Wikipedia

capital of Wales

das kapital city and principal area in Wales
Cardiff ( ; Welsh : Caerdydd [ kairˈdiːð, kaːɨrˈdɨːð ] ( ) ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. It forms a star area, formally known as the City and County of Cardiff ( Welsh : Dinas a Sir Caerdydd ), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Kingdom. Located in the southeast of Wales and in the Cardiff Capital Region, Cardiff is the county township of the historic county of Glamorgan and in 1974–1996 of South Glamorgan. It belongs to the Eurocities network of the largest european cities. [ 4 ] A modest township until the early nineteenth hundred, its prominence as a port for char when mine began in the region helped its expansion. In 1905 it was ranked as a city and in 1955 announced capital of Wales. Cardiff Built-up Area covers a larger area outside the county boundary, including the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth.

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cardiff is the main commercial center of Wales angstrom well as the base for the Senedd. At the 2011 census, the one authority area population was put at 346,090, [ 5 ] and the wide urban area at 479,000. [ 6 ] In 2011 it ranked sixth in the worldly concern in a National Geographic magazine list of alternative tourist destinations. [ 7 ] It is the most popular destination in Wales with 21.3 million visitors in 2017. [ 8 ] Cardiff Bay contains the Senedd build ( caparison the Senedd, the Welsh Parliament ) and the Wales Millennium Centre arts complex. cultivate continues at Cardiff Bay and in the center, on projects such as Cardiff International Sports Village, BBC drama village, [ 9 ] and a new commercial enterprise district. [ 10 ]

etymology [edit ]

Caerdydd ( the Welsh name of the city ) derives from the Middle Welsh Caerdyf. The change from -dyf to -dydd shows the colloquial change of Welsh f [ v ] and dd [ ð ], and was possibly besides driven by folk music etymology. This voice change had credibly inaugural occurred in the Middle Ages ; both forms were stream in the Tudor period. Caerdyf has its origins in post-Roman Brythonic words meaning “ the fort of the Taff “. The fortress credibly refers to that established by the Romans. Caer is Welsh for fort and -dyf is in effect a form of Taf ( Taff ), the river which flows by Cardiff Castle, with the ⟨t⟩ show consonant mutation to ⟨d⟩ and the vowel showing affection as a result of a ( lost ) genitive lawsuit ending. [ 11 ] The anglicise Cardiff is derived from Caerdyf, with the Welsh f [ v ] borrowed as ff, as besides happens in Taff ( from Welsh Taf ) and Llandaff ( from Welsh Llandaf ). The antiquary William Camden ( 1551–1623 ) suggested that the name Cardiff may derive from * Caer-Didi ( “ the Fort of Didius ” ), a identify purportedly given in honor of Aulus Didius Gallus, governor of a nearby province at the prison term when the Roman fortify was established. Although some sources repeat this theory, it has been rejected on linguistic grounds by modern scholars such as Professor Gwynedd Pierce. [ 12 ]

history [edit ]

Origins [edit ]

archaeological testify from sites in and around Cardiff : the St Lythans burial chamber near Wenvoe, ( approximately four miles or six kilometres west of Cardiff city centre ) ; the Tinkinswood burying chamber, near St. Nicholas ( about six miles or ten-spot kilometres west of Cardiff city center ), the Cae’rarfau Chambered Tomb, Creigiau ( about six miles or ten kilometres northwest of Cardiff city concentrate ) and the Gwern y Cleppa Long Barrow, near Coedkernew, Newport ( about eight miles or thirteen kilometres northeast of Cardiff city center ), all show that people had settled in the area by at least around 6000 BC, during the early on Neolithic ; about 1,500 years before either Stonehenge or the Great Pyramid of Giza was completed. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] A group of five Bronze Age tumuli is at the summit of the Garth ( Welsh : Mynydd y Garth ), within the county ‘s northern boundary. [ 18 ] Four Iron Age mound fort and enclosure sites have been identified within Cardiff ‘s contemporary county boundaries, including Caerau Hillfort, an envelop area of 5.1 hectares ( 12+1⁄2 acres ). [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ]

part of the original Roman fort Front wall of Cardiff Castle part of the original Roman fort Until the Roman conquest of Britain, Cardiff was depart of the territory of the Silures – a celtic british kin that flourished in the Iron Age – whose territory included the areas that would become known as Breconshire, Monmouthshire and Glamorgan. [ 23 ] The 3.2-hectare ( 8-acre ) garrison established by the Romans near the mouth of the River Taff in AD 75, in what would become the north western limit of the center of Cardiff, was built over an across-the-board liquidation that had been established by the Romans in the 50s AD. [ 24 ] The fort was one of a series of military outposts associated with Isca Augusta ( Caerleon ) that acted as border defences. The fortify may have been abandoned in the early second century as the area had been subdued. however, by this time a civilian village, or vicus, was established. It was probable made up of traders who made a live from the fortress, ex-soldiers and their families. A Roman villa has been discovered at Ely. [ 25 ] Contemporary with the Saxon Shore forts of the 3rd and 4th centuries, a stone fortress was established at Cardiff. Similar to the shore forts, the fortress was built to protect Britannia from raiders. [ 26 ] Coins from the reign of Gratian indicate that Cardiff was inhabited until at least the fourth hundred ; the fortress was abandoned towards the end of the fourth hundred, as the last Roman legions left the province of Britannia with Magnus Maximus. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] small is known of the fort and civilian settlement in the menstruation between the Roman deviation from Britain and the Norman Conquest. The village credibly shrank in size and may even have been abandoned. In the absence of Roman rule, Wales was divided into little kingdoms ; early on, Meurig ap Tewdrig emerged as the local king in Glywysing ( which former became Glamorgan ). The sphere passed through his kin until the second coming of the Normans in the eleventh hundred. [ 29 ]

Norman occupation and Middle Ages [edit ]

The Norman keep In 1081 William I, King of England, began work on the palace keep within the walls of the old Roman fortress. [ 30 ] Cardiff Castle has been at the heart of the city ever since. [ 31 ] The castle was well altered and extended during the priggish period by John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, and the architect William Burges. Original Roman employment can, however, still be distinguished in the wall facings. A town grew up under the palace, consisting chiefly of settlers from England. [ 32 ] Cardiff had a population of between 1,500 and 2,000 in the Middle Ages – a normal size for a Welsh town in the period. [ 33 ] It was the center of the Norman Marcher Lordship of Glamorgan. By the conclusion of the thirteenth hundred, Cardiff was the only town in Wales with a population exceeding 2,000, although it remained relatively modest compared with celebrated towns in England and continued to be contained within its walls, which were begun as a wooden palisade in the early twelfth century. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ Reliable source? ] It was of sufficient size and importance to receive a series of charters, notably in 1331 from William La Zouche, Lord of Glamorgan through marriage with the de Clare family, [ 36 ] Edward III in 1359, [ 37 ] then Henry IV in 1400, [ 37 ] and by and by Henry VI. In 1404, Owain Glyndŵr burned Cardiff and took possession of the Castle. [ 35 ] As many of the buildings were made of timbre and tightly packed within the town walls, much of Cardiff was destroyed. His statue was erected in Cardiff Town Hall in the early twentieth hundred, reflecting the complex, often conflicting cultural identity of Cardiff as capital of Wales. It was soon rebuilt on the like street design and began to flourish again. [ 33 ] Besides serving an important political function in the administration of the prolific south Glamorgan coastal plain, Cardiff was a busy port in the Middle Ages and declared a basic port in 1327 .

County township of Glamorganshire [edit ]

view of Caerdiffe Castle In 1536, the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 led to the creation of Glamorganshire and Cardiff was made the county town, it besides became function of Kibbor hundred, [ 38 ] around the like time the Herberts became the most potent family in the area. [ 32 ] In 1538, Henry VIII closed Cardiff ‘s Dominican and Franciscan friaries, whose remains were used as build materials. [ 33 ] A writer in this period noted : “ The River Taff runs under the walls of his honor palace and from the north share of the town to the south function where there is a fair quay and a dependable harbor for ship. ” [ 33 ] Cardiff became a Free Borough [ clarification needed ] in 1542 [ 35 ] and far Royal Charters were granted to it by Elizabeth I in 1600 [ 39 ] and James I in 1608. [ 40 ] In 1573, it was made a head port for collection of customs duties. [ 32 ] Pembrokeshire historian George Owen described Cardiff in 1602 as “ the fayrest towne in Wales yett not the welthiest ”. [ 32 ] It gained a second Royal Charter in 1608. [ 41 ]
A black flood in the Bristol Channel on 30 January 1607 ( now believed to have been a tidal roll ) [ 42 ] changed the run of the River Taff and ruined St Mary ‘s parish Church, which was replaced by a chapel of still dedicated to St John the Baptist. [ 43 ] During the Second English Civil War St Fagans, precisely to the west of the township, the Battle of St Fagans, between Royalist rebels and a New Model Army insulation, was a decisive victory for the Parliamentarians that allowed Oliver Cromwell to conquer Wales. [ 35 ] It was the last major battle in Wales, with about 200, by and large monarchist soldiers killed. [ 32 ] cardiff was at peace throughout the ensuing hundred. In 1766, John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute married into the Herbert family and was late created Baron Cardiff. [ 32 ] In 1778, he began renovating Cardiff Castle. [ 44 ] [ Reliable source? ] A racetrack, printing press, bank and coffee bean family opened in the 1790s and Cardiff gained a stagecoach serve to London. Despite these improvements, Cardiff ‘s position in the Welsh urban hierarchy declined over the eighteenth century. Iolo Morganwg called it “ an hidden and inconsiderable place ” and the 1801 census found a population of only 1,870, making it only the twenty-fifth largest township in Wales, well behind Merthyr and Swansea. [ 45 ]

Building the docks [edit ]

In 1793, John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute was born. He spent his life building the Cardiff docks and was subsequently hailed as “ the creator of modern Cardiff ”. [ 32 ] A twice-weekly gravy boat military service between Cardiff and Bristol opened in 1815, [ 44 ] and in 1821, the Cardiff Gas Works was established. [ 44 ] After the Napoleonic Wars Cardiff suffered some sociable and industrial unrest, starting with the test and hang of Dic Penderyn in 1831. [ 46 ]
Jubilee dock, Cardiff, from the easterly side ( 1849 ) The town grew quickly from the 1830s onwards, when the Marquess of Bute built a dock, which finally linked to the Taff Vale Railway. Cardiff became the independent port for coal exports from the Cynon, Rhondda, and Rhymney valleys, and grew in population at a rate of about 80 per cent per ten between 1840 and 1870. much of this was due to migration from within and outside Wales : in 1841, a draw of Cardiff ‘s population were English-born and more than 10 per cent born in Ireland. [ 47 ] By the 1881 census, Cardiff had overtaken Merthyr and Swansea to become the largest township in Wales. [ 48 ] Cardiff ‘s condition as the premier township in South Wales was confirmed when it was chosen as the site for the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire in 1883. [ 45 ] A permanent military presence was established with the completion of Maindy Barracks in 1877. [ 49 ] Cardiff faced a challenge in the 1880s when David Davies of Llandinam and the Barry Railway Company promoted equal docks at Barry. These had the advantage of being accessible in all tides : David Davies claimed his venture would cause “ grass to grow in the streets of Cardiff ”. From 1901 coal exports from Barry surpassed those from Cardiff, but the administration of the coal trade remained centred on Cardiff, in particular its Coal Exchange, where the price of char on the british market was determined and the first million-pound bargain was struck in 1907. [ 45 ] The city besides strengthened its industrial base when the owners of the Dowlais Ironworks in Merthyr ( who would later form part of Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds ) built a steelworks close to the docks at East Moors, which Lord Bute opened on 4 February 1891. [ 50 ]

County Borough of Cardiff [edit ]

Cardiff became a county borough on 1 April 1889 under the local Government Act 1888. The town had grown quickly and had a population of over 123,000. It retained its county borough status until 1974. [ 51 ]

City and capital city condition [edit ]

King Edward VII granted Cardiff city condition on 28 October 1905. [ 52 ] It acquired a Roman Catholic cathedral in 1916. late, more national institutions came to the city, including the National Museum of Wales, the Welsh National War Memorial, and the University of Wales Registry Building, but it was denied the National Library of Wales, partially because the library ‘s laminitis, Sir John Williams, considered Cardiff to have “ a non-Welsh population ”. [ 45 ] After a brief post-war smash, Cardiff docks entered a drawn-out descent in the interwar period. By 1936, trade was at less than half its value in 1913, reflecting the slump in necessitate for Welsh coal. [ 45 ] Bomb damage in the Cardiff Blitz of World War II included the devastation of Llandaff Cathedral, and in the immediate postwar years, the city ‘s liaison with the Bute family came to an end. The city was recognised as the capital city of Wales on 20 December 1955, in a written reply by the Home Secretary, Gwilym Lloyd George. [ 53 ] Caernarfon had besides vied for the entitle. [ 54 ] Welsh local authorities had been divided : only 76 out of 161 choose Cardiff in a 1924 poll organised by the South Wales Daily News. [ 55 ] The subject was not debated again until 1950, and interim Cardiff took steps to promote its “ Welshness ”. The stalemate between Cardiff and cities such as Caernarfon and Aberystwyth was not broken until Cardiganshire County Council decided to support Cardiff ; and in a new local agency vote, 134 out of 161 voted for Cardiff. [ 55 ] Cardiff therefore celebrated two significant anniversaries in 2005. The Encyclopedia of Wales notes that the decisiveness to recognise the city as the capital of Wales “ had more to do with the fact that it contained fringy Conservative constituencies than any argue position of what functions a Welsh das kapital should have. ” Although the city hosted the Commonwealth Games in 1958, Cardiff only became a concentrate of national presidency with the establishment of the Welsh Office in 1964, which belated prompted the creation of versatile other public bodies such as the Arts Council of Wales and the Welsh Development Agency, most of which were based in Cardiff .
renovation in the city ‘s historic Cardiff Bay area The East Moors Steelworks closed in 1978 and Cardiff lost population in the 1980s, [ 56 ] consistent with a wide radiation pattern of counter-urbanisation in Britain. however, it recovered to become one of the few cities outside London where population grew in the 1990s. [ 57 ] During this period the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was promoting the renovation of confederacy Cardiff ; an evaluation of the regeneration of Cardiff Bay published in 2004 concluded that the project had “ reinforced the competitive status of Cardiff ” and “ contributed to a massive improvement in the quality of the build up environment, although it had “ failed “ to attract the major inward investors originally anticipated. ” [ 58 ] In the 1997 Welsh devolution referendum, Cardiff voters rejected the establishment of the National Assembly for Wales by 55.4 % to 44.2 % on a 47 % turnout, which Denis Balsom partially ascribed to a general predilection in Cardiff and some other parts of Wales for a british quite than entirely Welsh identity. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] The relative miss of local support for the Assembly and difficulties between the Welsh Office and Cardiff Council in acquiring the originally preferred venue, Cardiff City Hall, encouraged other local authorities to bid to family the Assembly. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] however, the Assembly was finally located at Tŷ Hywel in Cardiff Bay in 1999. In 2005, a modern debating chamber on an adjacent site, designed by Richard Rogers, was opened .

government [edit ]

The Senedd ( Welsh Parliament ; Welsh : Senedd Cymru ) has been based in Cardiff Bay since its formation in 1999 as the “ National Assembly for Wales ”. The Senedd build was opened on 1 March 2006 by The Queen. [ 63 ] The Members of the Senedd ( MSs ), the Senedd Commission and ministerial digest staff are based in Cardiff Bay. Cardiff elects four constituency Members of the Senedd to the Senedd ; the constituencies for the Senedd are the same as for the UK Parliament. All of the city ‘s electors have an extra vote for the South Wales Central regional members ; this arrangement increases proportionality to the Senedd. The most holocene Senedd general election was held on 6 May 2021. In the Senedd, Cardiff is represented by Jenny Rathbone ( Labour ) in Cardiff Central, Julie Morgan ( Labour ) in Cardiff North, Vaughan Gething ( Labour ) in Cardiff South and Penarth and First Minister of Wales Mark Drakeford ( Labour ) in Cardiff West. At Westminster, Cardiff is represented by four Labour MPs : Jo Stevens in Cardiff Central, Anna McMorrin in Cardiff North, Stephen Doughty in Cardiff South and Penarth, and Kevin Brennan in Cardiff West. The welshman Government is headquartered in Cardiff ‘s Cathays Park, where most of its civil servants are based, with smaller numbers in other central locations : Cathays, Canton, and Cardiff Bay. [ 64 ] There are other welsh Government offices in other parts of Wales, such as Llandudno and Aberystwyth, and there are international offices. [ 65 ]

local government [edit ]

between 1889 and 1974 Cardiff was a county borough governed by Cardiff County Borough Council ( known as Cardiff City Council after 1905 ). between 1974 and 1996, Cardiff was governed by Cardiff City Council, a zone council of South Glamorgan. Since local government reorganization in 1996, Cardiff has been governed by the City and County Council of Cardiff, based at County Hall in Atlantic Wharf, Cardiff Bay. Voters elect 75 councillors every four years. Between the 2004 and 2012 local anesthetic elections, no individual political party held a majority on Cardiff County Council. The liberal Democrats held the largest count of seats and Cllr Rodney Berman was Leader of the council. [ 66 ] The Liberal Democrats and Plaid Cymru formed a partnership administration. [ 67 ] In the 2012 elections the Labour Party achieved an outright majority, after gaining an extra 33 seats across the city. Cardiff is divided into communities, several with their own community council and the remainder governed directly by Cardiff City Council. Elections are held every five years. The stopping point contested elections would have been held at the lapp time as the 2017 Cardiff Council election had there been more candidates standing than available seats. Those with community councils are :

Lisvane (10 seats)[68]
Old St. Mellons (9 seats)[69]
Pentyrch (13 seats)[70]
Radyr & Morganstown (13 seats)[71]
Tongwynlais (9 seats)[72]
St Fagans (9 seats)[73]

geography [edit ]

The center of Cardiff is relatively flat and bounded by hills to the east, north and west. Its placement influenced its exploitation as the universe ‘s largest ember port, notably its proximity and easy entree to the coalfields of the South Wales Valleys. The highest point in the local authority area is Garth Hill, 307 metres ( 1,007 feet ) above ocean level. cardiff is built on reclaim marsh on a bed of Triassic stones. This reclaim marsh stretches from Chepstow to the Ely Estuary, [ 74 ] which is the natural boundary of Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan. Triassic landscapes of this character of the worldly concern are normally shallow and low-lying, reproducible with the flatness of the center of Cardiff. [ 75 ] The authoritative Triassic marl, backbone and pudding stone rocks are used predominantly throughout Cardiff as build materials. many of these Triassic rocks are purple, particularly the coastal marl found near Penarth. One of the Triassic rocks used in Cardiff is “ Radyr Stone ”, a freestone which as its name suggests is quarried in the Radyr zone. [ 76 ] Cardiff has besides imported some materials for buildings : devonian sandstones ( the Old Red Sandstone ) from the Brecon Beacons has been used. Most famously, the buildings of Cathays Park, the civic center in the kernel of the city, are built of Portland stone from Dorset. [ 77 ] A wide used building stone in Cardiff is the yellow-grey Liassic limestone rock of the Vale of Glamorgan, including the rare “ Sutton Stone ”, a conglomerate of lias limestone and carboniferous limestone. [ 78 ] Cardiff is bordered to the west by the rural zone of the Vale of Glamorgan, besides known as the Garden of Cardiff, [ 79 ] to the east by the city of Newport ; to the north by the South Wales Valleys, and to the confederacy by the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. The River Taff winds through the city center and together with the River Ely flows into the fresh water Cardiff Bay. A third base river, the Rhymney, flows through the east of the city directly into the Severn Estuary. Cardiff lies near the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, stretching west from Penarth and Barry – commuter towns of Cardiff – with leach yellow-blue Jurassic limestone cliffs. The Glamorgan coast is the only depart of the Celtic Sea with exposed Jurassic ( blue lias ) geology. This stretch of coast with its reefs, sandbanks and serrated cliffs was a embark cemetery ; many ships sailing to Cardiff during the industrial era were wrecked on this hostile coastline during west/south-westerly gales. Smuggling, consider shipwreck and attacks on ships were besides common. [ 80 ]

cityscape [edit ]

Cathays Library “ inner Cardiff ” consists of the wards of Plasnewydd, Gabalfa, Roath, Cathays, Adamsdown and Splott ward on the union and east of the city center, and Butetown, Grangetown, Riverside and Canton to the confederacy and west. [ 81 ] The inner-city areas to the south of the A4161 road, known as the “ southerly Arc ”, are with the exception of Cardiff Bay some of the poorest districts of Wales, with low levels of economic activeness. [ 82 ] On the other handwriting, Gabalfa, Plasnewydd and Cathays north of the ‘arc ‘ have large student populations, [ 83 ] and Pontcanna ( north of Riverside and aboard Canton ) is a favored for students and young professionals. Penylan, to the north east of Roath Park, is an feeder area popular with older parents and the withdraw. To the west lie down Ely and Caerau, which have some of the largest house estates in the United Kingdom. With the exception of some outlying privately built estates at Michaelston-super-Ely, this is an economically deprived area with high numbers of unemployed households. Culverhouse Cross is a more affluent western area of the city. Fairwater, Heath, Birchgrove, Gabalfa, Mynachdy, Llandaff North, Llandaff, Llanishen, Radyr, Whitchurch & Tongwynlais, Rhiwbina, Thornhill, Lisvane and Cyncoed lie in an bow from the northwest to the northeast of the centre. Lisvane, Cyncoed, Radyr and Rhiwbina contain some of the most expensive caparison in Wales. far east lie the wards of Pontprennau and Old St Mellons, Rumney, Pentwyn, Llanrumney, Llanedeyrn and Trowbridge. The stopping point four are largely public house stock, although much new private house is being built in Trowbridge. Pontprennau is the newest “ suburb ” of Cardiff, while Old St Mellons has a history going binding to the 11th-century Norman Conquest. [ 84 ] The region that may be called “ rural cardiff ” contains the villages of St Fagans, Creigiau, Pentyrch, Tongwynlais and Gwaelod-y-garth. [ 85 ] In 2017, plans were approved for a new suburb of 7,000 homes between Radyr and St Fagans, known as Plasdŵr. [ 86 ] St Fagans, home to the Museum of Welsh Life, is protected from further development. [ 87 ] Since 2000, there has been a cross off change of scale and build height in Cardiff, with the development of the city kernel ‘s foremost purpose-built high-rise apartments. [ 88 ] Tall buildings have been built in the city center and Cardiff Bay, and more are planned. [ 89 ]

climate [edit ]

Cardiff

Climate chart (explanation)

j
degree fahrenheit
meter
A
megabyte
j
joule
A
s
o
normality
vitamin d

122

134

123

125

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mmSource: Met Office, 1981–2010 averages

Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

4.8

3.4

3.5

2.7

2.8

2.6

3.1

3.7

5.3

4.9

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

Cardiff, in the north temperate zone, has a maritime climate ( Köppen : Cfb ) marked by mild weather that is frequently cloudy, besotted and blowy. [ 90 ] Summers tend to be warm and cheery, with average maximum between 19 and 22 °C ( 66 and 72 °F ). Winters are reasonably besotted, but rainfall rarely excessive and frost rare. leap and fall feel exchangeable and the temperatures tend to stay above 14 °C ( 57 °F ) – besides the average annual day temperature. rain is unpredictable at any prison term of year, although showers tend to be shorter in summer. [ 91 ] The northern part of the county, being higher and inland, tends to be cool and wet than the city center. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Cardiff ‘s utmost and minimal monthly temperatures average 21.5 °C ( 70.7 °F ) ( July ) and 2.1 °C ( 35.8 °F ) ( February ).
For Wales, the temperatures average 19.1 °C ( 66.4 °F ) ( July ) and 1.1 °C ( 34.0 °F ) ( February ). [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Cardiff has 1,518 hours of sunlight in an median year ( Wales 1,388.7 hours ). Cardiff is sunniest in July, with an average 203.4 hours during the calendar month ( Wales 183.3 hours ), and least cheery in December with 44.6 hours ( Wales 38.5 hours ). [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Cardiff experiences less rain than average for Wales. It falls on 146 days in an average year, with total annual rain of 1,151.9 millimetres ( 45.35 in ). monthly rain patterns show that from October to January, average monthly rain in Cardiff exceeds 100 millimetres ( 3.9 in ) each month, the wettest calendar month being December with 125.3 millimetres ( 4.93 in ) and the driest from April to June, with average monthly rain fairly reproducible between 65 and 75 millimetres ( 2.6 and 3.0 in ). [ 94 ] [ 95 ]

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °C (°F)

15.0
(59.0)

16.1
(61.0)

21.1
(70.0)

24.0
(75.2)

28.9
(84.0)

32.1
(89.8)

33.6
(92.5)

34.5
(94.1)

28.3
(82.9)

25.0
(77.0)

18.3
(64.9)

16.7
(62.1)

34.5
(94.1)

Average high °C (°F)

8.3
(46.9)

8.6
(47.5)

11.1
(52.0)

13.8
(56.8)

17.1
(62.8)

19.8
(67.6)

21.7
(71.1)

21.5
(70.7)

18.8
(65.8)

14.9
(58.8)

11.3
(52.3)

8.7
(47.7)

14.7
(58.5)

Daily mean °C (°F)

5.3
(41.5)

5.4
(41.7)

7.6
(45.7)

9.5
(49.1)

12.7
(54.9)

15.4
(59.7)

17.4
(63.3)

17.2
(63.0)

14.7
(58.5)

11.3
(52.3)

8.0
(46.4)

5.7
(42.3)

10.9
(51.6)

Average low °C (°F)

2.3
(36.1)

2.1
(35.8)

4.0
(39.2)

5.2
(41.4)

8.3
(46.9)

11.0
(51.8)

13.1
(55.6)

12.8
(55.0)

10.5
(50.9)

7.7
(45.9)

4.6
(40.3)

2.6
(36.7)

7.0
(44.6)

Record low °C (°F)

−16.1
(3.0)

−11.1
(12.0)

−8.9
(16.0)

−4.8
(23.4)

−2.0
(28.4)

1.0
(33.8)

5.3
(41.5)

3.6
(38.5)

0.6
(33.1)

−3.3
(26.1)

−8.4
(16.9)

−8.8
(16.2)

−16.1
(3.0)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

121.6
(4.79)

85.2
(3.35)

89.8
(3.54)

68.6
(2.70)

72.3
(2.85)

66.6
(2.62)

78.4
(3.09)

93.4
(3.68)

94.0
(3.70)

133.5
(5.26)

123.4
(4.86)

125.3
(4.93)

1,151.9
(45.35)

Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 millimeter )

15.7

11.1

13.0

11.1

11.2

10.1

10.7

11.0

15.5

14.5

13.9

148.6

Mean monthly sunshine hours

54.4

75.9

111.9

169.6

190.6

190.0

199.0

190.7

149.6

103.0

65.8

48.9

1,549.4

Source 1: Met Office[96][97][98]

Source 2: KNMI[99]

demography [edit ]

Historical populationYearPop.±%18016,342— 185126,630+319.9%186148,965+83.9%187171,301+45.6%188193,637+31.3%1891142,114+51.8%1901172,629+21.5%1911209,804+21.5%1921227,753+8.6%1931247,270+8.6%1941257,112+4.0%1951267,356+4.0%1961278,552+4.2%1971290,227+4.2%1981274,500−5.4%1991272,557−0.7%2001292,150+7.2%2011346,100+18.5%2017362,756+4.8% source : imagination of Britain except 2011, which is the 2011 census data from the Office for National Statistics. historic populations are calculated with the advanced boundaries
After a period of decline in the 1970s and 1980s, Cardiff ‘s population is growing again. It reached 346,100 in the 2011 census, [ 100 ] compared to a 2001 census figure of 305,353. [ 101 ] Between mid-2007 and mid-2008, Cardiff was the fastest-growing local authority in Wales, with growth of 1.2 %. [ 102 ] According to 2001 census data, Cardiff was the 21st largest urban area. [ 103 ] The Cardiff Larger Urban Zone ( a Eurostat definition including the Vale of Glamorgan and a count of local anesthetic authorities in the Valleys ) has 841,600 people, the 10th largest LUZ in the UK. [ 104 ] The Cardiff and South Wales Valleys metropolitan area has a population of about 1.1 million. [ 105 ]
residential areas of northern Cardiff official census estimates of the city ‘s full population have been disputed. The city council published two articles arguing that the 2001 census badly under-reported the population of Cardiff, and in especial the ethnic minority population of some inner city areas. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] The Welsh Government ‘s official mid-year appraisal of the population of the Cardiff local anesthetic assurance sphere in 2019 was 366,903. [ 108 ] At the 2011, census the official population of the Cardiff Built Up Area ( BUA ) was put at 447,287. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] The BUA is not contiguous with the local anesthetic authority boundary and aggregates data at a lower level ; for Cardiff this includes the urban depart of Cardiff, Penarth/Dinas Powys, Caerphilly and Pontypridd. Cardiff has an ethnically divers population due to past trade connections, post-war immigration and large numbers of foreign students who attend university in the city. The heathen makeup of Cardiff ‘s population at the 2011 census was : 84.7 % White, 1.6 % mix White and Black African/Caribbean, 0.7 % desegregate White and Asian, 0.6 % blend other, 8.1 % asian, 2.4 % Black, 1.4 % Arab and 0.6 % other ethnic groups. [ 5 ] This means about 53,000 people from a colored heathen group occupy in the city. This diversity, specially that of the city ‘s long-established African [ 111 ] and Arab [ 112 ] communities, has been celebrated in cultural exhibitions and events, along with a number of books published on this national. [ 113 ] [ 114 ]

Health [edit ]

There are seven NHS hospitals in the city, the largest being the University Hospital of Wales, which is the third largest hospital in the UK and deals with most accidents and emergencies. [ 115 ] The University Dental Hospital, which provides hand brake treatment, is besides located on this site. Llandough Hospital is located in the south of the city. St. David ‘s Hospital, the city ‘s newest hospital, built behind the early construction, is located in Canton and provides services for the aged and children. Cardiff Royal Infirmary is on Newport Road, near the city center. The majority of this hospital was closed in 1999, but the west fender remained open for clinic services, genitourinary medicine and rehabilitation discussion. Rookwood Hospital and the Velindre Cancer Centre are besides located within Cardiff. They are administered by the Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, with the exception of Velindre, which is run by a freestanding entrust. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Spire Healthcare, a private hospital, is in Pontprennau. [ 118 ]

lyric [edit ]

bilingual signs are commonplace in Cardiff. Cardiff has a chequered linguistic history with Welsh, English, Latin, Norse and Norman French preponderant at different times. Welsh was the majority linguistic process in Cardiff from the thirteenth hundred until the city ‘s explosive growth in the victorian earned run average. [ 119 ] vitamin a recently as 1850, five of the 12 anglican churches within the current city boundaries conducted their services entirely in Welsh, while merely two worshipped entirely in English. [ 119 ] By 1891, the percentage of Welsh speakers had fallen to 27.9 % and alone Lisvane, Llanedeyrn and Creigiau remained as majority Welsh-speaking communities. [ 120 ] The Welsh terminology became grouped around a belittled cluster of chapels and churches, the most noteworthy of which is Tabernacl in the city concentrate, one of four UK churches chosen to hold official services to commemorate the new millennium. The city ‘s first Welsh-language school ( Ysgol Gymraeg Bryntaf ) was established in the 1950s. Welsh has since regained ground. [ 121 ] Aided by Welsh-medium education and migration from early parts of Wales, there are now many more welsh speakers : their numbers doubled between the 1991 and 2011 censuses, from 18,071 ( 6.6 % ) to 36,735 ( 11.1 % ) residents aged three years and above. [ 122 ] The LSOA ( Lower Layer Super Output Area ) with the highest percentage of Welsh speakers in the city center is found in Canton, at 25.5 %. [ 123 ] The LSOA with the highest percentage of Welsh speakers in the whole of Cardiff is Whitchurch, at 26 %. [ 123 ] Cardiff City Council adopted a five-year Welsh-language strategy in 2017, aimed at increasing the number of Welsh speakers ( aged 3+ ) in Cardiff by 15.9 %, from 36,735 in 2011 to 42,584 residents by the 2021 Census. [ 124 ] The ONS estimated that in December 2020, 89,900 ( 24.8 % ) of Cardiff ‘s population could speak Welsh. [ 125 ] In addition to English and Welsh, the diverseness of Cardiff ‘s population ( including foreign students ) means that many early languages are spoken. One report has found that Cardiff has speakers of at least 94 languages, with Somali, Urdu, Bengali and Arabic being the most normally spoken foreign ones. [ 126 ] The modern Cardiff dialect is distinct from that of nearby South Wales Valleys. It is marked chiefly by :

Substitution of ⟨iə⟩ by ⟨jøː⟩[127][128]
here [hiːə] pronounced as [(h)jøː] in the broader form[ clarification needed]
The vowel of start may be realised as [ æː ] or even [ ɛː ], so that Cardiff is pronounced [ ˈkæːdɪf ].

linguistic process schools [edit ]

due to its diversity and large scholar population, more people now come to the city to learn English. extraneous students from Arab states and other european countries are a common sight on the streets of Cardiff. [ 102 ] The british Council has an agency in the city kernel and there are six accredited schools in the area. [ 129 ]

religion [edit ]

Since 1922, Cardiff has included Llandaff within its boundary, along with the Anglican Llandaff Cathedral, the parish church of Llandaff and the seat of the Bishop of Llandaff, drumhead of the Church in Wales and the Diocese of Llandaff. There is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the city. Since 1916, Cardiff has been the seat of a Catholic archbishop, but there appears to have been a fall in the estimated Catholic population, with numbers in 2006 around 25,000 fewer than in 1980. [ 130 ] Likewise, the jewish population appears to have fallen – there are two synagogues in Cardiff, one in Cyncoed and one in Moira Terrace, as opposed to seven at the turn of the twentieth hundred. [ 131 ] There are respective nonconformist chapels, an early twentieth century Greek Orthodox church and 11 mosques. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] [ 134 ] In the 2001 census, 66.9 % of Cardiff ‘s population described itself as Christian, a percentage point below the Welsh and UK averages. The oldest of the non-Christian communities in Wales is Judaism. Jews were not permitted to live in England and Wales between the 1290 Edict of Expulsion and the seventeenth century. A welsh Jewish community was re-established in the eighteenth hundred. [ 135 ] There was once a fairly significant jewish population in South Wales, most of which has disappeared. The Orthodox Jewish community congregations are consolidated in the Cardiff United Synagogue in Cyncoed, which was dedicated by Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks in 2003. [ 136 ] [ 137 ] The Cardiff Reform Synagogue is in Adamsdown .
Cardiff ‘s Muslim population is much above the Welsh modal and the longest established in the UK, being started by Yemeni and Somali sailors settling in the nineteenth century. [ 138 ] Cardiff now has over 11,000 Muslims with assorted national affiliations [ 139 ] – about 52 per cent of the Muslim population in Wales. [ 140 ] The symmetry of Cardiff residents declaring themselves Hindu, Sikh and Jewish were all well higher than the Welsh averages, but lower than the UK figures. The city has had a Hindu community since indian immigrants settled in the 1950s and 1960s. The first base Hindu temple in the city was opened in Grangetown on 6 April 1979 on the site of an abandoned synagogue. [ 141 ] The twenty-fifth anniversary of the establish was celebrated in September 2007 with a parade of over 3,000 people through the city kernel, including Hindus from across the United Kingdom and members of Cardiff ‘s other religious communities. [ 142 ] There are over 2,000 Hindus in Cardiff, worshiping at three temples. [ 139 ] In the 2001 census 18.8 % of the city ‘s population stated they had no religion, while 8.6 % did not state of matter a religion. [ 143 ]

economy [edit ]

As the das kapital city of Wales, Cardiff is the main locomotive of growth in the Welsh economy. Though the population of Cardiff is about 10 % of the Welsh population, the economy of Cardiff makes up about 20 % of Welsh GDP and 40 % of the city ‘s work force are daily in-commuters from the surrounding South Wales sphere. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] diligence has played a major partially in Cardiff ‘s exploitation for many centuries. The independent catalyst for its transformation from a small town into a big city was the need for coal required in making iron and later steel, brought to sea by packhorse from Merthyr Tydfil. This was first base achieved by building a 25-mile ( 40-kilometre ) canal from Merthyr ( 510 foot or 160 m above sea level ) to the Taff Estuary at Cardiff. [ 146 ] finally the Taff Vale Railway replaced the canal barges and massive marshal yards sprang up as new docks were developed in Cardiff – all prompted by the soaring worldwide demand for coal from the South Wales valleys. At its top out, Cardiff ‘s port area, known as Tiger Bay, became the busiest port in the worldly concern and – for some clock time – the world ‘s most crucial ember port. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] In the years leading up to the First World War, more than 10 million tonnes of coal was exported annually from Cardiff Docks. [ 149 ] In 1907, Cardiff ‘s Coal Exchange was the first host to a business deal for a million pounds Sterling. [ 150 ] After a period of decline, Cardiff ‘s port has started to grow again – over 3 million tonnes of cargo passed through the docks in 2007. [ 151 ]
cardiff nowadays is the main finance and business services center in Wales, with solid representation of finance and business services in the local anesthetic economy. This sector, combined with the public administration, education and health sectors, have accounted for about 75 % of Cardiff ‘s economic increase since 1991. [ 153 ] The city was recently placed seventh overall in the top 50 european cities in the fDI 2008 Cities of the Future number published by the fDi magazine, and ranked seventh in terms of attracting foreign investment. [ 154 ] noteworthy companies such as Legal & General, Admiral Insurance, HBOS, Zurich, ING Direct, The AA, Principality Building Society, 118118, British Gas, Brains, SWALEC Energy and BT, all operate big national or regional headquarters and reach centres in the city, some of them based in Cardiff ‘s office towers such as Capital Tower and Brunel House. other major employers include NHS Wales and the Senedd. On 1 March 2004, Cardiff was granted Fairtrade City status. cardiff is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United Kingdom, receiving 18.3 million visitors in 2010 and generating £852 million for the city ‘s economy. [ 155 ] One solution is that one in five employees in Cardiff is based in the distribution, hotels and restaurants sector, highlighting the growing retail and tourism industries in the city. [ 153 ] The city has many hotels of varying sizes and standards, providing about 9,000 available beds. [ 156 ]
Cardiff is home to the Welsh media and a large media sector with BBC Cymru Wales, S4C and ITV Wales all having studios in the city. [ 157 ] There is a large autonomous television product industry sector of over 600 companies, employing about 6,000, with a dollar volume estimated at £350 million. [ 157 ] Just to the northwest of the city, in Rhondda Cynon Taff, the first completely new movie studios in the UK for 30 years are being built, to be named Valleywood. The studios are set to be the biggest in the UK. In 2011 the BBC completed the Roath Lock studios in Cardiff Bay to film drama such as Casualty, Doctor Who, and Pobol y Cwm. [ 158 ] Cardiff has respective positive feedback projects, such as St David ‘s 2 Centre and surrounding areas of the city centre, and the £1.4 billion International Sports Village in Cardiff Bay, which played a depart in the London 2012 Olympics. It features the merely Olympic-standard swim pool in Wales, the Cardiff International Pool, which opened on 12 January 2008. According to the Welsh Rugby Union, the Principality Stadium contributed £1 billion to the Welsh economy in the ten years after it opened in 1999, with around 85 % of that staying in the Cardiff area. [ 159 ]

Shopping [edit ]

Most of Cardiff ‘s denounce portfolio is in the city center around Queen Street, St Mary Street and High Street, with large suburban retail parks in Cardiff Bay, Culverhouse Cross, Leckwith, Newport Road and Pontprennau, together with markets in the city centre and Splott. A £675 million positive feedback program for Cardiff ‘s St. David ‘s Centre was completed in 2009, providing a total of 1,400,000 sq foot ( 130,000 m2 ) of shopping space, making it one of the largest shop centres in the United Kingdom. [ 160 ] The center was named the international shop center of the year in 2010 by retail Leisure International ( RLI ). [ 161 ]
Queen Street, one of Cardiff ‘s main shopping areas The Castle Quarter is a commercial area in the north of the city centre, which includes some of Cardiff ‘s victorian and edwardian arcades : Castle Arcade, Morgan Arcade and Royal Arcade, and principal patronize streets : St Mary Street, High Street, The Hayes, and Queen Street .

transport [edit ]

cardiff Central railway station

rail [edit ]

cardiff Central railroad track station is the largest railroad track station in Wales, with nine platforms coping with over 12.5 million passengers a year. [ 162 ] [ 163 ] It provides direct services to Bridgend and Newport, long-distance, cross-Wales services to Wrexham and Holyhead, and services to Bristol, Birmingham, Manchester and London. Cardiff Queen Street railway station is the second base busy in Wales and the hub for the Valley Lines services that connect the South Wales Valleys and the Cardiff suburb with the city concentrate on the erstwhile site of Temperance Town. It is located at the easterly end of the city center and besides provides services to Cardiff Bay. Cardiff has a suburban rail system known as the Valleys & Cardiff Local Routes, operated by Transport for Wales. There are eight lines that serve 20 stations in the city, 26 in the wide urban area ( including Taffs Well, Penarth and Dinas Powys ) and more than 60 in the South Wales valleys and the Vale of Glamorgan. [ 164 ]

Air [edit ]

Domestic and international air links to Cardiff and South & West Wales are provided from Cardiff Airport ( CWL ), the only international airport in Wales. The airport lies in the greenwich village of Rhoose, 10 miles ( 16 kilometres ) west of the city. There are regular bus topology services linking the airport with Cardiff Central bus post, and a train service from Rhoose Cardiff International Airport railroad track station to Cardiff Central .

Road and bus [edit ]

Cardiff Bus has the most bus services operating in the Cardiff area. The M4 expressway connects Cardiff with Swansea to the west and Newport and London to the east, with four junctions on the M4, including one with the A48 ( M ). The A470 provides an significant radio link from the city to the Heads of the Valleys road. When completed, the A4232 – besides known as the Peripheral Distributor Road – will form part of the Cardiff ring-road system, along with the M4 expressway between junctions 30 and 33. [ 165 ] Cardiff has a comprehensive bus network, whose providers include the municipal bus company Cardiff Bus ( routes within the city and to Newport, Barry and Penarth ), NAT Group ( cross-city and to Cardiff Airport ), Stagecoach South Wales ( to the South Wales Valleys ) and First Cymru ( to Cowbridge and Bridgend ). National Express and Megabus provides send services to major cities such as Bristol, London, Newcastle upon Tyne and Manchester

motorbike [edit ]

distinctive motorbike lane in Cardiff The Taff Trail is a walk and cycle path running for 55 miles ( 90 kilometres ) between Cardiff Bay and Brecon in the Brecon Beacons National Park. It runs through Bute Park, Sophia Gardens and many other green areas within Cardiff. It is possible to bicycle the stallion outdistance of the Trail about completely off-road, as it largely follows the River Taff and many of the disused railways of the Glamorganshire valley. Nextbike have operated a public bike-hire outline in the city since March 2018. [ 166 ]

water [edit ]

Aquabus The Aquabus water cab runs every hour between the city concentrate ( Taff Mead Embankment ) and Cardiff Bay ( Mermaid Quay ), and between Cardiff Bay and Penarth Cardiff Bay Barrage. Throughout the year, Cardiff Waterbus [ 167 ] sail between the Pierhead on The Waterfront and the Penarth end of the Cardiff Bay Barrage with light sightsee cruises. Between March and October boats depart from Cardiff Bay for Flat Holm Island. The PS Waverley and MV Balmoral voyage from Britannia Quay ( in Roath Basin ) to assorted destinations in the Bristol Channel .

Telecommunications [edit ]

029 is the current call dial code for Cardiff, equally well as for the neighbor towns of Penarth, Dinas Powys and Caerphilly. The dial code is optional when dialling within the area : one can dial between any two phones within the 09 code using entirely the eight-digit local act. anterior to the Big Number Change on 22 April 2000 the sphere had shorter, six-digit local numbers with an area code of 01222. This was 0222 before May 1995, derived from 0 ( indicating it was a luggage compartment call ), 22 ( CA on a telephone pad, for CArdiff ) and 2 ( as 220 was used for CAmbridge and 221 for BAth ). Before the introduction of automatize torso call dial, non-local numbers were accessed through a system of manual telephone exchanges, in common with perch if the United Kingdom. There remains a common misconception that local numbers are placid six digits long and that the code is 02920, even though there are newer Cardiff numbers in the ranges ( 029 ) 21xx xxxx and ( 029 ) 22xx xxxx .

department of education [edit ]

Cardiff is home to four major institutions of higher education : Cardiff University, Cardiff Metropolitan University, University of South Wales and the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama. Cardiff University was founded by a royal lease in 1883 as the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, [ 168 ] is a member of the Russell Group of leading research led universities, having most of its campus in Cathays and the city center. Cardiff Metropolitan University ( once UWIC ) has campuses in the Llandaff, Cyncoed and city center areas, and is part of the confederal University of Wales. The Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama is a conservatory established in 1949 and is based in the grounds of Cardiff Castle. The University of South Wales ‘s Cardiff campus, Atrium, is family to the Cardiff School of Creative & Cultural Industries and is located in the city center .
The total number of higher education students in the city is around 43,900. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] The city besides has two promote education colleges : Cardiff and Vale College and St David ‘s College. The former is the resultant role of a amalgamation, completed in August 2011, between Coleg Glan Hafren and Barry College. far education is besides offered at most high schools in the city. cardiff has three state greenhouse schools ( one bilingual ), 98 state of matter primary schools ( two bilingual, fifteen Welsh medium ), and 19 state secondary schools ( three Welsh medium ). [ 171 ] There are besides several freelancer schools in the city, including St John ‘s College, Llandaff Cathedral School, Cardiff Sixth Form College, Kings Monkton School and Howell ‘s School, a single-sex girlfriend ‘ school ( until sixth mannequin ). In 2013 Cardiff Sixth Form College came top of the freelancer senior schools in the UK, which were based on the share of A* and A at Advanced Level. besides in the top 100 were St John ‘s College and Howell ‘s School. [ 172 ] noteworthy schools include Whitchurch High School ( the largest secondary school in Wales ), [ 173 ] Fitzalan High School ( one of the most multi-cultural express schools in the UK ), [ 174 ] and Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Glantaf ( the largest Welsh medium secondary school in Wales ). ampere well as academic institutions, Cardiff is besides home to other educational and learning organisations such as Techniquest, a hands-on science discovery center that now has franchises throughout Wales, and is part of the Wales Gene Park in collaboration with Cardiff University, NHS Wales and the Welsh Development Agency ( WDA ). [ 175 ] Cardiff is besides dwelling of the largest regional office of the International Baccalaureate Organisation ( IBO ). This office is home to the organization ‘s course of study and assessment center, which is responsible for overseeing the creation and grade of versatile IBDP assessments .

Landmarks and attractions [edit ]

Cardiff has many landmark buildings such as the Principality Stadium, Pierhead Building the Welsh National Museum and the Senedd build, the home of the Welsh Parliament. Cardiff is besides celebrated for Cardiff Castle, St David ‘s Hall, Llandaff Cathedral and the Wales Millennium Centre. Cardiff Castle is a major tourist attraction in the city and is situated in the heart of the city center. The National History Museum at St Fagans in Cardiff is a large alfresco museum house dozens of buildings from throughout Welsh history that have been moved to the site in Cardiff. The Civic Centre in Cathays Park comprises a solicitation of edwardian buildings such as the City Hall, National Museum and Gallery of Wales, Cardiff Crown Court, and buildings forming region of Cardiff University, in concert with more modern civic buildings. These buildings are laid out around the Queen Alexandra Gardens, a formal park which contains the Welsh National War Memorial and a number of early, smaller memorials. In addition to Cardiff Castle, Castell Coch ( Red Castle ) is located in Tongwynlais, in the north of the city. The stream castle is an elaborately decorated victorian folly designed by William Burges for the Marquess and built in the 1870s, as an periodic retreat. however, the victorian castle stands on the footings of a much older chivalric castle possibly built by Ifor Bach, a regional baron with links to Cardiff Castle besides. The outside has become a democratic location for film and television productions. It rarely fulfilled its intended role as a withdraw for the Butes, who rarely stayed there. For the Marquess, the pleasure had been in its initiation, a joy lost comply Burges ‘s end in 1881. Cardiff claims the largest assiduity of castles of any city in the global. [ 176 ] angstrom well as Cardiff Castle and Castell Coch, there are the remains of two motte-and-bailey castles in Morganstown and Rhiwbina, known as Morganstown Castle Mound and Twmpath Castle or Twmpath Motte ( besides known as welsh : Caer Cynwrig ) respectively. [ 177 ] [ 178 ] Twmpath being a Welsh give voice for a humble mound ), [ 179 ] which along with a castle at Whitchurch ( known as Treoda and destroyed by house in the 1960s ) formed an bow of fortifications which divided the Norman lordship from the Welsh lordship of Senghenydd. [ 180 ] Further up the Cefn Cibwr ridge on the boundary with Caerphilly there is besides another ruined castle, known as Morgraig Castle ( Welsh : Castell Morgraig ). archaeological tell suggests this castle was never finished, and it is debated whether the fortification was of Norman or Welsh origin. The concentration of castles indicates the movable nature of the bound between the Norman lordship of Glamorgan, centred at Cardiff, and its Welsh neighbor to the north. There is besides the destroyed Llandaff Bishop ‘s Palace, besides known as Llandaff Castle, [ 181 ] which was the home of the chivalric bishops, which was destroyed about 1403–1404 by the Welsh leader Owain Glyndŵr. now lone the ruined gatehouse remains. [ 181 ] not strictly a castle in the historic feel, Saint Fagans Castle is a save 17th-century manor house, once the seat of the Earls of Plymouth .

Cardiff’s castles
Cardiff Castle
Castell Coch
(English: Red Castle)
St Fagans Castle
Bishop ‘s Palace, Llandaff
(also known as Llandaff Castle)
Twmpath Castle or Motte
(also known as Caer Cynwrig)

early major tourist attractions are the Cardiff Bay regeneration sites, which include the recently opened Wales Millennium Centre and the Senedd construction, and many other cultural and sites of interest, including the Cardiff Bay Barrage and the celebrated Coal Exchange. The New Theatre was founded in 1906 and refurbished in the 1980s. Until the first step of the Wales Millennium Centre in 2004, it was the prime minister venue in Wales for touring theater and dance companies. other venues popular for concerts and sporting events include Motorpoint Arena, St David ‘s Hall and the Principality Stadium. Cardiff Story, a museum documenting the city ‘s history, has been open to the populace since the give of 2011. cardiff has over 1,000 list buildings, ranging from the more outstanding buildings such as the castles, to smaller buildings, houses and structures. [ 182 ] Cathedral Road was developed by the 3rd Marquis of Bute and is lined by fine villas, some back on to Sophia Gardens. Cardiff has walks of special pastime for tourists and ramblers alike, such as the Centenary Walk, which runs for 2+1⁄4 miles ( 3.5 kilometres ) within Cardiff city center. This route passes through many of Cardiff ‘s landmarks and historic buildings. The Animal Wall, designed by William Burges in 1866, marks the south edge of Bute Park on Castle Street. It bears 15 carved animal statues .

acculturation and refreshment [edit ]

Cardiff has many cultural sites varying from the historical Cardiff Castle and out of town Castell Coch to the more advanced Wales Millennium Centre and Cardiff Bay. Cardiff was a finalist in the european capital of polish 2008. [ 183 ] In recent years Cardiff has grown in stature as a tourist destination, with recent accolades including Cardiff being voted the eighth favored UK city by readers of the Guardian. [ 184 ] The city was besides listed as one of the top 10 destinations in the UK on the official british tourist boards web site Visit Britain, [ 185 ] and US travel steer Frommers have listed Cardiff as one of 13 crown destinations worldwide for 2008. [ 186 ] annual events in Cardiff that have become regular appearances in Cardiff ‘s calendar include Sparks in the Park, The Great british Cheese Festival, Cardiff Mardi Gras, Cardiff Winter Wonderland, Cardiff Festival and Made in Roath .

Music and performing arts [edit ]

A bombastic number of concerts are held in the city, the larger ones at St David ‘s Hall, the Motorpoint Arena ( previously known as the Cardiff International Arena ) and occasionally the Principality Stadium. A number of festivals are besides held in Cardiff, the largest being the Cardiff Big Weekend Festival, held annually in the city center in the summer and acting master of ceremonies to unblock melodious performances ( from artists such as Ash, Jimmy Cliff, Cerys Matthews, the Fun Loving Criminals, Soul II Soul and the Magic Numbers ), fairground rides and cultural events such as a Children ‘s festival that takes place in the grounds of Cardiff Castle. The annual festival claims to be the UK ‘s largest free outdoor festival, attracting over 250,000 visitors in 2007. [ 187 ] Cardiff hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1883, 1899, 1938, 1960, 1978, 2008 and 2018. Cardiff is unique in Wales in having two permanent stone circles used by the Gorsedd of Bards during Eisteddfodau. The original circle stands in Gorsedd Gardens in front of the National Museum while its 1978 substitute is situated in Bute Park. Since 1983, Cardiff has hosted the BBC Cardiff Singer of the World competition, a world-renowned event on the opera calendar which is held every two years. The city besides hosts smaller events. A count of performing arts venues are located within the city. The largest and most big of these is the Wales Millennium Centre, which hosts performances of opera, ballet, dance, comedy and musicals, and ( as of fall 2008 ) is home to the BBC National Orchestra of Wales. St David ‘s Hall ( which hosts the Singer of the World contest ) has regular performances of classical music and ballet arsenic well as music of early genres. The largest of Cardiff ‘s theatres is the New Theatre, situated in the city concentrate merely off Queen Street. other such venues include the Sherman Theatre, Chapter Arts Centre and the Gate Arts Centre. The Cardiff music scene is established and varied : home to the BBC National Orchestra of Wales and the Welsh National Opera ; has produced respective leading acts ; has acted as a springboard for Welsh bands to become celebrated. Acts hailing from Cardiff include Charlotte Church, Shirley Bassey, Iwan Rheon, the Oppressed, Kids In Glass Houses, Los Campesinos, the Hot Puppies, the School, We ‘re No Heroes, Budgie and Shakin ‘ Stevens. besides, performers such as the Automatic, [ 188 ] Manic Street Preachers, [ 189 ] Lostprophets, [ 190 ] Super Furry Animals, Catatonia and Bullet for My Valentine have links with the city and are associated with the Cardiff music scene. [ 191 ] In 2010, Cardiff was named the UK ‘s irregular “ most musical ” city by PRS for Music. [ 192 ]

ocular arts [edit ]

Cardiff has held a photomarathon in the city each year since 2004, in which photographers compete to take the best 12 pictures of 12 previously unknown topics in 12 hours. An exhibition of winners and early entries is held in June/July each class. [ 193 ]

Sporting venues [edit ]

Sporting venues include the Principality Stadium – the national stadium and home of the Wales national rugby union team – Sophia Gardens for Glamorgan County Cricket Club ), Cardiff City Stadium for Cardiff City F.C. and the Wales football team ), Cardiff International Sports Stadium, home of Cardiff Amateur Athletic Club ), Cardiff Arms Park for Cardiff Blues and Cardiff RFC rugby marriage teams, and Ice Arena Wales for Cardiff Devils ice field hockey team. It hosted the 1958 british Empire and Commonwealth Games and was dubbed european City of Sport for its role in external sporting events in 2009 and again in 2014. [ 194 ] The Principality Stadium hosted 11 football matches during the 2012 Summer Olympics, including the open consequence and the men ‘s bronze decoration catch. [ 195 ]

diversion [edit ]

cardiff has hard nightlife. Most clubs and bars are situated in the city center, specially St Mary Street. More recently Cardiff Bay has built up a strong night scene, with many modern bars and restaurants. The Brewery Quarter on St Mary Street is a recently developed venue for bars and restaurant with a central court. Charles Street is besides a popular depart of the city .
Cardiff is known for its across-the-board parks and other green spaces covering about 10 % of the city ‘s total area. [ 196 ] Cardiff ‘s main park, Bute Park ( which was once the castle grounds ) extends northwards from the top of one of Cardiff ‘s main denounce street ( Queen Street ) ; when combined with the adjacent Llandaff Fields and Pontcanna Fields to the northwest it produces a massive open outer space skirting the River Taff. other popular parks include Roath Park in the north, donated to the city by the 3rd Marquess of Bute in 1887, which includes a popular boating lake ; Victoria Park, Cardiff ‘s first official park ; and Thompson ‘s Park, once family to an aviary removed in the 1970s. Wild exposed spaces include Howardian Local Nature Reserve, 32 acres ( 13 hectares ) of the lower Rhymney valley in Penylan noted for its Orchids, [ 197 ] and Forest Farm Country Park, over 150 acres ( 61 hectares ) along the River Taff in Whitchurch. cardiff is one of the top ten retail destinations in the UK with [ 160 ] [ 198 ] Queen Street and St. Mary Street as the two chief shopping streets with the three shop arcades, St. David ‘s Centre, Queens Arcade and the Capitol Centre. The current expansion of St. David ‘s Centre as character of the St David ‘s 2 project has made it one of the largest shop centres in the UK. american samoa well as the modern shop arcades, the city is home to victorian shop centres, such as High Street Arcade, Castle Arcade, Wyndham Arcade, Royal Arcade and Morgan Arcade. besides of note is The Hayes, home to Spillers Records, the earth ‘s oldest record patronize. [ 199 ] [ 200 ] Cardiff has a number of markets, including the huge victorian indoor Cardiff Central Market and the newly established Riverside Community Market, which specialises in locally produced organic produce. respective out-of-town retail parks exist, such as Newport Road, Culverhouse Cross, Cardiff Gate and Cardiff Bay .

Media [edit ]

cardiff is the Welsh establish for the main national broadcasters ( BBC Cymru Wales, ITV Wales and S4C ). A locally based television receiver post, Made in Cardiff, is besides based in the city center. major filming studios in Cardiff include the BBC ‘s Roath Lock Studios and Pinewood Studios Wales. several contemporaneous television receiver programmes and films are filmed in and/or set in Cardiff such as Casualty, Doctor Who, Merlin, The Sarah Jane Adventures, Torchwood, The Valleys, Upstairs Downstairs and Sherlock. [ 201 ] The main local newspaper is the South Wales Echo ; the national newspaper is the Western Mail. Both are based in Park Street in the city kernel. Capital Times, Echo Extra and the South Wales edition of Metro are besides based and distributed in the city. There are respective magazines, including Primary Times and a monthly papur bro, and a Welsh-language community newsletter called Y Dinesydd ( The Citizen ). radio receiver stations serving the city and based in Cardiff include Capital FM ( South Wales ), Heart ( South and West Wales ), BBC Radio Wales, BBC Radio Cymru, Nation Radio, Radio Cardiff, Smooth Radio ( Wales ) and Xpress Radio. The Principality Stadium was one of the first six british landmarks to be in full mapped on Google Street View as a 360-degree virtual tour. [ 202 ]

sport [edit ]

cardiff Arms Park Cardiff hosts many high-profile sporting events at local, national and external grade and in recognition of the city ‘s commitment to sport for all was awarded the title of european capital of Sport 2014. [ 203 ] [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Organised sports have been held in the city since the early nineteenth century. [ 206 ] national home sport fixtures are closely constantly played in the city. All Wales ‘ multi-sports agencies and many of the country ‘s sports governing bodies have their headquarters in Cardiff and the city ‘s many exceed quality venues have attracted world-famous sports events, sometimes unrelated to Cardiff or to Wales. In 2008/09, 61 % of Cardiff residents regularly participated in sport and active refreshment, the highest share in ll 22 local anesthetic authorities in Wales. [ 207 ] Rugby marriage fans around the universe have long been familiar with the old National Stadium, Cardiff Arms Park, and its successor the Principality Stadium, which hosted the FA Cup for six years ( from 2001 to 2006 ) it took to rebuild Wembley Stadium. In 2009, Cardiff hosted the first Ashes cricket test between England and Australia to be held in Wales. Cardiff hosted eight football matches of the London 2012 Olympics. [ 208 ]
Cardiff City F.C. ( establish 1899 as Riverside AFC ) played their home games at Ninian Park from 1910 until the end of the 2008–09 season. The club ‘s new home is the Cardiff City Stadium, which they initially rented to the Cardiff Blues, the city ‘s professional rugby union team, the Blues returning to the Arms Park in 2012. Cardiff City have played in the English Football League since the 1920–21 temper, climbing to Division 1 after one season. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Cardiff City are the lone non-English team to have won the FA Cup, beating Arsenal in the 1927 final at Wembley Stadium. [ 210 ] They were runners up to Portsmouth in the 2008 concluding, losing 1–0 at the raw Wembley Stadium. [ 211 ] In the 2013/14 and 2018/19 seasons Cardiff City played in the English Premier League. Cardiff Metropolitan University F.C. of the Athletic Union of Cardiff Metropolitan University, based in Cyncoed, play in the Cymru Premier, having been promoted from Welsh League Division One in 2016. They were winners of the Welsh League Cup for the 2018–19 season. [ 212 ] Cardiff has numerous smaller clubs including Bridgend Street A.F.C., Caerau ( Ely ) A.F.C., Cardiff Corinthians F.C., Cardiff Grange Harlequins A.F.C., and Ely Rangers A.F.C., which all play in the Welsh football league arrangement. [ 213 ]
In addition to men ‘s football teams Cardiff City Ladies of the FA Women ‘s Premier League Southern Division are based in the city. Teams in the Welsh Premier Women ‘s Football League are Cardiff Met. Ladies, Cyncoed Ladies and Cardiff City. During the 1990s, London-based football cabaret Wimbledon FC expressed interest in relocating to Cardiff, having been without a dwelling of their own since exiting Plough Lane stadium in 1991 and sharing with Crystal Palace FC at Selhurst Park. The resettlement of the golf club to Cardiff did not happen ; in 2003, the cabaret moved to Milton Keynes and a class late rebranded as Milton Keynes Dons. [ 214 ] cardiff Arms Park ( Welsh : Parc yr Arfau Caerdydd ), in central Cardiff, is among the world ‘s most celebrated venues—being the scene of three Welsh Grand Slams in the 1970s ( 1971, 1976 and 1978 ) and six Five Nations titles in nine years—and was the venue for Wales ‘ games in the 1991 Rugby World Cup. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] The Arms Park has a sporting history dating back to at least the 1850s, when Cardiff Cricket Club ( imprint 1819 ) relocated to the site. [ 206 ] The grind was donated to Cardiff CC in 1867 by the Marquess of Bute. Cardiff Cricket Club shared the grind with Cardiff Rugby Football Club ( establish 1876 ) — forming Cardiff Athletic Club between them — until 1966, when the cricket segment moved to Sophia Gardens. Cardiff Athletic Club and the Welsh Rugby Union established two stadium on the site—Cardiff RFC played at their stadium at the northerly end of the site, and the Wales national rugby union team played international matches at the National Stadium, Cardiff Arms Park, which opened in 1970. The National Stadium was replaced by the 74,500 capacity Millennium Stadium ( Welsh : Stadiwm y Mileniwm ) in 1999—in meter for the 1999 Rugby World Cup —and is home stadium to the Wales national rugby and football teams for external matches. [ 206 ] [ 215 ] [ 219 ] [ 220 ] In addition to Wales ‘ Six Nations Championship and other international games, the Principality Stadium held four matches in the 2007 Rugby World Cup and six FA Cup finals ( from the 2001–02 to 2005–06 seasons ) while Wembley Stadium was being rebuilt. [ 216 ]
SWALEC Stadium Cardiff Cricket Club was formed in 1819 and Glamorgan County Cricket Club has competed as a excellent county since 1921. Its headquarters and grind is the SWALEC Stadium, Sophia Gardens, since moving from Cardiff Arms Park in 1966. The Sophia Gardens stadium undergo multimillion-pound improvements since being selected to host the first “ England ” five Australia Test Match of the 2009 Ashes series. [ 206 ] [ 221 ] The Hundred franchise team Welsh Fire is besides based at the stadium. Cardiff has a long association with box, from ‘Peerless ‘ Jim Driscoll — born in Cardiff in 1880 — to more holocene, high-profile fights staged in the city. [ 222 ] These include the WBC Lennox Lewis vs. Frank Bruno heavyweight championship contend at the Arms Park in 1993, and many of Joe Calzaghe ‘s fights, between 2003 and 2007. Cardiff ‘s professional ice ice hockey team, the Cardiff Devils, plays in the 3,000-seat Ice Arena Wales in the Cardiff International Sports Village. It plays in the 12-team master Elite Ice Hockey League. Founded in 1986, it was one of the most successful british teams in the 1990s. cardiff ‘s lone American-flag football team is the Hurricanes. It won the british Championship in 2014 after falling curtly by 2 points in a quarter-final to eventual winners, the London Rebels, the previous year. It is based at Roath Recreational Ground .
The 1958 Commonwealth Games were hosted by Cardiff. These involved 1,130 athletes from 35 national teams competing in 94 events. [ 223 ] One of the venues for those Games—The Wales Empire Swimming Pool—was demolished in 1998 to make direction for the Principality Stadium. The GBP32m Cardiff International Pool in Cardiff Bay, opened to the public on 12 January 2008 — function of the GBP1bn International Sports Village ( ISV ) — is the only Olympic-standard naiant pool in Wales. When complete, the ISV building complex will provide Olympic standard facilities for sports including packing and argue, gymnastics, judo, white water events ( including canoe and kayak ) and wrestling deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as a snow attic with real snow for skiing and snowboard, an sphere for public ice skate and ice field hockey and an hotel. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] Some of the sports facilities at the ISV were to be used as coach venues for the London 2012 Olympics. [ 226 ]
A phase of Wales Rally GB, hosted inside the Principality Stadium The Principality Stadium hosts motor-sport events such as the World Rally Championship, as contribution of Wales Rally GB. The foremost indoor special stages of the World Rally Championship were held at the Principality Stadium in September 2005 and have been an annual event since. [ 227 ] The british Speedway Grand Prix, one of the World Championship events, is held at the Millennium Stadium. [ 220 ] While the track—a impermanent, purpose built, shale oval—is not universally loved, the venue is considered the best of the World Championship ‘s 11 rounds. [ 228 ] The Cardiff International Sports Stadium, opened 19 January 2009, replacing the Cardiff Athletics Stadium, demolished to make way for the Cardiff City Stadium. It has a 4,953 capacity as a multi sport/special event venue, offering certificated external traverse and field athletics facilities, including an international standard external throws area. [ 229 ] [ 230 ] [ 231 ] The stadium houses the Headquarters of Welsh Athletics, the sport ‘s governing body for Wales. [ 232 ] The city ‘s indoor track and sphere athletics sports venue is the National Indoor Athletics Centre, an international athletics and multi sports center at the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff Campus, Cyncoed. [ 233 ]

luminary people [edit ]

many celebrated people have hailed from Cardiff, ranging from historic figures such as the 12th-century Welsh drawing card Ifor Bach to more holocene figures such as Roald Dahl, Ken Follett, Griff Rhys Jones, Catrin Dafydd, and the early Blue Peter presenter Gethin Jones. The noteworthy actors include Ioan Gruffudd ( luminary film performances such as Lancelot in King Arthur ( 2004 ), Mister Fantastic ( Reed Richards ) in Fantastic 4 ( 2005 ) and its sequel Fantastic 4: Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) ) and Iwan Rheon. besides noteworthy is Siân Grigg, BAFTA winner and Oscar nominated Hollywood constitution artist. In particular, the city has been the birthplace of sports stars such as Tanni Grey-Thompson and Colin Jackson a well as many Premier League, Football League and international footballers, such as Craig Bellamy, Gareth Bale, Ryan Giggs, Joe Ledley, and former managers of the Wales national football team Terry Yorath and John Toshack. International rugby league players from Cardiff include Frank Whitcombe, Billy Boston, David Willicombe and Colin Dixon. International Rugby Union Jamie Roberts, Jamie Robinson, Nicky Robinson, Rhys Patchell, and baseball internationals include George Whitcombe and Ted Peterson. saint Teilo ( c. 500 – 9 February c. 560 ) is the patron ideal of Cardiff. He was a british Christian monk, bishop, and founder of monasteries and churches. Reputed to be a cousin, friend, and disciple of Saint David, he was Bishop of Llandaff and founder of the first church service at Llandaff Cathedral, where his grave is. His saint ‘s Day is 9 February. cardiff is besides well known for its musicians. Ivor Novello inspired the Ivor Novello Awards. Idloes Owen, founder of the Welsh National Opera, lived in Llandaff. Dame Shirley Bassey was born and raised in Cardiff. Charlotte Church is celebrated as a crossover voter classical/pop singer. Shakin ‘ Stevens was one of the top-selling male artists in the UK during the 1980s. Tigertailz, a popular glam metallic act in the 1980s, besides hailed from Cardiff. A act of Cardiff-based bands, such as Catatonia and Super Furry Animals, were popular in the 1990s. [ 234 ]

Twinning [edit ]

namesake [edit ]

Cardiff-by-the-Sea in Encinitas, California was named after Cardiff in Wales .

diplomatic bearing [edit ]

A sum of 28 countries have a diplomatic presence in Cardiff. [ 237 ] Many of these, such as Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Denmark, Canada, Thailand and the Czech Republic, are represented by honorary consulates. The United States Embassy to the UK operates a satellite function. [ 238 ] [ 239 ] [ 240 ] [ 241 ] [ 242 ] [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ]

freedom of the City [edit ]

The adopt people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Cardiff ; they are listed with the date that they received the honor .

Individuals [edit ]

military units [edit ]

[ 246 ]

See besides [edit ]

References [edit ]

Cardiff Council site
Visit Cardiff
Cardiff Records: the full text of the edition of historical records for Cardiff, edited by J. H. Matthews (1898–1905). Part of British History Online.