“ Oscars ” and “ The Oscar ” redirect here. For early uses, see Oscar
The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, [ 1 ] are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry. They are regarded by many as the most prestigious and significant awards in the entertainment diligence cosmopolitan. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ), the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements, as assessed by the Academy ‘s vote membership. The respective class winners are awarded a transcript of a golden figurine as a trophy, officially called the “ Academy Award of Merit ”, although more normally referred to by its nickname, the “ Oscar ”. The figurine depicts a knight rendered in the Art Deco stylus.
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The award was in the first place sculpted by George Stanley from a design sketch by Cedric Gibbons. [ 4 ] AMPAS foremost presented it in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in what would become known as the 1st Academy Awards. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The Academy Awards ceremony was first air by radio in 1930 and was televised for the first time in 1953. It is the oldest global entertainment awards ceremony and is now televised live worldwide. [ 7 ] It is besides the oldest of the four major annual american entertainment awards ; its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television receiver, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music – are modeled after the Academy Awards. [ 8 ] A total of 3,140 Oscar statuettes have been awarded since its origin in 1929. [ 9 ] They are widely cited as the most prestigious and celebrated competitive awards in the plain of entertainment. The 93rd Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2020 and early on 2021, was held on April 25, 2021, after it was postponed from its original February 28, 2021, schedule due to the impingement of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema. As with the two previous ceremonies, there was no server. The ceremony was broadcast on ABC. It took space at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, California for the 19th back-to-back year, along with satellite placement taking place at the Union Station besides in Los Angeles. [ 10 ]
history [edit ]
The first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner routine at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. [ 11 ] The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel. [ 7 ] The price of guest tickets for that night ‘s ceremony was $ 5 ( $ 75 at 2020 prices ). fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the film-make industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes. Winners were announced to the media three months earlier. That was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first ten, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11:00 promethium on the night of the awards. [ 7 ] This method acting was used until 1940 when the Los Angeles Times announced the winners before the ceremony began ; as a consequence, the Academy has, since 1941, used a sealed envelope to reveal the names of the winners. [ 7 ]
Milestones [edit ]
The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. He had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize in the first place ; this made him the foremost Academy Award achiever in history. At that time, winners were recognized for the entirety of their work done in a certain class during the qualify menstruation ; for example, Jannings received the award for two movies in which he starred during that period, and Janet Gaynor late won a single academy award for performances in three films. With the fourth ceremony, however, the organization changed, and professionals were honored for a particular performance in a individual film. For the first six ceremonies, the eligibility time period spanned two calendar years. [ 7 ] At the 29th ceremony, held in 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category, now known as Best International Feature Film, was introduced. Until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the special Achievement Award. possibly the most widely seen streaker in history was 34-year-old Robert Opel, who streaked across the stage of The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles flashing a peace gestural on national US television receiver at the 46th Academy Awards in 1974. Bemused server David Niven quipped, “ Is n’t it fascinating to think that credibly the alone laugh that man will ever get in his life sentence is by stripping off and showing his shortcomings ? ” belated, testify arose suggesting that Opel ‘s appearance was facilitated as a publicity stunt by the show ‘s producer Jack Haley Jr. Robert Metzler, the express ‘s business director, believed that the incident had been planned in some way ; during the preen rehearsal Niven had asked Metzler ‘s wife to borrow a pen so he could write down the celebrated line, which was therefore not the ad-lib it appeared to be. [ 12 ] The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first base Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. [ 13 ] From 1973 to 2020, all Academy Awards ceremonies have ended with the Academy Award for Best Picture. For 2021, this custom was broken as the ceremony ended with the Academy Award for Best Actor. traditionally, the former year ‘s achiever for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor present the awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, while the former class ‘s winner for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress present the awards for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor. Parasite became the first foreign-language film to win Best painting at the February 9, 2020, award ceremony. [ 14 ] Tom Hanks announced at the 2020 Oscar Ceremony, the open of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures on December 14, 2020. [ 15 ] The museum development started in 2017 under Kerry Brougher, but is now led by Bill Kramer. [ 16 ] The diligence curated exhibits will be geared toward the history of motion visualize, the art & science of film qualification, exhibiting trailblazing directors, actors, film-makers, fathom editors and more, and will house celebrated artifacts from acclaim movies like Dorothy ‘s Ruby Red Slippers. Because of COVID-19, Academy president of the united states David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson announced that for the 2021 Oscar Ceremony, streaming movies not shown in theaters would be eligible, though at some item the requirement that movies be shown in theaters would return. [ 17 ]
Oscar figurine [edit ]
Academy Award of Merit ( Oscar figurine ) [edit ]
The best know award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar figurine. [ 9 ] Made of goldplate bronze on a black metallic element base, it is 13.5 in ( 34.3 centimeter ) tall, weighs 8.5 pound ( 3.856 kilogram ), and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a sword standing on a spin of film with five spokes. The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy : Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians. [ 18 ]
Plaster War-time Oscar brass ( 1943 ), State Central Museum of Cinema, Moscow ( ruthenium ) Sculptor George Stanley ( who besides did the Muse Fountain at the Hollywood Bowl ) sculpted Cedric Gibbons ‘ blueprint. The statuettes presented at the initial ceremonies were goldplate solid tan. Within a few years, the bronze was abandoned in party favor of Britannia metallic, a pewter-like alloy which is then plated in bull, nickel eloquent, and last, 24-karat gold. [ 9 ] Due to a alloy deficit during World War II, Oscars were made of paint poultice for three years. Following the war, the Academy invited recipients to redeem the plaster figures for goldplate metallic ones. [ 19 ] The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamline of the basis. The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia, Illinois, which besides contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Award ‘s statuettes. From 1983 to 2015, [ 20 ] approximately 50 Oscars in a tin alloy with gold plat were made each class in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer R.S. Owens & Company. [ 21 ] It would take between three and four weeks to manufacture 50 statuettes. [ 22 ] In 2016, the Academy returned to bronze as the core metallic of the statuettes, handing manufacturing duties to Walden, New York-based Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] While based on a digital read of an original 1929 Oscar, the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions and black pedestal. Cast in liquid bronze from 3D-printed ceramic molds and polished, they are then electroplated in 24-karat amber by Brooklyn, New York–based Epner Technology. The time required to produce 50 such statuettes is roughly three months. [ 25 ] R.S. Owens is expected to continue producing other awards for the Academy and overhaul existing Oscars that need replating. [ 26 ]
Naming [edit ]
The Academy formally adopted the identify “ Oscar ” for the trophies in 1939. however, the lineage of the nickname is disputed. [ 27 ] One biography of Bette Davis, who was a president of the united states of the Academy in 1941, claims she named the prize after her inaugural husband, band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson. A frequently mentioned originator is Margaret Herrick, the Academy executive secretary, who, when she first saw the prize in 1931, said the figurine reminded her of “ Uncle Oscar ”, a dub for her cousin Oscar Pierce. [ 28 ] Columnist Sidney Skolsky, who was present during Herrick ‘s appoint in 1931, wrote that “ Employees have dearly dubbed their celebrated figurine ‘Oscar. ‘ ” [ 29 ] The Academy credits Skolsky with “ the first confirmed newspaper reference book ” to Oscar in his column on March 16, 1934, which was written about that year ‘s 6th Academy Awards. [ 30 ] The 1934 awards appeared again in another early media mention of Oscar : a Time magazine narrative. [ 31 ] In the ceremonies that year, Walt Disney was the first to thank the Academy for his “ Oscar ” during his adoption speech. [ 32 ]
Engraving [edit ]
To prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony, Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates. Until 2010, winners returned their statuettes to the Academy and had to wait several weeks to have their names inscribed on their respective Oscars. Since 2010, winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied to their statuettes at an inscription-processing station at the Governor ‘s Ball, a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony. The R.S. Owens ship’s company has engraved nameplates made before the ceremony, bearing the appoint of every electric potential winner. The nameplates for the non-winning nominees are late recycled. [ 33 ] [ 34 ]
possession of Oscar statuettes [edit ]
anterior to 1950, Oscar statuettes were ( and remain ) the property of the recipient role. [ 35 ] Since then the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that the figurine be inaugural offered for sale back to the Academy for US $ 1. If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation, then the Academy keeps the figurine. Academy Awards predating this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six-figure sums. [ 36 ] In 1989, Michael Todd ‘s grandson tried to sell Todd ‘s Best picture academy award for his 1956 production of Around the World in 80 Days to a movie prop collector. The Academy earned enforcement of its figurine abridge by gaining a permanent wave injunction against the sale. In 1992, Harold Russell consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for The Best Years of Our Lives to auction to raise money for his wife ‘s checkup expenses. Though his decision caused controversy, the first-ever Oscar to be sold passed to a secret collector on August 6, 1992 for $ 60,500 ( $ 111,600 today ). Russell defended his carry through, saying, “ I do n’t know why anybody would be critical. My wife ‘s health is much more authoritative than bathetic reasons. The movie will be here, even if Oscar is n’t. ” [ 37 ] In December 2011, Orson Welles ‘ 1941 Oscar for Citizen Kane ( Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay ) was put up for auction, after his heir won a 2004 court decisiveness contending that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy. [ 38 ] On December 20, 2011, it sold in an on-line auction for US $ 861,542 ( $ 991,200 nowadays ). [ 39 ] Some buyers have subsequently returned the statuettes to the Academy, which keeps them in its department of the treasury. [ 36 ]
early awards presented by the Academy [edit ]
In addition to the Academy Award of Merit ( Oscar prize ), there are nine honorary ( non-competitive ) awards presented by the Academy from fourth dimension to time ( except for the Academy Honorary Award, the Technical Achievement Award, and the Student Academy Awards, which are presented per annum ) : [ 40 ]
The Academy besides awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting .
nominating speech [edit ]
Since 2004, Academy Award nomination results have been announced to the populace in mid-january. Prior to that, the results were announced in early February. In 2021, the nominees are announced in March .
Voters [edit ]
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ), a professional honorary arrangement, maintains a voting membership of over 7,000 as of 2018. [ 41 ] Academy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in movie production. Actors constitute the largest vote bloc, numbering 1,311 members ( 22 percentage ) of the Academy ‘s writing. Votes have been certified by the audit tauten PricewaterhouseCoopers ( and its harbinger Price Waterhouse ) since the 7th Academy Awards in 1935. The firm mails the ballots of eligible nominees to members of the Academy in December to reflect the previous eligible year with a ascribable date erstwhile in January of the future year, then tabulates the votes in a process that takes thousands of hours. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] All AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors, on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees. Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on early meaning contributions to the field of gesture pictures. New membership proposals are considered per annum. The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership, although arsenic recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join. The 2007 release besides stated that it has just under 6,000 voting members. While the membership had been growing, rigorous policies have kept its size brace since then. [ 45 ] In 2012, the results of a cogitation conducted by the Los Angeles Times were published describing the demographic dislocation of approximately 88 % of AMPAS ‘ vote membership. Of the 5,100+ active voters confirmed, 94 % were white, 77 % were male, and 54 % were found to be over the senesce of 60. 33 % of voting members are former nominees ( 14 % ) and winners ( 19 % ). [ 46 ] In May 2011, the Academy sent a letter advising its 6,000 or so vote members that an on-line system for Oscar vote would be implemented in 2013. [ 47 ]
Rules [edit ]
According to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the former calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the conclusion of December 31, in Los Angeles County, California, and play for seven consecutive days, to qualify ( except for the Best International Feature Film, Best Documentary Feature, and awards in short film categories ). additionally, the film must be shown at least three times on each day of its qualifying tend, with at least one of the day by day showings starting between 6 pm and 10 autopsy local anesthetic time. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] For example, the 2009 Best Picture winner, The Hurt Locker, was primitively beginning released in 2008, but did not qualify for the 2008 awards, as it did not play its Oscar-qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009, thus qualifying for the 2009 awards. Foreign films must include English subtitles, and each country can submit merely one film for consideration in the International Feature Film category per year. [ 50 ] rule 2 states that a film must be feature-length, defined as a minimum of 40 minutes, except for short-subject awards, and it must exist either on a 35 millimeter or 70 millimeter film print or in 24 frame/s or 48 frame/s liberal scan digital cinema format with a minimum projector resolution of 2048 by 1080 pixels. [ 51 ] Since the 90th Academy Awards, presented in 2018, multi-part and limited series have been ineligible for the Best Documentary Feature award. This followed the gain of O.J.: Made in America, an eight-hour presentation that was screened in a limited publish before being broadcast in five parts on ABC and ESPN, in that class in 2017. The Academy ‘s announcement of the new rule made no aim mention of that film. [ 52 ] The Best International Feature Film award does not require a U.S. release. It requires the film to be submitted as its country ‘s official survival. The Best Documentary Feature award requires either week-long releases in both Los Angeles County and New York City [ a ] during the previous calendar year, or a passing award at a competitive film festival from the Documentary Feature Qualifying Festival list ( regardless of any public exhibition or distribution ), or submission in the International Feature Film class as its country ‘s official selection. The qualifying theatrical runs must meet the like requirements as those for non-documentary films regarding numbers and times of screenings. additionally, a film must have been reviewed by a critic from The New York Times, Time Out New York, the Los Angeles Times, or LA Weekly. [ 54 ] Producers must submit an Official Screen Credits online form before the deadline ; in case it is not submitted by the defined deadline, the film will be ineligible for Academy Awards in any year. The form includes the production credits for all relate categories. then, each form is checked and put in a Reminder List of eligible Releases. Awards in short film categories ( Best Documentary Short Subject, Best Animated Short Film, and Best Live Action Short Film ) have perceptibly unlike eligibility rules from most other competitive awards. First, the stipulate period for release does not coincide with a calendar year, alternatively of covering one year starting on October 1 and ending on September 30 of the calendar year before the ceremony. moment, there are multiple methods of qualification. The independent method acting is a week-long theatrical turn in either Los Angeles County or New York City during the eligibility period. Films besides can qualify by winning specified awards at one of several competitive film festivals designated by the Academy, besides without see to prior populace distribution. finally, a film that is selected as a amber, silver, or bronze decoration winner in an appropriate class of the immediately previous Student Academy Awards is besides eligible ( Documentary class for that award, and Animation, Narrative, Alternative, or International for the early awards ). The requirements for the qualifying theatrical carry are besides different from those for other awards. lone one screening per day is required. For the Documentary prize, the screening must start between noon and 10 prime minister local clock time ; for other awards, no specific begin time is required, but the film must appear in regular field listings with dates and screening times. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] In late December, ballots, and copies of the Reminder List of eligible Releases are mailed to around 6,000 active members. For most categories, members from each of the branches vote to determine the nominees merely in their respective categories ( i.e. only directors vote for directors, writers for writers, actors for actors, and so forth ). In the extra case of Best Picture, all voting members are eligible to select the nominees. In all major categories, a discrepancy of the single movable vote is used, with each member casting a ballot with up to five nominees ( ten for Best painting ) ranked preferentially. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] In certain categories, including International Feature Film, Documentary and Animated Feature, nominees are selected by particular screening committees made up of members from all branches. In most categories, the winner is selected from among the nominees by plurality vote of all members. [ 56 ] [ 58 ] Since 2009, the Best picture achiever has been chosen by instantaneous runoff vote. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Since 2013, re-weighted range vote has been used to select the nominees for the Best Visual Effects. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Film companies will spend angstrom much as several million dollars on market to awards voters for a movie in the run for Best movie, in attempts to improve chances of receiving Oscars and early movie awards conferred in Oscar season. The Academy enforces rules to limit overt crusade by its members to try to eliminate excesses and prevent the process from becoming undignified. It has an awards czar on staff who advises members on allow practices and levies penalties on offenders. [ 62 ] For model, a manufacturer of the 2009 Best Picture nominee The Hurt Locker was disqualified as a manufacturer in the class when he contacted associates urging them to vote for his film and not another that was seen as the front-runner ( The Hurt Locker finally won ) .
Awards ceremonies [edit ]
telecast [edit ]
The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, normally in late February or early March following the relevant calendar class, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the apogee of the film awards season, which normally begins during November or December of the former year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the tempt guests walking up the bolshevik carpet in the creations of the most big fashion designers of the day. Black draw apparel is the most common kit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow tie, and melodious performers sometimes do not stand by to this. ( The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite frequently perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is frequently used to promote the television broadcast. ) The Academy Awards is the worldly concern ‘s longest-running awards show televised live from the U.S. to all-time zones in North America and cosmopolitan, and gathers billions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world. [ 63 ] The Oscars were first televised in 1953 by NBC, which continued to broadcast the event until 1960, when ABC took over, televising the festivities ( including the first color broadcast of the consequence in 1966 ) through 1970. NBC regained the rights for five years ( 1971–75 ), then ABC resumed broadcast duties in 1976 and its current abridge with the Academy runs through 2028. [ 64 ] The Academy has besides produced condense versions of the ceremony for broadcast in international markets ( specially those outside of the Americas ) in more desirable local timeslots. The ceremony was broadcast be internationally for the beginning time via satellite since 1970, but only two south american countries, Chile and Brazil, purchased the rights to air the broadcast. By that time, the television rights to the Academy Awards had been sold in 50 countries. A ten late, the rights were already being sold to 60 countries, and by 1984, the television rights to the Awards were licensed in 76 countries.
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The ceremonies were moved up from late March/early April to late February, since 2004, to help disrupt and shorten the acute lobby and ad campaigns associated with Oscar temper in the film industry. Another reason was because of the growing television ratings success coinciding with the NCAA Basketball Tournament, which would cut into the Academy Awards consultation. ( In 1976 and 1977, ABC ‘s find Oscars were moved from Tuesday to Monday and went directly reverse NBC ‘s NCAA championship game. ) The earlier date is besides to the advantage of ABC, as it nowadays normally occurs during the highly profitable and important February sweeps time period. Some years, the ceremony is moved into the first Sunday of March to avoid a brush with the Winter Olympic Games. Another reason for the move to late February and early March is besides to avoid the awards ceremony occurring so close up to the religious holidays of Passover and Easter, which for decades had been a grievance from members and the cosmopolitan populace. [ 65 ] Advertising is reasonably restrict, however, as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast. The output of the Academy Awards telecast presently holds the distinction of winning the most Emmys in history, with 47 wins and 195 nominations overall since that award ‘s own launching in 1949. [ 66 ] After many years of being held on Mondays at 9:00 autopsy Eastern /6:00 p.m Pacific, since the 1999 ceremonies, it was moved to Sundays at 8:30 prime minister ET/5:30 phase modulation PT. [ 67 ] The reasons given for the be active were that more viewers would tune in on Sundays, that Los Angeles rush-hour traffic jams could be avoided, and an earlier begin clock time would allow viewers on the East Coast to go to bed earlier. [ 68 ] For many years the film diligence opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box position. [ 69 ] In 2010, the Academy contemplated moving the ceremony tied further back into January, citing television receiver viewers ‘ tire with the film industry ‘s long awards temper. however, such an accelerate schedule would dramatically decrease the vote period for its members, to the degree where some voters would lone have time to view the compete films streamed on their computers ( as opposed to traditionally receiving the films and ballots in the mail ). Furthermore, a January ceremony on Sunday would clash with National Football League playoff games. [ 70 ] In 2018, the Academy announced that the ceremony would be moved from former February to mid February beginning with the 92nd Academy Awards in 2020. [ 71 ] in the first place scheduled for April 8, 1968, the fortieth Academy Awards ceremony was postponed for two days, because of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. . On March 30, 1981, the 53rd Academy Awards was postponed for one day, after the shoot of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington, D.C. [ 72 ] In 1993, an In Memoriam segment was introduced, [ 73 ] honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months, a survival compiled by a small committee of Academy members. [ 74 ] This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names. criticism was besides levied for many years regarding another aspect, with the section having a “ popularity contest “ feel as the audience varied their applause to those who had died by the subject ‘s cultural impact ; the applause has since been muted during the telecast, and the hearing is discouraged from clapping during the segment and giving silent reflection rather. This segment was later followed by a commercial break. In terms of broadcast duration, the ceremony by and large averages three and a half hours. The beginning Oscars, in 1929, lasted 15 minutes. At the other end of the spectrum, the 2002 ceremony lasted four hours and twenty-three minutes. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] In 2010, the organizers of the Academy Awards announced winners ‘ acceptance speeches must not run by 45 seconds. This, according to organizer Bill Mechanic, was to ensure the elimination of what he termed “ the single most hat thing on the show ” – excessively long and embarrassing displays of emotion. [ 77 ] In 2016, in a far campaign to streamline speeches, winners ‘ dedications were displayed on an on-screen ticker. [ 78 ] During the 2018 ceremony, host Jimmy Kimmel acknowledged how long the ceremony had become, by announcing that he would give a brand-new k ski to whoever gave the shortest actor’s line of the night ( a reinforce succeed by Mark Bridges when accepting his Best Costume Design award for Phantom Thread ). [ 79 ] The Wall Street Journal analyzed the average minutes spent across the 2014–2018 telecasts as follows : 14 on birdcall performances ; 25 on the hosts ‘ speeches ; 38 on prerecord clips ; and 78 on the awards themselves, broken into 24 on the introduction and announcement, 24 on winners walking to the degree, and 30 on their toleration speeches. [ 80 ] Although still dominant in ratings, the viewership of the Academy Awards has steadily dropped ; the 88th Academy Awards were the lowest-rated in the past eight years ( although with increases in male and 18–49 viewership ), while the usher itself besides faced mix reception. Following the show, Variety reported that ABC was, in negotiating an extension to its contract to broadcast the Oscars, seeking to have more creative control over the air itself. presently and nominally, AMPAS is responsible for most aspects of the telecast, including the choice of output staff and host, although ABC is allowed to have some input signal on their decisions. [ 81 ] In August 2016, AMPAS extended its contract with ABC through 2028 : the condense neither contains any luminary changes nor gives ABC any far creative control over the telecast. [ 82 ]
television receiver ratings [edit ]
historically, the telecast ‘s viewership is higher when box-office hits are favored to win the Best picture award. More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, the year of Titanic, which generated a box office catch during its initial 1997–98 run of US $ 600.8 million in the US, a box function record that would remain unexcelled for years. [ 83 ] The 76th Academy Awards ceremony, in which The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( pre-telecast box function earnings of US $ 368 million ) received 11 Awards including Best word picture, drew 43.56 million viewers. [ 84 ] The most watch ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date, however, was the 42nd Academy Awards ( Best Picture Midnight Cowboy ) which drew a 43.4 % family rate on April 7, 1970. [ 85 ] By contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box position tend to show weaker ratings, despite how much critical applaud those films have received. The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low-budget freelancer film Crash ( with a pre-Oscar gross of US $ 53.4 million ) generated an hearing of 38.64 million with a family rate of 22.91 %. [ 86 ] In 2008, the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76 million viewers on median with an 18.66 % family fink, the lowest-rated and least-watched ceremony at the clock, in cattiness of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards. [ 87 ] The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another mugwump film ( No Country for Old Men ). Whereas the 92nd Academy Awards drew an average of 23.6 million viewers, [ 88 ] the 93rd Academy Awards drew an even lower viewership of 10.4 million. [ 89 ] That is the lowest viewership recorded by Nielsen since it started recording hearing totals in 1974. [ 90 ]
archive [edit ]
The Academy Film Archive holds copies of every Academy Awards ceremony since the 1949 Oscars and material on many anterior ceremonies, along with accessory material related to more late shows. Copies are held in a variety show of movie, video, and digital formats. [ 91 ]
Venues [edit ]
In 1929, the first base Academy Awards were presented at a feast dinner at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. From 1930 to 1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues : the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in business district Los Angeles. Grauman ‘s Chinese Theatre in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what had been the Academy ‘s headquarter on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood. [ 92 ] From 1950 to 1960, the awards were presented at Hollywood ‘s Pantages Theatre. With the advent of television, the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York, first at the NBC International Theatre ( 1953 ) and then at the NBC Century Theatre, after which the ceremony took home entirely in Los Angeles. The Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California, in 1961. By 1969, the Academy decided to move the ceremonies back to Downtown Los Angeles, this time to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Los Angeles County Music Center. In the former 1990s and early 2000s, the ceremony returned to the Shrine. In 2002, Hollywood ‘s Dolby Theatre ( previously known as the Kodak Theatre ) became the display ‘s stream venue. [ 93 ]
Awards of Merit categories [edit ]
stream categories [edit ]
In the first base class of the awards, the Best Directing award was split into two categories ( Drama and Comedy ). At times, the Best Original Score award has besides been split into freestanding categories ( Drama and Comedy/Musical ). From the 1930s through the 1960s, the Art Direction ( now Production Design ), Cinematography, and Costume Design awards were alike burst into two categories ( black-and-white films and color films ). Prior to 2012, the Production Design award was called Art Direction, while the Makeup and Hairstyling award was called Makeup. In August 2018, the Academy announced that several categories would not be televised live, but quite be recorded during commercial breaks and aired late in the ceremony. [ 95 ] Following dissent from Academy members, they announced that they would indeed air all 24 categories live. This followed several proposals ( among them, the introduction of a Popular Film category ) that the Academy had announced but did not implement. [ 96 ]
Discontinued categories [edit ]
Proposed categories [edit ]
The Board of Governors meets each year and considers newly award categories. To date, the follow categories have been proposed :
- Best Casting: rejected in 1999[97]
- Best Popular Film: proposed in 2018 for presentation at the 2019 ceremony; postponed until the 2020 ceremony at the earliest (yet to be implemented)[98]
- Best Stunt Coordination: rejected every year from 1991 to 2012[99][100][101][102]
- Best Title Design: rejected in 1999[97]
extra categories [edit ]
The special Academy Awards are voted on by especial committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a hale. They are not constantly presented on an annual basis .
current special categories [edit ]
Discontinued particular categories [edit ]
- Academy Juvenile Award: 1934 to 1960
criticism [edit ]
Accusations of commerce [edit ]
due to the positive photograph and prestige of the Academy Awards, many studios spend millions of dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the “ Oscar season “. This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing than by quality. William Friedkin, an Academy Award-winning film director and former manufacturer of the ceremony, expressed this opinion at a league in New York in 2009, describing it as “ the greatest promotion scheme that any industry always devised for itself ”. [ 103 ] Tim Dirks, editor of AMC ‘s filmsite.org, has written of the Academy Awards :
unfortunately, the critical worth, artistic vision, cultural influence and advanced qualities of many films are not given the same vote weight. specially since the 1980s, moneymaking “ formula-made ” blockbusters with glistening production values have much been crowd-pleasing titans ( and Best Picture winners ), but they have n’t necessarily been big films with astuteness or critical applaud by any measurement. [ 104 ]
A late proficiency that has been claimed to be used during the Oscar season is the whisper campaign. These campaigns are intended to spread negative perceptions of other movies nominated and are believed to be perpetrated by those that were involved in creating the movie. Examples of rustle campaigns include the allegations against Zero Dark Thirty suggesting that it justifies distortion and the claim that Lincoln distorts history. [ 105 ]
Accusations of bias [edit ]
typical criticism of the Academy Awards for Best picture is that among the winners and nominees there is an over-representation of romanticist diachronic epics, biographic drama, romantic dramedies and family melodramas, most of which are released in the U.S. in the last three months of the calendar year. The Oscars have been infamously known for selecting specific genres of movies to be awarded. The terminus “ Oscar bait “ was coined to describe such movies. This has led, at times, to more specific criticisms that the Academy is disconnected from the hearing, for example, by favoring “ Oscar bait ” over hearing favorites or favoring diachronic melodrama over critically acclaimed movies that depict current life sentence issues. [ 106 ]
Allegations of a lack of diverseness [edit ]
The Academy Awards have farseeing received criticism over its lack of diverseness among the nominees. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] [ 109 ] This criticism is based on the statistics from every Academy Awards since 1929, which shows us that only 6.4 % of academy award nominees have been colored and since 1991, 11.2 % of nominees have been colored, with the rate of winners being even more polarize. [ 110 ] Due to a variety of reasons, including marketability and historic bans on interracial couples, a number of high-profile Oscars have been given to yellowface portrayals, adenine well as performances of asian characters rewritten for white characters. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] The 88th awards ceremony became the prey of a boycott, popularized on sociable media with the hashtag # OscarsSoWhite, based on activists ‘ perception that its all-white acting campaigner list reflected bias. In reply, the Academy initiated “ historic ” changes in membership by the year 2020. [ 113 ] [ 114 ]
symbolism or sentimentalization [edit ]
Acting prizes in certain years have been criticized for not recognizing superior performances so much as being awarded for personal popularity, [ 115 ] to make up for a “ rebuff ” for a work that proved in time to be more democratic or renowned than the one awarded, or presented as a “ career award ” to recognize a distinguished campaigner ‘s entire body of work. [ 29 ]
recognition of streaming media film [edit ]
Following the 91st Academy Awards in February 2019 in which the Netflix -broadcast film Roma had been nominated for ten awards including the Best picture class, Steven Spielberg and other members of the Academy discussed changing the requirements through the Board of Governors for films as to exclude those from Netflix and other media streaming services. Spielberg had been concerned that Netflix as a movie output and distribution studio could spend much more than distinctive Oscar-winning films and have much wider and earlier distribution than other Best Picture-nominated films, while silent being able to meet the minimal theatrical-run condition to qualify for an Oscar. [ 116 ] The United States Department of Justice, having listen of this likely principle change, wrote a letter to the Academy in March 2019, cautioning them that placing extra restrictions on films that originate from streaming media services without proper justification could raise anti-trust concerns against the Academy. [ 117 ] Following its April 2019 display panel meet, the Academy Board of Governors agreed to retain the stream rules that allow for streaming media films to be eligible for Oscars vitamin a long as they enjoy restrict theatrical runs. [ 118 ]
Refusals of the award [edit ]
Some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The beginning to do so was screenwriter Dudley Nichols ( Best Writing in 1935 for The Informer ). Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers ‘ Guild. [ 119 ] Nichols finally accepted the 1935 award three years late, at the 1938 ceremony. Nichols was nominated for three farther Academy Awards during his career. George C. Scott became the second person to refuse his award ( Best Actor in 1970 for Patton ) at the 43rd Academy Awards ceremony. Scott described it as a “ meat parade ”, saying, “ I do n’t want any depart of it. ” [ 120 ] [ 121 ] [ 122 ] The one-third person to refuse the award was Marlon Brando, who refused his award ( Best Actor for 1972 ‘s The Godfather ), citing the film diligence ‘s discrimination and mistreatment of native Americans. At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony, Brando asked actress and civil rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather to read a 15-page actor’s line in his space, detailing his criticisms, for which there was booing and cheering by the consultation. [ 123 ] [ 119 ]
Disqualifications [edit ]
Six films have had nominations revoked before the official prize ceremony : [ 124 ]
- The Circus (1928) – The film was voluntarily removed by the Academy from competitive categories, to award Charlie Chaplin a special award.
- Hondo (1953) – Removed from the Best Story ballot after letters from the producer and nominee questioned its inclusion in the category.
- High Society (1955) – Withdrawn from screenwriting ballot after being mistaken for the 1956 movie of the same title.
- The Godfather (1972) – Initially nominated for eleven awards, its nomination for Best Original Score was revoked after it was discovered that its main theme was very similar to music that the score’s composer had written for an earlier film. None of its other nominations were revoked, and it received three Oscars, including Best Picture.
- A Place in the World (1992) – Removed from the Best Foreign Language Film ballot after it was discovered that the country which submitted the film exercised insufficient artistic control.
- Alone Yet Not Alone (2014) – The film’s title song, “Alone Yet Not Alone”, was removed from the Best Original Song ballot after Bruce Broughton was found to have improperly contacted other members of the academy’s musical branch; this was the first time that a film was removed from a ballot for ethical reasons.
One film was disqualified after winning the award, and had the winner return the academy award :
- Young Americans (1969) – Initially won the award for Best Documentary Feature, but was later revoked after it was revealed that it had opened theatrically prior to the eligibility period.
One film had its nomination revoked after the award ceremony when it had not won the academy award :
- Tuba Atlantic (2011) – Its nomination for Best Live Action Short Film was revoked when it was discovered that the film had aired on television in 2010, before its theatrical release.
Gender segregation [edit ]
Some advocates of gender equality and non-binary people have criticized the separation of male and female acting categories in the Academy Awards, Emmy Awards and Tony Awards. Though some commentators worry that sex discrimination would cause men to dominate desegrated categories, other categories are desegrated. [ citation needed ] The Grammy Awards went gender-neutral in 2012, while the Daytime Emmy Awards introduced a single Outstanding Younger Performer in a Drama Series category in 2019 to replace their two gender-specific younger actor and actress categories. [ 125 ] [ 126 ]
Associated events [edit ]
The follow events are close associated with the annual Academy Awards :
presenter and performer gifts [edit ]
It has become a tradition to give out giving bags to the presenters and performers at the Oscars. In recent years, these gifts have besides been extended to award nominees and winners. [ 127 ] The value of each of these endow bags can reach into the tens of thousands of dollars. In 2014, the value was reported to be a high as US $ 80,000. [ 128 ] The value has risen to the charge where the U.S. Internal Revenue Service issued a statement regarding the gifts and their taxable status. [ 129 ] Oscar gift bags have included vacation packages to Hawaii and Mexico and Japan, a private dinner party for the recipient and friends at a restaurant, videophones, a four-night quell at a hotel, watches, bracelets, health spa treatments, bottles of vodka, maple salad stuffing, weight-loss gummie candy and up to $ 25,000 worth of cosmetic treatments and rejuvenation procedures such as sass fillers and chemical peels from New York City facial formative surgeon Konstantin Vasyukevich. [ 127 ] [ 130 ] [ 131 ] [ 132 ] [ 133 ] Some of the gifts have evening had a “ blue ” chemical element to them ; in 2014, the pornographic products retailer Adam & Eve had a “ clandestine Room Gifting Suite ”. Celebrities visiting the gifting suite included Judith Hoag, Carolyn Hennesy, Kate Linder, Chris Mulkey, Jim O’Heir, and John Salley. [ 134 ]
television ratings and ad prices [edit ]
From 2006 onwards, results are Live+SD ; all previous years are be view. [ 135 ]
| Year | Viewers, millions[135] |
Ad price,[135][136] USD, millions |
Adjusted price, USD, millions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 10.4 | Not available | Not available |
| 2020 | 23.6 | Not available | Not available |
| 2019 | 29.6 | Not available | Not available |
| 2018 | 26.5 | Not available | Not available |
| 2017 | 32.9 | Not available | Not available |
| 2016 | 34.3 | Not available | Not available |
| 2015 | 37.260[137] | 1.95[138] | 2.13 |
| 2014 | 43.740[139] | 1.8 – 1.9[140] | 1.97 – 2.08 |
| 2013 | 40.376[141] | 1.65 – 1.8[140] | 1.83 – 2 |
| 2012 | 39.460[142] | 1.610 | 1.81 |
| 2011 | 37.919 | 1.3684 | 1.57 |
| 2010 | 41.699 | 1.1267 | 1.34 |
| 2009 | 36.310 | 1.3[140] | 1.57 |
| 2008 | 32.006 | 1.82[140] | 2.19 |
| 2007 | 40.172 | 1.6658 | 2.08 |
| 2006 | 38.939 | 1.6468 | 2.11 |
| 2005 | 42.139 | 1.503 | 1.99 |
| 2004 | 43.531 | 1.5031 | 2.06 |
| 2003 | 33.043 | 1.3458 | 1.89 |
| 2002 | 41.782 | 1.29 | 1.86 |
| 2001 | 42.944 | 1.45 | 2.12 |
| 2000 | 46.333 | 1.305 | 1.96 |
| 1999 | 45.615 | 1 | 1.55 |
| 1998 | 57.249 | 0.95 | 1.51 |
| 1997 | 40.075 | 0.85 | 1.37 |
| 1996 | 44.867 | 0.795 | 1.31 |
| 1995 | 48.279 | 0.7 | 1.19 |
| 1994 | 45.083 | 0.6435 | 1.12 |
| 1993 | 45.735 | 0.6078 | 1.09 |
| 1992 | 44.406 | Not available | Not available |
| 1991 | 42.727 | Not available | Not available |
| 1990 | 40.375 | 0.45 | 0.89 |
| 1989 | 42.619 | 0.375 | 0.78 |
| 1988 | 42.227 | 0.36 | 0.79 |
| 1987 | 37.190 | 0.335 | 0.76 |
| 1986 | 37.757 | 0.32 | 0.76 |
| 1985 | 38.855 | 0.315 | 0.76 |
| 1984 | 42.051 | 0.275 | 0.69 |
| 1983 | 53.235 | 0.245 | 0.64 |
| 1982 | 46.245 | Not available | Not available |
| 1981 | 39.919 | Not available | Not available |
| 1980 | 48.978 | Not available | Not available |
| 1979 | 46.301 | Not available | Not available |
| 1978 | 48.501 | Not available | Not available |
| 1977 | 39.719 | Not available | Not available |
| 1976 | 46.751 | Not available | Not available |
| 1975 | 48.127 | Not available | Not available |
| 1974 | 44.712 | Not available | Not available |
hallmark [edit ]
The term “ Oscar ” is a register hallmark of the AMPAS ; however, in the italian language, it is used generically to refer to any award or award ceremony, regardless of which field. [ 143 ] [ 144 ]
See besides [edit ]
- ^[53] Starting with the 2017 awards, a qualify release for the Documentary Feature award can take position anywhere in New York City. previously, a New York City qualifying streak could merely take place in Manhattan
References [edit ]
farther reading [edit ]
Read more: Clint Barton (Marvel Cinematic Universe)