Arsène Wenger

french football coach and musician

Arsène Charles Ernest Wenger ( french pronunciation : ​ [ aʁsɛn vɛŋɡɛʁ ] ; born 22 October 1949 ) is a french former football coach and player who is presently serving as FIFA ‘s Chief of Global Football Development. He was the coach of Arsenal from 1996 to 2018, where he was the longest-serving and most successful in the club ‘s history. His contribution to English football through changes to scouting, players ‘ trail, and diet regimens revitalised Arsenal and aided the globalization of the sport in the twenty-first hundred. Born in Strasbourg and raised in Duttlenheim to an entrepreneurial family, Wenger was introduced to football by his forefather, the coach of the local village team. After a modest play career, in which he made appearances for several amateur clubs, Wenger obtained a coach ‘s diploma in 1981. Following an unsuccessful period at Nancy in 1987, Wenger joined Monaco ; the club won the league backing in 1988. In 1991, Wenger guided Monaco to victory in the Coupe de France. In 1995, he moved to Japan to coach J.League side Nagoya Grampus Eight and won the Emperor ‘s Cup and japanese Super Cup in his inaugural and merely class.

Wenger was named coach of Arsenal in 1996 ; his appointment was greeted with short enthusiasm from the english media and his players alike. In 1998, he became the first extraneous coach to win a Premier League and FA Cup double. Wenger guided Arsenal to another league and cup double in 2002, and won his third league title in 2004, which earnt distinction as he guided his team to an undefeated domestic league season – something achieved only once earlier in English football, by Preston North End, 115 years previously. Arsenal late eclipsed Nottingham Forest ‘s criminal record of 42 league matches unbeaten and went seven more matches before losing in October 2004. Under him, the club made its first appearance in a Champions League final in 2006, though the team lost to Barcelona. Wenger oversaw Arsenal ‘s resettlement to the Emirates Stadium, and prioritised the club ‘s finances in his second decade to meet costs. This coincided with a nine-year spell without winning a trophy, before Wenger guided Arsenal to further FA Cup successes in the 2010s ; he holds the record for most wins in the rival with seven. He departed as coach in 2018. The dub “ Le Professeur “ is used by fans and the English press to reflect Wenger ‘s studious demeanor. He is one of the most celebrated managers of his generation, having changed perceptions of the sport and profession in England and abroad. His access to the game emphasises an attack mentality, with the bearing that football ought to be entertaining on the pitch. Wenger ‘s Arsenal teams were criticised for their indiscipline and naivete ; his players received 100 loss cards between September 1996 and February 2014, though the team won awards for sporting bonny play. At Monaco, Wenger earned a reputation for spotting youthful talent and developing a youth system, which he carried through at Arsenal .

early life

Arsène Charles Ernest Wenger [ 1 ] was born on 22 October 1949 in Strasbourg, Alsace, the youngest of three children born to Alphonse and Louise Wenger. He lived in Duppigheim during the 1950s, but spent most of his fourth dimension in the neighbor village of Duttlenheim, 16 kilometer ( 10 miles ) southwest of Strasbourg. Alphonse, like many Alsatians, was conscripted into the german Army by force following Germany ‘s earlier annexation of the french region of Alsace-Lorraine. [ 5 ] He was sent to fight on the Eastern Front in October 1944, at the age of 24. [ 5 ] The Wengers owned an automobile spare part parts business and a bistro titled La croix d’or. [ 6 ] In his koran, My Life in Red and White, Wenger says the “ alcohol, brawl and violence ” of the bistro ‘s patrons sparked his early interest in human psychology. [ 7 ] His parents had difficulty looking after their children, but Duttlenheim was a village were everyone took care of the young ; Wenger compared it in by and by years to a kibbutz. [ 6 ] Before Wenger started school, he expressed himself in the local Alsatian dialect of Low Alemannic German. The primary school which Wenger attended was run by the Catholic Church, and as one of its brightest students, he later was accepted into a junior-grade school in Obernai. According to his founder, who besides managed the village team, Wenger was introduced to football “ at about the age of six ”. [ 11 ] He was taken to games in Germany, where he held an affection for Borussia Mönchengladbach. Alsace was an sphere steeped in religion ; Wenger and the village boys frequently needed to seek license from the Catholic priest to miss vespers in order to play football .

Playing career

Because the population of Duttlenheim was short-circuit in numbers, it proved difficult to field a team of 11 players of equal ages ; Wenger did not play for FC Duttlenheim until the long time of 12. Claude Wenger, a teammate of Arsène ‘s, noted his lack of pace as a player, which he made up for with his “ ability to guard the ball, [ seeming ] to have a dispatch vision of the slope and having an influence among his team-mates ”, according to Marcel Brandner, the president of the united states of FC Duttlenheim. [ 5 ] As a young adolescent, he was called Petit ; the dub ceased when he had a growth jet and broke into FC Duttlenheim ‘s beginning team, aged 16. The team did not have a coach to prepare the players tactically, preferably a person who supervised prepare sessions. Wenger took it upon himself to manage the side, with Claude stating “ Arsène was n’t the captain and so far he was. It was ‘You do this, you do that, you do this, you do that. ‘ He was the leader ” .
In 1969 Wenger was recruited to nearby third base division golf club Mutzig. The club was famed for playing the “ best amateur football ” in Alsace and managed by Max Hild, who would later go on to become Wenger ‘s mentor. [ 6 ] Wenger ‘s egress at Mutzig aged 20 was considered excessively late for him to build a reputable play career. Football was not seen as his future ; the plan was for him to run the syndicate ‘s bare parts business. He was, however, of the long time to start increasing his tactical cognition of the sport. He frequently read France Football and aboard Hild made trips to Germany to watch Bundesliga matches and observe the different managerial styles. During Wenger ‘s three years at Mutzig, the club beat RC Strasbourg 3–0 to win the Coupe d’Alsace. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] He besides represented Alsace in a rival held per annum between the regional leagues. Wenger took his studies further, and in 1971 enrolled at the Faculté des sciences économiques et de gestion ( Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences ) at the University of Strasbourg to read politics and economics after a brief scrimp in medicine. In 1973 he joined semi-professional club Mulhouse and balanced his football career with his education. Wenger completed an economics degree [ nota bene 1 ] a year late. [ 28 ] He was selected to represent the home french students squad and visit Nigeria, Lebanon, and Uruguay – where the World Students Championship was held in 1976. Wenger did not participate in the event as he was injured ; Jean-Luc Arribart, captain of the team recalled : “ By the end of that trip, Arsène had about taken on the role of adjunct passenger car and team joker rolled into one. ”
At Mulhouse, Wenger was managed by Paul Frantz, who besides had a profound impact on his career. It was he who formalised Wenger ‘s belief on the importance of nutriment, isometrics and working on a actor ‘s impregnable points. Wenger played in midfield for Mulhouse, much positioned on the mighty. In their final game of the 1974–75 temper, the club beat AS Nancy to avoid relegation, but shortly afterwards, Frantz resigned. Wenger besides made the decision to leave, as the regular commutes to Mulhouse from Strasbourg overwhelmed him. In 1975, he rekindled his friendship with Hild and signed for amateur club ASPV Strasbourg ( Vauban ). Hild needed a midfielder “ who could organise play and besides have a classify of hold over the team ” and decided to recruit Wenger. Vauban was formed in 1971, and made steady advancement up the french football league system thereafter ; Wenger ‘s three seasons at the club culminated with forwarding to the third base part .
Wenger as a Strasbourg actor in 1980 In 1978, Hild joined RC Strasbourg as coach of the modesty team. The function required him to scout, indeed Hild wanted an know musician to work with the youth while he was away. Both Hild and Frantz recommended Wenger, which convinced director Gilbert Gress to appoint him. Wenger ‘s playing career at the age of 28 began to wane, but he never anticipated a function in the first team. Working for RC Strasbourg, however, presented him his beginning full-time job at the baseball club he supported as a new boy. Hild moved Wenger from midfield to central defense, where he was positioned as a sweeper in reserve games. In November 1978, he made his debut for the first team against MSV Duisburg in the UEFA Cup ( a match Strasbourg lost 4–0 ) and a calendar month late, Wenger played against champions AS Monaco in the First Division. At the end of the 1978–79 season, RC Strasbourg won the league ; Wenger did not join in the celebrations as he was preoccupied with the young person team. He made his final appearance for the senior side in 1979. Wenger spent the last two years of his playing career predominantly running RC Strasbourg ‘s substitute and youth team. He became conscious of the importance of speaking English, and during his holidays enrolled on a three-week language course at the University of Cambridge. Wenger besides studied for his coach badge at the Centre de Ressources, d’expertise et de Performance Sportives ( CREPS ) in Strasbourg – this consisted of a course to coach children, followed by an intensive six-day course which led up to the national coach badge. The latter course of study took identify in Vichy, and was spread over three weeks, allowing Wenger to be able to put Frantz ‘s teachings of isometrics into practice. In 1981, he received his coach ‘s diploma in Paris. [ 42 ]

Managerial career

1984–1994 : nancy and Monaco

Wenger ‘s management skills at Strasbourg impressed many french coaches, and he moved to Ligue 2 club Cannes in 1983, where he became Jean-Marc Guillou ‘s assistant. Earning a steady wage of £300 per week, he was creditworthy for collecting data about opposition teams, and inculcate discipline in the players through train sessions. Wenger ‘s commitment to football was well documented ; when asked what the young bus did during his spare time, cosmopolitan coach Richard Conte replied : “ Videos, video recording, video recording. He was always watching video of his opponents, of his own team. It did n’t matter what time of night. ” Cannes failed to win promotion to Ligue 1, but they reached the quarter-finals of the Coupe de France. Wenger ‘s make in raising the standard of the squad did not go unnoticed, and in 1984, he accepted Aldo Platini ‘s offer to become coach of Nancy .
The challenge of sustaining Nancy as a Ligue 1 club was unmanageable as Wenger inherited a team of sub-standard quality and he was given limit money to spend. He however relished the view of conducting occupation in the remove grocery store, and enjoyed freedom to trial theories he read about. In his first temper at Nancy, Wenger hired a dietician to explain the benefits of healthy eat and made it imperative mood that players did not snack before games. He took the squad away from their usual summer train camp to Val Thorens, so that the players could acclimatise to the high-level. Platini attested the move to their potent league starts. From a managerial position, Wenger struggled to keep his emotions in arrest ; losing made him “ physically pale ”, to the point where he once stopped the team bus to vomit after a plot. Wenger guided the club to a goodly 12th-place finish, all the more surprise given he constantly tinkered his team. Players were moved out of their favor positions, which for some maximised their potential. Éric Bertrand, a hitter signed from the lower divisions, was converted into a fullback, and by the end of Wenger ‘s time at Nancy, Éric Di Meco switched from a left winger to wing back .
Argentine striker Ramón Díaz came to Monaco under Wenger in 1989. Nancy ‘s bottom-half finish up proved a faithlessly dawn as the club finished 18th in the 1985–86 season, which meant they had to win a play-off peer to avoid delegating. They retained their league condition with a 3–2 aggregate win against Mulhouse. The golf club however sold several of their best players to avoid fiscal predicament and provided Wenger with little funds to work with. In Wenger ‘s final season in charge, Nancy finished 19th and were relegated to Ligue 2. Despite the setbacks, he was contacted by AS Monaco over their vacant managerial job. Talks had begun during the summer of 1986, but Nancy chair Gérard Rousselot refused to release Wenger from his contract, and Monaco were not prepared to offer recompense. [ 55 ] Once Nancy ‘s relegation was confirmed, Wenger was permitted to leave the club by reciprocal accept and was confirmed as Monaco coach in 1987. Before joining Monaco, Wenger had identified respective players to build his desire team. Tottenham Hotspur midfielder Glenn Hoddle, granted a barren transfer, and Patrick Battiston, out of condense at Bordeaux, were signed. Striker Mark Hateley left Milan to join Monaco and was “ encouraged to learn ” that his fellow Englishman Hoddle would play in the same side as him. [ 57 ] Monaco won the league in Wenger ‘s debut season, six points ahead of runner-up Bordeaux. [ 58 ] Although the team scored more goals in 1988–89 due to the purchase of liberian striker George Weah, Monaco failed to retain the league and finished one-third behind Olympique de Marseille and Paris Saint-Germain. [ 59 ] The baseball club reached the concluding of the Coupe de France, the national hard cup rival in the lapp season, but lost 4–3 to Marseille. [ 60 ] Monaco again finished third base in 1989–90 ; striker Ramón Díaz scored 15 goals in his first season at the club. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] The club beat league winners Marseille in the Coupe de France final through a last moment goal from ersatz Gérald Passi. [ 60 ] In 1991–92, Monaco finished in irregular seat and lost the 1992 european Cup Winners ‘ Cup Final 2–0 to Werder Bremen. [ 63 ] Although Monaco acquired the services of german striker Jürgen Klinsmann, the clubhouse could not regain the championship and concluded the subsequent seasons in one-third and ninth positions. [ 64 ] [ 65 ] Monaco did reach the semi-finals of the Champions League in April 1994, but lost to eventual winners Milan. [ 66 ] As a result of his employment at Monaco, Wenger was sought after by german club Bayern Munich, who wanted him to be their adjacent director. [ 67 ] Monaco refused to let him leave and Wenger chose to stay, but a poor start to the 1994–95 season meant he was dismissed on 17 September 1994, with the team in 17th topographic point in the table. [ 68 ] In 2001, Wenger said that the affect of bribery and putrescence had influenced his decision to leave France, as Marseille were found guilty of match fix in 1994. [ 69 ]

1994–1996 : Nagoya Grampus Eight

soon after his dismissal, Wenger travelled to the United Arab Emirates to attend a series of conferences held by FIFA. Wenger was a penis of the football governing soundbox ‘s technical committee, creditworthy for analysing the 1994 World Cup, and made a display to coaches of emerging football nations. His manner of speaking was closely followed by japanese delegates, whose nation had invested millions into the restructure of its football league system. Representatives of Toyota, the majority owner of Nagoya Grampus Eight soon met with Wenger and offered him the opportunity to become the clubhouse ‘s coach. Wenger deliberated, evening though the mind of working abroad appealed to him ; negotiations between the two parties lasted for two months. In that meter, he sought the advice of his closest friends and family, and flew to Japan to watch Nagoya Grampus ‘ striker Gary Lineker make his final examination appearance before his professional retirement. In December 1994, Wenger agreed to become director of Nagoya Grampus, on a biennial contract worth ¥ 75m annually .
With the new season of the J.League begin in March 1995, Wenger set about assembling his team and backroom staff. He hired early Valenciennes director Boro Primorac, whom he had befriended during the match-fixing scandal, as his adjunct. [ 74 ] Alexandre Torres joined Nagoya after Wenger identified the defender by watching brazilian football on the television, and the coach brought in Franck Durix and his erstwhile player Passi. Nagoya finished bottom of the J.League the temper before Wenger ‘s arrival, and continued their poor form into the following campaign, losing several matches in a quarrel. In response to the site, Wenger altered his managerial vogue, becoming less amicable with his players and openly questioning their desire. To boost morale, he took his squad to Versailles for their mid-season break, where they went through a rigorous, but creative, discipline regimen. Players were expected to make decisions for themselves on the cant, rather of relying on the coach ; Wenger was reported to have shouted to his players “ Do n’t look at me to ask me what to do with the ball ! ” and “ Decide for yourself ! Why do n’t you think it out ? ” [ 78 ] One musician who greatly benefited from Wenger ‘s steering was Dragan Stojković, a midfielder whose disciplinary record improved well. Wenger ‘s methods had the coveted effect – Nagoya won 17 of their following 27 games to finish runner-up in 1995. He concisely received the J. League Manager of the Year prize for 1995, while Stojković claimed the player ‘s honor. [ 82 ] In January 1996, Wenger guided the club to their first piece of silverware as Nagoya defeated Sanfrecce Hiroshima to win the Emperor ‘s Cup. Two months late they triumphed in the Super Cup, beating Yokohama Marinos 2–0. The success bolstered Nagoya ‘s condition in japanese football, vitamin a well as Wenger ‘s repute ; he was reasonably startled by the praise and idolization that came his manner. Midway through the 1996 league season, Wenger ‘s former baseball club Strasbourg enquired about the possibility of him returning to manage them. He turned down the offer as he was earlier approached by Arsenal. David Dein had remained in contact with Wenger after their beginning meet, and frequently sent him video tapes of matches to garner his opinions ; “ He was my personal initiate, ” the vice-chairman echo. [ 85 ] The Arsenal board rebuffed Dein ‘s trace to appoint Wenger deoxyadenosine monophosphate early as 1995, but concerns over George Graham ‘s successor Bruce Rioch meant they were more open-minded about hiring him since his least sandpiper in Japan. Wenger managed Nagoya for the final time on 28 August 1996 and delivered a farewell actor’s line, thanking the fans in japanese. Assessing his time in Japan, biographer Jasper Rees felt Wenger had left a mix bequest at the club, as the immediate success was followed by fluctuating league finishes ; it was not until 2010 that Nagoya ( under Stojković ) won their beginning title. [ 88 ] Wenger continues to speak fondly of his career in Japan and once likened the state to his ancestral family : “ It has beautiful things that we have lost in Europe, beautiful things that make life good. ” He besides credited the culture for improving his temperament and rediscovering his heat for the game. [ 90 ] Wenger returned to Japan as a television initiate for the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup, and a decade late, took Arsenal to face Nagoya in a pre-season friendly. [ 93 ]

1996–2018 : armory

1996–1997 : appointment and first season

In August 1996, Arsenal dismissed Bruce Rioch as clubhouse coach. [ 94 ] Rioch ‘s put had become indefensible after a challenge with the board over transfers, and his working relationship with Dein worsened during the course of his tenure. [ 94 ] Arsenal appointed Stewart Houston and by and by Pat Rice in impermanent charge of the first base team, while they searched for a full-time successor. [ 95 ] Although Barcelona player and director Johan Cruyff was favorite to take over, [ 96 ] the circuit board looked elsewhere, finally backing Dein ‘s proposal to hire Wenger. [ 97 ] The appointment was delayed for respective weeks as Wenger was under condense at Nagoya Grampus and the clubhouse wanted time to make a final examination decision. [ 98 ] In the meanwhile the Arsenal control panel refused to confirm the identity of their next director, but guess grew that it would be Wenger once the club signed french midfielders Patrick Vieira and Rémi Garde. [ 99 ] On 22 September 1996, Wenger was unveiled as Arsenal coach, after Nagoya Grampus granted him his handout. [ 100 ] He formally assumed the role on 1 October 1996. [ 101 ] At his first press league, he told reporters : “ The independent reason for coming is that I love english football, the roots of the game are hera. I like the spirit round the game and at Arsenal I like the heart of the club and its likely. ” [ 102 ]

“ At beginning, I thought : What does this Frenchman know about football ? He wears glasses and looks more like a schoolteacher. He ‘s not going to be american samoa good as George [ Graham ]. Does he even speak english by rights ? ”

Arsenal captain Tony Adams. [ 103 ]
Wenger ‘s uncover took place at Highbury in September 1996. Wenger ‘s arrival at Arsenal was greeted with perplexity by some of the club ‘s players, supporters and the local media. [ nota bene 2 ] Although he was touted as a future technical director of The Football Association ( FA ), [ 105 ] he was relatively unknown in English football. Glenn Moore ‘s report in The Independent, dated 24 September 1996, highlighted the climate : “ It is a measure of the insulation of the english game that when Arsène Wenger ‘s name emerged as Arsenal ‘s favor candidate for their vacant coach ‘s job many supporters were asking : ‘Arsène who ? ‘ ” [ 106 ] Unlike his predecessors, Wenger was given control over transfers, contracts and aim sessions, and the Arsenal board chose not to meddle in team affairs. One of his first acts as coach was to assure the experience players they had a future at the clubhouse, but he noted the police squad was “ a bite tight, ” and needed contest for places. Wenger adopted a hands-on border on to train sessions which energised the squad and made steps to change the drink culture that afflicted Arsenal. Although he initially allowed players to have a pint of beer, they were forbidden to drink on days off and in the players ‘ lounge. [ 110 ] He belated banned his players from casually drinking together. [ 111 ] Wenger besides promoted pasta as the pre-match dish, encouraged boiled chicken rather of red kernel and discouraged trash food. Players received optional vitamin injections and Creatine, which reduced fatigue and improved their stamen. Wenger ‘s first meet was a 2–0 off victory over Blackburn Rovers on 12 October 1996, [ 113 ] however, he did suggest “ one or two changes ” to Rice in Arsenal ‘s UEFA Cup defeat to Borussia Mönchengladbach on 24 September, nine days anterior to taking charge of the club. [ 114 ] The intervention overturned club captain Tony Adams, who on his first meet with the director expressed his disappointment : “ I said to him that he had put our integral season in hazard by doing what he had done. ” Wenger chose to take the criticism on board upon arrival, and made an campaign listening to Adams ‘ assessment of the club. This particular overture of management resonated with the other players, who were disbelieving of his ideas at first. The english players frequently set up pranks on Wenger to relieve aggression and nicknamed him “ Inspector Clouseau ”, due to his bungling nature. Adams said his sense of humor helped build team spirit : “ not entirely does Wenger love a good laugh, but he can laugh at himself. He is this gangling wise homo ”. malicious rumours concerning Wenger ‘s individual life sentence surfaced during November 1996, to the extent the City of London reported that his exit from Arsenal was at hand. [ 119 ] Having returned from a trip to Strasbourg to visit his parents, Wenger attended a press meet and powerfully refuted the claims : “ If something comes out that is faulty, I will attack. It is a good matter if you can equitable create things that are not right. ” [ 119 ] Arsenal ‘s press officer Clare Tomlinson, who was introduce at the news conference, recalled Wenger phoning the future day and demanding why he could not take action against the imperativeness for printing the history. The perpetrator responsible for spreading chew the fat in the City late apologised to Wenger. [ 121 ] During this, Arsenal had led the Premier League, but poor form in February 1997 caused Wenger to rule out his team ‘s chances of winning the entitle. [ 122 ] They finished third in his first season, missing out on UEFA Champions League reservation to Newcastle United on goal deviation – the tiebreaker used to determine the rank between teams equal on points. [ 123 ]

1997–2001 : early success

In planning for the extroverted temper, Wenger took the Arsenal police squad to Austria, which would become the club ‘s usual pre-season establish. The players were given a night out as a advantage for vigorous train, which midfielder Ray Parlour revealed was spent at a local public house with the early english players, while the “ french lads ” headed to the chocolate denounce and smoked. [ 125 ] “ How are we going to win the league this class ? We ‘re all drink in and they ‘re all fume, ” he recollected. [ 125 ] Wenger continued to fine-tune the team during this menstruation. Having forbid John Hartson ‘s affect to West Ham United in February 1997, he convinced french adolescent Nicolas Anelka to join Arsenal. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] He raided his old club Monaco to acquire the services of Christopher Wreh, Gilles Grimandi and Emmanuel Petit. The latter two were defenders, but Wenger thought both were adequate to of playing in midfield. To address the shortcomings of playing expansive football, winger Marc Overmars was purchased from Ajax, while Paul Merson moved to Middlesbrough. Wenger assessed Arsenal lost the Premier League because of their poor home performances, and felt they needed more pace and office. Arsenal began the 1997–98 season well, but struggled in November ; though they beat manchester United at Highbury without the suspended Dennis Bergkamp. [ 131 ] This was their lone league succeed throughout the calendar month. [ 132 ] Defeat at home to Blackburn Rovers left the club in sixth position before Christmas and apparently out of competition for the title. [ 133 ] Striker Ian Wright was booed off by supporters over his operation, which he responded to by criticising the crowd from the preen room windowpane. [ 134 ] Wenger called for an pressing team meet, where “ home truths were spoken, fingers pointed, players were geed up. ” The team dictated how the conversation went, which the senior defenders made it clear they wanted Vieira and Petit to provide cover .
such was the likelihood of Manchester United going on to retain the title, bookmaker Fred Done paid out on punters with two months of the season left. [ 137 ] Arsenal steadily closed the col, however, and victory against Wimbledon in March 1998 set up a entitle brush between themselves and the predominate champions. [ 138 ] Wenger in the lead up to the game maintained it was potential for Arsenal to win the league, stating “ two or three weeks ago, the title was good a dream for us and people laughed when I said we could still do it ”. [ 139 ] He suggested Manchester United were responsible for making the title slipstream “ concern ”. At Old Trafford, Overmars scored the decisive goal to give Arsenal a 1–0 win. [ 141 ] The victory was followed by nine back-to-back league wins, the last of which was a home fixture against Everton that secured Arsenal ‘s condition as champions. Wenger became the first foreign coach to win the bivalent, when his team beat Newcastle United in the 1998 FA Cup Final. [ 143 ] Wenger sanctioned Wright ‘s transfer to West Ham in the summer and made Anelka his first-choice striker ahead of the 1998–99 season. His decision not to bolster Arsenal ‘s attack, coupled with Bergkamp ‘s fear of flying, meant the club entered the Champions League with just one spot hitter. Their time in the rival was brief, making an exit at the group stage, with their domestic form being indifferent. Needing to strengthen their attack options, Arsenal signed Nwankwo Kanu in January 1999, and his presence reinvigorated the team as they embarked on a operate exchangeable to last season. They finished second behind Manchester United however, losing their slender advantage once they lost their penult peer. [ 148 ] United besides eliminated Arsenal in a FA Cup semi-final replay after extra prison term ; Wenger afterwards said : “ it was a smash crippled, and in the end, the luckiest south korean won. ” In August 1999, Anelka joined Real Madrid having threatened to strike if Arsenal did not grant him a move overseas. [ 150 ] Wenger used a part of the proceeds generated through the Anelka sale to fund the build up of the Arsenal Training Centre, expressing his desire to establish a “ home away from Arsenal ”. [ 151 ] He renewed his advancing line by signing Davor Šuker from Real, and Thierry Henry, [ citation needed ] who joined after seven “ injury-interrupted ” months at Juventus for £11.5 million. [ 152 ] It was Wenger ‘s purpose to partner Anelka with Henry, but the early ‘s departure meant the plan was scrapped. [ 153 ] The follow seasons were relatively barren. Arsenal again exited the Champions League at the group stagecoach, but dropped down to the UEFA Cup. [ 154 ] Wenger guided his team to the final, where they lost to Galatasaray on penalties. In the league, Arsenal finished 18 points behind Manchester United as runner-up, and though they closed the gap to eight points in 2000–01, they never posed a serious title challenge. The trophy drought continued past 2001, when Michael Owen scored two belated goals for Liverpool to beat Arsenal in the FA Cup Final. [ 157 ] Wenger rued his team ‘s inability to make monomania consider, but refused to blame individuals, namely Henry, for missing chances. [ 158 ]

2001–2006 : second double, Invincibles, and leaving Highbury

The cup defeat prompted Wenger to make changes to his squad. He signed young England internationals Richard Wright and Francis Jeffers, midfielder Giovanni van Bronckhorst from Rangers as a partner for Vieira, and convinced defender Sol Campbell to join from local rivals Tottenham Hotspur on a absolve transfer. [ 161 ] Campbell ‘s arrival strengthened a defense mechanism which was going through a transition phase from 1999 and 2001 ; Steve Bould and Nigel Winterburn moved on in this menstruation, club calibrate Ashley Cole displaced Sylvinho as Wenger ‘s first option left back, while Lauren acted as Lee Dixon ‘s understudy. Midfielders Freddie Ljungberg and Robert Pires – brought in during preceding transfer windows, had immediately established themselves into the first gear team. [ 163 ] The 2001–02 season brought much achiever as Wenger led Arsenal to the double once more. [ 164 ] The crowning consequence was the winnings against Manchester United at Old Trafford in the penultimate plot of the season. [ 164 ] Sylvain Wiltord scored the winning finish to secure the club ‘s 12th league backing and third double over ; four days earlier, Arsenal all in Chelsea 2–0 in the 2002 FA Cup Final. [ 165 ] The team scored in every one league fixture and were unbeaten away from home that temper. [ 166 ] [ 167 ]
Wenger in 2003 Wenger appointed Vieira as club captain following Adams ‘ retirement, and made few additions to his double-winning team, signing defender Pascal Cygan, midfielder Gilberto Silva and utility actor Kolo Touré. He was convinced his side would retain the league and told the media : “ cipher will finish above us in the league. It would n’t surprise me if we were to go unbeaten for the whole of the season ”. [ 169 ] [ niobium 3 ] Arsenal set a new top-flight record in their opening game of the 2002–03 season ; a 2–0 victory against Birmingham City was their fourteenth league gain in succession. [ 171 ] They continued their fine start by overhauling Nottingham Forest ‘s top-flight commemorate of 22 away league matches without kill and late surpassed Manchester United ‘s Premier League sum of 29 matches unbeaten. [ 172 ] Arsenal lost to Everton in October 2002, which began a run of four matches without a win. [ 173 ] Though Wenger ‘s team built an eight-point run over challengers Manchester United by March 2003, they were overhauled in the final weeks of the season. [ 174 ] The title race shifted in United ‘s favor when Bolton Wanderers came from behind to draw 2–2 against Arsenal. [ 174 ] Wenger showed moments of exasperation during the match by loosening his tie and bellowing orders from the touchline. Journalist Phil McNulty wrote that Wenger ‘s demeanor “ rundle of person who had the title in his grip but now saw it slipping from his fingers ”. [ 175 ] Arsenal beat Southampton 1–0 to retain the FA Cup at the goal of the campaign. [ 176 ] During pre-season, Wenger arranged a touch with the players to examine why they lost the league. Martin Keown felt the coach harmed their chances by boasting they could go the season unbeaten. “ Look, I said that because I think you can do it. But you must in truth want it, ” was Wenger ‘s reply, as he believed the police squad had the right mixture of proficiency, intelligence and human body. Arsenal did little transfer business given the fiscal demands that came with their new stadium undertaking ; their merely major bless was Jens Lehmann, who replaced David Seaman as goalkeeper. Wenger retained his best players, despite interest shown by Chelsea ‘s newly owner Roman Abramovich. Six games into the league season, Arsenal were involved in a brawl against Manchester United ; the ill-feeling stemmed from Vieira ‘s judgment of dismissal late on. respective players were charged and fined consequently by the FA and Wenger apologised for his team ‘s over-reaction. [ 179 ] The team restored their image with an harbor performance against Newcastle ; Henry Winter in his match report wrote : “ Henry ‘s opening goal encapsulated all that is dependable about Arsenal, the satiny run and intelligent drift. ” [ 180 ] Wenger led his side to league gloat without a single kill – an skill last achieved by Preston North End 115 years earlier, in the Football League. [ 181 ] “ person threw me a jersey after the trophy was presented which read ‘Comical Wenger says we can go the whole season unbeaten. ‘ I was just a season besides early !, ” he remarked during the golf club ‘s victory parade. [ 182 ] Arsenal ‘s run of 49 league games unbeaten came to an end with a 2–0 get the better of at Manchester United on 24 October 2004. [ 183 ] The team under Wenger ‘s management enjoyed another relatively potent league campaign in 2004–05, but finished second gear to Chelsea, who ended the temper 12 points in front man. [ 184 ] Consolation again came in the FA Cup ; Arsenal defeated Manchester United on penalties, after a scoreless final examination. [ 185 ] The emergence of Cesc Fàbregas in the starting line-up prompted Wenger to sell Vieira to Juventus in July 2005. [ 186 ] He noticed the two as a midfield copulate was ineffective, and felt keeping Fàbregas would benefit the club ‘s future. [ 186 ] The 2005–06 season marked the beginning of a transitional period for Arsenal as it was the cabaret ‘s final season at Highbury. [ 187 ] The team finished fourthly in the Premier League and outside the top two for the first time under Wenger ‘s tenure. [ 188 ] In the Champions League, Wenger assembled an inexperienced defense mechanism that reached the concluding, beating real Madrid, Juventus and Villarreal and conceding no goals in the knockout stages. [ 189 ] In the final examination against Barcelona in May 2006, Arsenal took an early lead but ultimately lost the pit 2–1. [ 190 ] The get the better of besides made Wenger the only director to have been a losing finalist in each of UEFA ‘s three main baseball club competitions, having previously lost the UEFA Cup final examination with Arsenal in 2000 and the Cup Winners ‘ Cup concluding with Monaco in 1992. [ 191 ]

2006–2011 : stadium motion and conversion

In the summer of 2006, Wenger oversaw Arsenal ‘s move to the Emirates Stadium. During the construction phase, he described the move as “ vital ” to the club ‘s fiscal future and believed Arsenal were better able to attract the best players. [ 193 ] Moving to the new stadium, however, presented several problems in the curtly terminus, as the club prioritised finance it over the team. [ 194 ] Wenger sold some of his experienced players such as Campbell, Lauren and Pires, sanctioned Cole ‘s act to Chelsea in separate substitution for defender William Gallas, and incorporate young players like Theo Walcott and Alex Song into the first team. His youthful team contested the League Cup final examination in February 2007 and were the youngest to play in a major english cup final, averaging 21 years. [ 196 ] They ultimately came up brusque against Chelsea, who won the couple 2–1. [ 197 ] Arsenal finished fourth in the 2006–07 league season ; [ 198 ] Wenger had ruled out their title chances following get the better of to Bolton in November 2006. [ 199 ] The team ‘s miss of candor and efficiency of monomania was a familiar theme during the campaign ; [ 200 ] Guardian diarist Daniel Taylor observed two matches into the league season : “ The most watchable side are frequently the most torment. Arsenal are wonderfully acute yet infuriatingly dull. ” [ 201 ]
Wenger in training with Arsenal in 2009 In April 2007, Dein left Arsenal due to “ irreconcilable differences ” about the future of the golf club. [ 202 ] Wenger described it as a “ deplorable day for Arsenal, ” and sought assurances from the board over his future american samoa well as reasons for Dein ‘s departure. [ 203 ] The instability at display panel grade influenced club master Henry ‘s decisiveness to leave Arsenal in June 2007, which led to doubt over Wenger ‘s position. [ 204 ] In September 2007, Wenger signed a newfangled three-year extension, insisting that he remained commit to “ the club of my life. ” [ 205 ] ( In 2021, Wenger revealed that his bless of the narrow extension was his side of a hand with the Arsenal board in the build of the new stadium, because he requested its construction. ) [ 206 ] Arsenal flourished in Henry ‘s absence, with Emmanuel Adebayor, Mathieu Flamini and Fàbregas playing a more outstanding function in the 2007–08 season. [ 208 ] Defeat to Middlesbrough in December 2007 ended a run of 22 league matches unbeaten, [ 209 ] but Arsenal soon built a five-point go over Manchester United. [ 210 ] A career-threatening injury to striker Eduardo against Birmingham City on 23 February 2008 acted as a turning detail in Arsenal ‘s season. [ 211 ] Wenger, incensed at the aggressive tactics of opponents, called for a banish on tackler Martin Taylor in his post-match interview ; he late retracted the comment. [ 212 ] Arsenal ‘s form subsequently suffered, and a run of three consecutive draw in March allowed Manchester United and Chelsea to overhaul them as they finished the season in third base. [ 210 ] Arsenal made a disturb depart to Wenger ‘s twelfth season. The cabaret relieved Gallas of his captainship, after he openly questioned his teammates, and Wenger appointed Fàbregas as his successor. [ 213 ] Arsenal secured fourth military position in the league and reached the semi-finals of the Champions League and FA Cup, but it was a fourth season without silverware. [ 214 ] Wenger was subject to criticism from Arsenal fans ; he praised the travel supporters, though referred to a section of the home crowd as treating him “ like a murderer ”. [ 215 ] Arsenal finished third in the league in 2009–10 [ 216 ] and the team were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the Champions League by Barcelona. [ 217 ] Wenger had reached a landmark in October 2009, surpassing George Allison to become Arsenal ‘s longest-serving coach. [ 218 ] In August 2010, Wenger signed a far three-year contract to continue his managerial career at Arsenal. [ 219 ] His team were on course for a quadruple trophy haul in 2010–11, ahead defeat to Birmingham City in the 2011 Football League Cup Final, when a confusion between goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny and defender Laurent Koscielny allowed Obafemi Martins to score the win goal. [ 220 ] This was followed by a run of good two wins in 11 Premier League games, to take them from style contenders to a fourth-place finish. [ 221 ] Arsenal then made exits in the FA Cup and the Champions League to Manchester United and Barcelona, respectively. [ 222 ]

2011–2018 : rebuilding, recurrence of trophies, and deviation

Wenger ‘s preparations for the 2011–12 season were disrupted by player unrest. Though he insisted none of his crown players would leave the club, Fàbregas finally moved to Barcelona, while Gaël Clichy and Samir Nasri joined Manchester City. [ 223 ] Suspensions and injuries left Wenger fielding an understrength side against Manchester United on 29 August 2011 ; Arsenal were trounced 8–2, which represented their worst defeat in 115 years. [ 224 ] Needing to address the police squad ‘s miss of depth, Wenger completed a series of deals in the final days of the summer transfer window. [ 223 ] He by and large brought in know players, such as Yossi Benayoun on lend from Chelsea, Everton ‘s Mikel Arteta and Germany international Per Mertesacker. [ 225 ] By October, Arsenal had made their bad begin to a temper in 58 years, losing four of their open seven matches. [ 226 ] however, the team soon harmonised, and in the like month club captain Robin van Persie scored a hat-trick as Arsenal beat Chelsea 5–3. [ 227 ] Despite another season of no silverware, Wenger guided Arsenal to third position in the Premier League, thus qualifying for the Champions League for a 15th consecutive campaign. [ 228 ] Van Persie had scored 37 goals, in his first injury-free season for the club. [ 229 ] He, however, grew disillusioned with Arsenal ‘s transfer policy, and decided not to renew his contract, with one year remaining. When Manchester United coach Sir Alex Ferguson determine of the situation, he called Wenger to push through a deal and Van Persie agreed to join Manchester United in August 2012. The club purchased strikers Olivier Giroud and Lukas Podolski in anticipation of the sale. [ 231 ]
Wenger in 2016 The 2012–13 season was Wenger ‘s beginning without Rice, who retired in late form. [ 232 ] Bould was named as his successor, who specialised in defensive shape. [ 232 ] Arsenal struggled to find consistency in the league and were 12 points behind leaders Manchester United by November 2012. [ 233 ] A month by and by, Wenger came under solid criticism following his side ‘s die in the League Cup to Bradford City, when a neat team lost on penalties to enemy three divisions below. farther cup defeats to Blackburn Rovers and Bayern Munich in the FA Cup and Champions League, respectively, ended Arsenal ‘s trophy chances for an one-eighth straight season. [ 235 ] Before the first peg, Wenger had criticised the media for reporting he was about to sign a shrink extension, and said of the Blackburn game : “ We lost it in the concluding 20 minutes, so there are a lot of superficial analyses that you can not accept. Because one guy says something, everybody goes the same way ”. [ 236 ] Arsenal ‘s chances of finishing in the top four appeared over by March, after kill to Tottenham Hotspur. [ 237 ] With ten league matches remaining, they were seven points behind their rivals, and Wenger admitted his side could not afford any more flatten points. [ 237 ] He made changes to the side for their irregular leg against Bayern, dropping captain Thomas Vermaelen and Szczęsny, in place of Koscielny and Łukasz Fabiański. [ 238 ] Though Arsenal were eliminated on the away goals rule, [ 239 ] Wenger ‘s adjustments worked in the league as his team went on a run to overhaul Tottenham for a second consecutive season. [ 238 ] A gain on the concluding day against Newcastle United secured fourthly position, which Wenger described as a “ easing ”. [ 240 ] Arsenal opened the 2013–14 temper with a home kill to Aston Villa, which prompted boo from the supporters. [ 241 ] The club ‘s transfer inaction over the summer was criticised, but Wenger assessed : “ We could have won the game today with the players on the gear, I ‘m convinced of that. ” [ 241 ] In the final workweek of the transfer window, he re-signed Flamini and sanctioned the golf club record sign of Mesut Özil from Real Madrid, totalling £42.5 million. [ 242 ] Wenger was implemental in the latter cover ; he phoned and spoke to the german in his native speech, convincing him that a act to England would enhance his career. [ 243 ] Arsenal ‘s form thereafter improved and Aaron Ramsey ‘s goalscoring spree elevated the team to inaugural position by the New Year. Poor performances in the big games, however, blighted Arsenal ‘s championship credentials, with a 6–0 loss to Chelsea at Stamford Bridge being described as “ a good hide [ as ] you do n’t prepare all week to experience that. ” [ 244 ] The frustration marked Wenger ‘s 1,000th match in charge of Arsenal. [ 245 ] Arsenal consolidated fourth placement in the league, and Wenger guided his team to FA Cup achiever, as they came from two goals down to beat Hull City in the final, and hug Arsenal their beginning trophy in nine years. At the end of the season, Wenger signed another three-year extension to his Arsenal narrow. [ 247 ] He strengthened the police squad by signing Alexis Sánchez from Barcelona in July 2014, who started in the 2014 FA Community Shield that Arsenal won by beating Manchester City 3–0, and during the course of 2014–15, Wenger promoted Francis Coquelin and Héctor Bellerín into the first team. [ 249 ] Wenger won his sixth FA Cup in May 2015, which placed him aboard George Ramsay as the most successful coach in the competition ‘s history. [ 250 ] Wenger guided the club to an improved one-third place in the league that temper, and the baseball club saw far improvement in the 2015–16 season as they finished as league runner-up, while retaining the FA Community Shield by defeating Chelsea 1–0. [ 251 ]
Wenger in his final examination base match as coach of Arsenal in 2018 Arsenal financed moves for Granit Xhaka and Shkodran Mustafi in mid-2016 for a unite £65 million, rendering the pair one of Arsenal ‘s most expensive ever signings, as Wenger hoped to guide the club to their first league title winnings in over thirteen years the succeed season. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Although Arsenal began powerfully in the league, losing alone once until December, back-to-back defeats to Everton and Manchester City resulted in Arsenal losing their stronghold on the league. Wenger besides served a four-match touchline ban and had to pay a £25,000 finely after pushing referee Anthony Taylor during a winnings at home against Burnley. [ 254 ] Further defeats to Chelsea and Liverpool all but rendered Arsenal out of the title subspecies, and left reservation to the Champions League threatened by March. On 30 April, Arsenal lost to independent rivals Tottenham which had confirmed the latter had finished above them in the Premier League for the first base time since the 1994–95 FA Premier League season. [ 255 ] The following month besides saw them fail to finish in the circus tent four since the 1996–97 FA Premier League season. [ 256 ] On 27 May, Wenger became the most successful director in the history of the FA Cup as Arsenal beat Premier League winners Chelsea 2–1 at Wembley through goals from Alexis Sánchez and Aaron Ramsey. The victory represented a far record for Wenger, as Arsenal excessively, became the most successful club in the rival ‘s history as they won the rival for the thirteenth time. [ 257 ] Four days following the succeed, Wenger signed a abridge extension until 2019. [ 258 ] In mid-2017, Wenger brought in two signings ; Alexandre Lacazette for a tip of £45m, the club ‘s most expensive sign, and Sead Kolašinac on a free transfer from Schalke 04. [ 259 ] [ 260 ] On 6 August, Wenger won his seventh FA Community Shield equally coach as Arsenal all in Chelsea 4–1 on penalties following a 1–1 grudge at full time. [ 261 ] however, in the 2017–18 FA Cup, Arsenal lost to Nottingham Forest in the third polish of the FA Cup, and again stood well outside the top four in the Premier League. [ 262 ] The clubhouse besides dealt with player unrest in the form of Sánchez, who voiced his desire to depart, and Wenger sanctioned a transplant to Manchester United in January 2018, whereby Arsenal received Henrikh Mkhitaryan in a swap-deal. late that month, he signed Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang for a club-record fee of £56 million. however, these additions did not aid Arsenal ‘s performances as a team, and on 20 April, Wenger announced he would step down as arsenal director at the goal of the 2017–18 season. [ 263 ] His final home game was a 5–0 win against Burnley on 6 May, where he received a standing ovation before the game and was gifted the gold mini-replica Premier League trophy he won during the 2003–04 Invincibles season as a departing gift from Arsenal. [ 264 ] He officially concluded his tenure with a 1–0 away win against Huddersfield Town. [ 265 ] Wenger later revealed that he wanted to stay at the club until the termination of his contract, but the club thought it better he leave. [ 266 ] He described the hostility he faced from the board and fans as “ undue ” and his passing as “ very hard ” and “ very brutal ”. [ 267 ]

overture and doctrine

Tactics

Wenger was inspired by Borussia Mönchengladbach as a child and was former influenced by Total Football, a playing style developed by Rinus Michels at Ajax in the 1970s. [ 268 ] He recollected the team as having “ perfect players everywhere and that was the sort of football I wanted to be playing myself ”. [ 269 ] At Monaco, he employed a 4–4–2 constitution, though he did test 4–3–3, akin to Michels ‘. [ 270 ] Wenger is an advocate of 4–4–2 as “ no other formation is as efficient in covering space ”, but has used it meagerly in holocene seasons. [ 272 ]
Throughout his managerial career, Wenger has trusted his players to perform and learn from their own mistakes, a quality Vieira regards as his biggest force and helplessness. [ 276 ] Wenger encourages sportsmen to show intuition, and makes observations preferably than explicitly giving orders. [ 277 ] Campbell reflected that his former director “ puts a lot of burden on players to change the game ” and “ he wants sealed players – particularly in the last third – to be able to produce it and give something different ”. When Wenger joined Arsenal, he spoke of his desire to see “ real, advanced football. That means pack lines, of zones, of quick, coordinated movements with a good technique. ” He characteristically focuses on the strengths of his teams, quite than looking for areas to exploit the confrontation .

“ For me, football is first and foremost a game. It has a model, so far should leave some part for freedom of saying. In France nowadays we seem to have found the right proportion between team constitution and the freedom allowed to the player. ”

Wenger in an interview with The Sunday Times, April 2004. [ 277 ]
During a match against Borussia Mönchengladbach in 1996, Wenger presided over Rice ‘s caretaker duties at Arsenal, and ordered the team to switch from their prefer 3–5–2 geological formation to 4–4–2. [ 277 ] The tactical change did not have its craved effect, as Arsenal lost the game having led before Wenger ‘s half-time direction. [ 277 ] For much of the 1996–97 temper, Arsenal continued to play 3–5–2 as it was the entirely formation the defenders were comfortable with, american samoa well as injuries unsettling the side. [ 280 ] [ 281 ] In Wenger ‘s second season at the clubhouse, he reinstated 4–4–2 and focused on strengthening the front six, by signing wingers Overmars and Luís Boa Morte and partnering Vieira with Petit. [ 281 ] [ 282 ] According to Jonathan Wilson, the system was similar to 4–3–3, as Overmars much pushed higher up the playing field and Parlour played aboard Vieira and Petit to solidify the midfield. Needing to compensate deficiencies in attack the take after season, Wenger relied on his know defense to direct games, which conceded 17 goals in 38 league matches. [ 284 ] From then on, Wenger deployed an unconventional 4–4–2 with a greater vehemence on attack and movement ; his teams between 2001 and 2004 were dominant on the leave flank. [ 285 ] By the 2005–06 season, clubs in England were increasingly in party favor of using the 4–5–1 system. [ 286 ] Wenger, having earlier suggested he would never resort to a negative organization, [ 287 ] late adopted the formation for Champions League matches. [ 288 ] The decisiveness to pack the midfield and play a lone striker resulted in Arsenal reaching the final. [ 288 ] With Fábregas breaking into the first team, Wenger chose to deviate from their counter-attacking stylus, to a more possession based one. In 2009–10, he instituted a fluid 4–3–3 formation to benefit from Fàbregas ‘ creativity, [ 290 ] and since the musician ‘s deviation, had remodelled the system to 4–1–4–1 [ 291 ] and 4–2–3–1. [ 292 ] During the latter half of the 2016–17 Premier League season, Wenger switched to a 3–4–3 formation, like to Antonio Conte ‘s Chelsea first used against Middlesbrough in a 2–1 win. [ 293 ] Wenger has been able to implement his entertaining imagination of football, particularly at Arsenal. His team ‘s 5–1 succeed against Portsmouth in March 2004 was likened to “ the gorgeously fluid Ajax of the early 70s ”, [ 294 ] and greeted with a standing ovation by the opposition supporters, as the Arsenal players left the field. [ 295 ] Wenger ‘s style of play, however, has been criticised for inefficiency and a miss of variation to go with proficiency. [ 296 ] [ 297 ] He is not renowned for making game-changing substitutions, nor has his tactics helped his teams overcome flexible opponents. His ideals are perceptibly different from the matter-of-fact approach of his rivals, though he has assembled teams to produce discipline performances, markedly the 2005 FA Cup Final against Manchester United. [ 299 ] Defeats in the adult games during 2013–14 led to Wenger compromising his attack-minded principles in privilege of keeping it close. [ 300 ] The team ‘s approach has been less predictable than when it was built around Fàbregas, with the initial predictability allowing Sir Alex Ferguson to devise a template to beat Arsenal, which involved “ good players who can intercept ”. [ 301 ]

preparation

Wenger in 2015 Wenger led coach sessions, but delegated province to his coaching staff, who predominantly work with the players. [ 302 ] He split the team into groups, observing and supervising the drills. [ 302 ] A typical train session under Wenger lasted 90 minutes, which was timed and staged precisely, and included co-ordination techniques, positional play and small-sided games. [ 303 ] Wenger spent the day before a equal focusing on the mental and tactical set about of his police squad and varied his train stylus. [ 303 ] Wenger regarded a well-adjusted diet as an essential region of a player ‘s preparation. He was influenced by his time in Japan, where “ the unharmed way of life there is linked to health. Their diet is basically churn vegetables, fish and rice. No fat, no carbohydrate. You notice when you live there that there are no fatness people ”. [ 304 ] At Arsenal, Wenger brought in dieticians to explain the benefits of a goodly life style, and acquired the avail of Philippe Boixel, an osteopath for the France national team, to realign the players ‘ bodies each month. Plyometrics, exercises designed to strengthen the muscles, were introduced and Wenger routinely made players stretch before and after matches. Until 2004, he encouraged his players to take Creatine for increased stamina, late stopping when he noticed side-effects. [ 306 ] The innovations had a desirable effect on the team as it prolonged the careers of his defense, [ 304 ] and made Arsenal potent in the second half of seasons. Though Wenger ‘s methods were common in italian football, they had been unsuccessfully trialled in England until his arrival. [ nota bene 4 ] In late years, Wenger ‘s trail government has come under criticism, given his police squad ‘s poor wound phonograph record. [ 309 ] From 2004–05 to 2014–15, Arsenal ‘s players lost 13,161 days through injury, the most in the Premier League, and importantly more than Chelsea in second base ( 7,217 ). [ 309 ] In 2014, Wenger acquired the help of fitness coach Shad Forsythe to solve the trouble ; statistics revealed a year late that Arsenal ‘s average injury length dropped more than 25 % in Forsythe ‘s beginning season. [ 310 ]

recruitment and spend policy

Youth development and scouring for talent abroad is central to Wenger ‘s recruitment policy. He relies on a net of scouts and personal contacts to find and attract talented footballers to play under him. Wenger ‘s strategy is aided by data ; for exemplify, the decision to sign Flamini in 2004 came about as he was looking at statistics to find an understudy to Vieira. [ 311 ] To examine the mental country of a young football player, he uses psychometric tests conducted by psychologist Jacques Crevoisier once every two years. [ 312 ] Wenger prides himself on nurturing endowment, saying in an consultation : “ I believe one of the best things about managing people is that we can influence lives in a positive manner. That ‘s basically what a coach is about. When I can do that, I am very glad ”. In his early managerial years, Wenger recognised the likely of football in Africa, which influenced his transplant dealings at Monaco. On the recommendation of Claude Le Roy, he signed Liberian George Weah, who later became the first African to be named FIFA World Player of the Year. Weah, while receiving his award from FIFA president of the united states João Havelange and vice-president Lennart Johansson invited Wenger up to the stage, ad lib giving his decoration to the director, as a token of his appreciation. [ 316 ] During his final examination years at Monaco, Wenger worked with Roger Mendy, a senegalese defender regarded in 1991 as one of the ten best african footballers by France Football, and nigerian Victor Ikpeba, a ahead who earnt the award of African Player of the Year. [ 317 ] Wenger besides fast-tracked unseasoned players such as Petit and Lilian Thuram, and handed debuts to Henry and David Trezeguet .
In England, Wenger has used his across-the-board cognition of the european transfer market and rulings – peculiarly in his native France – to recruit players. His beginning purchase as Arsenal director was Anelka from Paris Saint-Germain for £500,000, a consider which upset the french club as they received little wage. The musician ‘s subsequent sale to Real Madrid merely two years late for £23.5 million highlighted Wenger ‘s shrewdness in the transfer market. [ 320 ] [ 321 ] He remained in contact with Guillou ‘s Abidjan-based academy, where he discovered future Arsenal players Touré and Emmanuel Eboué, [ 322 ] and successfully persuaded Fàbregas and Héctor Bellerín, amongst other La Masia graduates, to leave Barcelona and join him. [ 323 ] Wenger ‘s recruitment of young players came under criticism from Bayern Munich president Karl-Heinz Rummenigge, who disputed it was equivalent to child trafficking. [ 324 ] Wenger refuted the analogy and said, “ Look at Santa Cruz at Blackburn. Ask him what age he came to Bayern Munich. then you have an solution for Rummenigge. ” [ 324 ] When Arsenal moved to the Emirates Stadium, Wenger prioritised investing in young person alternatively of purchasing experience players. [ 325 ] He described it as a way of creating an “ identity ” with Arsenal : “ I felt it would be an matter to experiment to see players grow together with these qualities, and with a beloved for the club. It was an ideal imagination of the universe of football. ” [ 326 ] The passing of Dein, coupled with the saturation of the remove grocery store, intend Wenger struggled to recruit players angstrom efficiently as earlier. The young set-up did not replicate the achiever of the former 1990s and early 2000s, though Arsenal systematically finished fourthly or higher in the league between 2006 and 2011. The baseball club earnt a reputation of officiate as a “ feeder club “ to bigger teams, as Wenger struggled to keep halt of his best players. [ 328 ] He described this period as “ identical medium ” because of the fiscal restrictions that came with the stadium be active. [ 329 ] Since the 2011–12 season, Wenger has reverted to buying rise talent, [ 330 ] and blended experience with youth in domestic cup competitions. [ 331 ] Arsenal have benefited from increased gross since the Emirates affect, and negotiating newfangled sponsorship deals has allowed Wenger to make pavilion signings such as Özil, Sánchez, Granit Xhaka, Alexandre Lacazette and Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang. [ citation needed ] Observing Wenger ‘s transfer policy in 2009, Sir Alex Ferguson commented that it lacked proportion and needed defensive players to solidify the Arsenal team. [ 332 ] The players Wenger recruits have frequently been criticised for their character and leadership capabilities ; footballer Joey Barton suggested it was because the director discouraged them from commanding : “ sometimes you need person to galvanise and that might be a roarer and bawler. It may not be Arsene ‘s way, but I think they lack that. ” [ 333 ] Wenger is perceived as economical given his inaction in transplant windows, but he has denied the pigeonhole : “ Of course people say always to buy but you can not make careers [ and you can not ] buy every time you have an injured actor. You know I have the amiss repute. I ‘m not scared to spend money. The job of a coach is not to spend angstrom much money. ” [ 334 ]

Relations with others

Wenger ‘s relations with his chap football managers and officials have not constantly been genial. In a joint-interview with The Times and Daily Mail in 2009, he explained that his reluctance to trust other managers had been mistaken for disrespect : “ There are managers I respect, and I respect what they do, but you can not be wholly friendly and open up. ” [ 186 ] He is well known for his competition with early Manchester United director Sir Alex Ferguson ; [ 335 ] begin in 1997, the challenge reached its apogee in the “ Pizzagate “ incidental at Old Trafford in October 2004. [ 336 ] After Manchester United ended Arsenal ‘s 49-game unbeaten Premier League streak after being awarded a late penalty, Cesc Fabregas threw a pizza at the resistance in the burrow. [ 337 ] [ 338 ] Wenger accused United striker Ruud van Nistelrooy of being “ a swindle ” in a post-match television receiver interview, and was reprimanded with a £15,000 all right by the Football Association. [ 339 ] Both managers late agreed to tone down their words, in an try to defuse the competition. [ 340 ] In his autobiography, Ferguson wrote that the events of “ Pizzagate ” had “ scrambled Arsène ‘s brain ” and caused their relationship to break down for about five years. [ 341 ] By 2009, Wenger noted his competition with Ferguson had become “ respectful ” as Arsenal had ceased competing with Manchester United for major honours. [ 186 ]
Wenger and Mourinho during a match between their teams in 2014

During October and November 2005, Wenger became embroiled in a war of words with Chelsea coach José Mourinho. Mourinho accused Wenger of having an “ unprofessional compulsion ” with Chelsea and labelled him a “ voyeur. ” [ 342 ] [ 343 ] Mourinho was quoted as saying, “ He ‘s worried about us, he ‘s constantly talking about us – it ‘s [ always ] Chelsea ”. [ 343 ] Wenger responded by pointing out he was only answering journalists ‘ questions about Chelsea, and described Mourinho ‘s attitude as “ disrespectful ”. [ 344 ] Mourinho late apologised and clarified that he regretted his “ voyeur ” comment ; Wenger accepted the apology. [ 345 ] In 2014, Mourinho reopened his feud with Wenger by calling him a “ specialist in failure ”. [ 346 ] This was in response to Wenger ‘s comments that Chelsea were favourites for the Premier League and managers did not want to take responsibility if they failed to win the title. [ 346 ] Wenger said Mourinho ‘s comments were “ punch-drunk and aweless ” and had embarrassed Chelsea. [ 347 ] When asked if he regretted his remark, Mourinho replied : “ You have to ask him if he regrets the comments he made ”. [ 348 ] In October 2014, during a Premier League match between Arsenal and Chelsea, Wenger was involved in a touchline spit with Mourinho. [ 349 ] Wenger late apologised for his behavior. [ 350 ] Wenger has directed his anger towards referees when decisions have not gone his team ‘s way. In August 2000, he was charged with “ alleged threatening behavior and physical bullying ” towards fourthly official Paul Taylor, after Arsenal ‘s 1–0 defeat at Sunderland on the possibility day of the 2000–01 season. [ 351 ] An FA corrective commission found Wenger guilty ; he received a 12-match touchline ban and a ticket of four weeks ‘ wage. [ 352 ] He successfully appealed the banish, but was reprimanded and fined £10,000 for his actions. [ 353 ] Following the 2007 Football League Cup Final, he called a electrician a liar, for stating Emmanuel Adebayor aimed a punch at Chelsea ‘s Frank Lampard. [ 354 ] This led to an probe by the FA, a fine of £2,500 and a admonitory. [ 355 ] In March 2011, Wenger was charged with improper behave by UEFA, over comments made to referee Massimo Busacca, after his team ‘s get the better of to Barcelona. [ 356 ] He was fined €10,000 and suspended for one UEFA club rival equal ; however, the banish was later extended to a far two games, after Wenger was found guilty of communicating with Arsenal ‘s bench while serving a touchline ban against Udinese. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] A class late, Wenger was charged for post-match comments made about referee Damir Skomina, in Arsenal ‘s kill to Milan in the Champions League. [ 359 ] He was fined £33,000 and handed a three-match touchline ban in the contest. [ 359 ]

Plaudits and bequest

armory supporters hold up cards that spell out “ In Arsène we trust ” At Arsenal, Wenger has enjoyed a great cover of accompaniment and back from the club circuit board of directors, who demonstrated exceeding religion in the director and his long-run sight. [ 360 ] His arrival at the club prompted a change in their football manner – once derided as “ bore, boring Arsenal ” for a miss of creativity, [ 361 ] initiate Alan Hansen described the 2004 team as “ quite merely the most fluid, devastating team the british Isles has seen ”. [ 362 ] Brian Clough once quipped : “ Arsenal caress a football the way I dreamed of caressing Marilyn Monroe “. [ 191 ] Wenger himself reflected that his greatest bequest at Arsenal would be the vogue he implemented. [ 363 ] Supporters regularly display banners such as “ Arsène knows ” and “ In Arsène we trust ” during home matches, though there became a growing number of protests against his management. [ 364 ]
External audio “Arsène Wenger – Profile”
First broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in August 2011
Dein described Wenger as the most significant director in the club ‘s history : “ Arsène ‘s a miracle actor. He ‘s revolutionised the clubhouse. He ‘s off players into first players. Since he has been here, we have seen football from another planet ”. [ 365 ] Former Watford coach Graham Taylor said of Wenger in 2002 : “ I believe his biggest contribution to football is getting across the theme that players have to prepare right and look after themselves ”. [ 366 ] Wenger ‘s loyalty towards fiscal fair play and handle of Arsenal ‘s debt since their stadium move has earnt him praise, not least from american english baseball general director Billy Beane, who in particular lauded his transfer scheme. [ 367 ] A survey in 2007 found Wenger was the only Premier League coach to have made a profit on transfers, [ 368 ] and between 2004 and 2009, he made an average profit of £4.4 million per season on transfers, far more than any other club. [ 369 ]
Bust of Wenger at the Emirates Stadium Though Wenger established Arsenal as UEFA Champions League regulars, he never won a continental competition – he was a Champions League and UEFA Cup runner-up with Arsenal and a Cup Winners ‘ Cup runner-up with Monaco – much considered a blemish on his managerial career. [ 370 ] Writer Michael Calvin argues despite the european failings, Wenger should even be considered one of the greats in football : “ [ He ] has been the best, most influential director of the modern era. His subcontract has involved managing variety, and all the hypocrisy which comes with that. In a world where incoherence is routinely hailed as invention, he has been a true visionary ”. [ 371 ] Wenger ‘s stubbornness to follow his ideal vision of football was heavily criticised during his moment decade at Arsenal. In 2016, Henry Winter reasoned the Frenchman ‘s methods no farseeing gave him an advantage over others, and he needed to adapt or resign. [ 372 ] Winter besides suggested the cabaret was content with lucrative top-four finishes, and the coach needed sturdy individuals to challenge him. [ 372 ] Ferguson however expressed admiration in Wenger ‘s consistency and contrary nature : “ He stays with what he believes in. And I think people who do that are great coaches ”. [ 373 ] Wenger was awarded France ‘s highest decoration, the Légion d’honneur, in 2002. [ 374 ] He was appointed an honorary officer of the Order of the british Empire ( OBE ) in the 2003 Birthday Honours for services to football. [ 375 ] At Arsenal ‘s valedictory political campaign at Highbury throughout the 2005–06 temper, supporters showed appreciation by holding a “ Wenger Day ” as one of diverse themed matchdays. It was held on his 56th birthday, on 22 October 2005, in a league match against Manchester City. [ 376 ] Wenger was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2006, along with early England director Ron Greenwood. [ 377 ] Furthermore, a commission bronze tear of Wenger, similar to the earlier translation of Herbert Chapman, was unveiled as a tribute to him by the board of directors of Arsenal, at the golf club ‘s annual general converge in October 2007. [ 378 ] Wenger had an asteroid, 33179 Arsènewenger, named after him by astronomer Ian P. Griffin, who states Arsenal as his favored football club. [ 379 ] [ 380 ] In May 2016, the Stade Arsène Wenger was formally opened near Strasbourg, where Wenger was born. The stadium is the newly home of USL Dippinheim and holds a capacity of 500 people. [ 381 ]

increase in worldwide players

Wenger was one of the first managers in English football to scout abroad for endowment. His double-winning team of 1998 was described by editor Jason Cowley as “ a model of racial and multicultural integration. They were the first sincerely globalised team ”. [ 382 ] Richard Jolly writing for The National added that Wenger aided the Premier League ‘s globalization and “ showed the merit of hiring foreign managers on the footing of their record abroad ”. [ 383 ] Wenger himself felt he had changed attitudes towards alien managers in England :

There was a history and impression in England that the foreign coach could not be successful. now you have a different feel, now you think alone foreign managers can be successful. That is incorrect equally well. I believe I contributed to the change in attitude about foreign managers. That can look ostentatious but I do n’t think it is at all. I can show some articles where people tried to prove that the alien managers can never win an english backing. That has changed and I have surely contributed to that. But I am besides one of the few who besides defends english managers. [ 384 ]

The continue inflow of foreign players at Arsenal has, however, attracted criticism. In a league match against Crystal Palace on 14 February 2005, Arsenal fielded a 16-man squad that featured no british players for the first time in the club ‘s history. This prompted Professional Footballers ‘ Association ( PFA ) chief executive Gordon Taylor to express it would begin “ a badgering radiation pattern for English football ”. [ 385 ] A year late, coach Alan Pardew commented that Arsenal ‘s Champions League success was “ not necessarily a prevail for british football ”. [ 386 ] Wenger saw the issue of nationality as irrelevant and said, “ When you represent a club, it ‘s about values and qualities, not about passports ”. [ 387 ] other pundits including Trevor Brooking, the conductor of football development at the FA, have defended Wenger. Brooking has stated that a lack of English players in “ one of England ‘s most successful clubs ” was more of a expression on England ‘s limited endowment pool rather than on Wenger, an opinion shared by youth-team coach and former Liverpool actor Craig Johnston. [ 388 ] [ 389 ] several English players have started their careers at Arsenal under Wenger, such as Ashley Cole, David Bentley and Matthew Upson, [ 390 ] Wenger commented that an advantage of building his team around british players was the undertake of stability. [ 391 ]

team indiscipline and honest play

In his early years at Arsenal, Wenger was scrutinised for the club ‘s hapless corrective record ; Winter in 2003 described it as “ little unretentive of a crime-wave ”, [ 392 ] while chair Peter Hill-Wood admitted the players ‘ behavior was unacceptable. [ 393 ] Between September 1996 and February 2014, the team received 100 crimson cards. Wenger has often tried to defend his players, involved in controversial incidents on the field, by saying that he has not seen the incident ; this is an option he resorts to when there is no “ rational explanation ” to defend him, and that he has the player ‘s best interests in judgment. [ 394 ] [ 395 ] however, in both 2004 and 2005, Arsenal topped the Premier League ‘s Fair Play League tables for sporting behavior and finished second in 2006. [ 396 ] [ 397 ] [ 398 ] Their record as one of the most clean clubs in the division continued up to 2009, where the team featured in the peak four of the Fair Play table. [ 399 ] [ 400 ] Wenger ‘s team again topped the carnival play table for the 2009–10 season. [ 401 ] In February 1999, Wenger offered Sheffield United a replay of their FA Cup one-fifth attack peer immediately after the match had finished, due to the controversial circumstances in which it was won. [ 402 ] The decisive finish was scored by Overmars after Kanu failed to return the ball to the opposition ; it was kicked into touch to allow Sheffield United ‘s Lee Morris to receive treatment for an injury. [ 403 ] Arsenal went on to win the replay match 2–1. [ 404 ]

personal life

Wenger was married to erstwhile basketball player Annie Brosterhous, with whom he has one daughter, Léa ( born 1997 ). Wenger and Brosterhous legally separated in 2015. [ 405 ] Wenger resides in Totteridge, London, [ 6 ] and spends his leisure clock predominantly studying football matches ; he once stated that he “ watches games on most days ”, and holds an concern in politics. [ 406 ] Away from managerial duties, he acted as a football adviser for french television station TF1 from 2004 to 2014, [ 407 ] and has worked for beIN Sports since 2016. [ 408 ] Wenger was a universe trade name ambassador for FIFA World Cup patron Castrol. [ 409 ] As part of the arrangement, he conducted several education camps for external youth teams worldwide to provide input signal to the Castrol Performance Index, FIFA ‘s official ratings system. [ 410 ] As of 2019, Wenger became FIFA ‘s Chief of Global Football Development. [ 411 ] A role where he is responsible for overseeing and driving the growth and development of the sport. He besides takes senior authority as a extremity of the Football and Technical Advisory Panels involved in IFAB review giving judgment on rule changes mandated by FIFA. [ 411 ] In this function, Wenger was besides induct chair of FIFA ‘s executive team which conducts technical foul psychoanalysis of official FIFA tournaments and delivers feedback. [ 411 ] Following his deviation from Arsenal, in a preview of his irregular book, he revealed that “ FIFA made me an offer, that I accepted because it is a new challenge. ” [ 412 ] He has authored a book on football management entirely for the japanese market, Shōsha no Esupuri ( 勝者のエスプリ, lit. The Spirit of Conquest ) in English, published by Japan Broadcast Publishing ( a subsidiary company of NHK ) in August 1997. [ 413 ] The ledger highlights his managerial doctrine, ideals, and values, deoxyadenosine monophosphate good as his thoughts on japanese football and the game as a unharmed. [ 6 ] Wenger is a Roman Catholic, and he attributes his mentality and values to his religious breeding in Alsace. [ 414 ] [ 412 ] He grew up speaking french and german, and studied English on a three-week course in Cambridge, learning italian, and spanish to help his career. [ 415 ] [ 412 ] He besides has a working cognition of japanese. [ 416 ] In 2010, Wenger appealed for privacy after a british newspaper alleged he had an matter with a french singer. Wenger said in a instruction that he wished to deal with the matter privately. [ 417 ] 13 October 2020 saw Wenger ‘s second book, My Life in Red & White : My Autobiography, Published by W & N translated from French .

career statistics

Playing statistics

managerial statistics

As of 13 May 2018[418][420]

Managerial record by team and tenure

Team

From

To

Record

P
W
D[nb 5]
L
Win %

Nancy

1 July 1984

1 July 1987

114
33
30
51
0 28.9
Monaco

1 July 1987

17 September 1994

266
130
53
83
0 48.9
Nagoya Grampus Eight[422]

1 February 1995

30 September 1996

87
49
4
34
0 56.3
Arsenal

1 October 1996

13 May 2018

1,235
707
280
248
0 57.2

Total

1,702
919
367
416
0 54.0

Honours

player

Mutzig [ 20 ] [ 21 ]

• Coupe d’Alsace: 1971

Vauban [ 21 ]

• Coupe d’Alsace: 1977
• Division d’Honneur Alsace: 1977

RC Strasbourg [ 423 ]

director

[424] The Premier League commissioned a singular gold trophy to commemorate Arsenal ‘s accomplishment of winning the 2003–04 league unbeaten. Wenger was given the trophy as a parting give from the club after his last home game as director on 6 May 2018. Monaco
Nagoya Grampus
Arsenal
Individual
Orders

See besides

Notes

1. ^The Independent and The Economist have commented that he completed a master’s degree (maîtrise) in economics (sciences économiques).[24][25] Others, such as French magazine FF Sport U imply that Wenger was awarded a [26] The Sunday Mirror state that he holds an additional degree in [27] Wenger is also said to have spent a six-month placement at Evening Standard, who interviewed his parents.[11] The academic degree awarded to Wenger is ambiguous. several publications, such asandhave commented that he completed a master ‘s degree ( maîtrise ) in economics ( sciences économiques ) .Others, such as french magazineimply that Wenger was awarded a Licence Thestate that he holds an extra degree in electric engineer, but no such information is given on his Arsenal profile or shared in advertise interviews.Wenger is besides said to have spent a six-month placement at Stanford University, according to the, who interviewed his parents .
2. ^ It is a coarse misconception that the Evening Standard greeted Wenger ‘s appointee with the headline “ Arsène Who ? “, when in actual fact it was printed on its billboard. The newspaper alternatively ran a objet d’art that explained how to pronounce his name .
3. ^[170] Wenger reiterated his belief that Arsenal could go unbeaten in September 2002, telling reporters : “ It ‘s not impossible as AC Milan once did it but I ca n’t see why it ‘s so shock to say it. Do you think Manchester United, Liverpool or Chelsea do n’t dream that vitamin a well ? ”
4. ^Graeme Souness, for instance in the early 1990s, changed the players’ eating habits at Liverpool, introduced new training methods and monitored their lifestyles. Some of the senior players were unreceptive to his ideas at first; Ian Rush retorted “But we won the double on egg and chips,” when told about the new menu. Souness’ time at Liverpool was brief compared to his predecessors, lasting under three years.
5. ^[421] At the time of Wenger ‘s tenure in Japan, the result of a J-League equal could not be a draw. In the event of scores being level at the end of 90 minutes, matches would be decided by extra time and penalties .

References

Sources

• Cox, Michael (7 December 2011). “Chapter 12: Arsène Wenger and tactics”. In Mangan, Andrew (ed.). So Paddy Got Up: An Arsenal anthology. Portnoy Publishing. pp. 90–97. ISBN 978-0-9569813-7-0.
• Cross, John (2015). Arsène Wenger: The Inside Story of Arsenal Under Wenger. London: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4711-3793-8.
• Hare, Geoff (2003). Football in France. Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85973-662-3.
• Lawrence, Amy (2014). Invincible: Inside Arsenal’s Unbeaten 2003–04 Season. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-241-97050-8.
• Long, Michael H. (2005). Second Language Needs Analysis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-61821-2.
• Oldfield, Tom (2010). Arsène Wenger – Pure Genius. London: John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84358-681-4.
• Palmer, Myles (2008). The Professor: Arsène Wenger. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-1097-1.
• Rees, Jasper (2014). Wenger: The Legend. London: Short Books. ISBN 978-1-78072-220-7.
• Rivoire, Xavier (2011). Arsène Wenger: The Biography. London: Aurum Books. ISBN 978-1-84513-753-3.
• Rush, Ian (2011). Rush: The Autobiography. London: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4464-0779-0.
• Vialli, Gianluca; Marcotti, Gabriele (2006). The Italian Job: A Journey to the Heart of Two Great Footballing Cultures. London: Random House. ISBN 978-0-553-81787-4.
• Wilson, Jonathan (2013). Inverting the Pyramid: The History of Football Tactics. Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-7528-8995-5.

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