has continued to endure cultural conflicts, [ 9 ] [ 10 ] revolts, [ 11 ] economic troubles, [ 12 ] [ 13 ] transitional governments [ 14 ] and political dispute. [ 15 ] Kyrgyzstan is a extremity of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the eurasian Economic Union, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Turkic Council, the Türksoy community and the United Nations. It is a develop area ranked 120th in the Human Development Index, and the second inadequate state in Central Asia. The nation ‘s transition economy is heavily pendent on deposits of amber, ember and uranium .

etymology [edit ]

Kyrgyz is believed to have been derived from the Turkic son for “ forty ”, about the forty clans of Manas, a fabled hero who united forty regional clans against the Uyghurs. Literally, Kyrgyz means “ We are forty ”. At the time, in the early ninth hundred AD, the Uyghurs dominated much of Central Asia ( including Kyrgyzstan ), Mongolia, and parts of contemporary Russia and China. [ 16 ] -Stan is a suffix in persian meaning “ invest of ” or “ area ”. The 40-ray sunday on the flag of Kyrgyzstan is a citation to those lapp forty tribes and the graphic element in the sun ‘s center depicts the wooden crown, called tunduk, of a yurt —a portable dwelling traditionally used by nomads in the steppes of Central Asia. The country ‘s official appoint is “Kyrgyz Republic,” used in external arenas and extraneous relations. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] In the english-speaking earth, the spelling Kyrgyzstan is normally used, while its former name Kirghizia [ a ] is rarely used. [ 19 ]

history [edit ]

early history [edit ]

According to David C. King, Scythians were early settlers in contemporary Kyrgyzstan. [ 21 ] The Kyrgyz country reached its greatest expansion after defeating the Uyghur Khaganate in 840 AD. [ 22 ] From the tenth century the Kyrgyz migrated arsenic far as the Tian Shan range and maintained their authority over this district for about 200 years. In the twelfth hundred the Kyrgyz dominion had shrunk to the Altay Range and Sayan Mountains as a result of the Mongol expansion. With the wax of the Mongol Empire in the thirteenth hundred, the Kyrgyz migrated south. The Kyrgyz peacefully became a part of the Mongol Empire in 1207. Issyk Kul Lake was a stop on the Silk Road, a land route for traders, merchants, and other travelers from the Far East to Europe .
Kyrgyz tribes were overrun in the seventeenth century by the Mongols, in the mid-18th century by the manchurian Qing dynasty, and in the early nineteenth century by the Uzbek Khanate of Kokand. [ 23 ]

russian conquest [edit ]

In the late nineteenth hundred, the easterly character of what is today Kyrgyzstan, chiefly the Issyk-Kul Region, was ceded to the russian empire by Qing China through the Treaty of Tarbagatai. [ 24 ] The territory, then known in russian as “ Kirghizia ”, was formally incorporated into the Empire in 1876. The russian coup d’etat was met with numerous revolts, and many of the Kyrgyz opted to relocate to the Pamir Mountains and Afghanistan. In addition, the inhibition of the 1916 rebellion against russian rule in Central Asia caused many Kyrgyz late to migrate to China. [ 25 ] Since many cultural groups in the region were ( and still are ) split between neighboring states at a clock time when borders were more holey and less regulated, it was common to move rear and forth over the mountains, depending on where life was perceived as better ; this might mean better rains for crop or well government during oppression .

soviet Kyrgyzstan [edit ]

soviet power was initially established in the area in 1919, and the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was created within the russian SFSR ( the phrase Kara-Kirghiz was used until the mid-1920s by the Russians to distinguish them from the Kazakhs, who were besides referred to as Kirghiz ). On 5 December 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was established as a part Union Republic of the Soviet Union. During the 1920s, Kyrgyzstan developed well in cultural, educational, and social life. Literacy was greatly improved, and a great focus was put on Kyrgyz national identity. [ 26 ] Economic and social development besides was celebrated. The early years of glasnost had little effect on the political climate in Kyrgyzstan. however, the Republic ‘s wardrobe was permitted to adopt a more liberal position and to establish a fresh publication, Literaturny Kirghizstan, by the Union of Writers. unofficial political groups were forbidden, but several groups that emerged in 1989 to deal with the acute housing crisis were permitted to function. According to the last soviet census in 1989, ethnic Kyrgyz made up entirely 22 % of the residents of the northerly city of Frunze ( now Bishkek ), while more than 60 % were Russians, Ukrainians, and people from other Slavic nations. about 10 % of the capital ‘s population were Jewish ( a preferably alone fact, for about any place in the Soviet Union, except the Jewish Autonomous Oblast ) .
In June 1990, ethnic tensions between Uzbeks and Kyrgyz surfaced in the Osh Oblast ( southerly Kyrgyzstan ), where Uzbeks form a minority of the population. [ 27 ] The tensions between Kyrgyzs and Uzbeks in Osis led to 186 deaths. [ 28 ] Attempts to appropriate Uzbek collective farms for caparison development triggered the Osh Riots. A state of emergency and curfew were introduced [ 29 ] and Askar Akayev, the youngest of five sons born into a class of collective farm workers ( in northern Kyrgyzstan ), was elected president in October of that same class. By then, the Kyrgyzstan democratic Movement ( KDM ) had developed into a significant political storm with back in Parliament. On 15 December 1990, the Supreme Soviet voted to change the democracy ‘s name to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. The surveil January, Akayev introduced new government structures and appointed a newfangled cabinet composed chiefly of younger, reform-oriented politicians. In February 1991, the name of the capital, Frunze, was changed spinal column to its pre-revolutionary identify of Bishkek. [ 30 ] Despite these political moves toward independence, economic realities seemed to work against secession from the Soviet Union. In a referendum on the preservation of the Soviet Union in March 1991, 88.7 % of the voters approved the marriage proposal to retain the Soviet Union as a “ renewed federation ”. Nevertheless, secessionist forces pushed Kyrgyzstan ‘s independence through in August of that like class. On 19 August 1991, when the State Emergency Committee assumed power in Moscow, there was an attack to depose Akayev in Kyrgyzstan. After the coup collapsed the following week, Akayev and Vice President German Kuznetsov announced their resignations from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU ), and the entire chest of drawers and secretariat resigned. This was followed by the Supreme Soviet vote declaring independence from the Soviet Union on 31 August 1991 as the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. [ 31 ]

independence [edit ]

In October 1991, Akayev ran unopposed and was elected president of the new freelancer Republic by mastermind ballot, receiving 95 percentage of the votes cast. together with the representatives of seven early Republics that same calendar month, he signed the Treaty of the New Economic Community. last, on 21 December 1991, Kyrgyzstan joined with the other four cardinal asian Republics to formally enter the newly Commonwealth of Independent States. Kyrgyzstan gained full independence a few days subsequently on 25 December 1991. The stick to day, on 26 December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. In 1992, Kyrgyzstan joined the United Nations and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ). On 5 May 1993, the official name changed from the Republic of Kyrgyzstan to the Kyrgyz Republic. In 2005, a popular get up known as the “ Tulip Revolution “, took rate after the parliamentary elections in March 2005, forced President Askar Akayev ‘s resignation on 4 April 2005. opposition leaders formed a alliance, and a new government was formed under President Kurmanbek Bakiyev and Prime Minister Feliks Kulov. The nation ‘s capital was looted during the protests. political stability appeared to be elusive, however, as versatile groups and factions allegedly linked to organized crime jockey for ability. Three of the 75 members of Parliament elected in March 2005 were assassinated, and another member was assassinated on 10 May 2006 shortly after winning his murdered brother ‘s seat in a by-election. All four are reputed to have been immediately involved in major illegal business ventures. [ according to whom? ] On 6 April 2010, civil unrest broke out in the township of Talas after a demonstration against government corruption and increased life expenses. The protests became violent, spreading to Bishkek by the following day. Protesters attacked President Bakiyev ‘s offices, ampere well as state-run radio and television receiver stations. There were conflicting reports that Interior Minister Moldomusa Kongatiyev had been beaten. On 7 April 2010, President Bakiyev imposed a department of state of emergency. Police and special services arrested many resistance leaders. In reception, protesters took control of the internal security headquarters ( former KGB headquarters ) and a state television duct in the capital, Bishkek. [ citation needed ] Reports by Kyrgyzstan government officials indicated that at least 75 people were killed and 458 hospitalized in bloody clashes with police in the capital. [ 32 ] Reports say that at least 80 people died as a result of clashes with police. A conversion government, led by former alien minister Roza Otunbayeva, by 8 April 2010 had taken control of state of matter media and government facilities in the capital, but Bakiyev had not resigned from agency. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] President Bakiyev returned to his home in Jalal-Abad and stated his terms of resignation at a press conference on 13 April 2010. [ 35 ] On 15 April 2010, Bakiyev left the state and flew to neighboring Kazakhstan, along with his wife and two children. The country ‘s probationary leaders announced that Bakiyev signed a formal letter of resignation anterior to his passing. [ 36 ] Prime Minister Daniar Usenov accused Russia of supporting the protests ; this accusation was denied by russian Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin. opposition members besides called for the close of the US-controlled Manas Air Base. [ 37 ] Russia ‘s President Dmitry Medvedev ordered measures to ensure the condom of russian nationals and stiffen security around Russian sites in Kyrgyzstan to protect them against potential attacks. The 2010 South Kyrgyzstan cultural clashes occurred between the two main heathen groups—the Uzbeks and Kyrgyz—in Osh, the second-largest city in the area, on 11 June 2010. The clashes incited fears that the area could be heading towards a civil war. [ 38 ] [ 39 ]
Nomads in Kyrgyzstan Finding it difficult to control the position, Otunbayeva, the interim leader, sent a letter to the Russian president, Dimitry Medvedev, asking him to send russian troops to help the country control the situation. Medvedev ‘s Press Attaché, Natalya Timakova, said in a answer to the letter, “ It is an internal battle and for now Russia does not see the conditions for taking separate in its resoluteness ”. The clashes caused a dearth of food and other essential commodities with more than 200 killed and 1,685 people hurt, as of 12 June 2010. The russian government, however, said it would be sending humanitarian help to the troubled nation. [ 40 ] According to local sources, there was a collide between two local gangs and it did not take long for the ferocity to spread to the rest of the city. There were besides reports that the arm forces supported ethnic Kyrgyz gangs entering the city, but the government denied the allegations. [ 40 ] The riots spread to neighboring areas, and the government declared a express of emergency in the stallion southern Jalal-Abad region. To control the situation, the interim government gave especial shoot-to-kill powers to the security forces. The russian government decided to send a battalion to the country to protect russian facilities. [ 41 ]
Otunbayeva accused the family of Bakiyev of “ instigating the riots ”. [ 42 ] AFP reported “ a veil of smoke covering the whole city ”. Authorities in neighboring Uzbekistan said at least 30,000 Uzbeks had crossed the border to escape the riots. [ 41 ] Osh became relatively composure on 14 June 2010, but Jalal-Abad witnessed sporadic incidents of arson. The stallion region was still under a express of emergency as Uzbeks were reluctant to leave their houses for fear of attacks by the mob. The United Nations decided to send an envoy to assess the situation. [ 43 ]
Temir Sariyev, deputy foreman of the interim government, said there were local clashes and that it was not possible [ for the government ] to in full control the situation. He added that there were not sufficient security forces to contain the violence. Media agencies reported on 14 June 2010 that the russian politics was considering a request by the Kyrgyz government. An emergency meeting of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation ( CSTO ) was held on the same day ( 14 June ) to discuss the role it could play in helping to end the violence. ethnic ferocity waned, according to the Kyrgyz government, by 15 June 2010 and Kyrgyz president of the united states Roza Otunbayeva held a newsworthiness conference that day and declared that there was no want for Russia to send in troops to quell the violence. There were at least 170 people left all in by 15 June 2010 but Pascale Meige Wagner of the International Committee of the Red Cross said the [ official ] death price was an underestimate. The UN High Commissioner told reporters in Geneva that evidence suggested that the violence seemed to have been staged up. heathen uzbek threatened to blow up an petroleum storehouse in Osh if they failed to get guarantees of protection. The United Nations said it believed that the attacks were “ orchestrated, targeted and well-planned ”. Kyrgyz officials told the media that a person suspected to be behind the violence in Jalal-Abad had been detained. [ 44 ] On 2 August 2010, a Kyrgyz government mission began investigating the causes of the clashes. Members of the National Commission, led by erstwhile parliament speaker Abdygany Erkebaev, met with people from the predominantly heathen Uzbek villages of Mady, Shark, and Kyzyl-Kyshtak in the Kara-Suu zone of Osh Oblast. This National Commission, including representatives of many heathen groups, was established by a presidential decree. President Roza Otunbayeva besides said in August 2010 that an international commission would be formed to investigate the clashes. [ 45 ] The international commission conducted an across-the-board investigation and prepared a report – The Independent international commission of inquiry into the events in southern Kyrgyzstan in June 2010 ( KIC ). [ 46 ] It stated that “ The probationary Government, which had assumed power two months before the events, either failed to recognize or underestimated the deterioration in inter-ethnic relations in southern Kyrgyzstan ”. The KIC concluded that the “ probationary Government had the province to ensure that the security forces were adequately trained and appropriately equipped to deal with situations of civil unrest ” but were unable to take necessity measures. As of today, Kyrgyzstan celebrates its Independence Day annually on August 31, the anniversary of its declaration of independence in 1991. Since independence, Kyrgyzstan has made some impressive developments such as creating truly release news media and fostering an active political opposition. [ 47 ] In deep April 2021, a conflict over water escalated into one of the most good border clashes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan since independence in 1991. [ 48 ] [ 49 ]

geography [edit ]

Kyrgyzstan ‘s topography Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked state in Central Asia, bordering Kazakhstan, China, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It lies between latitudes 39° and 44° N, and longitudes 69° and 81° e. It is farther from the sea than any other individual country, and all its rivers flow into closed drain systems which do not reach the sea. The mountainous area of the Tian Shan covers over 80 % of the nation ( Kyrgyzstan is occasionally referred to as “ the Switzerland of Central Asia ”, as a solution ), [ 50 ] with the end made up of valleys and basins .
A map of Kyrgyzstan Issyk-Kul Lake, or Ysyk-Köl in Kyrgyz, in the north-eastern Tian Shan is the largest lake in Kyrgyzstan and the second base largest mountain lake in the populace after Titicaca. The lowest luff is in Kara-Daryya ( Karadar’ya ) at 132 meters and the highest peaks are in the Kakshaal-Too range, forming the taiwanese border. Peak Jengish Chokusu, at 7,439 m ( 24,406 foot ), is the highest distributor point and is considered by geologists to be the northernmost vertex over 7,000 m ( 22,966 foot ) in the earth. Heavy snow in winter leads to leap floods which much cause serious damage downriver. The runoff from the mountains is besides used for hydro-electricity. Kyrgyzstan has meaning deposits of metals including amber and rare-earth metals. Due to the state ‘s predominantly cragged terrain, less than 8 % of the land is cultivated, and this is concentrated in the northern lowlands and the fringes of the Fergana Valley. Bishkek in the north is the capital and largest city, with 937,400 inhabitants ( as of 2015 ). The second city is the ancient town of Osh, located in the Fergana Valley near the border with Uzbekistan. The chief river is the Kara Darya, which flows west through the Fergana Valley into Uzbekistan. Across the border in Uzbekistan it meets another major Kyrgyz river, the Naryn. The confluence forms the Syr Darya, which in the first place flowed into the Aral Sea. As of 2010, it no longer reaches the sea, as its water is withdrawn upriver to irrigate cotton fields in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and southern Kazakhstan. The Chu River besides briefly flows through Kyrgyzstan before entering Kazakhstan. Kyrgyzstan contains seven planetary ecosystems : Tian Shan montane conifer forests, Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe, Gissaro-Alai open woodlands, Tian Shan foothill arid steppe, Pamir alpine desert and tundra, Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows, and Central Asian northerly desert. [ 51 ] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.86/10, ranking it 13th globally out of 172 countries. [ 52 ]

climate [edit ]

Kyrgyzstan function of Köppen climate classification The climate varies regionally. The low-lying Fergana Valley in the southwest is subtropical and highly hot in summer, with temperatures reaching 40 °C ( 104 °F ) The northerly foothills are temperate and the Tian Shan varies from dry continental to polar climate, depending on elevation. In the coldest areas temperatures are sub-zero for around 40 days in winter, and even some desert areas know constant snow in this time period. In the lowlands the temperature ranges from around −6 °C ( 21 °F ) in January to 24 °C ( 75 °F ) in July .

Climate transfer [edit ]

Enclaves and exclaves [edit ]

There is one exclave, the bantam village of Barak [ 57 ] ( population 627 ), in the Fergana Valley. The greenwich village is surrounded by Uzbek territory. It is located on the road from Osh ( Kyrgyzstan ) to Khodjaabad ( Uzbekistan ) about 4 kilometres ( 2 miles ) north-west from the Kyrgyz–Uzbek border in the direction of Andijan. [ 58 ] Barak is administratively depart of Kara-Suu District in Kyrgyzstan ‘s Osh Region. There are four Uzbek enclaves within Kyrgyzstan. Two of them are the towns of Sokh, with an area of 325 km2 ( 125 sq nautical mile ) and a population of 42,800 in 1993—although some estimates go adenine high as 70,000 ( 99 % are Tajiks, the remainder Uzbeks ) ; and Shakhimardan ( besides known as Shahimardan, Shohimardon, or Shah-i-Mardan, area 90 km2 ( 35 sq mile ) and a population of 5,100 in 1993 ; 91 % are Uzbeks, the end Kyrgyz ) ; the other two are the bantam territories of Chong-Kara ( roughly 3 km ( 2 myocardial infarction ) long by 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) wide ) and Jangy-ayyl ( a dot of land barely 2–3 km ( 1–2 myocardial infarction ) across ). Chong-Kara is on the Sokh river, between the Uzbek molding and the Sokh enclave. Jangy-ayyl is about 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) east of Batken, in a north projection of the Kyrgyz-Uzbek border near Khalmion. There are besides two enclaves belonging to Tajikistan : Vorukh ( exclave area between 95–130 km2 ( 37–50 sq nautical mile ), population estimated between 23,000 and 29,000, 95 % Tajiks and 5 % Kyrgyz, distributed among 17 villages ), located 45 kilometres ( 28 myocardial infarction ) south of Isfara on the right bank of the Karafshin river, and a little settlement near the Kyrgyz railroad track station of Kairagach .

Politics [edit ]

political system [edit ]

The 1993 constitution defines the form of government as a democratic unicameral republic. The executive branch includes a president and prime minister. The parliament presently is unicameral. The judicial arm comprises a Supreme Court, local courts and a Chief Prosecutor. In March 2002, in the southern zone of Aksy, five people protesting the arbitrary arrest of an opposition politician were shot dead by patrol, sparking nationally protests. President Askar Akayev initiated a constitutional reform process which initially included the engagement of a broad range of politics, civil and social representatives in an open negotiation, leading to a February 2003 referendum marred by voting irregularities .
The amendments to the constitution approved by the referendum resulted in stronger see by the president and weakened the fantan and the Constitutional Court. parliamentary elections for a new, 75-seat unicameral legislature were held on 27 February and 13 March 2005, but were widely viewed as corrupt. The subsequent protests led to a bloodless coup d’etat on 24 March 2005, after which Akayev fled the state with his family and was replaced by acting president of the united states Kurmanbek Bakiyev ( see : Tulip Revolution ). On 10 July 2005, acting president of the united states Bakiyev won the presidential election in a landslide, with 88.9 % of the vote, and was inaugurated on 14 August. however, initial public support for the new administration well declined in subsequent months as a result of its apparent inability to solve the corruptness problems that had plagued the area since its independence from the Soviet Union, along with the murders of several members of fantan. large-scale protests against president Bakiyev took rate in Bishkek in April and November 2006, with opposition leaders accusing the president of the united states of failing to live up to his election promises to reform the nation ‘s constitution and transfer many of his presidential powers to parliament. [ 59 ]
Kyrgyzstan is besides a extremity of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ), a league of 56 participating states committed to peace, foil, and the protective covering of human rights in Eurasia. As an OSCE participating State, Kyrgyzstan ‘s external commitments are capable to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. In December 2008, the state-owned broadcast KTRK announced that it would require prior meekness of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty programmes, which KTRK are required to retransmit according to a 2005 agreement. [ 60 ] KTRK had stopped retransmitting RFE/RL program in October 2008, a week after it failed to broadcast an RFE/RL broadcast called ‘Inconvenient Questions ‘ which covered the October elections, claiming to have lost the missing material. President Bakiyev had criticised this program in September 2008, while KTRK told RFE/RL that its programming was besides negative. Reporters Without Borders, which ranks Kyrgyzstan 111th out of 173 countries on its Press Freedom Index, strongly criticised the decision. On 3 February 2009, President Kurmanbek Bakiyev announced the at hand blockage of the Manas Air Base, the lone US military floor remaining in Central Asia. [ 61 ] The closure was approved by Parliament on 19 February 2009 by a vote of 78–1 for the government-backed bill. [ 62 ] however, after much behind-the-scenes negotiation between Kyrgyz, Russian and American diplomats, the decision was reversed in June 2009. The Americans were allowed to remain under a raw contract, whereby lease would increase from $ 17.4 million to $ 60 million annually. [ 63 ]
Kyrgyzstan is among the fifty countries in the world with the highest perceived grade of corruption : the 2016 Corruption Perception Index for Kyrgyzstan is 28 on a scale of 0 ( most bribe ) to 100 ( least corrupt ). [ 64 ] In 2010 another rotation erupted in the area ( see : April uprising ). President Kurmanbek Bakiyev together with his relatives including his son Maksim [ 65 ] and buddy Janish —were forced to flee to Kazakhstan and then sought mental hospital in Belarus. Roza Otunbayeva, who was appointed interim president, announced that she did not intend to run for the presidential elections in 2011. The election was held in November and won by the then-Prime Minister Almazbek Atambayev, drawing card of the Social Democratic Party, and Atambayev was sworn in as president of the united states on 1 December 2011. Omurbek Babanov was appointed choice curate on the like day and was confirmed on 23 December 2011. [ 66 ] In October 2017, Sooronbay Jeenbekov, a former prime minister backed by incumbent Almazbek Atambayev, was elected as the new President of Kyrgyzstan. [ 67 ] On 7 August 2019, the special Forces of Kyrgyzstan launched an operation against the residency of former President Almazbek Atambayev, purportedly based on charges of corruption made against him. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] In a merging of the Security Council, President Jeenbekov accused Atambayev of violating the constitution. [ 70 ] In October 2020, President Sooronbay Jeenbekov resigned after protests caused by irregularities in parliamentary elections on 4 October 2020. [ 71 ] In January 2021, Sadyr Japarov was elected as the new president after winning the presidential election by landslide. [ 72 ] In April 2021, the majority of voters approved in the constituent referendum a new united states constitution that will give raw powers to the president, significantly strengthening the baron of the presidency. [ 73 ]

military [edit ]

Kyrgyz soldiers conducting mine swing exercises. The armed forces of Kyrgyzstan were formed after the flop of the Soviet Union and dwell of the Land Forces, Air Forces, home troops, National Guard, and the margin guard. The military works with the US Armed Forces, which leased a facility named the Transit Center at Manas at Manas International Airport near Bishkek until June 2014. [ 74 ] In late years, the armed forces have begun developing better relations with Russia including signing modernization deals worth $ 1.1bn and partaking in more exercises with russian troops. [ 75 ] The Agency of National Security works with the military and serves similar purposes to its Soviet harbinger, the KGB. It oversees an elite counterterrorism special forces unit known as “ Alfa ”, the lapp name used by other erstwhile soviet countries, including Russia and Uzbekistan. The police are commanded by the Ministry of the Interior Affairs, along with the bound guard. [ 76 ]

Human rights [edit ]

Kyrgyzstan is classified as a “ loanblend regimen “ in the Democracy Index, ranking 107th out of 167 for 2020. [ 77 ] Kyrgyzstan was besides ranked “ not free ” in the 2021 Freedom in the World report with a sexual conquest of 28/100. In 2020, it was ranked “ partially free ” with a score of 39/100. [ 78 ] After the installation of a more democratic politics, many human rights violations however take place. The country is performing well compared to other states in Central Asia and the freedom of the urge is still improving. In a motivate that alarmed human-rights groups, dozens of outstanding Uzbek religious and community leaders were arrested by security forces following the 2010 South Kyrgyzstan riots, including journalist and human-rights militant Azimzhan Askarov. [ 79 ] A police banning women under the senesce of 23 from traveling abroad without a parent or defender, with the function of “ increase ethical motive and conservation of the gene pool ” passed in the Kyrgyz parliament in June 2013. [ 80 ] american diplomats expressed concern in October 2014 when Kyrgyzstan lawmakers passed a law that imposes jail terms on gay-rights activists and others, including journalists, who create “ a convinced attitude toward non-traditional sexual relations. ” [ 81 ] Kyrgyzstani activist and journalist Azimzhan Askarov was sentenced to liveliness in prison in 2010. [ 82 ] On 24 January 2017, a Kyrgyz court has reinstated a sentence of life imprisonment for Askarov. [ 83 ]

administrative divisions [edit ]

Kyrgyzstan is divided into seven regions ( Kyrgyz : облустар ). The regions are subdivided into 44 districts ( Kyrgyz : аймактар, aymaqtar ; ). The districts are far subdivided into rural districts at the lowest level of government, which include all rural settlements ( aýyl ökmötü ) and villages without an associated municipal government. The cities of Bishkek and Osh have status “ submit importance ” and do not belong to any region. Each region is headed by an akim ( regional governor ) appointed by the president. District akims are appointed by regional akims.

economy [edit ]

A proportional representation of Kyrgyzstan exports, 2019 The National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic serves as the central bank of Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan was the ninth poorest nation in the early Soviet Union, and is today the second poor area in Central Asia after Tajikistan. 22.4 % of the state ‘s population lives below the poverty channel. [ 84 ] Despite the back of major western lenders, including the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ), the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, Kyrgyzstan has had economic difficulties following independence. initially, these were a result of the dissolution of the soviet trade bloc and leave passing of markets, which impeded the republic ‘s conversion to a demand economy. The government has reduced expenditures, ended most monetary value subsidies and introduced a value-added tax. Overall, the government appears committed to the transition to a grocery store economy. Through economic stabilization and reform, the politics seeks to establish a pattern of long-run consistent growth. Reforms led to Kyrgyzstan ‘s accession to the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) on 20 December 1998. The Kyrgyz economy was badly affected by the crumble of the Soviet Union and the result personnel casualty of its huge grocery store. In 1990, some 98 % of Kyrgyz exports went to other parts of the Soviet Union. therefore, the nation ‘s economic performance in the early 1990s was worse than any other former Soviet republic except war-torn Armenia, Azerbaijan and Tajikistan, as factories and state farms collapsed with the fade of their traditional markets in the erstwhile Soviet Union. While economic performance has improved well in the end few years, and particularly since 1998, difficulties remain in securing adequate fiscal revenues and providing an adequate social guard net. Remittances of around 800,000 Kyrgyz migrants working in Russia contribute to the economy however in holocene years, remittances have decreased. [ 85 ] [ 86 ] farming is an significant sector of the economy in Kyrgyzstan ( see farming in Kyrgyzstan ). By the early 1990s, the individual agricultural sector provided between one-third and one-half of some harvests. In 2002, farming accounted for 35.6 % of GDP and about half of employment. Kyrgyzstan ‘s terrain is mountainous, which accommodates livestock lift, the largest agricultural activity, so the resulting wool, meat and dairy products are major commodities. Main crops include pale yellow, sugar beets, potatoes, cotton, tobacco, vegetables, and fruit. As the prices of imported agrichemicals and petroleum are then high, much farm is being done by hand and by cavalry, as it was generations ago. agrarian action is a samara component of the industrial economy equally well as one of the most attractive sectors for alien investment. Kyrgyzstan is fat in mineral resources but has negligible petroleum and natural natural gas reserves ; it imports petroleum and gas. Among its mineral reserves are substantial deposits of coal, gold, uranium, antimony, and other valuable metals. Metallurgy is an authoritative diligence, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment in this battlefield. The government has actively encouraged extraneous involvement in extracting and processing gold from the Kumtor Gold Mine and other regions. The country ‘s plentiful water resources and mountainous terrain enable it to produce and export large quantities of hydroelectric energy. The principal exports are nonferrous metals and minerals, woollen goods and other agrarian products, electric department of energy and certain mastermind goods. Imports include petroleum and natural gasoline, ferric metals, chemicals, most machinery, wood and newspaper products, some foods and some construction materials. Its lead trade partners include Germany, Russia, China, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. After Beijing launched the Belt and Road Initiative ( BRI ) in 2013, China has expanded its economic presence and initiated a number of ample infrastructure projects in Kyrgyzstan. [ 87 ] In regards to telecommunication infrastructure, Kyrgyz Republic ranks death in central Asia in the World Economic Forum ‘s Network Readiness Index ( NRI ) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country ‘s information and communication technologies. Kyrgyz Republic ranked number 118 overall in the 2014 NRI rate, unaltered from 2013 ( see Networked Readiness Index ). Kyrgyzstan is ranked 78th among countries for economic exemption by the Heritage Institute. [ 88 ] The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have a significant negative shock on the Kyrgyz economy that is reliant on services, remittances and natural resources. As a consequence, in club to mitigate the economic shock and preserve much of the development progress achieved in recent years the World Bank will provide accompaniment by financing several projects in the state. [ 89 ]

tourism [edit ]

Issyk Kul Lake One of the most popular tourist destination points in Kyrgyzstan is the lake Issyk-Kul. numerous hotels, resorts and board houses are located along its northern shore. The most popular beach zones are in the city of Cholpon-Ata and the settlements nearby, such as Kara-Oi ( Dolinka ), Bosteri and Korumdy. The number of tourists visiting the lake was more than a million a year in 2006 and 2007. however, due to the economic and political instability in the region, the number has declined in holocene years. [ 90 ]

skill and technology [edit ]

The headquarters of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences is located in Bishkek, where respective research institutes are located. Kyrgyz researchers are developing utilitarian technologies based on lifelike products, such as heavy alloy redress for purifying barren urine. [ 91 ] Kyrgyzstan was ranked 94th in the Global Innovation Index in 2020, down from 90th in 2019. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ]

Demographics [edit ]

[96] Population density of Kyrgyzstan, 2015 Kyrgyzstan ‘s population is estimated at 6,586,600 in August 2020. [ 97 ] Of those, 34.4 % are under the age of 15 and 6.2 % are over 65. The nation is rural : lone about one-third of the population live in urban areas. The average population density is 25 people per km2 .

cultural groups [edit ]

The state ‘s largest heathen group are the Kyrgyz, a Turkic people, who comprise 73.3 % of the population. other heathen groups include Russians ( 5.6 % ) concentrated in the north and Uzbeks ( 14.6 % ) live in the south. Small but obtrusive minorities include Dungans ( 1.1 % ), Uyghurs ( 1.1 % ), Tajiks ( 1.1 % ), Kazakhs ( 0.7 % ), and Ukrainians ( 0.5 % ) and other smaller heathen minorities ( 1.7 % ). [ 3 ] The state has over 80 heathen groups. [ 98 ] The Kyrgyz have historically been semi- mobile herders, living in round of golf tents called yurts and tending sheep, horses and yaks. This mobile tradition continues to function seasonally ( see transhumance ) as herding families return to the high mountain crop ( or jailoo ) in the summer. The sedentary Uzbeks and Tajiks traditionally have farmed lower-lying irrigate estate in the Fergana valley. [ 99 ] Kyrgyzstan has undergone a pronounce change in its cultural composition since independence. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] [ 102 ] The percentage of cultural Kyrgyz has increased from around 50 % in 1979 to over 70 % in 2013, while the percentage of ethnic groups, such as Russians, Ukrainians, Germans and Tatars dropped from 35 % to about 7 %. [ 97 ] Since 1991, a large act of Germans, who in 1989 numbered 101,000 persons, have emigrated to Germany. [ 103 ]
Population of Kyrgyzstan according to ethnic group 1926–2014

Ethnic
group

1926 census[104]

1959 census[105]

1989 census[106]

1999 census[107]

2018 census[3]

Number

Kyrgyz

661,171

66.6

836,831

40.5

2,229,663

52.4

3,128,147

64.9

4,587,430

73.3

Uzbeks

110,463

11.1

218,640

10.6

550,096

12.9

664,950

13.8

918,262

14.6

Russians

116,436

11.7

623,562

30.2

916,558

21.5

603,201

12.5

352,960

5.6

Ukrainians

64,128

6.5

137,031

6.6

108,027

2.5

50,442

1.0

11,252

0.1

Languages [edit ]

The name of Kyrgyzstan rendered in the traditional script in manipulation from thirteenth century – 1920. Kyrgyz is the state terminology of Kyrgyzstan. Russian is additionally an official language. Kyrgyzstan is one of four former soviet republics to have Russian as an official language, along with Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan. After the division of the Soviet Union into countries, Kyrgyz was adopted as the “ submit speech ” of Kyrgyzstan in 1991. Kyrgyzstan adopted Russian as an “ official language ” in 1997. The languages have unlike legal status. Kyrgyz is a Turkic terminology of the Kipchak outgrowth, close related to Kazakh, Karakalpak, and Nogay Tatar. It was written in the Arabic alphabet until the twentieth hundred. The latin script was introduced and adopted on Stalin ‘s orders in 1928, and was subsequently replaced by Cyrillic handwriting in 1941. [ 108 ] A reformed Perso-Arabic rudiment, created by Kyrgyz intellectual and scientist : Kasym Tynystanov, is the official script of the Kyrgyz linguistic process in the People ‘s Republic of China. [ 109 ] As a result of the pending speech reform in neighboring Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan will be the merely mugwump turkic-speaking country in a few years that entirely uses the Cyrillic alphabet. [ 110 ] In 2009, [ 111 ] 4.1 million people spoke Kyrgyz as native or second lyric and 2.5 million spoke Russian as native or irregular language. Uzbek is the moment most common native language with 700,000 native speakers. russian television receiver media enjoy enormous popularity in Kyrgyzstan, particularly in deeply russified city of Bishkek and Chuy Region. russian media outlets have an enormous impact on populace public opinion in Kyrgyzstan, particularly in areas such as human rights and external political developments. [ 112 ] many business and political affairs are carried out in russian. Until recently, Kyrgyz remained a linguistic process spoken at family and was rarely used during meetings or other events. however, most parliamentary meetings nowadays are conducted in Kyrgyz, with coincident interpretation available for those not speaking Kyrgyz .

Language name
Native speakers
Second-language speakers
Total speakers

Kyrgyz
3,830,556
271,187
4,121,743

Russian
482,243
2,109,393
2,591,636

Uzbek
772,561
97,753
870,314

English

28,416
28,416

French

641
641

German

10
10

Other
277,433
31,411
308,844

urban centres [edit ]

religion [edit ]

Islam is the dominant allele religion of Kyrgyzstan. The CIA World Factbook estimates that as of 2017, 90 % of the population is Muslim, with the majority being Sunni ; 7 % are christian, including 3 % russian Orthodoxy, and the remainder are early religions. [ 8 ] A 2009 Pew Research Center report indicated 86.3 % of Kyrgyzstan ‘s population adhering to Islam. [ 113 ] The bang-up majority of Muslims are Sunni, adhering to the Hanafi school of think, [ 114 ] although a 2012 Pew sketch report showed that only 23 % of respondents to a questionnaire choose to identify themselves as Sunni, with 64 % volunteering that they were “ equitable a Muslim ”. [ 115 ] There are a few Ahmadiyya Muslims, though unrecognised by the nation. [ 116 ] During soviet times, state of matter atheism was encouraged. today, however, Kyrgyzstan is a worldly state, although Islam has exerted a growing influence in politics. [ 117 ] For case, there has been an undertake to arrange for officials to travel on hajj ( the pilgrimage to Mecca ) under a tax-exempt placement. While Islam in Kyrgyzstan is more of a cultural setting than a dear casual practice for many, populace figures have expressed hold for restoring religious values. For example, human rights ombudsman Tursunbay Bakir-Ulu noted, “ In this earned run average of independence, it is not storm that there has been a render to spiritual roots not only in Kyrgyzstan, but besides in other post-communist republics. It would be base to develop a market-based club without an ethical dimension. ” [ 117 ]
additionally, Bermet Akayeva, the daughter of Askar Akayev, the early President of Kyrgyzstan, stated during a July 2007 interview that Islam is increasingly taking rout across the nation. [ 118 ] She emphasized that many mosques have recently been built and that the Kyrgyz are increasingly devoting themselves to Islam, which she noted was “ not a bad thing in itself. It keeps our society more moral, clean. ” [ 118 ] There is a contemporaneous Sufi order salute which adheres to a slightly different kind of Islam than the orthodox Islam. [ 119 ]
Mosque under construction in Kyrgyzstan The other faiths practiced in Kyrgyzstan include russian Orthodox and ukrainian Orthodox versions of Christianity, practiced chiefly by Russians and Ukrainians respectively. A community of 5000 to 10,000 Jehovah ‘s Witnesses gather in both Kyrgyz and Russian-speaking congregations, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as some Chinese- and Turkish-speaking groups. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] A small minority of cultural Germans are besides Christian, largely Lutheran and Anabaptist adenine well as a Roman Catholic community of approximately 600. [ 122 ] [ 123 ] A few animist traditions survive, as do influences from Buddhism such as the connect of prayer flags onto sacred trees, though some view this rehearse rooted within Sufi Islam. [ 124 ] There are besides a small issue of Bukharian Jews live in Kyrgyzstan, but during the collapse of the Soviet Union most fled to other countries, chiefly the United States and Israel. In addition, there is a humble community of Ashkenazi Jews, who fled to the state from eastern Europe during the second World War. [ 125 ] On 6 November 2008, the Kyrgyzstan parliament unanimously passed a law increasing the minimal number of adherents for recognizing a religion from 10 to 200. It besides outlawed “ aggressive military action aimed at proselytism “, and banned religious activeness in schools and all activity by unregistered organizations. It was signed by President Kurmanbek Bakiyev on 12 January 2009. [ 126 ] There have been several reported patrol raids against passive minority religious meetings, [ 127 ] angstrom well as reports of officials planting fake tell, [ 128 ] but besides some court decisions in party favor of religious minorities. [ 129 ]

culture [edit ]

Traditions [edit ]

Musicians playing traditional Kyrgyz music . manaschi performing part of the Epic of Manas at a yurt camp in A traditional Kyrgyzperforming part of theat a yurt clique in Karakol
Illegal, but still practiced, is the tradition of bride kidnapping. [ 131 ] It is arguable whether bride kidnapping is actually traditional. Some of the confusion may stem from the fact that arranged marriages were traditional, and one of the ways to escape an arranged marriage was to arrange a consensual “ kidnap. ” [ 132 ]

flag [edit ]

The 40-rayed yellow sunday in the center field of the national flag represent the 40 tribes that once made up the entirety of Kyrgyz culture before the intervention of Russia during the upgrade of the Soviet Union. The lines inside the sun represent the peak or tündük ( Kyrgyz түндүк ) of a yurt, a symbol replicated in many facets of Kyrgyz architecture. The red share of the flag represents peace and receptiveness of Kyrgyzstan. Under soviet rule and before 1992, it had the sag of the Soviet Union with two boastfully blue stripes and a white flimsy stripe in the middle .

Public holidays [edit ]

In accession to celebrating the New Year each 1 January, the Kyrgyz observe the traditional New Year festival Nowruz on the youthful equinox. This leap vacation is celebrated with feasts and festivities such as the horse game Ulak Tartish. This is the list of public holidays in Kyrgyzstan :

1 January – New Year’s Day
7 January – Orthodox Christmas
23 February – Fatherland Defender’s Day
8 March – Women’s Day
21–23 March – Nooruz Mairamy, Persian New Year (spring festival)
7 April – Day of National Revolution
1 May – Labor Day
5 May – Constitution Day
8 May – Remembrance Day
9 May – Victory Day
31 August – Independence Day
7–8 November – Days of History and Commemoration of Ancestors

Two extra Muslim holidays Orozo Ayt and Qurman (or Qurban) Ayt are defined by the lunar calendar .

Sports [edit ]

Bandy : Kyrgyzstan in loss against Japan football is the most democratic sport in Kyrgyzstan. The official governing body is the Football Federation of Kyrgyz Republic, which was founded in 1992, after the burst of the Soviet Union. It administers the Kyrgyzstan national football team. [ 133 ] wrestling is besides very democratic. In the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, two athletes from Kyrgyzstan won medals in Greco-Roman wrestle : Kanatbek Begaliev ( silver ) and Ruslan Tyumenbayev ( bronze ). [ 134 ] Ice ice hockey was not as popular in Kyrgyzstan until the inaugural Ice Hockey Championship was organized in 2009. In 2011, the Kyrgyzstan men ‘s national ice field hockey team won 2011 asian Winter Games Premier Division dominating in all six games with six wins. It was the first major external event that Kyrgyzstan ‘s ice field hockey team took part in. [ 135 ] The Kyrgyzstan men ‘s frost ice hockey team joined the IIHF in July 2011. Bandy is becoming increasingly democratic in the country. The Kyrgyz national team took Kyrgyzstan ‘s first base decoration at the asian Winter Games, when they captured the tan. They played in the Bandy World Championship 2012, their beginning appearance in that tournament. [ 136 ] martial Arts : Valentina Shevchenko is a Kyrgyzstani– Peruvian professional shuffle martial artist who competes in the women ‘s flyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ), where she is the current Women ‘s Flyweight champion. box : Dmitry Bivol is a Kyrgyzstani Professional Boxer from Tokmok, who competes in the Light Heavyweight Division. Since 2017, he has held the World Boxing Association Light Heavyweight Title. As of August 2019, Bivol is ranked as the world ‘s best active light-heavyweight by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board and BoxRec, and third gear by The Ring Magazine. Kyrgyzstan ‘s national basketball team had its best performance at the official 1995 Asian Basketball Championship where the team surprisingly finished ahead of favorites such as Iran, Philippines and Jordan .

horse riding [edit ]

The traditional national sports reflect the importance of horse riding in Kyrgyz culture. identical popular, as in all of Central Asia, is Ulak Tartysh, a team game resembling a cross between polo and rugby in which two teams of riders wrestle for possession of the headless carcase of a capricorn, which they attempt to deliver across the opposition ‘s goal line, or into the opposition ‘s goal : a big bathtub or a lap marked on the earth. other popular games on horseback admit :

At Chabysh – a long-distance horse race, sometimes over a distance of more than 50 km
Jumby Atmai – a large bar of precious metal (the “jumby”) is tied to a pole by a thread and contestants attempt to break the thread by shooting at it, while at a gallop
Kyz Kuumai – a man chases a girl in order to win a kiss from her, while she gallops away; if he is not successful she may in turn chase him and attempt to beat him with her “kamchi” (horsewhip)
Oodarysh – two contestants wrestle on horseback, each attempting to be the first to throw the other from his horse
Tyin Emmei – picking up a coin from the ground at full gallop

department of education [edit ]

The school system in Kyrgyzstan includes primary ( grades 1 to 4, some schools have optional 0 grade ), secondary coil ( grades 5 to 9 ) and high ( grades 10 to 11 ) divisions within one school. [ 137 ] Children are normally accepted to primary schools at the age of 6 or 7. It is required that every child finishes 9 grades of school and receives a security of completion. Grades 10–11 are optional, but it is necessity to complete them to graduate and receive a state-accredited school diploma. To graduate, a student must complete the 11-year school course and legislate 4 mandatary state of matter exams in spell, maths, history and a foreign language. There are 77 populace schools in Bishkek ( capital city ) and more than 200 in the rest of the area. There are 55 higher educational institutions and universities in Kyrgyzstan, out of which 37 are state institutions. [ citation needed ] In September 2016, the University of Central Asia was launched in Naryn, Kyrgyzstan. [ 138 ]

Libraries [edit ]

Kyrgyzstan is home to 1,066 libraries. [ 139 ] The National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic is the oldest library in the area, which was established in 1934. Kyrgyz Libraries are working towards expanding entree to communities, apparent in projects such as the sign language of the Marrakesh VIP Treaty and the Open access Portal. [ 140 ] [ 141 ]

transport [edit ]

Bishkek West Bus Terminal enchant in Kyrgyzstan is sternly constrained by the country ‘s alpine topography. Roads have to snake up steep valleys, hybrid passes of 3,000 metres ( 9,800 foot ) altitude and more, and are subjugate to patronize mudslides and coke avalanches. Winter locomotion is close to impossible in many of the more outback and high-level regions. extra problems come from the fact that many roads and railway lines built during the soviet period are nowadays intersected by external boundaries, requiring time-consuming bound formalities to cross where they are not wholly closed. Horses are calm a much-used enchant option, particularly in more rural areas ; Kyrgyzstan ‘s road infrastructure is not extensive, so horses are able to reach locations that motor vehicles can not, and they do not require expensive, imported fuel .

Airports [edit ]

At the goal of the soviet period there were about 50 airports and airstrips in Kyrgyzstan, many of them built primarily to serve military purposes in this border region indeed close to China. alone a few of them remain in service nowadays. The Kyrgyzstan Air Company provides breeze tape drive to China, Russia, and early local countries .

Banned airline status [edit ]

Kyrgyzstan appears on the European Union ‘s list of forbid countries for the authentication of airlines. This means that no airline that is registered in Kyrgyzstan may operate services of any kind within the European Union, due to guard standards that fail to meet european regulations. [ 142 ] No EU airline has flights to Kyrgyzstan ( as of 2020 ). travel between the European Union and Kyrgyzstan includes changing aircraft, most frequently in Moscow or Istanbul .

Railways [edit ]

The Chuy Valley in the north and the Ferghana valley in the south were endpoints of the Soviet Union ‘s rail organization in Central Asia. Following the egress of independent post-Soviet states, the fulminate lines which were built without regard for administrative boundaries have been cut by borders, and traffic is consequently badly curtailed. The small bits of rail lines within Kyrgyzstan, about 370 km ( 230 security service ) ( 1,520 millimeter ( 59.8 in ) across-the-board gauge ) in full, have short economic respect in the absence of the erstwhile bulk traffic over long distances to and from such centres as Tashkent, Almaty, and the cities of Russia. There are obscure plans about extending train lines from Balykchy in the north and/or from Osh in the south into China, but the cost of construction would be enormous .

Kazakhstan – yes – Bishkek branch – same gauge
Uzbekistan – yes – Osh branch – same gauge
Tajikistan – no – same gauge
China – no – Break of gauge 1524 mm/1435 mm

Highways [edit ]

With subscribe from the Asian Development Bank, a major road linking the north and southwesterly from Bishkek to Osh has recently been completed. This well eases communication between the two major population centres of the country—the Chuy Valley in the north and the Fergana Valley in the South. An outgrowth of this road branches off across a 3,500 meter pass into the Talas Valley in the northwest. Plans are now being formulated to build a major road from Osh into China .

total: 34,000 km (21,127 mi) (including 140 km (87 mi) of expressways)
paved: 22,600 km (14,043 mi) (includes some all-weather gravel-surfaced roads)
unpaved: 7,700 km (4,785 mi) (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)