This article is about the romantic holiday and liturgical celebration. For other uses, see Valentine ‘s Day ( disambiguation )
Valentine’s Day, besides called Saint Valentine’s Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine, [ 1 ] is celebrated per annum on February 14. [ 2 ] It originated as a christian feast day honoring one or two early christian martyr named Saint Valentine and, through late tribe traditions, has become a meaning cultural, religious, and commercial celebration of love story and love in many regions of the worldly concern. [ 3 ]
Reading: Valentine’s Day – Wikipedia
There are a numeral of calvary stories associated with assorted Valentines connected to February 14, [ 4 ] including an account of the captivity of Saint Valentine of Rome for ministering to Christians persecuted under the Roman Empire in the third base century. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] According to an early custom, Saint Valentine restored sight to the blind daughter of his prison guard. [ 7 ] numerous belated additions to the caption have better related it to the subject of love : an 18th-century ornamentation to the caption claims he wrote the prison guard ‘s daughter a letter signed “ Your valentine ” as a farewell before his execution ; [ 8 ] another addition posits that Saint Valentine performed weddings for christian soldiers who were forbidden to marry. [ 6 ] The Feast of Saint Valentine was established by Pope Gelasius I in AD 496 to be celebrated on February 14 in honor of Saint Valentine of Rome, who died on that date in AD 269. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The day became associated with romantic love in the 14th and 15th centuries when notions of courtly love flourished, obviously by affiliation with the “ lovebirds “ of early on form. In 18th-century England, it grew into an affair in which couples expressed their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery, and sending greet cards ( known as “ valentines ” ). Valentine ‘s Day symbols that are used today include the cordate delineate, doves, and the digit of the fly Cupid. Since the nineteenth hundred, handwritten valentines have given way to mass-produced greeting cards. [ 11 ] In Italy, Saint Valentine ‘s Keys are given to lovers “ as a romantic symbol and an invitation to unlock the donor ‘s heart ”, deoxyadenosine monophosphate good as to children to ward off epilepsy ( called Saint Valentine ‘s Malady ). [ 12 ] Saint Valentine ‘s Day is not a public holiday in any state, although it is an official fete day in the Anglican Communion [ 13 ] and the Lutheran Church. [ 14 ] many parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church besides celebrate Saint Valentine ‘s Day on July 6 in honor of Roman presbyter Saint Valentine, and on July 30 in honor of Hieromartyr Valentine, the Bishop of Interamna ( modern Terni ). [ 15 ]
Saint Valentine
history
numerous early christian martyr were named Valentine. [ 16 ] The Valentines honored on February 14 are Valentine of Rome ( Valentinus presb. m. Romae ) and Valentine of Terni ( Valentinus ep. Interamnensis m. Romae ). [ 17 ] Valentine of Rome was a priest in Rome who was martyred in 269 and was added to the calendar of saints by Pope Gelasius I in 496 and was buried on the Via Flaminia. The relics of Saint Valentine were kept in the Church and Catacombs of San Valentino in Rome, which “ remained an crucial pilgrim site throughout the Middle Ages until the relics of St. Valentine were transferred to the church of Santa Prassede during the pontificate of Nicholas IV “. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The flower-crowned skull of Saint Valentine is exhibited in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Rome. other relics are found at Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland. [ 20 ] Valentine of Terni became bishop of Interamna ( now Terni, in central Italy ) and is said to have been martyred during the persecution under Emperor Aurelian in 273. He is buried on the Via Flaminia, but in a different localization from Valentine of Rome. His relics are at the Basilica of Saint Valentine in Terni ( Basilica di San Valentino ). Professor Jack B. Oruch of the University of Kansas notes that “ abstracts of the acts of the two saints were in about every church and monastery of Europe. ” [ 21 ] The Catholic Encyclopedia besides speaks of a third base canonize named Valentine who was mentioned in early martyrologies under date of February 14. He was martyred in Africa with a number of companions, but nothing more is known about him. [ 22 ] A relic claimed to be Saint Valentine of Terni ‘s head was preserved in the abbey of New Minster, Winchester, and venerated. [ 23 ] February 14 is celebrated as St. Valentine ‘s Day in diverse christian denominations ; it has, for example, the rank of ‘commemoration ‘ in the calendar of saints in the anglican Communion. [ 13 ] In addition, the feast day of Saint Valentine is besides given in the calendar of saints of the Lutheran Church. [ 14 ] however, in the 1969 revision of the Roman Catholic Calendar of Saints, the fete day of Saint Valentine on February 14 was removed from the General Roman Calendar and relegated to particular ( local or even national ) calendars for the follow reason : “ Though the memorial of Saint Valentine is ancient, it is left to particular calendars, since, apart from his name, nothing is known of Saint Valentine except that he was buried on the Via Flaminia on February 14. ” [ 24 ] The banquet day is still celebrated in Balzan ( Malta ) where relics of the enshrine are claimed to be found, and besides throughout the universe by traditionalist Catholics who follow the older, pre- second Vatican Council calendar ( see General Roman Calendar of 1960 ). In the Eastern Orthodox Church, St. Valentine is recognized on July 6, in which Saint Valentine, the Roman presbyter, is honoured ; in addition, the Eastern Orthodox Church observes the banquet of Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop of Interamna, on July 30. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ]
Legends
St Valentine baptizing St Lucilla, Jacopo Bassano. J.C. Cooper, in The Dictionary of Christianity, writes that Saint Valentine was “ a priest of Rome who was imprisoned for succouring persecute Christians. ” [ 28 ] Contemporary records of Saint Valentine were most credibly destroyed during this Diocletianic Persecution in the early on fourth century. [ 29 ] In the 5th or sixth century, a influence called Passio Marii et Marthae published a report of calvary for Saint Valentine of Rome, possibly by borrowing tortures that happened to other saints, as was usual in the literature of that period. The lapp events are besides found in Bede’s Martyrology, which was compiled in the eighth hundred. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] It states that Saint Valentine was persecuted as a christian and interrogated by Roman Emperor Claudius II in person. Claudius was impressed by Valentine and had a discussion with him, attempting to get him to convert to Roman paganism in order to save his life. Valentine refused and tried to convert Claudius to Christianity rather. Because of this, he was executed. Before his execution, he is reported to have performed a miracle by healing Julia, the blind daughter of his prison guard Asterius. The prison guard ‘s daughter and his forty-six penis family ( kin members and servants ) came to believe in Jesus and were baptized. [ 31 ] [ 29 ] A late Passio repeated the caption, adding that Pope Julius I built a church over his burial chamber ( it is a confusion with a 4th-century tribune called Valentino who donated country to build a church at a clock time when Julius was a Pope ). [ 30 ] The legend was picked up as fact by later martyrologies, starting with Bede ‘s martyrology in the eighth hundred. [ 30 ] It was repeated in the thirteenth hundred, in The Golden Legend. [ 32 ] There is an extra embellishment to The Golden Legend, which according to Henry Ansgar Kelly, was added in the eighteenth hundred and wide repeated. [ 33 ] On the evening before Valentine was to be executed, he is supposed to have written the first “ valentine ” card himself, addressed to the daughter of his prison guard Asterius, who was no longer blind, signing as “ Your valentine. ” [ 33 ] The expression “ From your valentine ” was subsequently adopted by modern Valentine letters. [ 34 ] This caption has been published by both american Greetings and The History Channel. [ 35 ]
John Foxe, an english historian, vitamin a well as the Order of Carmelites, submit that Saint Valentine was buried in the Church of Praxedes in Rome, located near the cemetery of Saint Hippolytus. This ordering says that according to legend, “ Julia herself planted a pink-blossomed almond tree near his grave accent. today, the almond tree remains a symbol of abiding love and friendship. ” [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Another embellishment suggests that Saint Valentine performed clandestine Christian weddings for soldiers who were forbidden to marry. [ 38 ] The Roman Emperor Claudius II purportedly forbade this in ordain to grow his army, believing that marry men did not make for good soldiers. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] however, George Monger writes that this marriage ban was never issued and that Claudius II told his soldiers to take two or three women for themselves after his victory over the Goths. [ 40 ] According to legend, in arrange “ to remind these men of their vows and God ‘s love, Saint Valentine is said to have cut hearts from parchment ”, giving them to these soldiers and persecute Christians, a possible origin of the far-flung practice of hearts on St. Valentine ‘s Day. [ 41 ] Saint Valentine purportedly wore a empurpled amethyst gang, customarily worn on the hands of christian bishops with an effigy of Cupid engraved in it, a recognizable symbol associated with love that was legal under the Roman Empire ; [ 39 ] [ 42 ] Roman soldiers would recognize the gang and ask him to perform marriage for them. [ 39 ] credibly ascribable to the association with Saint Valentine, amethyst has become the birthstone of February, which is thought to attract love. [ 43 ]
tribe traditions
While the European folk music traditions connected with Saint Valentine and St. Valentine ‘s Day have become marginalized by the modern anglo-american customs connecting the day with quixotic love, there are some remaining associations connecting the saint with the advent of spring. While the custom of sending cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts originated in the UK, Valentine ‘s Day still remains connected with versatile regional customs in England. In Norfolk, a fictional character called ‘Jack ‘ Valentine knocks on the rear door of houses leaving sweets and presents for children. Although he was leaving treats, many children were scared of this mystic person. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] In Slovenia, Saint Valentine or Zdravko was one of the saints of jump, the saint of good health and the patron of beekeepers and pilgrims. [ 46 ] A proverb says that “ Saint Valentine brings the keys of roots ”. Plants and flowers start to grow on this day. It has been celebrated as the day when the first study in the vineyards and in the fields commences. It is besides said that birds propose to each other or marry on that sidereal day. Another proverb says “Valentin – prvi spomladin” ( “ Valentine – the first jump ideal ” ), as in some places ( particularly White Carniola ), Saint Valentine marks the begin of spring. [ 47 ] Valentine ‘s Day has only recently been celebrated as the sidereal day of beloved. The sidereal day of love was traditionally March 12, the Saint Gregory ‘s day, or February 22, Saint Vincent ‘s Day. The patron of love was Saint Anthony, whose day has been celebrated on June 13. [ 46 ]
connection with romanticist love
possible ancient origins
No testify has been demonstrated to link St. Valentine ‘s Day and the rites of the ancient Roman purification festival of Lupercalia, despite haunting and sometimes detail claims by many authors to the adverse, nor to any otherwise unspecified Greco-Roman holiday supposed to have celebrated love or richness. [ notes 1 ] [ 23 ] [ 48 ] [ 49 ] The celebration of Saint Valentine is not known to have had any amatory connotations until Chaucer ‘s poetry about “ Valentine ‘s Day ” in the fourteenth hundred, some seven hundred years after celebration of Lupercalia is believed to have ceased. [ 29 ] In Ancient Rome, Lupercalia was observed February 13–15. It was a rite connected to purification and health, and had lone little connection to birthrate ( as a depart of health ) and none to love. Lupercalia was a festival local anesthetic to the city of Rome. The more general Festival of Juno Februa, meaning “ Juno the purifier ” or “ the chaste Juno ”, was celebrated on February 13–14. Pope Gelasius I ( 492–496 ) abolished Lupercalia. Some researchers have theorized that Gelasius I replaced Lupercalia with the celebration of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary and claim a connection to the fourteenth century ‘s connotations of quixotic love, but there is no historic indication that he ever intended such a thing. [ notes 2 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] besides, the dates do not fit because at the meter of Gelasius I, the banquet was only celebrated in Jerusalem, and it was on February 14 only because Jerusalem placed the Nativity of Jesus ( Christmas ) on January 6. [ notes 3 ] Although it was called “ refining of the Blessed Virgin Mary ”, it besides dealt with the presentation of Jesus at the synagogue. [ 51 ] Jerusalem ‘s purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 14 became the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple on February 2 as it was introduced to Rome and other places in the sixth century, after Gelasius I ‘s time. [ 51 ] Alban Butler in his Lifes of the Principal Saints ( 1756–1759 ) claimed without proof that men and women in Lupercalia drew list from a jolt to make couples, and that modern Valentine ‘s letters originated from this custom. In reality, this practice originated in the Middle Ages, with no connect to Lupercalia, with men drawing the names of girls at random to couple with them. This custom-made was combated by priests, for example by Frances de Sales around 1600, obviously by replacing it with a religious customs of girls drawing the names of apostles from the altar. however, this religious custom is recorded a soon as the thirteenth hundred in the life of Saint Elizabeth of Hungary, so it could have a different origin. [ 23 ]
Chaucer ‘s Parliament of Fowls
The first recorded affiliation of Valentine ‘s Day with romanticist love is believed to be in the Parliament of Fowls ( 1382 ) by Geoffrey Chaucer, a dream vision portraying a parliament for birds to choose their mates. [ 29 ] Honoring the first base anniversary of the engagement of fifteen-year-old King Richard II of England to fifteen-year-old Anne of Bohemia, [ 52 ] Chaucer wrote ( in Middle English ) :
“ For this was on seynt Valentynes day
Whan every cruddy cometh there to chese his make
Of every kynde that men thynke may
And that sol huge a noyse gin they make
That erthe, and eyr, and tre, and every lake
so fula was, that unethe was there space
For me to stonde, indeed fula was al the place. ” [ 53 ] [ 54 ]
In modern english :
“ For this was on Saint Valentine ‘s Day
When every bird comes there to choose his equal
Of every kind that men may think of
And that therefore huge a noise they began to make
That ground and publicize and tree and every lake
Was so broad, that not easily was there space
For me to stand—so full was all the invest. ”
Readers have uncritically assumed that Chaucer was referring to February 14 as Valentine ‘s Day. Henry Ansgar Kelly has observed that Chaucer might have had in mind the feast day of St. Valentine of Genoa, an early bishop of Genoa who died around AD 307 ; it was probably celebrated on 3 May. [ 52 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] A treaty providing for Richard II and Anne ‘s marriage, the subject of the poem, was signed on May 2, 1381. [ 57 ] Jack B. Oruch notes that the go steady on which spring begins has changed since Chaucer ‘s fourth dimension because of the precession of the equinoxes and the introduction of the more accurate Gregorian calendar only in 1582. On the julian calendar in use in Chaucer ‘s time, February 14 would have fallen on the date immediately called February 23, a time when some birds have started felt and cuddle in England. [ 29 ] Chaucer ‘s Parliament of Fowls refers to a purportedly established custom, but there is no record of such a tradition before Chaucer. The notional derivation of sentimental customs from the distant past began with 18th-century antiquaries, notably Alban Butler, the generator of Butler’s Lives of Saints, and have been perpetuated even by goodly advanced scholars. Most notably, “ the estimate that Valentine ‘s Day customs perpetuated those of the Roman Lupercalia has been accepted uncritically and repeated, in versatile forms, up to the show ”. [ 23 ] [ 58 ] Three other authors who made poems about birds mating on St. Valentine ‘s Day around the lapp years : Otton de Grandson from Savoy, John Gower from England, and a knight called Pardo from Valencia. Chaucer most credibly predated all of them ; but due to the trouble of dating chivalric works, it is not possible to ascertain which of the four may have influenced the others. [ 59 ]
Court of love
The earliest description of February 14 as an annual celebration of love appears in the Charter of the Court of Love. The charter, allegedly issued by Charles VI of France at Mantes-la-Jolie in 1400, describes lavish festivities to be attended by several members of the royal court, including a feast, amative song and poetry competitions, joust and dancing. [ 60 ] Amid these festivities, the attendance ladies would hear and rule on disputes from lovers. [ 61 ] No other record of the woo exists, and none of those named in the charter were portray at Mantes except Charles ‘s queen, Isabeau of Bavaria, who may well have imagined it all while waiting out a infestation. [ 60 ]
Valentine poetry
The earliest survive valentine is a 15th-century rondo written by Charles, Duke of Orléans to his wife, which commences .
“ Je suis desja d’amour tanné
Ma tres doulce Valentinée … ”Charles d’Orléans, Rondeau VI, lines 1–2[62]
At the clock time, the duke was being held in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415. [ 63 ] The earliest surviving valentines in english appear to be those in the Paston Letters, written in 1477 by Margery Brewes to her future husband John Paston “ my correct well-beloved Valentine ”. [ 64 ] Valentine ‘s Day is mentioned ruefully by Ophelia in William Shakespeare ‘s Hamlet ( 1600–1601 ) :
“ To-morrow is Saint Valentine ‘s day,
All in the good morning betime,
And I a maid at your windowpane,
To be your Valentine.
then up he rose, and donn ‘d his clothes,
And dupp ‘d the chamber-door ;
Let in the maid, that out a maid
Never departed more. ” — William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act IV, Scene 5
John Donne used the legend of the marriage of the birds as the begin point for his epithalamion celebrating the marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England, and Frederick V, Elector Palatine, on Valentine ‘s Day :
“ Hayle Bishop Valentine whose day this is
All the Ayre is thy Diocese
And all the chirping Queristers
And other birds ar thy parishioners
Thou marryest every yeare
The Lyrick Lark, and the graue whispering Doue,
The Sparrow that neglects his life for loue,
The houshold boo with the redd stomacher
Thou makst the Blackbird speede as soone,
As doth the Goldfinch, or the Halcyon
The Husband Cock lookes out and soone is spedd
And meets his wife, which brings her feather-bed.
This day more cheerfully than always glow
This day which might inflame thy selfe previous Valentine. ” — John Donne, Epithalamion Vpon Frederick Count Palatine and the Lady Elizabeth marryed on St. Valentines day
The verse “ Roses are crimson “ echoes conventions traceable as far back as Edmund Spenser ‘s epic poem The Faerie Queene ( 1590 ) :
“ She bath ‘d with roses bolshevik, and violets blew,
And all the sweetest flowres [ sic ], that in the forrest grew. ” [ 65 ]
The modern cliché Valentine ‘s Day poem can be found in the collection of english greenhouse rhymes Gammer Gurton’s Garland ( 1784 ) :
“ The rose is red, the violet ‘s blue,
The honey ‘s odoriferous, and so are you.
Thou art my love and I am thine ;
I drew thee to my valentine :
The lot was cast and then I drew,
And Fortune said it shou ‘d be you. ” [ 66 ] [ 67 ]
Modern times
In 1797, a british publisher issued The Young Man’s Valentine Writer, which contained scores of indicate sentimental verses for the young lover ineffective to compose his own. Printers had already begun producing a limit number of cards with verses and sketches, called “ mechanical valentines. ” Paper Valentines became so popular in England in the early nineteenth hundred that they were assembled in factories. Fancy Valentines were made with real spike and ribbons, with wallpaper intertwine introduced in the mid-19th century. [ 68 ] In 1835, 60,000 Valentine cards were sent by mail in the United Kingdom, despite postage being expensive. [ 69 ] A reduction in postal rates following Sir Rowland Hill ‘s postal reforms with the 1840 invention of the postage stamp ( Penny Black ) saw the numeral of Valentines posted increase, with 400,000 commit equitable one year after its invention, and ushered in the less personal but easier commit of mailing Valentines. [ 70 ] That made it possible for the first time to exchange cards anonymously, which is taken as the rationality for the sudden appearance of blue verse in an era differently prudishly victorian. [ 71 ] Production increased, “ Cupid ‘s Manufactory ” as Charles Dickens termed it, with over 3,000 women employed in manufacture. [ 70 ] The Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection at Manchester Metropolitan University gathers 450 Valentine ‘s Day cards dating from early nineteenth hundred Britain, printed by the major publishers of the day. [ 72 ] The solicitation appears in Seddon ‘s book Victorian Valentines ( 1996 ). [ 73 ]
Flowers, such as crimson roses ( pictured ), are often sent on Valentine ‘s Day. In the United States, the first mass-produced Valentines of emboss newspaper lace were produced and sold shortly after 1847 by Esther Howland ( 1828–1904 ) of Worcester, Massachusetts. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Her father operated a big book and stationery shop, but Howland took her inspiration from an english Valentine she had received from a business consociate of her founder. [ 76 ] [ 77 ] Intrigued with the estimate of making like Valentines, Howland began her clientele by importing paper spike and floral decorations from England. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] A writer in Graham’s American Monthly observed in 1849, “ Saint Valentine ‘s Day … is becoming, nay it has become, a national holyday. ” [ 79 ] The English commit of sending Valentine ‘s cards was established adequate to feature as a plot device in Elizabeth Gaskell ‘s Mr. Harrison’s Confessions ( 1851 ) : “ I burst in with my explanations : ‘The valentine I know nothing about. ‘ ‘It is in your handwriting ‘, said he coldly. ” [ 80 ] Since 2001, the Greeting Card Association has been giving an annual “ Esther Howland Award for a Greeting Card Visionary ”. [ 75 ] Since the nineteenth hundred, handwritten notes have given manner to mass-produced greeting cards. [ 11 ] In the UK, equitable under half of the population spend money on their Valentines, and around £1.9 billion was spent in 2015 on cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts. [ 81 ] The mid-19th hundred Valentine ‘s Day deal was a harbinger of far commercialized holidays in the U.S. to follow. [ 82 ]
A endow box of chocolates, which is a common giving for Valentine ‘s Day In 1868, the british cocoa company Cadbury created Fancy Boxes – a dress box of chocolates – in the shape of a heart for Valentine ‘s Day. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] Boxes of filled chocolates quickly became associated with the vacation. [ 83 ] In the second half of the twentieth hundred, the drill of exchanging cards was extended to all manner of gifts, such as giving jewelry. The U.S. Greeting Card Association estimates that approximately 190 million valentines are sent each year in the US. Half of those valentines are given to family members early than husband or wife, normally to children. When the valentine-exchange cards made in school activities are included the figure goes up to 1 billion, and teachers become the people receiving the most valentines. [ 74 ] The average valentine ‘s spending has increased every class in the U.S, from $ 108 a person in 2010 to $ 131 in 2013. [ 85 ] The rise of Internet popularity at the turn of the millennium is creating raw traditions. Millions of people use, every class, digital means of creating and sending Valentine ‘s Day greeting messages such as e-cards, love coupons or printable greet cards. Valentine ‘s Day is considered by some to be a Hallmark holiday due to its commercialization. [ 86 ] In the advanced era, liturgically, the Lutheran Church and Anglican Church have a service for St. Valentine ‘s Day ( the Feast of St. Valentine ), which includes the optional rite of the renewal of marriage vows. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] In 2016, the Catholic Bishops of England and Wales established a novena entreaty “ to support single people seeking a spouse ahead of St Valentine ‘s Day. ” [ 89 ]
celebration and status cosmopolitan
Valentine ‘s Day customs – sending greeting cards ( known as “ valentines ” ), offering confectionery and presenting flowers – developed in early modern England and spread throughout the english-speaking universe in the nineteenth century. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, these customs spread to other countries, like those of Halloween, or than aspects of Christmas, ( such as Santa Claus ). Valentine ‘s Day is celebrated in many East asian countries with Singaporeans, Chinese and South Koreans spending the most money on Valentine ‘s gifts. [ 90 ]
america
Latin America
In most latin american countries, for example, Costa Rica, [ 91 ] Mexico, [ 92 ] and Puerto Rico, Saint Valentine ‘s Day is known as Día de los Enamorados ( ‘Day of Lovers ‘ ) [ 93 ] or as Día del Amor y la Amistad ( ‘Day of Love and Friendship ‘ ). It is besides park to see people perform “ acts of taste ” for their friends. [ 94 ] In Guatemala it is known as Día del Cariño ( ‘Affection Day ‘ ). [ 95 ] Some countries, in particular the Dominican Republic and El Salvador, [ 96 ] have a tradition called Amigo secreto ( “ Secret ally ” ), which is a game exchangeable to the Christmas tradition of Secret Santa. [ 94 ]
Brazil
In Brazil, the Dia dos Namorados ( alight. “ Lovers ‘ Day ”, or “ Boyfriends’/Girlfriends ‘ Day ” ) is celebrated on June 12, probably because that is the day before Saint Anthony ‘s day, known there as the ‘marriage ideal ‘, [ 97 ] when traditionally many single women perform democratic rituals, called simpatias, in order to find a good husband or boyfriend. Couples central gifts, chocolates, cards, and flower bouquets. The February 14 Valentine ‘s Day is not celebrated at all because it normally falls besides fiddling before or besides little after the brazilian Carnival [ 98 ] – that can fall anywhere from early on February to early March and lasts about a week. Because of the absence of Valentine ‘s Day and due to the celebrations of the Carnivals, Brazil was recommended by U.S. News & World Report as a tourist address during February for western singles who want to get away from the vacation. [ 99 ]
Colombia
Colombia celebrates Día del amor y la amistad on the third Saturday in September rather. [ 100 ] Amigo Secreto is besides democratic there. [ 101 ]
United States
In the United States, about 190 million Valentine ‘s Day cards are sent each year, not including the hundreds of millions of cards educate children commute. [ 102 ] Valentine ‘s Day is a major source of economic activity, with total expenditures in 2017 topping $ 18.2 billion in 2017, or over $ 136 per person. [ 103 ] This is an addition from $ 108 per person in 2010. [ 85 ]
asia
Afghanistan
In the Afghan tradition, love is often expressed through poetry. Some newly coevals budding poets like Ramin Mazhar, Mahtab Sahel are expressing themselves through poetry using Valentine ‘s Day expressing concerns on any likelihood of corrosion of freedoms. In their political comment they defy concern by saying ‘ I kiss you amid the Taliban’ [ 104 ]
Bangladesh
Valentine ‘s Day was beginning celebrated in Bangladesh by Shafik Rehman, a diarist and editor program of Jaijaidin in 1993. He was acquainted with western culture by studying in London. [ 105 ] He highlighted Valentine ‘s Day to the Bangladeshi people through Jaijaidin newspaper. Rehman is called the “ father of Valentine ‘s Day in Bangladesh ”. [ 106 ] On this day, people in versatile bonds including lovers, friends, husbands and wives, mothers and children, students and teachers express their love for each early with flowers, chocolates, cards and other gifts. On this day, diverse parks and refreshment centers of the nation are full of people of sleep together. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] No public holiday is declared on this day in Bangladesh. Some in Bangladesh feel that celebrating this day is not acceptable from a cultural and Islamic point of view. [ 109 ] Before the celebration of Valentine ‘s Day, February 14 was celebrated as the anti-authoritarian day in Bangladesh. however, that day is forgotten by people to celebrate Valentine ‘s Day. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ]
Read more: Cha Bum-kun – Wikipedia
China
In Chinese, Valentine ‘s Day is called lovers ‘ festival ( simplified Chinese : 情人节 ; traditional chinese : 情人節 ; Mandarin : Qīng Rén Jié ; Hokkien : Chêng Lîn Chiat ; yue : Chìhng Yàhn Jit ; Shanghainese Xin Yin Jiq ). The “ chinese Valentine ‘s Day ” is the Qixi Festival ( meaning “ The Night of Sevens ” ( chinese : 七夕 ; pinyin : Qi Xi ) ), celebrated on the one-seventh day of the seventh calendar month of the lunar calendar. According to the caption, the Cowherd star and the Weaver Maid star are normally separated by the Milky Way ( silver river ) but are allowed to meet by crossing it on the seventh day of the seventh calendar month of the Chinese calendar. [ 113 ] In late years, celebrating White Day has besides become fashionable among some young people. [ 114 ]
India
In India, in ancientness, there was a tradition of adoring Kamadeva, the godhead of love ; exemplificated by the erotic carvings in the Khajuraho Group of Monuments and by the writing of the Kamasutra. [ 115 ] This custom was lost around the Middle Ages, when Kamadeva was no long celebrated, and public displays of sexual affection became frown upon. [ 115 ] This repression of public affections began to loosen in the 1990s. [ 116 ] Valentine ‘s Day celebrations did not catch on in India until around 1992. It was spread ascribable to the programs in commercial television receiver channels, such as MTV, dedicated radio programs, and love letter competitions, in addition to an economic liberalization that allowed the explosion of the valentine card industry. [ 115 ] [ 117 ] The celebration has caused a sharp change on how people have been displaying their affection in public since the Middle Ages. [ 115 ] When we give attention to Valentine ‘s Day we find that 68 %, including Hindu, [ 118 ] Muslim [ 119 ] and Christian of people of India do not support of Valentine ‘s Day. [ 120 ] In modern times, Hindu and Islamic [ 121 ] traditionalists have considered the vacation to be cultural contamination from the West, a result of globalization in India. [ 115 ] [ 117 ] Shiv Sena and the Sangh Parivar have asked their followers to shun the holiday and the “ public entree of sleep together ” because of them being “ alien to indian culture ”. [ 122 ] Although these protests are organized by political elites, the protesters themselves are middle-class Hindu men who fear that the globalization will destroy the traditions in their society : arranged marriages, Hindu joint families, full-time mothers, etc. [ 117 ] [ 121 ] Despite these obstacles, Valentine ‘s Day is becoming increasingly democratic in India. [ 123 ] Valentine ‘s Day has been strongly criticized from a postcolonial perspective by intellectuals from the indian forget. The vacation is regarded as a front for “ western imperialism ”, “ neocolonialism “, and “ the exploitation of working classes through commerce by multinational corporations “. [ 124 ] It is claimed that as a result of Valentine ‘s Day, the exploit classes and rural poor become more disconnect socially, politically, and geographically from the hegemonic capitalist power structure. They besides criticize mainstream media attacks on Indians opposed to Valentine ‘s Day as a shape of demonization that is designed and derived to further the Valentine ‘s Day agenda. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] Right wing Hindu nationalists are besides hostile. In February 2012, Subash Chouhan of the Bajrang Dal warned couples that “ They can not kiss or hug in public places. Our activists will beat them up ”. [ 127 ] He said “ We are not against sleep together, but we criticize common exhibition of sleep together at public places ”. [ 128 ]
iran
part of a celebration of Valentine ‘s Day in Tehran Since the mid-2000s, Valentine ‘s Day has become increasingly popular in Iran, specially among young people. however, it has besides been the national of heavy criticism from iranian conservatives, who see it as separate of the spread of “ decadent ” western culture. [ 129 ] Since 2011, authorities have attempted to discourage celebrations and impose restrictions on the sale and production of Valentine ‘s Day-related goods, although the holiday remains popular as of 2018. [ 130 ] additionally, there have been efforts to revive the ancient Persian festival of Sepandārmazgān, which takes home around the same time, to replace Valentine ‘s Day, although, as of 2016, this has besides been largely unsuccessful. [ 131 ]
Israel
In Israel, the jewish custom of Tu B’Av has been revived and transformed into the jewish equivalent of Valentine ‘s Day. It is celebrated on the fifteenth day of the month of Av ( normally in former August ). In ancient times girls would wear whiten dresses and dancing in the vineyards, where the boys would be waiting for them ( Mishna Taanith end of Chapter 4 ). nowadays, Tu B’Av is celebrated as a irregular holiday of love by profane people ( along with Valentine ‘s Day ), and it shares many of the customs associated with Saint Valentine ‘s Day in western societies. In modern israeli culture Tu B’Av is a popular day to proclaim love, propose marriage, and give gifts like cards or flowers. [ 132 ]
Japan
In Japan, Morozoff Ltd. introduced the holiday for the first gear clock time in 1936, when it ran an ad aimed at foreigners. late, in 1953, it began promoting the giving of cordate chocolates ; other japanese confectionery companies followed courtship thereafter. In 1958, the Isetan department shop ran a “ valentine sale ”. Further campaigns during the 1960s popularized the customs. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] The custom that only women give chocolates to men may have originated from the translation error of a chocolate-company administrator during the initial campaigns. [ 135 ] In particular, office ladies give chocolate to their co-workers. Unlike western countries, gifts such as greet cards, [ 135 ] candies, flowers, or dinner dates [ 136 ] are rare, and most of the gifts-related action is about giving the right amount of chocolate to each person. [ 135 ] japanese cocoa companies make half their annual sales during this time of the year. [ 135 ] many women feel obliged to give chocolates to all male co-workers, except when the day falls on a Sunday, a holiday. This is known as giri-choko ( 義理チョコ ), from ‘giri’ ( “ obligation ” ) and ‘choko’, ( “ chocolate ” ), with unpopular co-workers receiving entirely “ ultra-obligatory ” ( ‘chō-giri choko’ ) cheap chocolate. This contrasts with honmei-choko ( 本命チョコ, unhorse. “ dependable feel cocoa ” ), chocolate given to a loved one. Friends, specially girls, may exchange chocolate referred to as tomo-choko ( 友チョコ, from ‘tomo’ meaning “ supporter ” ). [ 137 ] In the 1980s, the japanese National Confectionery Industry Association launched a successful campaign to make March 14 a “ answer day ”, where men are expected to return the favor to those who gave them chocolates on Valentine ‘s Day, calling it White Day for the color of the chocolates being offered. A former fail attack to popularize this celebration had been done by a marshmallow manufacturer who wanted men to return marshmallows to women. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] In Japan, the amatory “ date night ” associated to Valentine ‘s Day is celebrated on Christmas Eve. [ 138 ]
Lebanon
Valentine ‘s Day themed bouquet of cupcakes Saint Valentine is the patron ideal for a large separate of the lebanese population. Couples take the opportunity of Valentine ‘s feast day to exchange sweet words and gifts as proof of love. such gifts typically include boxes of chocolates, cupcakes, and red roses, which are considered the emblem of sacrifice and love. [ citation needed ] lebanese people celebrate Valentine ‘s Day in a different way in every city. In Beirut, men take women out to dine and may buy them a gift. many women are asked to marry on that sidereal day. In Sidon, Valentine ‘s Day is celebrated with the wholly family – it is more about family love than a couple ‘s love. [ citation needed ]
malaysia
muslim officials in West Malaysia warned Muslims against celebrating Valentine ‘s Day, linking it with vice activities. Deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin said the celebration of romantic love was “ not suitable ” for Muslims. Wan Mohamad Sheikh Abdul Aziz, head of the malaysian Islamic Development Department ( Jakim ), which oversees the state ‘s Islamic policies said that a fatwa ( ruling ) issued by the state ‘s crown clerics in 2005 noted that the day ‘is associated with elements of Christianity, ‘ and ‘we just can not get involved with other religions ‘ idolize rituals. ‘ Jakim officials planned to carry out a nationally campaign called “ Awas Jerat Valentine ‘s Day ” ( “ Mind the Valentine ‘s Day Trap ” ), aimed at preventing Muslims from celebrating the day on February 14, 2011. Activities include conducting raids in hotels to stop unseasoned couples from having unlawful sex and distributing leaflets to Muslim university students warning them against the day. [ 139 ] [ 140 ] On Valentine ‘s Day 2011, West Malaysian religious authorities arrested more than 100 Muslim couples concerning the celebration banish. Some of them would be charged in the Shariah Court for defying the department ‘s prohibition against the celebration of Valentine ‘s Day. [ 141 ] In East Malaysia, the celebration are much more allow among young Muslim couples although some Islamic officials and Muslim activists from the West side have told younger generations to refrain from such celebration by organising da’wah and tried to spread their prohibition into the East. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] In both the states of Sabah and Sarawak, the celebration is normally common with flowers. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] [ 146 ]
pakistan
The concept of Valentine ‘s Day was introduced into Pakistan during the late 1990s with special television and radio programs. The Jamaat-e-Islami political party has called for the banish of Valentine ‘s Day celebration. [ 123 ] Despite this, the celebration is becoming popular among urban youth and the florists expect to sell a great sum of flowers, particularly crimson roses. The subject is the same with menu publishers. [ 147 ] In 2016, local governing body of Peshwar officially banned the celebration of Valentine ‘s Day in the city. The banish was besides implemented in other cities such as Kohat by the local anesthetic governments. [ 148 ] In 2017, the Islamabad High Court banned Valentine ‘s Day celebrations in public places in Pakistan. [ 149 ]
Philippines
In the Philippines, Valentine ‘s Day is called Araw ng mga Puso in much the like manner as in the West. It is normally marked by a exorbitant addition in the price of flowers, peculiarly crimson roses. [ 150 ] It is the most popular day for weddings, [ 151 ] with some localities offering aggregate ceremonies for no charge. [ 152 ]
Saudi Arabia
In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2008, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine ‘s Day items, telling workshop workers to remove any red items, because the day is considered a christian holiday. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] This ban has created a black market for roses and wrapping paper. [ 154 ] [ 155 ] In 2012, the religious police arrested more than 140 Muslims for celebrating the vacation, and confiscated all bolshevik roses from flower shops. [ 156 ] Muslims are not allowed to celebrate the holiday, and non-Muslims can celebrate merely behind close doors. [ 157 ] “ Saudi cleric Sheikh Muhammad Al-‘Arifi said on Valentine ‘s Day Eve that celebrating this vacation constitutes bid’a – a prevent invention and deviation from religious law and customs – and apery of the West. ” [ 158 ] [ 159 ] however, in 2017 and 2018, after a fatwa was widely circulated, the religious patrol did not prevent Muslims from celebrating the day. [ 160 ]
Singapore
According to findings, Singaporeans are among the biggest spenders on Valentine ‘s Day, with 60 % of Singaporeans indicating that they would spend between $ 100 and $ 500 during the season leading up to the holiday. [ 90 ]
South Korea
In South Korea, women give cocoa to men on February 14, and men give non-chocolate sugarcoat to women on March 14 ( White Day ). On April 14 ( Black Day ), those who did not receive anything on February or March 14 go to a Chinese-Korean restaurant to eat black noodles ( 짜장면 jajangmyeon ) and lament their ‘single life ‘. [ 136 ] Koreans besides celebrate Pepero Day on November 11, when unseasoned couples give each other Pepero cookies. The date ’11/11 ‘ is intended to resemble the farseeing form of the cookie. The 14th of every calendar month marks a love-related day in Korea, although most of them are obscure. From January to December : Candle Day, Valentine ‘s Day, White Day, Black Day, Rose Day, Kiss Day, Silver Day, Green Day, Music Day, Wine Day, Movie Day, and Hug Day. [ 161 ] korean women give a much higher sum of cocoa than japanese women. [ 136 ]
Taiwan
In Taiwan, traditional Qixi Festival, Valentine ‘s Day and White Day are all celebrated. however, the situation is the reverse of Japan ‘s. Men give gifts to women on Valentine ‘s Day, and women return them on White Day. [ 136 ]
Europe
United Kingdom
In the UK, just under half of the population spend money on their Valentines and around £1.3 billion is spent annual on cards, flowers, chocolates, and other gifts, with an estimated 25 million cards being sent. [ 162 ] In Wales, some people celebrate Dydd Santes Dwynwen ( St. Dwynwen ‘s Day ) on January 25 alternatively of ( or a well as ) Valentine ‘s Day. The day commemorates St Dwynwen, the Welsh patron ideal of love. [ 163 ] The Welsh name for Saint Valentine is Sant Ffolant. In a 2016 poll conducted by Channel 4 for Valentine ‘s Day, Jane Austen ’ randomness line, “ My heart is, and constantly will be, yours ”, from her fresh Sense and Sensibility and said by Edward Ferrars ( Hugh Grant ) to Elinor Dashwood ( Emma Thompson ) in the acclaim 1995 film adaptation, was voted the most romanticist tune from literature, film and television receiver by thousands of women. [ 164 ]
ireland
On Saint Valentine ‘s Day in Ireland, many individuals who seek true love make a christian pilgrimage to the Shrine of St. Valentine in Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, which is said to house relics of Saint Valentine of Rome ; they pray at the shrine in hope of finding chat up. [ 165 ] There lies a book in which foreigners and locals have written their prayer requests for love. [ 166 ]
Finland and Estonia
In Finland, Valentine ‘s Day is called ystävänpäivä, which means “ Friend ‘s Day ”. As the name indicates, this day is more about remembering friends, not meaning others. In Estonia, Valentine ‘s Day was in the first place called valentinipäev and later besides sõbrapäev ( ‘Friend ‘s Day ‘ ) as a calque of the finnish term. [ 167 ]
France
In France, a traditionally catholic country, Valentine ‘s Day is known merely as “ Saint Valentin “, and is celebrated in much the same way as other western countries. [ 168 ] The relics of Saint Valentin de Terni, the patron of the St Valentine ‘s Day, are in the Catholic church service of Saint-Jean-Baptiste and Saint-Jean-l ’ Evangéliste located in the southerly France town of Roquemaure, Gard. The celebrations of “ Fête des Amoureux ” takes seat every two years on the Sunday closest to February 14. The village gets dressed in its 19th-century costume and put on the course of study with over 800 people .
Greece
St. Valentine ‘s Day, or Ημέρα του Αγίου Βαλεντίνου in Greek tradition was not associated with romanticist love. In the Eastern Orthodox church service there is another canonize who protects people who are in love, Hyacinth of Caesarea ( feast day July 3 ), but this was not widely known until the belated 1990s [ 169 ] In contemporaneous Greece, Valentine ‘s Day is generally celebrated as in the common western tradition. [ 170 ]
Poland
Saint Valentine ‘s Day was introduced to Poland together with the cult of Saint Valentine via Bavaria and Tyrol. [ 171 ] however, it rose in popularity merely in the 1990s. [ 171 ] The alone ( and the biggest ) public celebration in Poland is held annually from 2002 in Chełmno [ 171 ] under the name „Walentynki Chełmińskie ” ( Chełmno Valentine ‘s ). Because Chełmno ‘s parish church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary has been holding the relic of St. Valentine since the Middle Ages, local cult of the saint has been combined with the Anglo-Saxon custom. [ 171 ]
portugal
In Portugal, the vacation is known as “ Dia perform Namorados ” ( Lover ‘s Day / Day of the Enamoured ). As elsewhere, couples exchange gifts, but in some regions, women give a lenço de namorados ( “ lovers ‘ handkerchief ” ), which is normally embroidered with love motifs. [ 172 ]
romania
In recent years, Romania has besides started celebrating Valentine ‘s Day. This has drawn backlash from several groups, institutions, [ 173 ] and nationalist organizations like Noua Dreaptǎ, who condemn Valentine ‘s Day for being superficial, commercialist, and imported Western kitsch. In order to counter the perceive denaturation of national culture, Dragobete, a spring festival celebrated in parts of Southern Romania, has been rekindled after having been ignored during the Communist years as the traditional romanian holiday for lovers. The holiday is named after a quality from romanian folklore who was supposed to be the son of Baba Dochia. [ 174 ] Its date used to deviate depending on the geographic area, however nowadays it is normally observed on February 24. [ 175 ]
scandinavia
In Denmark and Norway, February 14 is known as Valentinsdag, and it is celebrated in much the same manner as in the United Kingdom. [ 176 ] In Sweden it is called Alla hjärtans dag ( “ All Hearts ‘ Day ” ) but is not widely celebrated. A 2016 survey revealed that less than 50 % of men and women were planning to buy presents for their partners. [ 177 ] The vacation has only been observed since the 1960s. [ 176 ]
Spain
In Spain, Valentine ‘s Day is known as “ San Valentín ” and is celebrated the same way as in the rest of the West .
Valentine ‘s Day in democratic acculturation
many films have been produced depicting assorted aspects of Valentine ‘s Day, including A Charlie Brown Valentine ( 2002 ) .
Antivalentinism and banish of Valentine ‘s sidereal day in some countries
Pakistan is the latest country to ban Valentine ‘s Day celebrations in public spaces after the nation ‘s high Court passed a rule. Before that, officials and clerics in Indonesia have banned and rejected the theme of Valentine ‘s Day saying they it is not part of muslim polish. Protestors holding boards saying “ Muslims say no to happy Valentine ’ s Day ” held rallies in four cities in Indonesia. [ 109 ] Since 2009, certain practices pertaining to Valentine ‘s Day ( such as giving flowers, cards, or other gifts indicative of Valentine ‘s Day ) are banned in Iran. [ 178 ] Law Enforcement Force fight with distributors of goods with symbols associated with Valentine ‘s Day. [ 179 ] In 2021, prosecution of Qom declared that it will fight with those who disseminate and provide anti-cultural symbols like those of Valentine ‘s Day. [ 180 ] Although Valentine ‘s Day is not accepted/approved by any institution or predominate in the nation and has no official condition, it ‘s highly accepted among a big part of the population. [ 181 ] One of the reasons for Valentine ‘s Day breaking out into the general population in Iran is the change in relations between the sexes, which are no long bound to marriage for two decades. [ 182 ]
See besides
Notes
- ^ For exercise, one source claims incorrectly that “ Pope Gelasius I muddled things in the fifth century by combining St. Valentine ‘s Day with Lupercalia to expel the hedonist rituals. ” Seipel, Arnie, The Dark Origins Of Valentine’s Day Archived April 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Nation Public Radio, February 13, 2011
- ^ Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61. The replacement of Lupercalia with Saint Valentine ‘s celebration was suggested by researchers Kellog and Cox. Ansgar says “ It is hardly credible, then, that Pope Gelasius could have introduced the feast of the Purification to counteract the Lupercalia, and in fact the diachronic records of his papacy give no hint of such an legal action. ”
- ^ Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61. This banquet is celebrated 40 days after the Nativity. In Jerusalem the Nativity was celebrated on January 6, and this banquet in February 14. But, in the West and even in Eastern places such as Antioch and Alexandria, Nativity was celebrated on December 25, and this Purification was not celebrated. When this feast was introduced to Rome, it was directly placed in February 2. Around that time, Jerusalem adopted the Nativity date of December 25 and moved the Purification to February 2 .
References
bibliography
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