Czech Republic - Wikipedia

nation in Central Europe

The Czech Republic, [ a ] [ 11 ] besides known by its short-form name Czechia [ b ] [ 12 ] and once known as Bohemia, [ 13 ] is a landlocked area in Central Europe. It is bordered by Austria to the confederacy, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the east. [ 14 ] The Czech Republic has a cragged landscape that covers an area of 78,871 square kilometers ( 30,452 sq nautical mile ) with a largely temperate continental and oceanic climate. The Duchy of Bohemia was founded in the deep ninth century under Great Moravia. It was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire in 1002 and became a kingdom in 1198. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy. The Protestant Bohemian Revolt led to the Thirty Years ‘ War. After the Battle of the White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their principle. With the dissolution of the Holy Empire in 1806, the Crown lands became part of the austrian Empire.

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In the nineteenth hundred, the Czech lands became more industrialized, and in 1918 most of it became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic following the crash of Austria-Hungary after World War I. [ 17 ] Czechoslovakia was the alone country in Central and Eastern Europe to remain a parliamentary majority rule during the entirety of the interwar period. [ 18 ] After the Munich Agreement in 1938, Nazi Germany systematically took restraint over the Czech lands. Czechoslovakia was restored in 1945 and became an eastern Bloc communist state following a coup d’état in 1948. Attempts at a liberalization of the politics and economy were suppressed by a Soviet -led invasion of the country during the Prague spring in 1968. In November 1989, the Velvet Revolution ended communist rule in the country, and on 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia was dissolved, with its part states becoming the mugwump states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic is a unitary parliamentary republic and developed country with an promote, high-income social market economy. It is a wellbeing country with a european social mannequin, universal health care and tuition-free university education. It ranks 12th in the UN inequality-adjusted human exploitation and 24th in the World Bank Human Capital Index ahead of the United States. It ranks as the 9th safest and most peaceful nation and 31st in democratic government. The Czech Republic is a penis of NATO, the EU, OECD, OSCE, and the CoE .

name [edit ]

The traditional English name “ Bohemia ” derives from Latin “ Boiohaemum ”, which means “ home of the Boii “ ( Gallic kin ). The current English mention comes from the polish ethnonym associated with the sphere, which ultimately comes from the Czech give voice Čech. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The mention comes from the Slavic tribe ( czech : Češi, Čechové ) and, according to legend, their leader Čech, who brought them to Bohemia, to settle on Říp Mountain. The etymology of the word Čech can be traced back to the Proto-Slavic root *čel-, meaning “ member of the people ; kinsman ”, therefore making it cognate to the Czech parole člověk ( a person ). [ 22 ] The state has been traditionally divided into three lands, namely Bohemia ( Čechy ) in the west, Moravia ( Morava ) in the east, and Czech Silesia ( Slezsko ; the smaller, south-eastern part of diachronic Silesia, most of which is located within modern Poland ) in the northeastern. [ 23 ] Known as the lands of the Bohemian Crown since the fourteenth century, a number of other names for the country have been used, including Czech/Bohemian lands, Bohemian Crown, Czechia [ 24 ] and the lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas. When the nation regained its independence after the adjournment of the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1918, the newly name of Czechoslovakia was coined to reflect the coupling of the Czech and Slovak nations within one country. [ 25 ] After Czechoslovakia dissolved in 1992, the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs recommended Czechia for the English short list. [ citation needed ] This form was not adopted at the time, leading to the long identify Czech Republic being used in all circumstances. The czech government approved Czechia as the official English short name in 2016. [ 26 ] The short name has been listed by the United Nations [ 27 ] and is used by other organisations such as the European Union, [ 28 ] the CIA, [ 29 ] and Google Maps. [ 30 ]

geography [edit ]

Topographic map The Czech Republic lies by and large between latitudes 48° and 51° N and longitudes 12° and 19° e. Bohemia, to the west, consists of a basin drained by the Elbe ( Czech : Labe ) and the Vltava rivers, surrounded by largely moo mountains, such as the Krkonoše rate of the Sudetes. The highest point in the nation, Sněžka at 1,603 thousand ( 5,259 foot ), is located here. Moravia, the eastern character of the area, is besides cragged. It is drained chiefly by the Morava River, but it besides contains the source of the Oder River ( Czech : Odra ). water from the Czech Republic flows to three different seas : the North Sea, Baltic Sea, and Black Sea. The Czech Republic besides leases the Moldauhafen, a 30,000-square-meter ( 7.4-acre ) lot in the center of the Hamburg Docks, which was awarded to Czechoslovakia by Article 363 of the Treaty of Versailles, to allow the landlocked area a locate where goods transported down river could be transferred to seagoing ships. The territory reverts to Germany in 2028. Phytogeographically, the Czech Republic belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region, within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the territory of the Czech Republic can be subdivided into four ecoregions : the western european broadleaf forests, central european assorted forests, Pannonian mix forests, and Carpathian montane conifer forests. [ 31 ] There are four national parks in the Czech Republic. The oldest is Krkonoše National Park ( Biosphere Reserve ), and the others are Šumava National Park ( Biosphere Reserve ), Podyjí National Park, Bohemian Switzerland. The three historical lands of the Czech Republic ( once some countries of the Bohemian Crown ) equate with the river basins of the Elbe and the Vltava basin for Bohemia, the Morava matchless for Moravia, and the Oder river washbasin for Czech Silesia ( in terms of the Czech district ) .

climate [edit ]

The Czech Republic has a moderate climate, situated in the transition zone between the oceanic and continental climate types, with warm summers and cold, cloudy and snow-clad winters. The temperature dispute between summer and winter is ascribable to the landlocked geographic position. [ 32 ] Temperatures vary depending on the elevation. In general, at higher altitudes, the temperatures decrease and precipitation increases. The wettest area in the Czech Republic is found around Bílý Potok in Jizera Mountains and the driest region is the Louny District to the northwesterly of Prague. Another factor is the distribution of the mountains. At the highest flower of Sněžka ( 1,603 meter or 5,259 foot ), the average temperature is −0.4 °C ( 31 °F ), whereas in the lowlands of the South moravian Region, the median temperature is a high gear as 10 °C ( 50 °F ). The state ‘s capital, Prague, has a exchangeable average temperature, although this is influenced by urban factors. The coldest month is normally January, followed by February and December. During these months, there is snow in the mountains and sometimes in the cities and lowlands. During March, April, and May, the temperature normally increases, specially during April, when the temperature and upwind tends to vary during the day. spring is besides characterized by higher water levels in the rivers, due to melting snow with periodic deluge. The warmest calendar month of the class is July, followed by August and June. On average, summer temperatures are about 20–30 °C ( 36–54 °F ) higher than during winter. Summer is besides characterized by rain and storms. Autumn by and large begins in September, which is still warm and dry. During October, temperatures normally fall below 15 °C ( 59 °F ) or 10 °C ( 50 °F ) and deciduous trees begin to shed their leaves. By the end of November, temperatures normally range around the freeze point. The coldest temperature ever measured was in Litvínovice near České Budějovice in 1929, at −42.2 °C ( −44.0 °F ) and the hottest quantify, was at 40.4 °C ( 104.7 °F ) in Dobřichovice in 2012. [ 33 ] Most rain falls during the summer. Sporadic rain is throughout the class ( in Prague, the average number of days per calendar month experiencing at least 0.1 millimeter ( 0.0039 in ) of rain varies from 12 in September and October to 16 in November ) but concentrated rain ( days with more than 10 millimeter ( 0.39 in ) per sidereal day ) are more frequent in the months of May to August ( average around two such days per month ). [ 34 ] Severe thunderstorms, producing damaging straight-line winds, hail, and casual tornadoes occur, particularly during the summer period. [ 35 ] [ 36 ]

environment [edit ]

As of 2020, the Czech Republic ranks as the 21st most environmentally conscious nation in the world in Environmental Performance Index. [ 37 ] It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 1.71/10, ranking it 160th globally out of 172 countries. [ 38 ] The Czech Republic has four National Parks ( Šumava National Park, Krkonoše National Park, České Švýcarsko National Park, Podyjí National Park ) and 25 Protected Landscape Areas .

history [edit ]

prehistory [edit ]

Archaeologists have found tell of prehistoric human settlements in the area, dating back to the Paleolithic era. In the classical era, as a resultant role of the third hundred BC Celtic migrations, Bohemia became associated with the Boii. [ 40 ] The Boii founded an oppidum near the locate of modern Prague. [ 41 ] Later in the first hundred, the Germanic kin of the Marcomanni and Quadi settled there. [ 42 ] slav from the Black Sea – Carpathian region settled in the area ( their migration was pushed by an invasion of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe into their area : [ 43 ] Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Magyars ). [ 44 ] In the sixth hundred, the Huns had moved westwards into Bohemia, Moravia, and some of contemporary Austria and Germany. [ 44 ] During the seventh century, the frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs crusade against nearby settle Avars, [ 45 ] became the rule of the inaugural documented Slavic state in Central Europe, Samo ‘s Empire. The principality of Great Moravia, controlled by Moymir dynasty, arise in the eighth hundred. [ 46 ] It reached its zenith in the 9th ( during the predominate of Svatopluk I of Moravia ), holding off the influence of the Franks. Great Moravia was Christianized, with a character being played by the Byzantine mission of Cyril and Methodius. They codified the Old Church Slavonic speech, the inaugural literary and liturgical lyric of the Slavs, and the Glagolitic alphabet. [ 47 ]

bohemia [edit ]

The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in the late ninth hundred when it was unified by the Přemyslid dynasty. Bohemia was from 1002 until 1806 an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire. [ 48 ] In 1212, Přemysl Ottokar I extracted the Golden Bull of Sicily from the emperor, confirming Ottokar and his descendants ‘ royal condition ; the Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a Kingdom. [ 49 ] german immigrants settled in the bohemian periphery in the thirteenth hundred. [ 50 ] The Mongols in the invasion of Europe carried their raids into Moravia but were defensively defeated at Olomouc. [ 51 ] After a series of dynastic wars, the House of Luxembourg gained the bohemian toilet. [ 52 ] Efforts for a reform of the church in Bohemia started already in the late fourteenth century. Jan Hus ‘s followers seceded from some practices of the Roman Church and in the Hussite Wars ( 1419–1434 ) defeated five crusades organized against them by Sigismund. During the next two centuries, 90 % of the population in Bohemia and Moravia were considered Hussites. The pacifist thinker Petr Chelčický inspired the movement of the gypsy Brethren ( by the center of the fifteenth hundred ) that wholly separated from the Roman Catholic Church. [ 53 ]
After 1526 Bohemia came increasingly under Habsburg control condition as the Habsburgs became first the elected and then in 1627 the ancestral rulers of Bohemia. Between 1583 and 1611 Prague was the official seat of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and his court. The Defenestration of Prague and subsequent disgust against the Habsburgs in 1618 marked the begin of the Thirty Years ‘ War. In 1620, the rebellion in Bohemia was crushed at the Battle of White Mountain and the ties between Bohemia and the Habsburgs ‘ familial lands in Austria were strengthened. The leaders of the bohemian Revolt were executed in 1621. The nobility and the middle class Protestants had to either convert to Catholicism or leave the area. [ 54 ] In the “ Dark Age ” of 1620 to the belated eighteenth hundred, the population of the Czech lands declined by a third through the extrusion of czechoslovakian Protestants ampere well as due to the war, disease and dearth. [ 55 ] The Habsburgs prohibited all christian confessions early than Catholicism. [ 56 ] The flowering of Baroque polish shows the ambiguity of this historical period. Ottoman Turks and Tatars invaded Moravia in 1663. [ 57 ] In 1679–1680 the Czech lands faced the Great Plague of Vienna and an uprise of serf. [ 58 ]
There were peasant uprisings influenced by dearth. [ 59 ] Serfdom was abolished between 1781 and 1848. respective battles of the Napoleonic Wars took place on the current district of the Czech Republic. The end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 led to abasement of the political status of Bohemia which lost its position of an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire ampere well as its own political representation in the Imperial Diet. [ 60 ] bohemian lands became part of the austrian Empire. During the 18th and nineteenth century the Czech National Revival began its rise, with the purpose to revive Czech terminology, culture, and national identity. The revolution of 1848 in Prague, striving for liberal reforms and autonomy of the bohemian Crown within the austrian Empire, was suppressed. [ 61 ] It seemed that some concessions would be made besides to Bohemia, but in the end, the Emperor Franz Joseph I affected a compromise with Hungary alone. The Austro-Hungarian compromise of 1867 and the never realized coronation of Franz Joseph as King of Bohemia led to a disappointment of some Czech politicians. [ 61 ] The bohemian Crown lands became part of the alleged Cisleithania. The Czech Social Democratic and progressive politicians started the battle for cosmopolitan right to vote. The first elections under universal male right to vote were held in 1907. [ 62 ]

Czechoslovakia [edit ]

In 1918, during the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy at the end of World War I, the mugwump democracy of Czechoslovakia, which joined the winning Allied powers, was created, with Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk in the run. [ 64 ] This modern country incorporated the bohemian Crown. [ 65 ] The First Czechoslovak Republic comprised only 27 % of the population of the early austria-hungary, but about 80 % of the industry, which enabled it to compete with western industrial states. [ 63 ] In 1929 compared to 1913, the megascopic domestic intersection increased by 52 % and industrial output by 41 %. In 1938 Czechoslovakia held tenth place in the universe industrial production. [ 66 ] Czechoslovakia was the only country in Central and Eastern Europe to remain a democracy throughout the entire the interwar period. [ 67 ] Although the First Czechoslovak Republic was a unitary submit, it provided certain rights to its minorities, the largest being Germans ( 23.6 % in 1921 ), Hungarians ( 5.6 % ) and Ukrainians ( 3.5 % ). [ 68 ]
The Czech territory was occupied by Germany, which transformed it into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The protectorate was proclaimed region of the Third Reich, and the president and prime minister were subordinated to Nazi Germany ‘s Reichsprotektor. One nazi concentration clique was located within the Czech territory at Terezín, north of Prague. The Nazi Generalplan Ost called for the extermination, extrusion, Germanization or enslavement of most or all Czechs for the determination of providing more exist space for the german people. [ 69 ] There was Czechoslovak resistance to Nazi occupation angstrom well as reprisals against the Czechoslovaks for their anti-Nazi resistance. The german occupation ended on 9 May 1945, with the arrival of the Soviet and American armies and the Prague resurrect. [ 70 ] In the 1946 elections, the Communist Party gained 38 % [ 71 ] of the votes and became the largest party in the Czechoslovak parliament, formed a coalescence with other parties, and consolidate ability. A coup d’état came in 1948 and a single-party government was formed. For the future 41 years, the Czechoslovak Communist state is characterized by certain easterly Bloc ‘s economic and political features. [ 72 ] The Prague Spring political liberalization was stopped by the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Analysts believe that the invasion caused the communist apparent motion to fracture, ultimately leading to the Revolutions of 1989 .

Czech Republic [edit ]

In November 1989, Czechoslovakia returned to a free majority rule through the Velvet Revolution. however, Slovak home aspirations strengthened ( Hyphen War ) and on 1 January 1993, the country peacefully split into the independent countries of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Both countries went through economic reforms and privatisations, with the intention of creating a market economy. This process was largely successful ; in 2006 the Czech Republic was recognized by the World Bank as a “ train area ”, [ 73 ] and in 2009 the Human Development Index ranked it as a nation of “ identical high Human Development ”. [ 74 ] From 1991, the Czech Republic, originally as separate of Czechoslovakia and since 1993 in its own justly, has been a member of the Visegrád Group and from 1995, the OECD. The Czech Republic joined NATO on 12 March 1999 and the European Union on 1 May 2004. On 21 December 2007 the Czech Republic joined the Schengen Area. [ 75 ] Until 2017, either the Czech Social Democratic Party or the Civic Democratic Party led the governments of the Czech Republic. In October 2017, democrat movement ANO 2011, led by the country ‘s second-richest serviceman, Andrej Babiš, won the elections with three times more votes than its closest rival, the centre-right Civic Democrats. [ 76 ] In December 2017, Czech President Miloš Zeman appointed Andrej Babiš as the new Prime Minister. [ 77 ]

government [edit ]

The Czech Republic is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy. The Parliament ( Parlament České republiky ) is bicameral, with the Chamber of Deputies ( Czech : Poslanecká sněmovna, 200 members ) and the Senate ( Czech : Senát, 81 members ). [ 78 ] The members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected for a four-year term by proportional representation, with a 5 % election threshold. There are 14 voting districts, identical to the country ‘s administrative regions. The Chamber of Deputies, the successor to the Czech National Council, has the powers and responsibilities of the now defunct federal parliament of the former Czechoslovakia. The members of the Senate are elected in single-seat constituencies by two-round runoff vote for a six-year term, with one-third elected every tied year in the fall. This placement is modeled on the U.S. Senate, but each constituency is approximately the same size and the vote system used is a two-round runoff. The president of the united states is a formal head of state with limited and specific powers, who appoints the prime minister, arsenic well the other members of the cabinet on a marriage proposal by the prime minister. From 1993 until 2012, the President of the Czech Republic was selected by a joint session of the parliament for a five-year term, with no more than two consecutive terms ( 2x Václav Havel, 2x Václav Klaus ). Since 2013 the presidential election is direct. [ 79 ] Some commentators have argued that, with the introduction of direct election of the President, the Czech Republic has moved away from the parliamentary system and towards a semi-presidential one. [ 80 ] The Government ‘s practice of executive power derives from the Constitution. The members of the government are the Prime Minister, Deputy prime ministers and other ministers. The Government is responsible to the Chamber of Deputies. [ 81 ] The Prime Minister is the head of government and wields powers such as the right to set the agenda for most alien and domestic policy and choose government ministers. [ 82 ]

law [edit ]

The Czech Republic is a unitary state, [ 83 ] with a civil law system based on the continental type, rooted in Germanic legal culture. The footing of the legal system is the united states constitution of the Czech Republic adopted in 1993. [ 84 ] The Penal Code is effective from 2010. A new Civil code became effective in 2014. The woo system includes zone, county, and supreme courts and is divided into civil, criminal, and administrative branches. The Czech judiciary has a triumvirate of supreme courts. The built-in Court consists of 15 built-in judges and oversee violations of the Constitution by either the legislature or by the politics. [ 84 ] The Supreme Court is formed of 67 judges and is the court of highest attract for most legal cases heard in the Czech Republic. The Supreme Administrative Court decides on issues of adjective and administrative propriety. It besides has legal power over certain political matters, such as the geological formation and closure of political parties, jurisdictional boundaries between politics entities, and the eligibility of persons to stand for populace office. [ 84 ] The Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court are both based in Brno, as is the Supreme Public Prosecutor ‘s Office. [ 84 ]

foreign relations [edit ]

The Czech Republic has ranked as one of the safest or most passive countries for the past few decades. [ 85 ] It is a penis of the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, OECD, Council of Europe and is an observer to the Organization of American States. [ 86 ] The embassies of most countries with diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic are located in Prague, while consulates are located across the nation. The Czech recommendation is restricted by visa. According to the 2018 Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index, Czech citizens have visa-free access to 173 countries, which ranks them 7th along with Malta and New Zealand. [ 87 ] The World Tourism Organization ranks the Czech pass 24th. [ 88 ] The US Visa Waiver Program applies to Czech nationals. The Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs have primary roles in setting foreign policy, although the President besides has determine and represents the country abroad. membership in the European Union and NATO is central to the Czech Republic ‘s alien policy. The Office for Foreign Relations and Information ( ÚZSI ) serves as the extraneous intelligence agency creditworthy for espionage and foreign policy briefings, vitamin a well as protection of Czech Republic ‘s embassies overseas. The Czech Republic has ties with Slovakia, Poland and Hungary as a penis of the Visegrad Group, [ 89 ] a well as with Germany, [ 90 ] Israel, [ 91 ] the United States [ 92 ] and the European Union and its members. czech officials have supported dissenters in Belarus, Moldova, Myanmar and Cuba. [ 93 ]

military [edit ]

Army soldiers during an exercise The Czech armed forces consist of the Czech Land Forces, the Czech Air Force and of specify support units. The arm forces are managed by the Ministry of Defence. The President of the Czech Republic is Commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In 2004 the united states army transformed itself into a in full professional organization and compulsory military service was abolished. The area has been a penis of NATO since 12 March 1999. defense spend is approximately 1.28 % of the GDP ( 2021 ). [ 94 ] The arm forces are charged with protecting the Czech Republic and its allies, promoting ball-shaped security interests, and contributing to NATO. presently, as a extremity of NATO, the Czech military are participating in the Resolute Support and KFOR operations and have soldiers in Afghanistan, Mali, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Egypt, Israel and Somalia. The Czech Air Force besides served in the Baltic states and Iceland. [ 95 ] The main equipment of the Czech military includes JAS 39 Gripen multi-role fighters, Aero L-159 Alca combat aircraft, Mi-35 attack helicopters, armored vehicles ( Pandur II, OT-64, OT-90, BVP-2 ) and tanks ( T-72 and T-72M4CZ ) .

administrative divisions [edit ]

Since 2000, the Czech Republic has been divided into thirteen regions ( czech : kraje, curious kraj ) and the capital city of Prague. Every region has its own elected regional forum and a regional governor. In Prague, the assembly and presidential powers are executed by the city council and the mayor. The older seventy-six districts ( okresy, singular okres ) including three “ statutory cities ” ( without Prague, which had special condition ) lost most of their importance in 1999 in an administrative reform ; they remain as territorial divisions and seats of diverse branches of state administration. [ 96 ] The smallest administrative units are obce ( municipalities ). As of 2021, the Czech Republic is divided into 6,254 municipalities. Cities and towns are besides municipalities. The capital city of Prague is a region and municipality at the like time .
Map of the Czech Republic with traditional regions and current administrative regions Map with districts

economy [edit ]

The Czech Republic has a developed, [ 97 ] high-income [ 98 ] export-oriented social market economy based in services, manufacture and initiation, that maintains a benefit state of matter and the European social model. [ 99 ] The Czech Republic participates in the european Single Market as a member of the European Union and is therefore a function of the economy of the European Union, but uses its own currency, the Czech koruna, rather of the euro. It has a per caput GDP rate that is 91 % of the EU average [ 100 ] and is a member of the OECD. monetary policy is conducted by the Czech National Bank, whose independence is guaranteed by the Constitution. The Czech Republic ranks 12th in the UN inequality-adjusted homo development and 24th in World Bank Human Capital Index. It was described by The Guardian as “ one of Europe ‘s most booming economies ”. [ 101 ] The COVID-19 pandemic had an expected negative impingement on the Czech economy, but economists predict the growth of 3,9 % in 2021 and then 4,3 % in 2022. [ 102 ] As of 2020, the country ‘s GDP per caput at purchasing office parity bit is $ 40,793 [ 103 ] and $ 22,942 at noun phrase value. [ 104 ] According to Allianz A.G., in 2018 the country was an MWC ( mean wealth country ), ranking 26th in net fiscal assets. [ 105 ] The country experienced a 4.5 % GDP growth in 2017. [ 106 ] The 2016 unemployment rate was the lowest in the EU at 2.4 %, [ 107 ] and the 2016 poverty rate was the second low of OECD members. [ 108 ] Czech Republic ranks 27th in the 2021 Index of Economic Freedom, [ 109 ] 24th in the 2016 Global Innovation Index, [ 110 ] 29th in the Global Competitiveness Report, [ 111 ] 41st in the ease of doing business index and 25th in the Global Enabling Trade Report. [ 112 ] The Czech Republic has a divers economy that ranks 7th in the 2016 Economic Complexity Index. [ 113 ] The industrial sector accounts for 37.5 % of the economy, while services account for 60 % and department of agriculture for 2.5 %. [ 114 ] The largest trade partner for both export and significance is Germany and the EU in general. Dividends worth CZK 270 billion were paid to the foreign owners of Czech companies in 2017, which has become a political exit. [ 115 ] The country has been a extremity of the Schengen Area since 1 May 2004, having abolished border controls, completely opening its borders with all of its neighbors on 21 December 2007. [ 116 ]

diligence [edit ]

In 2018 the largest companies by gross in the Czech Republic were : one of the car car manufacturers in Central Europe Škoda Auto, utility company ČEZ Group, pudding stone Agrofert, energy trade company EPH, oil march company Unipetrol, electronics manufacturer Foxconn CZ and sword producer Moravia Steel. [ 117 ] early Czech fare companies include : Škoda Transportation ( tramways, trolleybuses, metro ), Tatra ( heavy trucks, the second old car godhead in the worldly concern ), Avia ( average trucks ), Karosa and SOR Libchavy ( buses ), Aero Vodochody ( military aircraft ), Let Kunovice ( civil aircraft ), Zetor ( tractors ), Jawa Moto ( motorcycles ) and Čezeta ( electric scooters ). Škoda Transportation is the fourth largest streetcar producer in the global ; closely one third base of all trams in the world arrive from Czech factories. [ 118 ] The Czech Republic is besides the worldly concern ‘s largest vinyl records manufacturer, with GZ Media producing about 6 million pieces per annum in Loděnice. [ 119 ] Česká zbrojovka is among the ten largest firearms producers in the world and five who produce automatic rifle weapons. [ 120 ] In the food industry succeeded companies Agrofert, Kofola and Hamé .

Energy [edit ]

production of Czech electricity exceeds consumption by about 10 TWh per year, which are exported. nuclear might soon provides about 30 percentage of the full might needs, its plowshare is projected to increase to 40 percentage. In 2005, 65.4 percentage of electricity was produced by steam and combustion ability plants ( largely coal ) ; 30 percentage by nuclear plants ; and 4.6 percentage from renewable sources, including hydropower. The largest czechoslovakian power resource is Temelín Nuclear Power Station, with another nuclear power plant in Dukovany. The Czech Republic is reducing its addiction on highly polluting low-grade embrown coal as a generator of energy. Natural boast is procured from russian Gazprom, roughly three-fourths of domestic consumption, and from norwegian companies, which make up most of the remaining one-fourth. russian accelerator is imported via Ukraine, Norwegian boast is transported through Germany. Gas consumption ( approx. 100 TWh in 2003–2005 ) is about double electricity consumption. South Moravia has humble anoint and gas deposits .

fare infrastructure [edit ]

As of 2020, the road net in the Czech Republic is 55,768.3 kilometer ( 34,652.82 mile ) long, out of which 1,276.4 kilometres ( 793.1 nautical mile ) are motorways. [ 121 ] The travel rapidly specify is 50 kilometers per hour within towns, 90 kilometers per hour outside of towns and 130 kilometers per hour on motorways. [ 122 ] The Czech Republic has one of the densest rail networks in the world. As of 2020, the country has 9,542 kilometres ( 5,929 security service ) of lines. Of that number, 3,236 kilometres ( 2,011 mile ) is electrified, 7,503 kilometres ( 4,662 myocardial infarction ) are single-line tracks and 2,040 kilometres ( 1,270 mi ) are duplicate and multiple-line tracks. [ 123 ] The length of tracks is 15,360 kilometres ( 9,540 myocardial infarction ), out of which 6,917 kilometres ( 4,298 nautical mile ) is electrified. [ 124 ] České dráhy ( the Czech Railways ) is the independent railroad track operator in the nation, with about 180 million passengers carried annually. Maximum accelerate is limited to 160 km/h. Václav Havel Airport in Prague is the main international airport in the country. In 2019, it handled 17.8 million passengers. [ 125 ] In entire, the Czech Republic has 91 airports, six of which provide international air services. The populace international airports are in Brno, Karlovy Vary, Mnichovo Hradiště, Mošnov ( near Ostrava ), Pardubice and Prague. [ 126 ] The non-public external aiports capable of handling airliners are in Kunovice and Vodochody. [ 127 ] Russia, via pipelines through Ukraine and to a lesser extent, Norway, via pipelines through Germany, supply the Czech Republic with fluid and natural flatulence. [ 128 ]

Communications and IT [edit ]

The Czech Republic ranks in the top 10 countries cosmopolitan with the fastest average internet speed. [ 129 ] By the begin of 2008, there were over 800 largely local anesthetic WISPs, [ 130 ] [ 131 ] with about 350,000 subscribers in 2007. Plans based on either GPRS, EDGE, UMTS or CDMA2000 are being offered by all three mobile phone operators ( T-Mobile, O2, Vodafone ) and internet supplier U : fon. Government-owned Český Telecom slowed down broadband penetration. At the begin of 2004, local-loop unbundling began and alternative operators started to offer ADSL and besides SDSL. This and late denationalization of Český Telecom helped drive down prices. On 1 July 2006, Český Telecom was acquired by globalized company ( Spain-owned ) Telefónica group and adopted the modern name Telefónica O2 Czech Republic. As of 2017, VDSL and ADSL2+ are offered in variants, with download speeds of up to 50 Mbit/s and upload speeds of up to 5 Mbit/s. cable internet is gaining more popularity with its higher download speeds ranging from 50 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s. Two calculator security companies, Avast and AVG, were founded in the Czech Republic. In 2016, Avast led by Pavel Baudiš bought rival AVG for US $ 1.3 billion, together at the fourth dimension, these companies had a drug user base of about 400 million people and 40 % of the consumer market outside of China. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] Avast is the leading supplier of antivirus software, with a 20.5 % commercialize parcel. [ 134 ]

tourism [edit ]

prague is the one-fifth most chew the fat city in Europe after London, Paris, Istanbul and Rome. [ 135 ] In 2001, the total earnings from tourism reached 118 billion CZK, making up 5.5 % of GNP and 9 % of overall export earnings. The industry employs more than 110,000 people – over 1 % of the population. [ 136 ] Guidebooks and tourists reporting overcharge by taxi drivers and pickpocketing problems are chiefly in Prague, though the situation has improved recently. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] Since 2005, Prague ‘s mayor, Pavel Bém, has worked to improve this reputation by cracking down on fiddling crime [ 138 ] and, aside from these problems, Prague is a “ condom ” city. [ 139 ] The Czech Republic ‘s crime pace is described as “ depleted ”. [ 140 ]

science [edit ]

The Czech lands have a long and well-documented history of scientific initiation. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] nowadays, the Czech Republic has a highly sophisticated, develop, high-performing, innovation-oriented scientific community supported by the politics, [ 146 ] industry, [ 147 ] and leading czech Universities. [ 148 ] Czech scientists are embedded members of the ball-shaped scientific community. [ 149 ] They contribute annually to multiple international academic journals and collaborate with their colleagues across boundaries and fields. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] [ 152 ] [ 153 ] The Czech Republic was ranked 24th in the Global Innovation Index in 2020, up from 26th in 2019. [ 154 ] [ 155 ] [ 156 ] [ 157 ] historically, the Czech lands, specially Prague, have been the seat of scientific discovery going back to early advanced times, including Tycho Brahe, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Johannes Kepler. In 1784 the scientific community was first formally organized under the lease of the Royal Czech Society of Sciences. presently, this administration is known as the Czech Academy of Sciences. [ 158 ] Similarly, the Czech lands have a well-established history of scientists, [ 159 ] [ 160 ] including Nobel laureates biochemists Gerty and Carl Ferdinand Cori, chemist Jaroslav Heyrovský and physicist Peter Grünberg. [ 161 ] Sigmund Freud, the collapse of psychoanalysis, was born in Příbor, [ 162 ] Gregor Mendel, the laminitis of genetics, was born in Hynčice and has spent most of his life in Brno. [ 163 ] Most of the scientific research was recorded in Latin or in german and archived in libraries supported and managed by religious groups and other denominations as evidenced by historical locations of international fame and inheritance such as the Strahov Monastery and the Clementinum in Prague. Increasingly, Czech scientists publish their work and that of their history in English. [ 164 ] [ 165 ]

Demographics [edit ]

The total birthrate rate ( TFR ) in 2020 was estimated at 1.71 children born/woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1. [ 166 ] The Czech Republic ‘s population subsequently has an average age of 43.3 years. [ 167 ] The life anticipation in 2021 is estimated at 79.5 years ( 76.55 years male, 82.61 years female ). [ 168 ] About 77,000 people immigrate to the Czech Republic annually. [ 169 ] vietnamese immigrants began settling in the country during the Communist menstruation, when they were invited as guest workers by the czechoslovakian government. [ 170 ] In 2009, there were about 70,000 Vietnamese in the Czech Republic. [ 171 ] Most decide to stay in the area permanently. [ 172 ] According to results of the 2011 census, the majority of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic are Czechs ( 64.3 % ), followed by Moravians ( 5.0 % ), Slovaks ( 1.4 % ), Ukrainians ( 0.5 % ), Poles ( 0.4 % ), Viets ( 0.3 % ), Germans ( 0.2 % ) and Silesians ( 0.1 % ). As the ‘nationality ‘ was an optional token, a number of people left this plain space ( 25.3 % ). [ 4 ] According to some estimates, there are about 250,000 romany people in the Czech Republic. [ 173 ] [ 174 ] The polish minority resides chiefly in the Zaolzie region. [ 175 ] There were 496,413 ( 4.5 % of population ) foreigners residing in the state in 2016, according to the Czech Statistical Office, with the largest groups being ukrainian ( 22 % ), Slovak ( 22 % ), Vietnamese ( 12 % ), Russian ( 7 % ) and German ( 4 % ). Most of the alien population lives in Prague ( 37.3 % ) and Central Bohemia Region ( 13.2 % ). [ 176 ] The jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia, 118,000 according to the 1930 census, was about annihilated by the Nazi Germans during the Holocaust. [ 177 ] There were approximately 3,900 Jews in the Czech Republic in 2021. [ 178 ] The former Czech prime minister, Jan Fischer, is of jewish religion. [ 179 ]

Largest cities [edit ]

religion [edit ]

Religion in the Czech Republic (2011)[181]

Undeclared			44.7%
Irreligion			34.5%
Catholicism			10.5%
Believers, not members of other religions			6.8%
Other Christian churches			1.1%
Protestantism			1%
Believers, members of other religions			0.7%
Other religions / Unknown			0.7%

The Czech Republic has 75 % [ 182 ] to 79 % [ 183 ] of people not declaring any religion or religion in polls and the share of convinced atheists being third highest ( 30 % ) behind China ( 47 % ) and Japan ( 31 % ). [ 184 ] The czech people have been historically characterized as “ tolerant and even indifferent towards religion ”. [ 185 ] christianization in the 9th and 10th centuries introduced Catholicism. After the bohemian Reformation, most Czechs became followers of Jan Hus, Petr Chelčický and other regional Protestant Reformers. Taborites and Utraquists were Hussite groups. During the Hussite Wars, Utraquists sided with the Catholic Church. Following the joint Utraquist—Catholic victory, Utraquism was accepted as a distinct shape of Christianity to be practiced in Bohemia by the Catholic Church while all remaining Hussite groups were prohibited. After the Reformation, some Bohemians went with the teachings of Martin Luther, particularly Sudeten Germans. In the inflame of the Reformation, Utraquist Hussites took a renewed increasingly anti-Catholic position, while some of the defeated Hussite factions were revived. After the Habsburgs regained see of Bohemia, the unharmed population was forcibly converted to Catholicism—even the Utraquist Hussites. Going fore, Czechs have become more wary and pessimistic of religion as such. A history of resistor to the Catholic Church followed. It suffered a schism with the neo-Hussite Czechoslovak Hussite Church in 1920, lost the majority of its adherents during the Communist era and continues to lose in the advanced, ongoing secularization. Protestantism never recovered after the Counter-Reformation was introduced by the austrian Habsburgs in 1620. According to the 2011 census, 34 % of the population stated they had no religion, 10.3 % was Catholic, 0.8 % was Protestant ( 0.5 % Czech Brethren and 0.4 % Hussite ), [ 186 ] and 9 % followed other forms of religion both denominational or not ( of which 863 people answered they are Pagan ). 45 % of the population did not answer the question about religion. [ 181 ] From 1991 to 2001 and far to 2011 the attachment to Catholicism decreased from 39 % to 27 % and then to 10 % ; Protestantism similarly declined from 3.7 % to 2 % and then to 0.8 %. [ 187 ] The Muslim population is estimated to be 20,000 representing 0.2 % of the population. [ 188 ]

benefit [edit ]

Orbis Pictus, a children’s textbook with illustrations[189] published in 1658., a children ‘s textbook with illustrationspublished in 1658. education in the Czech Republic is compulsory for 9 years and citizens have access to a tuition-free university education, while the average phone number of years of education is 13.1. [ 190 ] Additionally, the Czech Republic has a “ relatively adequate ” educational system in comparison with other countries in Europe. [ 190 ] Founded in 1348, Charles University was the first base university in Central Europe. other major universities in the area are Masaryk University, Czech Technical University, Palacký University, Academy of Performing Arts and University of Economics. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, presently ranks the Czech education organization as the 15th most successful in the world, higher than the OECD average. [ 191 ] The UN Education Index ranks the Czech Republic 10th as of 2013 ( positioned behind Denmark and ahead of South Korea ). [ 192 ] Healthcare in the Czech Republic is like in quality to other train nations. The Czech universal health care system is based on a compulsory policy model, with fee-for-service care funded by mandatary employment-related indemnity plans. [ 193 ] According to the 2016 Euro health consumer index, a comparison of healthcare in Europe, the Czech healthcare is 13th, ranked behind Sweden and two positions ahead of the United Kingdom. [ 194 ]

acculturation [edit ]

art [edit ]

Venus of Dolní Věstonice is the gem of prehistoric art. Theodoric of Prague was a painter in the Gothic earned run average who decorated the palace Karlstejn. In the Baroque earned run average, there were Wenceslaus Hollar, Jan Kupecký, Karel Škréta, Anton Raphael Mengs or Petr Brandl, sculptors Matthias Braun and Ferdinand Brokoff. In the first half of the nineteenth hundred, Josef Mánes joined the quixotic movement. In the second half of the nineteenth century had the main say the alleged “ National Theatre generation ” : sculptor Josef Václav Myslbek and painters Mikoláš Aleš, Václav Brožík, Vojtěch Hynais or Julius Mařák. At the end of the hundred came a wave of Art Nouveau. Alfons Mucha became the main spokesperson. He is known for Art Nouveau posters and his cycle of 20 large canvases named the Slav Epic, which depicts the history of Czechs and other Slavs. As of 2012, the Slav Epic can be seen in the Veletržní Palace of the National Gallery in Prague, which manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic. Max Švabinský was another Art nouveau cougar. The twentieth hundred brought an avant-garde revolution. In the Czech lands chiefly expressionist and cubist : Josef Čapek, Emil Filla, Bohumil Kubišta, Jan Zrzavý. Surrealism emerged particularly in the cultivate of Toyen, Josef Šíma and Karel Teige. In the global, however, he pushed chiefly František Kupka, a initiate of abstract paint. As illustrators and cartoonists in the first one-half of the twentieth hundred gained fame Josef Lada, Zdeněk Burian or Emil Orlík. Art photography has become a new field ( František Drtikol, Josef Sudek, late Jan Saudek or Josef Koudelka ). The Czech Republic is known for its individually made, mouth-blown, and decorated bohemian methamphetamine .

architecture [edit ]

The earliest preserve stone buildings in Bohemia and Moravia date rear to the time of the Christianization in the 9th and tenth centuries. Since the Middle Ages, the Czech lands have been using the lapp architectural styles as most of western and Central Europe. The oldest placid standing churches were built in the Romanesque dash. During the thirteenth hundred, it was replaced by the Gothic vogue. In the fourteenth hundred, Emperor Charles IV invited architects from France and Germany, Matthias of Arras and Peter Parler, to his court in Prague. During the Middle Ages, some arm castles were built by the king and nobility, angstrom well as some monasteries. The Renaissance vogue penetrated the gypsy Crown in the late fifteenth hundred when the older Gothic expressive style started to be interracial with Renaissance elements. An example of pure Renaissance architecture in Bohemia is the Queen Anne ‘s Summer Palace, which was situated in the garden of Prague Castle. evidence of the general reception of the Renaissance in Bohemia, involving an inflow of italian architects, can be found in broad chateau with arcade courtyards and geometrically arranged gardens. [ 195 ] vehemence was placed on comfort, and buildings that were built for entertainment purposes besides appeared. [ 196 ] In the seventeenth hundred, the Baroque manner outspread throughout the Crown of Bohemia. [ 197 ] In the eighteenth hundred, Bohemia produced an architectural peculiarity – the Baroque Gothic style, a deduction of the Gothic and Baroque styles. [ 195 ]
rondocubism. czechoslovakian artists developed a distinct cubist expressive style in computer architecture and apply arts. It former evolved into national Czechoslovak style, During the nineteenth century stands the revival architectural styles. Some churches were restored to their presume medieval appearance and there were constructed buildings in the Neo-Romanesque, Neo-Gothic and Neo-Renaissance styles. At the turning of the 19th and twentieth centuries, the fresh art style appeared in the Czech lands – Art Nouveau. Bohemia contributed an unusual vogue to the global ‘s architectural heritage when Czech architects attempted to transpose the Cubism of painting and sculpt into architecture. Between World Wars I and II, Functionalism, with its sober, progressive forms, took over as the chief architectural style. [ 195 ] After World War II and the Communist coup in 1948, art in Czechoslovakia became Soviet-influenced. The Czechoslovak avant-garde aesthetic motion is known as the Brussels style came up in the time of political liberalization of Czechoslovakia in the 1960s. Brutalism dominated in the 1970s and 1980s. The Czech Republic is not shying aside from the more modern trends of international computer architecture. [ 195 ]

literature [edit ]

The literature from the area of today ‘s Czech Republic was by and large written in Czech, but besides in Latin and German or even Old Church Slavonic. Franz Kafka, while bilingual in Czech and German, wrote his works ( The Trial, The Castle ) in German. In the second half of the thirteenth century, the royal court in Prague became one of the centers of german Minnesang and courtly literature. The czechoslovakian German-language literature can be seen in the foremost half of the twentieth century. bible translations played a function in the development of Czech literature. The oldest czech translation of the Psalms originated in the late thirteenth century and the first dispatch Czech transformation of the Bible was finished around 1360. The beginning complete printed Czech Bible was published in 1488. The first base complete Czech Bible translation from the original languages was published between 1579 and 1593. The Codex Gigas from the twelfth century is the largest extant medieval manuscript in the global. [ 200 ] Czech-language literature can be divided into several periods : the Middle Ages ; the Hussite period ; the Renaissance humanism ; the Baroque time period ; the Enlightenment and Czech reawaken in the first half of the nineteenth century, modern literature in the moment half of the nineteenth century ; the avant-garde of the interwar period ; the years under Communism ; and the Czech Republic. The antiwar comedy novel The Good Soldier Švejk is the most translate Czech koran in history. The international literary award the Franz Kafka Prize is awarded in the Czech Republic. [ 201 ] The Czech Republic has the densest network of libraries in Europe. [ 202 ] czech literature and acculturation played a character on at least two occasions when Czechs lived under oppression and political natural process was suppressed. On both of these occasions, in the early nineteenth hundred and then again in the 1960s, the Czechs used their cultural and literary campaign to strive for political freedom, establishing a confident, politically aware nation. [ 203 ]

music [edit ]

The musical tradition of the Czech lands arise from the first church hymn, whose foremost tell is suggested at the break of the 10th and 11th centuries. Some pieces of Czech music include two chorales, which in their time performed the function of anthems : “ Lord, Have Mercy on Us “ and the hymn “ Saint Wenceslas “ or “ Saint Wenceslas Chorale “. [ 204 ] The writing of the anthem “ Lord, Have Mercy on Us ” is ascribed by some historians to Saint Adalbert of Prague ( sv.Vojtěch ), bishop of Prague, living between 956 and 997. [ 205 ] The wealth of musical culture lies in the classical music music custom during all historic periods, particularly in the Baroque, Classicism, Romantic, modern authoritative music and in the traditional folk music of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. Since the early on earned run average of artificial music, Czech musicians and composers have been influenced the family music of the area and dance. czechoslovakian music can be considered to have been “ beneficial ” in both the European and worldwide context, several times co-determined or flush determined a newly arriving era in musical art, [ 206 ] above all of Classical earned run average, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as by original attitudes in Baroque, Romantic and advanced classical music. Some czech musical works are The Bartered Bride, New World Symphony, Sinfonietta and Jenůfa. A music festival in the area is Prague Spring International Music Festival of classical music music, a permanent case for performing artists, symphony orchestra orchestras and chamber music ensembles of the world .

theater [edit ]

The roots of Czech field can be found in the Middle Ages, particularly in the cultural life of gothic period. In the nineteenth century, the dramaturgy played a function in the national awaken motion and later, in the twentieth hundred, it became a region of modern european field art. The original Czech cultural phenomenon came into being at the end of the 1950s. This plan called Laterna magika, resulting in productions that combined field, dance, and film in a poetic manner, considered the first multimedia art project in an international context. A drama is Karel Čapek ‘s play R.U.R., which introduced the password “ automaton “. [ 207 ] The state has a custom of puppet field. In 2016, Czech and Slovak Puppetry was included on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. [ 208 ]

film [edit ]

The tradition of Czech filming started in the second half of the 1890s. Peaks of the product in the era of dumb movies include the historical drama The Builder of the Temple and the social and erotic drama Erotikon directed by Gustav Machatý. [ 209 ] The early Czech sound film era was fat, above all in mainstream genres, with the comedies of Martin Frič or Karel Lamač. There were dramatic movies sought internationally. Hermína Týrlová ( 11 December 1900 in Březové Hory – 3 May 1993 in Zlín ) was a outstanding Czech energizer, screen writer, and film director. She was frequently called the beget of Czech animation. [ 1 ] Over the course of her career, she produced over 60 enliven children ‘s short-change films using puppets and the proficiency of stop motion animation. [ 2 ] Before the german occupation, in 1933, film maker and energizer Irena Dodalová established the first Czech liveliness studio apartment “ IRE Film ” with her husband Karel Dodal. After the menstruation of nazi occupation and early communist official dramaturgy of socialist naturalism in movies at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s with a fewer exceptions such as Krakatit or Men without wings ( awarded by Palme d’Or in 1946 ), an era of the Czech film began with animated films, performed in anglophone countries under the name “ The Fabulous World of Jules Verne ” from 1958, which combined acted drama with animation, and Jiří Trnka, the collapse of the modern puppet film. [ 210 ] This began a custom of inspire films ( Mole etc. ). In the 1960s, the hallmark of Czechoslovak New Wave ‘s films were improvise dialogues, black and absurd humor and the occupation of non-actors. Directors are trying to preserve natural atmosphere without refinement and artificial arrangement of scenes. A personality of the 1960s and the begin of the 1970s with original manuscript and psychological affect is František Vláčil. Another international generator is Jan Švankmajer, a film maker and artist whose work spans respective media. He is a self-labeled surrealist known for animations and features. [ 211 ] The Barrandov Studios in Prague are the largest film studios with film locations in the country. [ 212 ] Filmmakers have come to Prague to shoot scenery no long found in Berlin, Paris and Vienna. The city of Karlovy Vary was used as a localization for the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale. [ 213 ] The Czech Lion is the highest czech award for movie accomplishment. Karlovy Vary International Film Festival is one of the movie festivals that have been given competitive condition by the FIAPF. other film festivals held in the state include Febiofest, Jihlava International Documentary Film Festival, One World Film Festival, Zlín Film Festival and Fresh Film Festival .

Media [edit ]

Journalists and media enjoy a degree of freedom. There are restrictions against writing in accompaniment of Nazism, racism or violating czech law. The czechoslovakian press was ranked as the 40th most loose wardrobe in the World Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders in 2021. [ 214 ] Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty has its headquarters in Prague. The national public television service is czechoslovakian Television that operates the 24-hour newsworthiness channel ČT24 and the news web site ct24.cz. As of 2020, Czech Television is the most watch television, followed by private televisions television Nova and Prima TV. however, television Nova has the most determine independent news program and prime time program. [ 215 ] early public services include the Czech Radio and the Czech News Agency. The best-selling day by day national newspapers in 2020/21 are Blesk ( average 703,000 day by day readers ), Mladá fronta DNES ( average 461,000 day by day readers ), Právo ( average 182,000 day by day readers ), Lidové noviny ( average 163,000 daily readers ) and Hospodářské noviny ( average 162,000 daily readers ). [ 216 ]

cuisine [edit ]

Czech cuisine is marked by an vehemence on meat dishes with pork, gripe, and wimp. Goose, duck, lapin, and venison are served. Fish is less park, with the casual exception of fresh trout and cavil, which is served at Christmas. Czech beer with the first brewery is known to have existed in 993 and the Czech Republic has the highest beer consumption per head in the world. The “ pilsner style beer ” ( pils ) originated in Plzeň, where the earth ‘s first-ever blond lager Pilsner Urquell is still being produced, making it the inspiration for more than two-thirds of the beer produced in the worldly concern today. Further south the town of České Budějovice, lent its name to its beer, known as Budweiser Budvar. tourism around the Southern Moravian area has been producing wine since the Middle Ages ; approximately 94 % of vineyards in the Czech Republic are Moravian. aside from slivovitz, Czech beer and wine, the Czechs besides produce two liquors, Fernet Stock and Becherovka. Kofola is a non-alcoholic domestic cola soft drink which competes with Coca-Cola and Pepsi. There is besides a assortment of local anesthetic sausages, wurst, pâtés, and smoked and cured meats. czech desserts include a variety of blister cream, chocolate, and fruit pastries and tarts, crêpes, creme desserts and cheese, poppy-seed-filled and early types of traditional cakes such as buchty, koláče and štrúdl. [ citation needed ]

sport [edit ]

The most watch events in the Czech Republic are Olympic Ice field hockey tournaments and Ice Hockey Championships. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] The two conduct sports are football and ice field hockey. early most democratic sports according to the size of the membership al-qaeda of sports clubs include tennis, volleyball, floorball, golf, ball ice hockey, athletics, basketball and skiing. [ 219 ] The area has won 15 gold medals in summer and 9 gold medals in winter Olympic history. The Czech ice field hockey team won the gold decoration at the 1998 Winter Olympics and has won twelve gold medals at the World Championships, including three straight from 1999 to 2001. The Škoda Motorsport is engaged in competition race since 1901 and has gained a numeral of titles with respective vehicles around the world. MTX automobile company was once engaged in the fabrication of racing and formula cars since 1969. A common mutant is hiking. The word for ‘tourist ‘ in Czech, turista, besides means ‘trekker ‘ or ‘hiker ‘. For hikers, thanks to the more than 120-year-old tradition, there is a czech Hiking Markers System of chase blaze, that has been adopted by countries cosmopolitan. There is a net of around 40,000 kilometer of scar short- and long-distance trails crossing the unharmed nation and all the Czech mountains. [ 220 ] [ 221 ]