This article is about the genre of music. For early uses, see Soul music ( disambiguation ) Genre of music

Soul music ( frequently referred to merely as soul ) is a popular music writing style that originated in the african American community throughout the United States in the 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of african-american gospel music, rhythm and blues and sleep together. Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul besides became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music and the music of Africa. [ 2 ]

According to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, soul is “ music that arose out of the black experience in America through the transformation of gospel and rhythm & blues into a human body of funky, layman testify ”. [ 3 ] Catchy rhythm, stressed by handclaps and ad-lib body moves, are an important sport of soul music. other characteristics are a call and reply between the lead singer and the choir and an particularly tense vocal music sound. [ 4 ] The style besides occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and aide sounds. [ 4 ] Soul music reflected the african-american identity and it stressed the importance of an african-american culture. The new-found african-american consciousness led to newfangled styles of music, which boasted pride in being black. [ 5 ] Soul music dominated the U.S. R & B graph in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U.S., Britain, and elsewhere. By 1968, the soul music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed flinch music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more twist, and in some cases more politically conscious varieties. [ 6 ] By the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic and progressive rock, among early genres, leading to psychedelic and progressive soul. The United States saw the exploitation of neo soul around 1994. There are besides respective other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The key subgenres of soul include the Motown dash, a more start -friendly and rhythmical style ; deep soul and southern soul, drive, energetic soul styles combining R & B with southern gospel music sounds ; Memphis soul, a shimmer, sensual style ; New Orleans soul, which came out of the rhythm and blues style ; Chicago soul, a lighter gospel-influenced sound ; Philadelphia soul, a lavish orchestral voice with doo-wop -inspired vocals ; a well as psychedelic soul, a blend of psychedelic rock ‘n’ roll and soul music .

history [edit ]

Origins [edit ]

Ray Charles pioneered the soul music genre during the 1950s by combining blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel styles Soul music has its roots in traditional african-american gospel music and rhythm method of birth control and blues and as the hybridization of their respective religious and profane styles – in both lyrical subject and instrumentality – that began in the 1950s. The term “ soul ” had been used among african-american musicians to emphasize the feel of being an african-american in the United States. [ 7 ] According to musicologist Barry Hansen, [ 8 ]

Though this hybrid produced a seize of hits in the R & B commercialize in the early 1950s, only the most adventurous white fans felt its impact at the time ; the rest had to wait for the coming of soul music in the 1960s to feel the rush of rock and bankroll sing gospel-style .

According to AllMusic, “ [ randomness ] oul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm method of birth control and blues in the ’60s. ” [ 10 ] The phrase “ person music ” itself, referring to gospel-style music with worldly lyrics, was beginning attested in 1961. [ 11 ] The term “ soul ” in african-american parlance has connotations of african-american pride and culture. Gospel groups in the 1940s and ’50s occasionally used the term as partially of their names. The jazz expressive style that originated from gospel became known as soul jazz. As singers and arrangers began using techniques from both gospel and soul jazz in african-american popular music during the 1960s, soul music gradually functioned as an umbrella term for african-american popular music at the time. [ 12 ] [ 13 ]
According to the Acoustic Music arrangement, the “ beginning clear evidence of soul music shows up with the “ 5 ” Royales, an ex-gospel group that turned to R & B and in Faye Adams, whose “ Shake A Hand ” becomes an R & B standard ”. [ 14 ] crucial innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the egress of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. [ 8 ] Ray Charles is much cited as popularizing the soul music genre with his series of hits, starting with 1954 ‘s “ I Got a Woman “. [ 15 ] Singer Bobby Womack said, “ Ray was the genius. He turned the world onto soul music. ” [ 6 ] Charles was open in acknowledging the determine of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his scorch expressive style. small Richard, who inspired Otis Redding, [ 16 ] and James Brown both were evenly influential. Brown was nicknamed the “ Godfather of Soul Music ”, [ 9 ] and Richard proclaimed himself as the “ King of Rockin ‘ and Rollin ‘, Rhythm and Blues Soulin ‘ ”, because his music embodied elements of all three, and since he inspired artists in all three genres. [ 17 ] Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson besides are much acknowledged as soul forefathers. [ 6 ] [ 18 ] Cooke became democratic as the run singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, before controversially moving into worldly music. His record of “ You Send maine “ in 1957 launched a successful pop music career. furthermore, his 1962 record of “ Bring It On Home To Me “ has been described as “ possibly the first record to define the soul experience ”. [ 19 ] Jackie Wilson, a contemporaneous of both Cooke and James Brown, besides achieved crossing success, particularly with his 1957 score “ Reet Petite “. He even was particularly influential for his dramatic delivery and performances. [ 20 ]

1960s [edit ]

Writer Peter Guralnick is among those to identify Solomon Burke as a key figure in the emergence of soul music, and Atlantic Records as the identify record label. Burke ‘s early 1960s songs, including “ Cry to Me “, “ just Out of Reach “ and “ Down in the Valley ” are considered classics of the writing style. Guralnick wrote :

“ Soul started, in a common sense, with the 1961 success of Solomon Burke ‘s “ Just Out Of Reach ”. Ray Charles, of course, had already enjoyed enormous achiever ( besides on Atlantic ), as had James Brown and Sam Cooke — chiefly in a toss off vein. Each of these singers, though, could be looked upon as an isolate phenomenon ; it was only with the coming together of Burke and Atlantic Records that you could begin to see anything flush resembling a movement. ” [ 21 ]

Ben E. King besides achieved success in 1961 with “ Stand By Me “, a song directly based on a gospel hymn. [ 6 ] By the mid-1960s, the initial successes of Burke, King, and others had been surpassed by fresh soul singers, including Stax artists such as Otis Redding and Wilson Pickett, who chiefly recorded in Memphis, Tennessee, and Muscle Shoals, Alabama. According to Jon Landau : [ 22 ]

“ between 1962 and 1964 Redding recorded a series of soul ballads characterized by unabashedly bathetic lyrics normally begging forgiveness or asking a girlfriend to come dwelling … He soon became known as “ Mr. Pitiful ” and earned a reputation as the leading performer of person ballads. ”

The most significant female soul singer to emerge was Aretha Franklin, originally a religious doctrine singer who began to make laic recordings in 1960 but whose career was subsequently revitalised by her recordings for Atlantic. Her 1967 recordings, such as “ I never Loved a Man ( The Way I Love You ) “, “ Respect “ ( written and primitively recorded by Otis Redding ), and “ Do Right Woman, Do Right Man “ ( written by Chips Moman and Dan Penn ), were significant and commercially successful productions. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Soul music dominated the U.S. african-american music charts in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U.S. Otis Redding was a huge success at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967. [ 6 ] The genre besides became highly democratic in the UK, where many lead acts toured in the late 1960s. “ Soul ” became an umbrella term for an increasingly wide diverseness of R & B-based music styles – from the dance and pop-oriented acts at Motown Records in Detroit, such as the Temptations, Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder, to “ deep person “ performers such as Percy Sledge and James Carr. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Different regions and cities within the U.S., including New York City, Detroit, Chicago, Memphis, New Orleans, Philadelphia, and Muscle Shoals, Alabama ( the home of FAME Studios and Muscle Shoals Sound Studios ) became notice for different subgenres of the music and record styles. [ 10 ] [ 30 ] By 1968, while at its bill of popularity, soul began to fragment into disparate subgenres. Artists such as James Brown and Sly and the Family Stone evolved into funk music, while early singers such as Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, Curtis Mayfield and Al Green developed glib, more sophisticate and in some cases more politically conscious varieties of the writing style. [ 6 ] however, soul music continued to evolve, informing most subsequent forms of R & B from the 1970s-onward, with pockets of musicians continuing to perform in traditional soul style. [ 10 ]

1970s and 1980s [edit ]

Mitchell ‘s Hi Records continued in the Stax tradition of the previous decade, releasing a string of hits by Green, Ann Peebles, Otis Clay, O.V. Wright and Syl Johnson. [ 31 ] Bobby Womack, who recorded with Chips Moman in the late 1960s, continued to produce soul recordings in the 1970s and 1980s. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] In Detroit, producer Don Davis worked with Stax artists such as Johnnie Taylor and the Dramatics. [ 34 ] early 1970s recordings by the Detroit Emeralds, such as Do Me Right, are a link between soul and the later disco style. [ 35 ] Motown Records artists such as Marvin Gaye, Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder and Smokey Robinson contributed to the development of person music, although their recordings were considered more in a crop up music vein than those of Redding, Franklin and Carr. [ 27 ] Although stylistically different from classical person music, recordings by Chicago -based artists are often considered function of the genre. [ 36 ] By the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres. [ 37 ] Artists like James Brown led person towards funk music, which became typified by 1970s bands like Parliament-Funkadelic and the Meters. [ 38 ] More versatile groups such as War, the Commodores, and Earth, Wind and Fire became popular around this time. [ 39 ] During the 1970s, some glib and commercial blue-eyed soul acts like Philadelphia ‘s Hall & Oates and Oakland ‘s Tower of Power achieved mainstream achiever, as did a new coevals of street-corner harmony or “ city-soul ” groups such as the Delfonics and the historically black Howard University ‘s Unifics. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] The syndicate music/dance variety television series Soul Train, hosted by Chicago native Don Cornelius, debuted in 1971. [ 42 ] The read provided an exit for soul music for respective decades, besides spawning a franchise that saw the universe of a record label ( Soul Train Records ) that distributed music by the Whispers, Carrie Lucas, and an energetic group known as Shalamar. [ 43 ] Numerous disputes led to Cornelius spinning off the record pronounce to his talent booker, Dick Griffey, who transformed the label into solar Records, itself a big soul music label throughout the 1980s. [ 43 ] The television series continued to air travel until 2006, although other predominantly african-american music genres such as rap began overshadowing soul on the read get down in the 1980s. [ 44 ]

beyond [edit ]

As disco and funk musicians had hits in the late 1970s and early 1980s, person went in the steering of silence storm. With its relax tempo and soft melodies, quiet storm soul took influences from fusion and adult contemporary. Some funk bands, such as EW & F, the Commodores and Con Funk Shun would have a few quiet ramp tracks on their albums. Among the most successful acts in this era include Smokey Robinson, Jeffry Osbourne, Peabo Bryson, Chaka Khan, and Larry Graham. After the decline of disco and funk in the early 1980s, soul music became influenced by electro music. It became less raw and more glibly produced, resulting in a style known as contemporary R & B, which sounded very different from the original rhythm and blues style. The United States saw the development of neo-soul around 1994 .

luminary labels and producers [edit ]

detroit Records [edit ]

Berry Gordy ‘s successful Tamla/Motown group of labels was luminary for being african-american owned, unlike most of the earlier freelancer R & B labels. celebrated artists under this label were Gladys Knight and the Pips, the Supremes, the Temptations, the Miracles, the Four Tops, the Marvelettes, Mary Wells, Jr. Walker & the All-Stars, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Tammi Terrell, Martha and the Vandellas, [ 45 ] and the Jackson Five. Hits were made using a quasi-industrial “ production-line “ approach. The producers and songwriters brought artistic sensitivity to the three-minute tunes. Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier and Eddie Holland were rarely out of the charts for their work as songwriters and record producers for the Supremes, the Four Tops and Martha and the Vandellas. [ 45 ] They allowed crucial elements to shine through the dense musical texture. The rhythm was emphasized by handclaps or tambourine. Smokey Robinson was another writer and record producer who added lyrics to “ The Tracks of My Tears “ by his group the Miracles, which was one of the most significant songs of the decade.

Stax Records and Atlantic Records [edit ]

Stax Records and Atlantic Records were autonomous labels that produced high-quality dance records featuring many well-known singers of the day. They tended to have smaller ensembles marked by expressive gospel-tinged vocals. Brass and saxophones were besides used extensively. [ 46 ] [ page needed ] Stax Records, founded by siblings Estelle and James Stewart, was the irregular most successful record label behind Motown Records. They were creditworthy for releasing hits by Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, the Staple Singers, and many more. [ 47 ] Ahmet Ertegun, who had anticipated being a diplomat until 1944 when his father died, founded Atlantic Records in 1947 with his ally Herb Abramson. Ertegun wrote many songs for Ray Charles and the Clovers. He flush sang backup vocals for his artist Big Joe Turner on the song, “ Shake Rattle and Roll ”. [ 48 ]

Subgenres [edit ]

Detroit ( Motown ) [edit ]

Dominated by Berry Gordy ‘s Motown Records empire, Detroit soul is strongly rhythmical and influenced by gospel music. The Motown sound often includes bridge player clap, a brawny bassline, strings, brass and vibraphone. Motown Records ‘ house band was the Funk Brothers. AllMusic cites Motown as the pioneering pronounce of pop-soul, a style of person music with crude vocals, but polish product and toned-down national matter intended for pop radio and crossover success. [ 49 ] Artists of this style included Diana Ross, the Jackson 5, Stevie Wonder, and Billy Preston. [ 49 ] Popular during the 1960s, the vogue became glossier during the 1970s and led to disco. [ 49 ] In the late 2000s, the expressive style was revisited by contemporary person singers such as Amy Winehouse, [ 50 ] Raphael Saadiq ( specifically his 2008 album The Way I See It ) and Solange Knowles ( her 2008 album Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams ). [ 51 ]

Deep and southerly [edit ]

Soul singer Otis Redding was an electrifying phase presence The terms deep soul and southern soul generally refer to a drive, energetic soul style combining R & B ‘s energy with pulsating southern United States gospel music sounds. Memphis, Tennessee, label Stax Records nurtured a classifiable sound, which included putting vocals further back in the mix than most contemporaneous R & B records, using vibrant horn parts in place of setting vocals, and a focus on the low end of the frequency spectrum. The huge majority of Stax releases were backed by house bands Booker T & the MGs ( with Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn, and Al Jackson ) and the Memphis Horns ( the splinter horn section of the Mar-Keys, trumpeter Wayne Jackson and saxophonist Andrew Love ) .

memphis [edit ]

Memphis soul is a shimmer, sensual manner of person music produced in the 1960s and 1970s at Stax Records and Hi Records in Memphis, Tennessee. It featured melancholy and melodious horns, Hammond organ, bass, and drums, as hear in recordings by Hi ‘s Al Green and Stax ‘s Booker T. & the M.G. ‘s. The latter group besides sometimes played in the harder-edged southerly soul stylus. The Hi Records house ring ( Hi Rhythm Section ) and manufacturer Willie Mitchell developed a soar soul dash hear in the label ‘s 1970s hit recordings. Some Stax recordings fit into this style but had their own alone sound .

New Orleans [edit ]

The New Orleans person scenery directly came out of the rhythm and blues era, when such artists as Little Richard, Fats Domino, and Huey Piano Smith made a huge impingement on the pop and R & B charts and a huge direct charm on the birth of Funk music. The principal architect of Crescent City ‘s person was songwriter, arranger, and manufacturer Allen Toussaint. He worked with such artists as Irma Thomas ( “ the Soul Queen of New Orleans ” ), Jessie Hill, Chris Kenner, Benny Spellman, and Ernie K. Doe on the Minit/Instant label complex to produce a classifiable New Orleans soul heavy that generated a batch of national hits. other noteworthy New Orleans hits came from Robert Parker, Betty Harris, and Aaron Neville. While read labels in New Orleans largely disappeared by the mid-1960s, producers in the city continued to record New Orleans person artists for early chiefly New York City- and Los Angeles-based record labels—notably Lee Dorsey for New York-based Amy Records and the Meters for New York-based Josie and then LA-based Reprise .

Chicago [edit ]

Chicago soul by and large had a light gospel-influenced sound, but the boastfully number of record labels based in the city tended to produce a more diverse sound than other cities. Vee Jay Records, which lasted until 1966, produced recordings by Jerry Butler, Betty Everett, Dee Clark, and Gene Chandler. chess Records, chiefly a blues and rock and peal label, produced several major soul artists, including the Dells and Billy Stewart. Curtis Mayfield not entirely scored many hits with his group, the Impressions, but wrote many shoot songs for Chicago artists and produced hits on his own labels for the Fascinations, Major Lance, and the Five Stairsteps .

Philadelphia [edit ]

Based primarily in the Philadelphia International record label, Philadelphia soul ( or Philly Soul ) had lush string and horn arrangements and doo-wop -inspired vocals. Thom Bell, and Kenneth Gamble & Leon Huff are considered the founders of Philadelphia person, which produced hits for Patti LaBelle, the O’Jays, the Intruders, the Three Degrees, the Delfonics, the Stylistics, Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, and the Spinners .

progressive [edit ]

By the 1970s, african-american popular musicians had drawn from the conceptual album-oriented approach of the then-burgeoning progressive rock ‘n’ roll development. This progressive-soul development inspired a newfound sophisticate musicality and ambitious lyricism in bootleg dad. [ 52 ] Among these musicians were Sly Stone, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Curtis Mayfield, and George Clinton. In discussing the progressive soul of the 1970s, Martin cites this period ‘s albums from Wonder ( Talking Book, Innervisions, Songs in the Key of Life ), War ( All Day Music, The World Is a Ghetto, War Live ), and the Isley Brothers ( 3 + 3 ). Isaac Hayes ‘s 1969 record of “ Walk on By “ is considered a “ classic ” of prog-soul, according to City Pages diarist Jay Boller. [ 55 ] Later prog-soul music includes recordings by Prince, [ 56 ] Peter Gabriel, [ 57 ] Meshell Ndegeocello, Joi, [ 58 ] Bilal, Dwele, Anthony David, [ 59 ] Janelle Monáe, [ 60 ] and the Soulquarians, an experimental black-music collective active during the late 1990s and early on 2000s. [ 61 ]

psychedelic [edit ]

psychedelic soul, sometimes known as “ black rock ”, was a blend of psychedelic rock and soul music in the former 1960s, which paved the manner for the mainstream emergence of funk music a few years belated. [ 62 ] early pioneers of this subgenre of soul music include Jimi Hendrix, Sly and the Family Stone, Norman Whitfield, and Isaac Hayes. [ 63 ] While psychedelic rock began its worsen, the charm of psychedelic soul continued on and remained prevailing through the 1970s. [ 64 ] [ failed verification ]

british [edit ]

Adele perform in 2016 In the early 1960s, belittled soul scenes began popping up around the UK. Liverpool in particular had an established black community from which artists such as Chants and Steve Aldo emerged and go on to record within the british music diligence. As a leave, many recordings were commercially released by british soul acts during the 1960s which were unable to connect with the mainstream marketplace. [ 65 ] Nevertheless, soul has been a major influence on british democratic music since the 1960s including bands of the british Invasion, most significantly the Beatles. [ 66 ] There were a handful of significant british Blue-eyed soul acts, including Dusty Springfield and Tom Jones. [ 67 ] In 70s Carl Douglas, real thing and Delegation [ 68 ] had hits in UK chart. american soul was highly popular among some youth sub-cultures like the Mod, Northern soul and Modern person movements, but a clear genre of british person did not emerge until the 1980s when several artists including George Michael, Sade, Simply Red, Lisa Stansfield and Soul II Soul enjoyed commercial success. [ 69 ] The popularity of british soul artists in the U.S., most notably Amy Winehouse, Adele, Estelle, Duffy, Joss Stone and Leona Lewis, led to talk of a “ third base british Invasion ” or soul invasion in the 2000s and 2010s. [ 70 ] [ 71 ]

neo [edit ]

Neo soul is a blend of 1970s soul-style vocals and instrumentality with contemporaneous R & B sounds, hip-hop beats, and poetic interludes. The style was developed in the early to mid-1990s and the term was coined in the early 1990s by producer and record label executive Kedar Massenburg. A key element in neo soul is a heavy dose of Fender Rhodes or Wurlitzer electric piano “ pads ” over a mellow, grooving interplay between the drums ( normally with a rim scene snare sound ) and a muted, deep funky bass. The Fender Rhodes piano sound gives the music a strong, organic quality .

Northern [edit ]

Northern soul is a music and dancing movement that emerged in the late 1960s out of the british mod subculture in Northern England and the English Midlands, based on a particular stylus of soul music with a heavy beat and firm tempo. The give voice northern soul was coined by a journalist Dave Godin and popularised through his column in Blues and Soul magazine. [ 72 ] The rare soul records were played by DJs at nightclubs, and included dark 1960s and early 1970s american recordings with an uptempo beat, such as those on Motown and smaller labels, not necessarily from the Northern United States .

Hyper [edit ]

Hypersoul is a medley of soul and dance music. It maintains the vocal quality, techniques, and style, but includes a bowel movement towards engineering, materialism, and heightened sex, and sensualism in the rhythm and lyricism. These values represent a departure from the typical religious and spiritual undercurrents of traditional soul music. While the subgenre is placid focused on homo, often romanticist, relationships, it presents these relationships as based on more artificial, material constructs. These aspects of hypersoul are more in line with the ‘ playa ’ culture of rap and modern R & B culture. In his 2001 article on the genre, Bat describes it as being “ more like an dialect than a genre ”. [ 73 ] Hypersoul is besides remarkable for possessing a more euro sound charm than the other subgenres of soul. The subgenre provides more roles that may be adopted by the song ‘s female subjects and more space to express different facets of gender experience as compared to traditional person, through the transposition of male-female dynamics and the embrace of dominating and confrontational attitudes. These attitudes can be seen as success of the early blueswomen of the 1920s such as Ma Rainey. [ 74 ] Performers included Timbaland, Aaliyah, Whitney Houston and Destiny ‘s Child. Hypersoul possibly besides be seen as a precursor to modern R & B .

Nu-jazz and other influenced electronica [edit ]

many artists in diverse genres of electronic music ( such as theater, brake drum newton bass, UK garage, and downtempo ) are heavily influenced by soul, and have produced many soul-inspired compositions .

Non-black musicians [edit ]

The impact of soul music was manifold ; internationally, white and early non-black musicians were influenced by soul music. british soul and Northern soul, rare soul music played by DJs at nightclubs in Northern England, are examples. several terms were introduced, such as “ blue-eyed soul ”, which is R & B or soul music performed by white artists. The intend of blue-eyed soul has evolved over the decades. primitively the term was associated with mid-1960s white artists who performed soul and R & B that was alike to the music released by Motown Records and Stax Records. [ 23 ] The Righteous Brothers, the Rascals, Spencer Davis Group, Steve Winwood, Van Morrison & Them, and the Grass Roots were celebrated blue-eyed soul musicians in the 1960s. The term continued to be used in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly by the british media to refer to a new generation of singers who adopted elements of the Stax and Motown sounds. To a lesser extent, the terminus has been applied to singers in other music genres that are influenced by soul music. Artists like Hall and Oates, David Bowie, Teena Marie, Hamilton, Joe Frank & Raynolds, Frankie Valli, Christina Aguilera, Amy Winehouse and Adele are known as blue-eyed soul singers. Another term is brown-eyed soul, or person music or R & B created and performed chiefly by Latinos in Southern California during the 1960s, continuing through to the early 1980s. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] The genre of soul music occasionally draws from Latin, and much contains rock music influences. [ 77 ] This contrasts with blue-eyed soul, person music performed by non-Hispanic white artists. [ 78 ] Ritchie Valens, one of the original pioneers of brown-eyed soul music, besides became one of the first gear brown-eyed soul artists to bring traditional Latin music and rock ‘n’ roll and hustle influences into the genre. Latino groups on the East and West Coast besides drew from the funk -influenced Philadelphia soul, or “ Philly ” person. The West Coast Latin rock scene continued to influence brown-eyed soul artists equally good. Inspired by Valens, 1960s and 1970s bands such as Cannibal & the Headhunters ( “ Land of a Thousand Dances “ ) and Thee Midniters played brown-eyed R & B music with a disaffected rock candy and wind edge. many of these artists drew from the fraternity rock and garage rock scenes. however, the big Hispanic population on the West Coast began gradually moving away from energetic R & B to romanticist soul, and the results were “ some of the sweetest soul music listen during the late ’60s and ’70s. ” [ 75 ]

See besides [edit ]

References [edit ]

bibliography [edit ]

foster understand [edit ]

  • Garland, Phyl (1969). The Sound of Soul: the History of Black Music. New York: Pocket Books, 1971, cop. 1969. xii, 212 p. 300 p. + [32] p. of b&w photos.