Crimea - Wikipedia

peninsula in the Black Sea

Map of the Crimean Peninsula Crimea [ a ] is a peninsula along the northerly seashore of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe. It has a population of 2.4 million, [ 1 ] made up largely of cultural Russians and significant ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities. [ 2 ] The peninsula is about wholly surrounded by both the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov ; it is located south of Kherson Oblast in Ukraine, to which it is connected by the Isthmus of Perekop, and west of Krasnodar Krai in Russia, from which it is separated by the Strait of Kerch though linked by the Crimean Bridge since 2018. The Arabat Spit is located to its northeast, a narrow strip of land that separates a system of lagoons named Sivash from the Sea of Azov. Across the Black Sea to the west lies Romania and to the south is Turkey.

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Crimea ( or the Tauric Peninsula, as it was called from antiquity until the early mod period ) has historically been at the boundary between the authoritative world and the Pontic–Caspian steppe. Its southerly outskirt was colonised by the Greeks and then ruled by the Persians followed by the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, and ultimately successor states including the empire of Trebizond and Principality of Theodoro. During the entirety of this period the urban areas were Greek-speaking and finally eastern Christian ( Eastern Orthodox ). During the collapse of the Byzantine submit some cities fell to its creditor, the Republic of Genoa, until finally all were absorbed by the quickly rising Ottoman Empire. Throughout this clock the interior was occupied by a changing cast of invading steppe nomads and empires, such as the Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Crimean Goths, Alans, Bulgars, Huns, Khazars, Kipchaks, Mongols, and the Golden Horde. Crimea and adjacent territories were united in the Crimean Khanate, a erstwhile addiction of the Ottomans, during the 15th to 18th hundred, and frequently raided south Russia for slaves. In 1783, Crimea was annexed by the russian Empire as the resultant role of the Russo-Turkish War ( 1768–1774 ). Following the russian Revolution of 1917, Crimea became an autonomous republic within the russian SFSR in the Soviet Union. During World War II, Crimea was downgraded to the Crimean Oblast and the entirety of one of its autochthonal populations, the Crimean Tatars, were deported to Central Asia, an act recognized as a genocide by Ukraine and three other countries. In 1954, the Soviet Union transferred Crimea to the ukrainian SSR from the russian SFSR. [ 5 ] With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine was reestablished as an independent state in 1991, and most of the peninsula was reorganized as the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, and the city of Sevastopol retained its limited condition within Ukraine. The 1997 Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet partitioned the former soviet Black Sea Fleet and allowed Russia to continue basing its fleet in Crimea : both the ukrainian Naval Forces and Russia ‘s Black Sea Fleet were to be headquartered in Sevastopol. Ukraine extended Russia ‘s rent of the naval facilities under the 2010 Kharkiv Pact in rally for far discounted natural gas. The status of Crimea is disputed. It is claimed by Ukraine and in 2014 was recognized as ukrainian by the United Nations [ 6 ] and most early countries, but it is governed by Russia. In February 2014, following the 2014 ukrainian revolution that ousted the ukrainian President, Viktor Yanukovych, Russia annexed Crimea after a military intervention by pro-Russian separatists and Russian Armed Forces. [ 7 ] A controversial Crimea-wide referendum, illegal under the ukrainian and Crimean constitutions, [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] was held on the consequence of reunion with Russia ; its official results showed over 90 % subscribe for reunion ; however, the vote was boycotted by many loyal to Ukraine [ 11 ] [ 12 ] and declared illegitimate by western governments and the United Nations. Russia formally annexed Crimea on 18 March 2014, incorporating the Republic of Crimea and the union city of Sevastopol as the 84th and 85th federal subjects of Russia. [ 13 ]

name

The classical music diagnose for Crimea, Tauris or Taurica, is from the greek Ταυρική ( Taurikḗ ), after the peninsula ‘s Scytho-Cimmerian inhabitants, the Tauri. Strabo ( Geography seven 4.3, xi. 2.5 ), Polybius, ( Histories 4.39.4 ), and Ptolemy ( Geographia. II, five 9.5 ) mention variously to the Strait of Kerch as the Κιμμερικὸς Βόσπορος ( Kimmerikos Bosporos, romanized spell, Bosporus Cimmerius ), its easternmost share as the Κιμμέριον Ἄκρον ( Kimmerion Akron, Roman name : Promontorium Cimmerium, [ 14 ] a well as to the city of Cimmerium and whence the list of the Kingdom of the cimmerian Bosporus ( Κιμμερικοῦ Βοσπόρου ). The Crimean Tatar name of the peninsula is Qırım ( Crimean Tatar : Къырым, romanized : Kirim/Qırım ) and therefore besides for the city of Krym, now called Staryi Krym, [ 15 ] which served as a capital of the Crimean state of the Golden Horde. Between 1315 and 1329 CE, the arabian writer Abū al-Fidā recounted a political fight in 1300–1301 CE which resulted in a equal ‘s decapitation and his fountainhead being sent “ to the Crimea ”, [ 16 ] obviously in reference book to the peninsula, [ 17 ] although some sources hold that the name of the capital was extended to the stallion peninsula at some point during Ottoman suzerainty ( 1441–1783 ). [ 18 ] The beginning of the word Qırım is uncertain. Suggestions argued in assorted sources include :

a corruption of Cimmerium (Greek, Kimmerikon, Κιμμερικόν).[19][20][21]
a derivation from the Turkic term qirum (“fosse, trench”), from qori- (“to fence, protect”).[22][23][24]

early suggestions either unsupported or contradicted by sources, apparently based on similarity in sound, include :

a derivation from the Greek Cremnoi (Κρημνοί, in post-classical Koiné Greek pronunciation, Crimni, i.e., “the Cliffs”, a port on Lake Maeotis (Sea of Azov) cited by Herodotus in The Histories 4.20.1 and 4.110.2).[25] However, Herodotus identifies the port not in Crimea, but as being on the west coast of the Sea of Azov. No evidence has been identified that this name was ever in use for the peninsula.
The Turkic term (e.g., in Turkish: Kırım) is related to the Mongolian appellation kerm “wall”, but sources indicate that the Mongolian appellation of the Crimean peninsula of Qaram is phonetically incompatible with kerm/kerem and therefore deriving from another original term.[26][27][28]

The spelling “ Crimea ” is the italian form, i.e., la Crimea, since at least the seventeenth century [ 29 ] and the “ Crimean peninsula ” becomes stream during the eighteenth hundred, gradually replacing the classical name of Tauric Peninsula in the course of the nineteenth hundred. [ 30 ] In English use since the early modern period the Crimean Khanate is referred to as Crim Tartary. [ 31 ] The omission of the definite article in English ( “ Crimea ” rather than “ the Crimea ” ) became common during the later twentieth hundred. [ citation needed ] The classical diagnose was used in 1802 in the list of the Russian Taurida Governorate. [ 32 ] While it was replaced with Krym ( ukrainian : Крим ; russian : Крым ) in the Soviet Union and has had no official condition since 1921, it is still used by some institutions in Crimea, such as the Taurida National University, the Tavriya Simferopol football club, or the Tavrida federal highway .

history

Ruins of ancient greek colony of Chersonesos

ancient history

In the eighth century BCE, the Cimmerians migrated to the area in retreat from scythian advances, of whom the latter besides migrated to the region. Contemporaneously, and possibly because of the migration, the region came within the sector of greek maritime sake and became the site of greek colonies. The most important greek city was Chersonesos at the edge of today ‘s Sevastopol. The irani Achaemenid Empire, under Darius I, expanded to Crimea as depart of his campaigns against the Scythians in 513 BCE. The peninsula, then under the control of the Bosporan Kingdom, late became a client kingdom of the Roman Empire in 63 BCE .

medieval history

In the ninth century CE, Byzantium established the Theme of Cherson to defend against incursions by the Rus ‘ Khaganate. The Crimean peninsula from this time was contested between Byzantium, Rus ‘ and Khazaria. The area remained the site of overlapping interests and contact between the early medieval Slavic, Turkic and Greek spheres. It became a plaza of slave deal. Slavs were sold to Byzantium and other places in Anatolia and the Middle-East during this time period. [ citation needed ] The peninsula was wrested from the Byzantines by the Kievan Rus ‘ in the tenth century ; the concluding Byzantine frontier settlement, Chersonesus was taken in 988 CE. A class late, Grand Prince Vladimir of Kiev accepted the hand of Emperor Basil II ‘s baby Anna in marriage, and was baptized by the local anesthetic Byzantine priest at Chersonesus, therefore marking the entry of Rus ‘ ( later Russia ) into the christian universe. [ 33 ]

Mongol Conquest ( 1238–1449 )

Trapezuntine Perateia had already been subjected to press from the Genoese and Kipchaks by the clock Alexios I of Trebizond died in 1222 before the Mongol invasions began its westerly slam through Volga Bulgaria in 1223. With them, control of the peninsula changed in 1238, as all but the Perateia of Crimea was incorporated into the territory of the Golden Horde throughout the fourteenth hundred CE. In the course of the thirteenth century CE, portions were controlled by the Republic of Venice and by the Republic of Genoa, the Perateia soon became the Principality of Theodoro and Genoese Gazaria, respectively .

Crimean Khanate ( 1449–1783 )

The Crimean Khanate, a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, succeeded the Golden Horde and lasted from 1449 to 1783. [ 34 ] During the menstruation of the Crimean Khanate the many pre-Catherine peoples, including Crimean Greeks, Italians, Goths, Cumans, and Kipchkaks of Crimea merged into the Crimean Tatar nation ‘s Tat, Yaliboylu, and Steppe ( or Nogay ) subgroup. [ 19 ] The nobility of the Nogay subgroup gained a lot of their tax income and political ability from the slave trade. [ 35 ]

russian Empire ( 1783–1917 )

In 1774, the Khanate was proclaimed mugwump under the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca with the Ottomans, [ 36 ] but was then conquered by the russian empire in 1783. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] The Taurida Oblast was created by a decree of Catherine the Great on 2 February 1784. The center of the oblast was inaugural in Karasubazar but was moved to Simferopol late in 1784. The institution decree divided the oblast into 7 uyezds. however, by a rule of Paul I on 12 December 1796, the oblast was abolished and the territory, divided into 2 uyezds ( Akmechetsky [Акмечетский] and Perekopsky [Перекопский] ) was attached to the second base embodiment of the Novorossiysk Governorate .
The eleven-month siege of a russian naval root at Sevastopol during the Crimean War From 1853 to 1856, the peninsula was the web site of the principal engagements of the Crimean War, a conflict crusade between the Russian Empire and an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia. [ 39 ]

russian Civil War ( 1917–1921 )

Following the russian Revolution of 1917, the military and political situation in Crimea was chaotic like that in a lot of Russia. During the ensuing russian Civil War, Crimea changed hands numerous times and was for a time a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik White Army. The White Army controlled Crimea before remnants were ultimately driven out by the Red Army in November 1920. It was in Crimea that the White Russians led by General Wrangel made their final stand against Nestor Makhno and the Red Army. When resistance was crushed, many of the anti-Communist fighters and civilians escaped by transport to Istanbul. Between 56,000 and 150,000 of the Whites were murdered as part of the Red Terror, organized by Béla Kun .

Soviet Union ( 1921–1991 )

Crimea became separate of the russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1921 as the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which became region of the Soviet Union in 1922, and run as a Tatar enclave within. [ 40 ]

autonomy in russian soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( 1921–1944 )

During the second World War the peninsula was invaded by Nazi Germany and romanian troops in summer 1941 across the Isthmus of Perekop. Following the capture of Sevastopol on 4 July 1942, Crimea was occupied until german and romanian forces were expelled in an offense by soviet forces ending in May 1944. The Nazis murdered around 40,000 Crimean Jews. [ 41 ]

region in russian soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( 1945–1954 )

On 25 June 1946, it was downgraded to the Crimean Oblast, and the Crimean Tatars were deported for alleged collaboration with the national socialist forces. A total of more than 230,000 people – about a one-fifth of the full population of the Crimean Peninsula at that prison term – were deported, chiefly to Uzbekistan. 14,300 Greeks, 12,075 Bulgarians, and about 10,000 Armenians were besides expelled .

region in ukrainian soviet Socialist Republic ( 1954–1991 )

On 19 February 1954, the presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a decree on the transfer of the Crimean area of the RSFSR to the ukrainian SSR. [ 42 ] This Supreme Soviet Decree states that this remove was motivated by “ the commonality of the economy, the proximity, and close economic and cultural relations between the Crimean region and the ukrainian SSR ”. [ 43 ] At that fourth dimension no vote or referendum took rate, and Crimean population had no say in the transfer ( besides typical of early soviet surround changes ). After the annexation of Crimea by the russian Federation, doubts have been expressed – from the russian side by all means, but tied by westerly historians ( Richard Sakwa, “ Frontline Ukraine. crisis in the Borderlands ”, 2015 ) – about the very legitimacy of the 1954 passage of Crimea to Ukraine ; in the critics ‘ view the passage contradicted even the soviet law. In post-war years, Crimea thrived as a tourist address, with new attractions and sanatoriums for tourists. Tourists came from all around the Soviet Union and neighbouring countries, peculiarly from the german Democratic Republic. [ 44 ] In meter the peninsula besides became a major tourist address for cruises originating in Greece and Turkey. Crimea ‘s infrastructure and manufacture besides developed, particularly around the sea ports at Kerch and Sevastopol and in the oblast ‘s landlocked capital, Simferopol. Populations of Ukrainians and Russians alike doubled, with more than 1.6 million Russians and 626,000 Ukrainians living on the peninsula by 1989. [ 44 ]

Ukraine ( de jure since 1991, de facto 1991–2014 )

With adjournment of the Soviet Union afoot, the ukrainian SSR declared its reign. Half year by and by in January 1991, the Crimean Oblast held a referendum, and voters approved on restoring autonomy to the region the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The Crimean ASSR was restored for less than a year as separate of soviet Ukraine before ukrainian independence. newly independent Ukraine maintained Crimea ‘s autonomous condition, while the Supreme Council of Crimea affirmed the peninsula ‘s “ sovereignty ” as a part of Ukraine. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] with a slight majority of Crimean voters approving ukrainian independence in a December referendum. [ 49 ] On 5 May 1992, the Crimean legislature declared conditional independence, [ 50 ] but a referendum to confirm the decision was never held amid opposition from Kyiv : elected president of the united states of Crimea Yuriy Meshkov, was replaced by Kyiv-appointed Anatoliy Franchuk, which was done with the captive to rein in Crimean aspirations of autonomy. [ 48 ] [ 51 ] The Verkhovna Rada, the parliament of Crimea, voted to grant Crimea “ across-the-board home rule ” during the dispute. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances acknowledged ukrainian integrity. [ 52 ] [ better source needed ] The final election of the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea took seat on 31 October 2010 and was won by the Party of Regions. [ 53 ] On 15 March 2014, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine officially dissolved the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea, and, on 17 March 2014, one day before the russian annexation of Crimea, [ 54 ] the State Council of Crimea was established in place of the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea .

russian Federation ( de facto since 2014 )

After the 2014 ukrainian revolution and the flight of ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych from Kyiv on 21 February 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated to colleagues that “ we must start working on returning Crimea to Russia. ” [ 55 ] Within days, unmarked forces with local militias took over the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, equally well as occupying respective localities in Kherson Oblast on the Arabat Spit, which is geographically a part of Crimea. A 2014 referendum on joining Crimea with Russia was supported by a 96.7 % of voters with 83.1 % outfit according to official counts, though it was boycotted by many loyal to Ukraine and denounced as illegitimate by western governments. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The United Nations General Assembly approved a resolution declaring the vote illegal and disable. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Putin signed a treaty of accession with the self-declared Republic of Crimea, annexing it into the russian Federation as two federal subjects : the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol. Though Russia had manipulate over the peninsula, sovereignty was disputed as Ukraine and the majority of the external community consider the annexation illegal, [ 59 ] as was shown by the United Nations General Assembly adopting a non-binding resolution calling upon states not to recognise changes to the integrity of Ukraine. [ 60 ] [ 56 ] A range of international sanctions were imposed against Russia and a count of name individuals as a consequence of the events of 2014. [ citation needed ] Russia withdrew its forces from southern Kherson in December 2014 [ 61 ] Since Russian control over Crimea was established in 2014, the peninsula has been administered as separate of the russian Federation except for the northerly areas of the Arabat Spit and the Syvash which are distillery controlled by Ukraine. [ 62 ] Within days of the sign of the accession treaty, the procedure of integrating Crimea into the russian federation began : in March the Russian ruble went into official circulation [ 63 ] and clocks were moved forward to Moscow time, [ 64 ] in April a new revision of the russian Constitution was officially released with the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol included in the number of federal subjects of the russian Federation, [ 65 ] and in June the Russian ruble became the lone form of legal tender. [ 66 ] In July 2015, russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev stated that Crimea had been in full integrated into Russia. [ 67 ] once Kiev lost control of the territory in 2014, it shut off the water provision of the North Crimean Canal which supplies 85 % of the peninsula ‘s fresh urine needs from the Dnieper river, the state ‘s independent waterway. [ 68 ]
After 2014 the russian government invested heavily in the peninsula ‘s infrastructure—repairing roads, modernizing hospitals and building the Crimean Bridge that links the peninsula to the russian mainland. Development of modern sources of water system was undertaken, with huge difficulties, to replace close ukrainian sources. [ 69 ] In 2017 the russian politics besides began modernising the Simferopol International Airport, [ 70 ] which opened its new concluding in April 2018. [ 71 ] Russia provides electricity to Crimea via a cable below the Kerch Strait. In June 2018 there was a full electrical outage for all of Crimea, but the ability grid party Rosseti reported to have fixed the outage in approximately one hour. [ 72 ] On 28 December 2018, Russia completed a high-tech security fence marking the de facto surround between Crimea and Ukraine. [ 73 ]

Languages

article 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea recognizes three official languages : russian, ukrainian and Crimean Tatar. In practice, Russian is the dominant allele linguistic process. [ 74 ]

geography

Covering an area of 27,000 km2 ( 10,425 sq secret intelligence service ), Crimea is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea and on the western slide of the Sea of Azov ; the alone country bound is shared with Ukraine ‘s Kherson Oblast on the north. Crimea is about an island and only connected to the celibate by the Isthmus of Perekop, a strip of state about 5–7 kilometres ( 3.1–4.3 security service ) wide. much of the natural border between the Crimean Peninsula and the ukrainian mainland comprises the Sivash or “ decayed Sea ”, a large system of shallow lagoons stretching along the western shore of the Sea of Azov. Besides the isthmus of Perekop, the peninsula is connected to the Kherson Oblast ‘s Henichesk Raion by bridges over the narrow-minded Chonhar and Henichesk straits and over Kerch Strait to the Krasnodar Krai. The northern separate of Arabat Spit is administratively separate of Henichesk Raion in Kherson Oblast, including its two rural communities of Shchaslyvtseve and Strilkove. The eastern point of the Crimean peninsula comprises the Kerch Peninsula, separated from Taman Peninsula on the russian mainland by the Kerch Strait, which connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Azov, at a width of between 3–13 kilometres ( 1.9–8.1 nautical mile ). Geographers by and large divide the peninsula into three zones : steppe, mountains and southern slide .

Places

Given its long history and many conquerors, most towns in Crimea have several names. West: The Isthmus of Perekop / Perekop / Or Qapi, about 7 km ( 4 nautical mile ) wide, connects Crimea to the mainland. It was much fortified and sometimes garrisoned by the Turks. The north Crimean Canal nowadays crosses it to bring water from the Dnieper. To the west Karkinit Bay separates the Tarkhankut Peninsula from the mainland. On the north side of the peninsula is Chernomorskoe /Kalos Limen. On the confederacy slope is the big Donuzlav Bay and the interface and ancient Greek settlement of Eupatoria/ Yevpatoria /Kerkinitis/Gozleve. The seashore then runs south to Sevastopol / Chersonesus, a dependable natural harbor, bang-up naval base and the largest city on the peninsula. At the steer of Sevastopol Bay stands Inkermann /Kalamita. South of Sevastopol is the small Heracles Peninsula. South: In the south, between the Crimean Mountains and the ocean runs a narrow-minded coastal strip which was held by the Genoese and ( after 1475 ) by the Turks. Under russian rule it became a kind of riviera. In soviet times the many palaces were replaced with dachas and health resorts. From west to east are : Heracles Peninsula ; Balaklava /Symbalon/Cembalo, a smaller natural harbor south of Sevastopol ; Foros, the southernmost point ; Alupka with the Vorontsov Palace ( Alupka ) ; Gaspra ; Yalta ; Gurzuf ; Alushta. Further east is Sudak /Sougdia/Soldaia with its genoese fort. Further east still is Theodosia/Kaffa/ Feodosia, once a great slave-mart and a kind of capital for the Genoese and Turks. Unlike the early southerly ports, Feodosia has no mountains to its north. At the east end of the 90 kilometer ( 56 nautical mile ) Kerch Peninsula is Kerch / Panticapaeum, once the capital of the Bosporian Kingdom. Just south of Kerch the new Crimean Bridge ( opened in 2018 ) connects Crimea to the Taman Peninsula. Sea of Azov: There is little on the south land. The west land is marked by the Arabat Spit. Behind it is the Syvash or “ putrid Sea ”, a system of lakes and marshes which in the far north extend west to the Perekop Isthmus. Road- and rail-bridges cross the northern separate of Syvash. Interior: Most of the erstwhile capitals of Crimea stood on the union side of the mountains. Mangup /Doros ( Gothic, Theodoro ). Bakhchisarai ( 1532–1783 ). Southeast of Bakhchisarai is the cliff-fort of Chufut-Kale /Qirq Or which was used in more warlike times. Simferopol /Ak-Mechet, the modern capital. Karasu-Bazar /Bilohorsk was a commercial focus on. Solkhat/ Staryi Krym was the old Tatar capital. Towns on the northern steppe area are all advanced, notably Dzhankoi, a major road- and rail-junction. Rivers: The longest is the Salhir River which rises southeast of Simferopol and flows north and northeast to the Sea of Azov. The Alma River flows west to reach the Black Sea between Eupatoria and Sevastopol. The shorter Chornaya River ( Crimea ) flows west to Sevastopol Bay. Nearby: East of the Kerch Strait the Ancient Greeks founded colonies at Phanagoria ( at the head of Taman Bay ), Hermonassa ( late Tmutarakan and Taman ), Gorgippia ( later a turkish port and now Anapa ). At the northeast point of the Sea of Azov at the mouth of the Don River were Tanais, Azak/ Azov and now Rostov-on-Don. North of the peninsula the Dnieper turns westbound and enters the Black Sea through the east–west Dnieper-Bug Estuary which besides receives the Bug River. At the mouth of the Bug stood Olvia. At the talk of the estuary is Ochakiv. Odessa stands where the coast turns southwest. far southwest is Tyras /Akkerman/ Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi .
South coast of Crimea

Crimean Mountains

Eclizee-Burun Mountain The southeast slide is flanked at a distance of 8–12 kilometres ( 5.0–7.5 michigan ) from the ocean by a parallel range of mountains : the Crimean Mountains. [ 75 ] These mountains are backed by junior-grade parallel ranges. The independent range of these mountains rises with extraordinary abruptness from the bass floor of the Black Sea to an altitude of 600–1,545 metres ( 1,969–5,069 foot ), beginning at the southwest luff of the peninsula, called Cape Fiolente [ united kingdom ]. It was believed [ by whom? ] that this cape was purportedly crowned with the temple of Artemis where Iphigeneia is said to have officiated as priestess. [ 19 ] Uchan-su, on the south slope of the mountains, is the highest waterfall in Crimea. [ 76 ]

hydrography

There are 257 rivers and major streams on the Crimean peninsula ; they are primarily fed by rain, with snowmelt playing a very minor character. This makes for significant annual fluctuation in water run, with many streams drying up completely during the summer. [ 77 ] The largest rivers are the Salhyr ( Salğır, Салгир ), the Kacha ( Кача ), the Alma ( Альма ), and the Belbek ( Бельбек ). besides crucial are the Kokozka ( Kökköz or Коккозка ), the Indole ( Indol or Индо́л ), the Chorna ( Çorğun, Chernaya or Чёрная ), the Derekoika ( Dereköy or Дерекойка ), [ 78 ] the Karasu-Bashi ( Biyuk-Karasu or Биюк-Карасу ) ( tributary of Salhir river ), the Burulcha ( Бурульча ) ( conducive of Salhir river ), the Uchan-su, and the Ulu-Uzen ‘. The longest river of Crimea is the Salhir at 204 kilometer ( 127 security service ). The Belbek has the greatest average fire at 2.16 cubic metres per second ( 76 copper ft/s ). [ 79 ] The Alma and the Kacha are the second- and third-longest rivers. [ 80 ]
There are more than fifty salt lakes and salt pans on the peninsula, the largest of them is Lake Sasyk ( Сасык ) on the southwest seashore ; others include Aqtas, Koyashskoye, Kiyatskoe, Kirleutskoe, Kizil-Yar, Bakalskoe, and Donuzlav. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The cosmopolitan drift is for the early lakes to become salt pans. [ 84 ] Lake Syvash ( Sıvaş or Сива́ш ) is a system of coordinated shallow lagoons on the north-eastern coast, covering an area of around 2,560 km2 ( 988 sq myocardial infarction ). A number of dams have created reservoirs, among the largest are the Simferopolskoye, Alminskoye, [ 85 ] the Taygansky and the Belogorsky just south of Bilohirsk in Bilohirsk Raion. [ 86 ] The North Crimea Canal, which transports water from the Dnieper, is the largest of the man-made irrigation channels on the peninsula. [ 87 ] Crimea is facing an unprecedented water dearth crisis. [ 88 ] [ 89 ]

steppe

seventy-five percentage of the remaining area of Crimea consists of semiarid prairie lands, a south continuance of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, which slope gently to the northwest from the foothills of the Crimean Mountains. numerous kurgans, or burial mounds, of the ancient Scythians are scattered across the Crimean steppes .

Crimean Riviera

The terrain that lies south of the sheltering Crimean Mountain stove is of an all in all different quality. here, the minute comic strip of coast and the slopes of the mountains are smothered with greenery. This “ riviera ” stretches along the southeast coast from capes Fiolente and Aya, in the south, to Feodosia. It is studded with summer sea-bathing resorts such as Alupka, Yalta, Gurzuf, Alushta, Sudak, and Feodosia. During the years of soviet dominion, the resorts and dacha of this coast served as prime perquisites of the politically loyal. [ citation needed ] In addition, vineyards and yield orchards are located in the region. fishing, mining, and the production of essential oils are besides significant. numerous Crimean Tatar villages, mosques, monasteries, and palaces of the Russian imperial class and nobles are found here, a well as picturesque ancient Greek and medieval castles. The Crimean Mountains and the southerly coast are share of the Crimean Submediterranean forest building complex ecoregion. The natural vegetation consists of scrublands, woodlands, and forests, with a climate and vegetation exchangeable to the Mediterranean Basin .

climate

Crimea ‘s south coast has a subtropical climate Crimea is located between the temperate and subtropical climate belts and is characterized by warm and cheery upwind. [ 90 ] It is characterized by diversity and the presence of microclimates. [ 90 ] The northern parts of Crimea have a moderate continental climate with short, meek winters and reasonably hot dry summers. [ 91 ] In the central and cragged areas the climate is transitional between the continental climate to the north and the Mediterranean climate to the south. [ 91 ] Winters are mild at lower altitudes ( in the foothills ) and cold at higher altitudes. [ 91 ] Summers are hot at lower altitudes and affectionate in the mountains. [ 91 ] A subtropical, Mediterranean climate dominates the southerly coastal regions, is characterized by balmy winters and moderately hot, dry summers. [ 91 ] The climate of Crimea is influenced by its geographic location, easing, and influences from the Black sea. [ 90 ] The Crimean coast is shielded from cold air masses coming from the union and, as a leave, has milder winters. [ 90 ] Maritime influences from the Black Sea are restricted to coastal areas ; in the home of the peninsula the maritime influence is weak and does not play an significant character. [ 90 ] Because a hard-hitting system is located north of Crimea in both summer and winter, winds predominantly come from the north and northeasterly year-round. [ 90 ] In winter these winds bring in cold, dry continental air, while in summer they bring in dry and hot weather. [ 90 ] Winds from the northwest bring warm and wet air travel from the Atlantic Ocean, causing precipitation during spring and summer. [ 90 ] As well, winds from the southwest bring very warm and wet air from the subtropical latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean ocean and campaign precipitation during fall and winter. [ 90 ] mean annual temperatures range from 10 °C ( 50.0 °F ) in the far union ( Armiansk ) to 13 °C ( 55.4 °F ) in the army for the liberation of rwanda south ( Yalta ). [ 90 ] In the mountains, the mean annual temperature is round 5.7 °C ( 42.3 °F ). [ 90 ] For every 100 thousand ( 330 foot ) increase in altitude, temperatures decrease by 0.65 °C ( 1.17 °F ) while precipitation increases. [ 90 ] In January mean temperatures range from −3 °C ( 26.6 °F ) in Armiansk to 4.4 °C ( 39.9 °F ) in Myskhor. [ 90 ] Cool-season temperatures average around 7 °C ( 44.6 °F ) and it is rare for the weather to drop below freezing except in the mountains, where there is normally bamboozle. [ 92 ] In July beggarly temperatures range from 15.4 °C ( 59.7 °F ) in Ai-Petri to 23.4 °C ( 74.1 °F ) in the central parts of Crimea to 24.4 °C ( 75.9 °F ) in Myskhor. [ 90 ] The frost-free period ranges from 160 to 200 days in the steppe and mountain regions to 240–260 days on the confederacy seashore. [ 90 ] precipitation in Crimea varies significantly based on localization ; it ranges from 310 millimetres ( 12.2 in ) in Chornomorske to 1,220 millimetres ( 48.0 in ) at the highest altitudes in the Crimean mountains. [ 90 ] The Crimean mountains greatly influence the measure of haste present in the peninsula. [ 90 ] however, most of Crimea ( 88.5 % ) receives 300 to 500 millimetres ( 11.8 to 19.7 in ) of precipitation per year. [ 90 ] The plains normally receive 300 to 400 millimetres ( 11.8 to 15.7 in ) of precipitation per year, increasing to 560 millimetres ( 22.0 in ) in the southerly coast at sea degree. [ 90 ] The western parts of the Crimean mountains receive more than 1,000 millimetres ( 39.4 in ) of precipitation per year. [ 90 ] Snowfall is common in the mountains during winter. [ 91 ] Most of the peninsula receives more than 2,000 sunlight hours per year ; it reaches up to 2,505 cheerfulness hours in Karabi–Yayla in the Crimean mountains. [ 90 ] As a consequence, the climate favors diversion and tourism. [ 90 ] Because of its climate and subsidized travel-packages from russian state-run companies, the southerly Crimean coast has remained a popular resort for russian tourists. [ 93 ]

Strategic value

The Black Sea ports of Crimea provide agile access to the eastern Mediterranean, Balkans and Middle East. Historically, self-control of the southern coast of Crimea was sought after by most empires of the greater region since antiquity ( Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman, Russian, British and French, nazi German, Soviet ). [ 94 ] The nearby Dnieper River is a major watercourse and transportation path that crosses the european continent from north to south and ultimately links the Black Sea with the Baltic Sea, of strategic importance since the historical deal route from the Varangians to the Greeks. The Black Sea serves as an economic thoroughfare connecting the Caucasus region and the caspian Sea to cardinal and Eastern Europe. [ 95 ] According to the International Transport Workers ‘ Federation, as of 2013 there were at least 12 operating merchant seaports in Crimea. [ 96 ]

economy

tourism is an authoritative sector of Crimea ‘s economy In 2016 Crimea had Nominal GDP of US $ 7 billion and US $ 3,000 per head. [ 97 ] The main branches of the modern Crimean economy are agriculture and fishing oysters pearls, diligence and fabrication, tourism, and ports. Industrial plants are situated for the most share in the southern coast ( Eupatoria, Sevastopol, Feodosia, Kerch ) regions of the republic, few northerly ( Armiansk, Krasnoperekopsk, Dzhankoi ), digression from the central area, chiefly Simferopol okrug and eastern area in Nizhnegorsk ( few plants, same for Dzhankoj ) city. important industrial cities include Dzhankoi, house a major railroad track connection, Krasnoperekopsk and Armiansk, among others. After the russian annexation of Crimea in early on 2014 and subsequent sanctions targeting Crimea, the tourist diligence suffered major losses for two years. The flow of holidaymakers dropped 35 percentage in the first one-half of 2014 over the lapp period of 2013. [ 98 ] The issue of tourist arrivals reached a phonograph record in 2012 at 6.1 million. [ 99 ] According to the russian administration of Crimea, they dropped to 3.8 million in 2014, [ 100 ] and rebounded to 5.6 million by 2016. [ 101 ]

The most important industries in Crimea include food output, chemical fields, mechanical engineering, and metalworking, and fuel product industries. [ 102 ] Sixty percentage of the industry commercialize belongs to food production. There are a total of 291 big industrial enterprises and 1002 small business enterprises. [ 102 ] In 2014, the democracy ‘s annual GDP was $ 4.3 billion ( 500 times smaller than the size of Russia ‘s economy ). The modal wage was $ 290 per month. The budget deficit was $ 1.5 billion. [ 103 ]

farming

department of agriculture in the region includes cereals, vegetable-growing, gardening, and wine-making, particularly in the Yalta and Massandra regions. Livestock production includes cattle breeding, domestic fowl keeping, and sheep breed. [ 102 ] other products produced on the Crimean Peninsula include salt, porphyry, limestone, and ironstone ( found around Kerch ) since ancient times. [ 19 ]

Pests

The vine mealybug ( Planococcus ficus ) was beginning discovered here in 1868. First discovered on grape, it has besides been found as a plague of some other crops and has since spread cosmopolitan. [ 104 ] Sunn pests —especially Eurygaster integriceps [ 105 ] and E. maura [ 106 ] —are significant grain pests. [ 105 ] Scelioninae and Tachinidae are crucial parasitoids of sunnpest. [ 105 ] Bark beetles are pests of tree crops, and are themselves hosts for Elattoma mites and versatile entomopathogenic fungi transmitted by those Elattomae. [ 107 ] [ 108 ]

Energy

Crimea besides possesses several natural natural gas fields both onshore and offshore, which were starting to be drilled by western oil and gas companies before annexation. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] The inland fields are located in Chornomorske and Dzhankoi, while offshore fields are located in the westerly slide in the Black Sea and in the northeastern coast in the Azov Sea : [ 111 ]
The democracy besides possesses two vegetable oil fields : one inshore, the Serebryankse vegetable oil field in Rozdolne, and one offshore, the Subbotina petroleum battlefield in the Black Sea .

Electricity

Crimea has 540 MW of its own electricity generation capacity including Simferopol Thermal Power Plant ( 100 MW ), Sevastopol Thermal Power Plant ( 22 MW ) and Kamish-Burunskaya Thermal Power Plant ( 19 MW ). [ 113 ] This is insufficient for local consumption and since annexation by Russia, Crimea is reliant on an submerged power cable to mainland Russia. [ 114 ] build and near start up are two compound cycle gas steam turbo thermal plants PGU, both 470 MW ( 116 167 MW GT, 235 MW forget ), build ( plant ) by TPE along others and turbines by Power Machines ( UTZ KalugaTZ ? ), NPO Saturn with Perm PMZ, either GTD-110M modified or GTE-160 or 180 units or UTZ KTZ or a V94.2 bought by MAPNA, modified in russian plants for PGU Thermal plants specifics. besides many solar photovoltaic SES plants lie along the peninsula ( north of Sevastopol excessively, a smaller adeptness ). besides gas thermal Saki plant close to Jodobrom chemical plant and SaKhZ ( SaChP ) boosted production with Perm GTE GTU25P ( PS90GP25 25 MW aeroderivative GP ) PGU turbogenerators. Older plants are Sevastopol TEC ( near to Inkerman ) which use AEG and Ganz Elektro turbines and turbogenerators about 25 MW each, Sinferopol TEC ( north, in Agrarne venue ) Eupatoria, Kamysh Burun TEC ( Kerch south – Zaliv ) and few others .

infrastructure

Crimean Bridge

trolleybus near Alushta The cableway in Yalta In May 2015, employment began on a multibillion-dollar road-rail link ( a copulate of parallel bridges ) across the Kerch Strait. [ 115 ] The road bridge opened in May 2018, and the fulminate bridge opened in December 2019. [ bacillus ] With a length of 19 km, it is the longest bridge in Europe, as it overcame Vasco district attorney Gama Bridge in Lisbon .

Public transportation

about every settlement in Crimea is connected with another colony by busbar lines. Crimea contains the longest ( 96 kilometer or 59 myocardial infarction ) trolleybus path in the earth, founded in 1959, stretching from Simferopol to Yalta. [ 117 ] The trolleybus course starts near Simferopol ‘s Railway Station ( in Soviet times it started near Simferopol International Airport ) through the mountains to Alushta and on to Yalta. The distance of line is about 90 km and passengers are assigned a seat. Simferopol, Yalta and Alushta besides have an urban and suburban trolleybus net. Trolleybuses are besides operated in Sevastopol and Kerch In the city of Yevpatoria a streetcar system is besides operated. In the nearby townlet village of Molochnoye an alone 1,6 km long tram lineage provides connection between the sea shore and a vacation repair, but its operation is halted since 2015 .

Railway traffic

There are two railroad track lines running through Crimea : the non-electrified Armiansk —Kerch ( with a associate to Feodosia ), and the electrify Melitopol —Simferopol-Sevastopol ( with a link to Yevpatoria ), connecting Crimea to the ukrainian mainland. Until 2014 the network was character of the Cisdneper Directorate of the ukrainian Railways. long-distance trains provided connection to every major ukrainian cities, but besides to many towns of Russia, Belarus and until the end of the 2000es even to Vilnius, Riga, Warsaw and Berlin. Since 2014 the railways are operated by the Crimea Railway. local trains belong to the Yuzhnaya Prigorodnaya Passazhirskaya Kompaniya ( Southern Suburban Passenger Company ), serving the entire network of the peninsula and via the Crimean Bridge three trains daily to Anapa. long-distance trains under the diagnose Tavriya – operated by the company Grand Servis Ekspress – connect Sevastopol and Simferopol day by day with Moscow and Saint Petersburg, in the summer season Yevpatoria and Feodosia are besides directly connected by them. respective times a workweek Simferopol is besides linked with Volgograd, Sochi, Yekaterinburg, Omsk and even Murmansk by train. farther development plans consist a shunt line between Simferopol and Kerch, and a arrant electrification of the net with changing the electric potential of the already electrify lines from 3 kV DC to 25 kV 50 Hz AC .

International airport

Simferopol International Airport’s new terminal opened in from April 2018 with the ability to handle 6.5 million passengers a year.[71] It was built in 22 months and covers an area of 78,000 square meters.[118]

Highways

Sea transport

The cities of Yalta, Feodosia, Kerch, Sevastopol, Chornomorske and Yevpatoria are connected to one another by sea routes .

tourism

boardwalk in Yalta . Mosque and cubic yard in the Khan Palace in Bakhchisaray The development of Crimea as a holiday address began in the second one-half of the nineteenth century. The development of the transportation networks brought masses of tourists from central parts of the Russian Empire. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a major exploitation of palaces, villas, and dachas began—most of which remain. These are some of the main attractions of Crimea as a tourist address. There are many Crimean legends about celebrated touristic places, which attract the attention of tourists. A new phase of tourist development began when the soviet politics realised the potential of the healing quality of the local air travel, lakes and remedy mud. It became a “ health ” destination for soviet workers, and hundreds of thousands of soviet tourists visited Crimea. Artek is a early Young Pioneer camp on the Black Sea in the town of Hurzuf, near Ayu-Dag, established in 1925. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] By 1969 it had an area of 3.2 km2 ( 1.2 sq michigan ), and consisted of 150 buildings. Unlike most of the young pioneer camps, Artek was an all-year camp, due to the warmly climate. Artek was considered to be a privilege for soviet children during its universe, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as for children from other communist countries. During its flower, 27,000 children a year vacationed at Artek. Between 1925 and 1969 the camp hosted 300,000 children. [ 121 ] After the breaking up of the Young Pioneers in 1991 its prestige declined, though it remained a popular vacation address. [ 120 ] In the 1990s, Crimea became more of a get-away destination than a “ health-improvement ” address. The most visit areas are the south shore of Crimea with cities of Yalta and Alushta, the western shore – Eupatoria and Saki, and the south-eastern prop up – Feodosia and Sudak. According to National Geographic, Crimea was among the top 20 travel destinations in 2013. [ 122 ] Places of interest include

Sanctions

Following Russia ‘s largely unrecognized annexation of Crimea, the European Union, the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and several other countries ( including Ukraine ) imposed economic sanctions against Russia, including some specifically targeting Crimea. Many of these sanctions were directed at individuals—both Russian and Crimean. [ 123 ] [ 124 ] In general they prohibit the sale, supply, remove, or export of goods and technology in respective sectors, including services immediately related to tourism and infrastructure. They list seven ports where cruise ships can not dock. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] Sanctions against individuals include travel bans and asset freezes. Visa and MasterCard temporarily stopped servicing in Crimea in December 2014. [ 129 ] [ 130 ] The russian national payment card system now allows Visa and MasterCard cards issued by russian banks to work in Crimea. [ citation needed ] The Mir payment system operated by the Central Bank of Russia operates in Crimea ampere well as Master Card and Visa. [ citation needed ] however, there are no major international banks in the Crimea. [ 131 ]

Politics

concert to mark the fifth anniversary of annexation in Sevastopol, Crimea, March 2019 The politics of Crimea is that of the Republic of Crimea on one hired hand, and that of the union city of Sevastopol on the other. Since becoming the 84th and 85th Federal Subjects of the russian Federation in 2014, [ 132 ] both have powerfully supported United Russia in both local anesthetic and national elections. At the most late Crimean parliamentary election on 14 September 2014, United Russia won 70 of the 75 seats in the State Council of Crimea based on just over 70 % of the vote. Despite calls from local Crimean Tatars for a boycott of the elections, output was over 53 % which compared well with elections in other regions of Russia. Following the election, Sergey Aksyonov became Head of the Republic of Crimea : he had previously been Acting head from 14 April 2014. United Russia is besides the leading party in the Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol having won 22 of the 24 seats at the survive election. [ 133 ] The governor of Sevastopol is Dmitry Ovsyannikov who was first appointed on 28 July 2016 following the resignation of Sergey Menyaylo, and secured re-election on 71 % of the vote on 10 September 2017. United Russia maintained its position as the most supported political party across Crimea at the russian legislative election on 18 September 2016, achieving 72.8 % of the vote. At 49.1 %, turnout was slightly ahead of that for Russia as a solid which was alone 47.8 %. [ 134 ] In the 2018 russian presidential election, Vladimir Putin secured 92 % of the vote in Crimea compared to 77 % across Russia as a hale. [ 135 ]

Demographics

As of 2014, the sum population of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol was 2,248,400 people ( Republic of Crimea : 1,889,485, Sevastopol : 395,000 ). [ 136 ] This is down from the 2001 ukrainian Census figure, which was 2,376,000 ( Autonomous Republic of Crimea : 2,033,700, Sevastopol : 342,451 ). [ 137 ]
According to the 2014 russian census, 84 % of Crimean inhabitants named russian as their native language ; 7.9 % – Crimean Tatar ; 3.7 % – Tatar ; and 3.3 % – ukrainian. [ citation needed ] It was the first official census in Crimea since a Ukrainian-held census in 2001. [ 138 ] According to the 2001 census, 77 % of Crimean inhabitants named russian as their native language ; 11.4 % – Crimean Tatar ; and 10.1 % – ukrainian. [ 139 ] In 2013, however, the Crimean Tatar language was estimated to be on the brink of extinction, being taught in Crimea only in about 15 schools at that period. Turkey provided the greatest documentation to Tatars in Ukraine, which had been ineffective to resolve the problem of education in their mother natural language in Crimea, by bringing the schools to a mod department of state. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] cultural composing of Crimea ‘s population has changed dramatically since the early on twentieth century. The 1897 Russian Empire Census for the Taurida Governorate reported : 196,854 ( 13.06 % ) Crimean Tatars, 404,463 ( 27.94 % ) Russians and 611,121 ( 42.21 % ) Ukrainians. But these numbers included Berdyansky, Dneprovsky and Melitopolsky uyezds which were on mainland, not in Crimea. The population count excluding these uyezds is given in the board below .
Crimean Tatars, a predominantly Muslim ethnic minority who in 2001 made improving 12.1 % of the population, [ 152 ] formed in Crimea in the early modern era, after the Crimean Khanate had come into being. The Crimean Tatars were forcibly expelled to Central Asia by Joseph Stalin ‘s government as a shape of collective punishment, on the grounds that some had joined the invading Waffen-SS, forming Tatar Legions, during World War II. After the drop of the Soviet Union, Crimean Tatars began to return to the region. [ 153 ] According to the 2001 ukrainian population census, 58 % of the population of Crimea are cultural Russians and 24 % are heathen Ukrainians. [ 152 ] Jews in Crimea were historically Krymchaks and Karaites ( the latter a small group centered at Yevpatoria ). The 1879 census for the Taurida Governorate reported a jewish population of 4.20 %, not including a Karaite population of 0.43 %. The Krymchaks ( but not the Karaites ) were targeted for annihilation during nazi occupation. The issue of Crimea Germans was 60,000 in 1939. During WWII, they were forcibly deported on the orders of Stalin, as they were regarded as a potential “ fifth column ”. [ 154 ] [ 155 ] [ 156 ] This was part of the 800,000 Germans in Russia who were relocated within the Soviet Union during Stalinist times. [ 157 ] The 2001 ukrainian census reports just 2,500 cultural Germans ( 0.1 % of population ) in Crimea. Besides the Crimean Germans, Stalin in 1944 besides deported 70,000 Greeks, 14,000 Bulgarians [ 158 ] and 3,000 Italians .

religion

religion in Crimea ( 2013 ) [ 159 ]
Orthodox (58%) Muslim (15%)

Belief without religion ( 10 % ) Atheist (2%)

early religion ( 2 % )

not stated ( 13 % )
In 2013, Orthodox Christians made up 58 % of the Crimean population, followed by Muslims ( 15 % ) and believers in God without religion ( 10 % ). [ 159 ] Following the 2014 russian annexation of Crimea, 38 out of the 46 ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate parishes in Crimea ceased to exist ; in three cases, churches were seized by the russian authorities. [ 160 ] Notwithstanding the annexation, the ukrainian Orthodox Church ( Moscow Patriarchate ) kept control of its eparchies in Crimea. [ 161 ]

culture

Alexander Pushkin visited Bakhchysarai in 1820 and late wrote the poem The Fountain of Bakhchisaray. Crimea was the background for Adam Mickiewicz ‘s seminal work, The Crimean Sonnets inspired by his 1825 locomotion. A series of 18 sonnets constitute an artistic revealing of a travel to and through the Crimea, they feature romanticist descriptions of the oriental nature and culture of the East which show the despair of an exile longing for the fatherland, driven from his home by a crimson foe. Ivan Aivazovsky, the 19th-century nautical painter of armenian beginning, who is considered one of the major artists of his earned run average was born in Feodosia and lived there for the most function of his life. many of his paintings depict the Black Sea. He besides created battle paintings during the Crimean War. [ 162 ] Crimean Tatar singer Jamala won the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 representing Ukraine with her song “ 1944 “, about the historic deportation of Crimean Tatars in that class by soviet authorities. [ 163 ] According to the, break dance in drill by russian companies, ukrainian “ law on concert activities ” only ukrainian companies can organise concerts in Crimea. [ 164 ]

painting of the russian squadron in Sevastopol by Ivan Aivazovsky ( 1846 )
The sculpt of russian poet and artist Maximilian Voloshin
People at the Kazantip music festival in 2007

sport

Following Crimea ‘s vote to join Russia and subsequent annexation in March 2014, the top football clubs withdrew from the ukrainian leagues. Some clubs registered to join the russian leagues but the Football Federation of Ukraine objected. UEFA ruled that Crimean clubs could not join the russian leagues but should rather be separate of a Crimean league system. The Crimean Premier League is now the top master football league in Crimea. [ 165 ] A number of Crimean-born athletes have been given permission to compete for Russia rather of Ukraine at future competitions, including Vera Rebrik, the European javelin champion. [ 166 ] due to Russia presently being suspended from all international athletic competitions Rebrik participates in tournaments as a “ neutral ” athlete. [ 167 ]