Footwear and clothe company
For the confederacy african antelope, see Grey rhebok
Reebok International Limited ( ) is a footwear and dress manufacturer owned by german sporting goods giant Adidas from 2005 to 2022. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Reebok produces and distributes fitness, running, and CrossFit sportswear, including invest and footwear. It is the early official footwear and apparel sponsor for CrossFit and current patronize for Spartan Race. [ 8 ]

In 1958, Reebok was established in Great Britain as a companion party to J.W. Foster and Sons, a sporting goods ship’s company which had been founded in 1895 in Bolton, Lancashire. [ 9 ] From 1958 until 1986, the brand featured the Union Jack in its logo to signify the origins of the company. [ 10 ] The company ‘s global headquarters are located in Boston, Massachusetts, [ 11 ] U.S., with regional offices in Amsterdam, Montreal, Hong Kong, and Mexico City. In November 2016, Reebok announced it would be moving its headquarters from the Boston suburb of Canton to the Innovation and Design Building in the Seaport District of South Boston. The reasons for the move, according to the ship’s company, were to be located in an urban environment that is more desirable to millennial workers and to “ clarify the roles ” of United States offices. [ 12 ] The go was completed in fall of 2018. [ 13 ]

history [edit ]

early history [edit ]

In 1895, Joseph William Foster at the long time of 14 depart work in his bedroom above his father ‘s sweetshop in Bolton, England, and designed some of the earliest spiked linear shoes. [ 14 ] After his ideas progressed, he founded his business ‘J.W. Foster ‘ in 1900, later he joined with his sons and changed the company name to J.W. Foster and Sons. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Foster opened a small factory called Olympic Works, and gradually became celebrated among athletes for his “ running pumps ”. [ 14 ] For pioneering the habit of spikes, the company ‘s revolutionary running pumps appear in the ledger, Golden Kicks: The Shoes that changed Sport. [ 17 ] The company began distributing shoes across the Union Jack flag [ clarification needed ] which were worn by british athletes. [ 17 ] They were made celebrated by 100m Olympic ace Harold Abrahams ( who would be immortalised in the Oscar acquire film Chariots of Fire ) in the 1924 Summer Olympics held in Paris. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] In 1958, in Bolton, two of the laminitis ‘s grandsons, Joe and Jeff Foster, formed a companion company “ Reebok ”, having found the identify in a confederacy african dictionary north korean won in a run slipstream by Joe Foster as a boy. [ 15 ] The name is Afrikaans for the grey rhebok, a type of African antelope. [ 17 ] [ 19 ]

U.S. marketplace [edit ]

In 1979, at the Chicago International Sneaker Trade show an american businessman, Paul Fireman, took notice of Reebok. Fireman was working for team sports and negotiated a deal to license and distribute the Reebok sword in the United States. The division was called Reebok USA Ltd. [ 20 ] Later that year, Fireman introduced three new shoes to the market at $ 60. By 1981, Reebok reached more than $ 1.5 million in sales. [ 9 ]
In 1982, Reebok debuted the Reebok Freestyle aerobics shoe, the first athletic horseshoe designed for women. [ 9 ] [ 21 ] The follow year, Reebok ‘s sales were $ 13 million. [ 22 ] The company began expanding from tennis and aerobics shoes to running and basketball throughout the mid to late 1980s, the largest segments of the athletic footwear industry at the time. [ 23 ] Fireman bought the English-based rear company in 1984. In addition to its IPO, the brand conquered [ promotion? ] tennis with the Newport Classic, popularized by Boris Becker and John Mc Enroe, and the Revenge Plus, better known nowadays under its identify Reebok Club C. officially an american english company in 1985, Reebok had its initial populace offer on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol RBK. [ 18 ] [ 23 ] In 1986, Reebok switched its logo from the Union Jack pin it had since its establish, to the Vector logo – an abstract Union Jack streak across a race track – which mirrored the design of the side flashes of its shoes [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The switch signaled the transition of the company into a performance mark as it began licensing deals with professional athletes in the NBA and NFL. [ 26 ] During the 1980s, Reebok began introducing sports dress and accessories ( alongside entering the college/pro sports sphere ), along with a new argumentation of children ‘s athletic shoes ( called ‘Weeboks ‘ ). [ 27 ] By mid-decade, Reebok ‘s sales were about $ 1 billion. [ 6 ] One of the party ‘s most iconic technologies, [ 28 ] the Reebok Pump, debuted in 1989 [ 29 ] [ 30 ] with more than 100 professional athletes wearing the footwear by 1992, including Shaquille O’Neal. [ 9 ] [ 31 ] Reebok worked with fitness professional Gin Miller in the late 1980s to develop Step Reebok, based on Miller ‘s wooden prototype tone and her ideas for step aerobics. The step was evaluated in physiology trials undertaken by Drs. Lorna and Peter Francis at San Diego State University. In August 1989 the Step was quick, made in model plastic by Sports Step of Atlanta with Reebok ‘s name on it, [ 32 ] and by March 1990, the step aerobics classes were attracting media attention. [ 33 ] Miller promoted Step Reebok in person, touring the U.S. and demonstrating it at exercise studios. Step aerobics became wide popular, helping the company sell many thousands of adjustable-height step devices and millions of high-top shoes with ankle support. [ 19 ] Step aerobics peaked in 1995 with 11.4 million people exercising in that style. [ 34 ] Reebok named Carl Yankowski president of the united states and chief executive officer of the brand in 1998, replacing early president of the united states Robert Meers. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Yankowski stepped down one year late to accept an executive position at another company. Reebok president and CEO Paul Fireman took over as president for the first time in 12 years. [ 36 ]
Reebok signed Venus Williams after she won singles titles at Wimbledon and the 2000 Summer Olympics. [ 37 ] In December 2000, Reebok signed a 10-year license agreement with the NFL for the single rights to manufacture and sell NFL license merchandise, including uniforms and footwear, for all 32 teams. [ 38 ] In 2001, Reebok became the exclusive apparel outfitter for the 29 teams in the NBA, [ 39 ] and 16 WNBA teams for ten-spot years beginning in the 2004–2005 season. [ 40 ] The conduct besides added the Reebok vector logo to the 2004 U.S. Olympic basketball team ‘s uniforms. [ 41 ] besides in 2001, Reebok hired the Arnell Group with Peter Arnell as their leave market agency. They created the “ Outperform ” campaign, the Yao Ming note, the Rbk trade name and the celebrated Terry Tate Super Bowl commercial, among early programs. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] late in 2001, Jay Margolis was named as Reebok ‘s president of the united states and COO. [ 45 ] After launching retail flagship stores in China, Dhaka, London, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia and Tokyo, Margolis resigned in October 2004. Fireman took over as president after signing a new long-run employment agreement with the Reebok board of directors. [ 46 ] In 2003, Reebok besides became the official uniform and apparel supplier for the Canadian Football League, which took effect in 2004. [ 47 ] Reebok acquired official National Hockey League sponsor CCM in 2004. The company began manufacturing ice field hockey equipment under the CCM and Reebok brands. Reebok phased out the CCM name on NHL authentic and replica jerseys, using the Reebok logo since 2005. CCM became Reebok-CCM Hockey in 2007. Reebok moved most of its ice hockey equipment lines to CCM after 2015. [ 48 ] In 2017, Adidas sold CCM to a canadian individual equity fast, Birch Hill Equity Partners, for around $ 100 million. [ 49 ]

Adidas ownership ( 2005–present ) [edit ]

Following an cerebral place lawsuit in August 2005, Adidas acquired Reebok as a subordinate, uniting two of the largest sport outfitting companies, but maintaining operations under their distinguish post names. [ 50 ] Adidas acquired all of the outstanding Reebok shares and completed the deal valued at $ 3.8 billion. [ 51 ] Following the skill, Adidas replaced Reebok as the official consistent supplier for the NBA in 2006 [ 24 ] with an 11-year deal that includes the WNBA, replica jerseys, and warm-up gearing. [ 52 ] Reebok named Paul Harrington president and CEO of the company in January 2006, replacing Paul Fireman who was acting president of the united states since 2004. Harrington joined the caller in 1994 and was Reebok ‘s aged frailty president of global operations and headman provision range officeholder. [ 53 ] In 2010, Reebok announced a partnership with CrossFit, a fitness company and competitive fitness sport, including sponsoring the CrossFit Games, opening CrossFit studios, and introducing a cable of co-branded footwear and apparel for fall 2011. [ 54 ] In 2011, Reebok debuted the CrossFit delta symbol on the stigmatize ‘s fitness apparel line. Around that time, Reebok, as it lento began to lose its contracts to make sports uniforms and dress to master sports leagues and college teams ( its stopping point uniform rights contract, with the NHL, ended in 2017 ) began repositioning itself as a largely fitness-oriented sword, merely as it had been during the 1980s and early 1990s. [ 55 ] In 2013, Reebok announced another fitness partnership with Les Mills, a group fitness and team prepare program in eighty countries in more than 20,000 studios. The agreement included Reebok footwear and clothing integration into Les Mills ‘ fitness programs and media marketing. By July 2013, the crimson delta signal began showing up on all of Reebok ‘s fitness collections. The brand announced it was phasing out the vector logo and replacing it with the delta signal, making it the company ‘s second logo change in more than 120 years. [ 24 ] The delta symbol represents the three pillars of convinced self-change including mental, physical and social, as Reebok increases its presence in the fitness industry with yoga, dancing, aerobics and CrossFit. [ 26 ] Following a successful re-release of many of its iconic gym shoe and dress lines from the early/mid 1990s, in November 2019, Reebok announced that it was updating the 1992 Vector logo along with the original “ Reebok ” script in Motter Tektura font and restoring both as the company ‘s core post identity, citing the reason that consumers silent identified with them quite than the 2013 “ Delta ” logo. [ 56 ] although the Delta would continue to be used on certain fitness equipment and apparel lines .

Acquisition by Authentic Brands Group [edit ]

After some fiscal struggles, Adidas announced on February 16, 2021 its plans to divest the Reebok sword as the german sportswear godhead moves on after trying to revive its performance for more than a decade, after analyzing options for the brand [ 57 ] and expects a strike of about 250 million euros to operating net income from costs to make its struggling Reebok stigmatize a standalone ship’s company as it prepares to sell or spin-off the occupation, with a third of that in 2022 but none in 2023. [ 58 ] On July 1, 2021, Adidas shortlisted bidders for the sword, the finalist companies being Wolverine World Wide and Authentic Brands Group on a joint batch, individual equity companies Advent International, CVC, Cerberus Capital, and Sycamore Partners, with a deadline for August 2021. [ 59 ] On August 12, 2021, it was announced that Authentic Brands Group would be acquiring the Reebok post from Adidas from at least $ 2.5 billion, in a deal expected to close in the first quarter of 2022. [ 60 ]

Logo development [edit ]

Offices [edit ]

Reebok ‘s early parent company, Adidas, is headquartered in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria, Germany, while the Reebok world headquarters remains located in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Reebok EMEA ( Europe, Middle East, Africa ) has its regional agency in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The company besides has extra regional offices located in Panama City ( Reebok Latin America ), Shanghai ( Reebok Shanghai International Commerce Centre ), Singapore, Taikoo Shing, and Toronto. [ 61 ] Reebok first entered the south korean market in 1987 and has since been making substantial gross in South Korea. It is shown that it is the third base most democratic sports brand in South Korea. Through the amalgamation and learning of the sword by Adidas in 2005, Reebok is nobelium long listed as a company in South Korea .

Products [edit ]

Reebok footwear Royal Glide Ripple Clip men ‘s brake shoe, pictured in 2017 11k Pump Inline field hockey -Skates from 2011 Reebok designs, manufactures, distributes and sells fitness, running and CrossFit sportswear including clothe and footwear. The clothing line includes t-shirts, hoodies and pants among other items. The brand has besides collaborated with other companies to produce fitness equipment and workouts. The party has released numerous noteworthy styles of footwear including the 1982 introduction of the Reebok Freestyle that was manufactured and marketed for women. [ 62 ] In 1984, the shoe accounted for more than one-half of the Reebok sales. [ 63 ] Following the aerobics tendency from the 1980s to early 1990s, Reebok besides released exercise programs called Reebok Step beginning in 1989. [ 64 ] The brand besides introduced one of their most key signature shoes, The Reebok Pump. The footwear solicitation was released as a men ‘s basketball shoe and the earth ‘s first fully adjustable burst controlled with manual air travel allotment. [ 65 ]

The Reebok Ventilator, a line of lightweight athletic shoes with vented slope panels, was first introduced in 1990. [ 66 ] In 1996, Reebok signed a $ 50 million endorsement deal with Allen Iverson when he signed with the Philadelphia 76ers. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Iverson collaborated with Reebok during his contract to create the second-longest scat basketball horseshoe line in history, beginning with the Question shoe in 1996 and ending with Answer XIV. [ 69 ] In 2010, the stigmatize released Reebok Zig, an athletic footwear technology and solicitation of shoes include zigzag foam soles designed to push athletes ahead. [ 70 ] The Reebok Nano was released in 2011 and is the first base official CrossFit brake shoe. [ 71 ] The company has besides partnered up with Les Mills and CrossFit to produce more fitness apparel, footwear, and workouts. [ 19 ] [ 72 ] Reebok released the Z-Series foam, a combination of dense midsole and outsole sol the foam is cushioned but not worn-down. The foam debuted on the ZQuick TR with Reebok ‘s new delta logo in 2014. [ 73 ] Reebok Future invention house has developed a new engineering they call Liquid Factory. A automaton will extrude liquid polyurethane and “ draw ” shoe components without the use of traditional brake shoe molds. [ 74 ] In 2017, the UFC announced the launch of a new collection under the appoint Fight Night Collection that includes an promote translation of the Reebok-branded apparels. [ 75 ] In 2018, Victoria Beckham being a long-run design partner with Reebok launched her first gear solicitation inspired by Shaquille O’Neal. [ 76 ] [ 77 ]

Endorsements [edit ]

Reebok sponsorships include individual professional athletes, [ 78 ] and the Portugal national basketball team. [ 79 ]

asia [edit ]

Reebok sponsored kits for top seeded indian Football clubs, Mohun Bagan AC ( 2006–11 ) and East Bengal FC ( 2003–05, 2006–10 ). [ 80 ] Later it sponsored kits for indian Premier League teams, such as the Royal Challengers Bangalore, Kolkata Knight Riders, Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings in the first edition of the league held in 2008. however, for the second gear edition held in 2009, the sponsorships included Royal Challengers Bangalore, Kolkata Knight Riders, Chennai Super Kings, Kings XI Punjab kits. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] In May 2012, Reebok India filed a criminal complaint against former managerial employees, Subhinder Singh Prem and Vishnu Bhagat, accusing them of a fiscal fraud of up to US $ 233 million. [ 83 ] On the charge of allege Foreign Exchange Management Act ( FEMA ) violations, Reebok India was booked and may face penal action. [ 84 ] Twelve further arrests of employees and associates were made during the same period. As of July 2013, Prem and Bhagat were granted bail by the high court but remained imprison following their detention in September 2012. [ 85 ] One of Reebok ‘s most big athletes, indian cricketer Mahendra Singh Dhoni, was named by Forbes as the world ‘s thirty first highest-paid sportsperson in June 2012. At the time of the article, Dhoni endorsed more than 20 other brands in deals that were cumulatively valued at US $ 23 million. [ 86 ]

Europe [edit ]

( Left ) : The Reebok logo on the seating of what was then Reebok Stadium ( nowadays University of Bolton stadium ) in the fall through ‘s base town of Bolton, England ; ( right ) : Ryan Giggs in his Reebok Sprintfit football boots. The former Manchester United winger signed an endorsement with Reebok in the early 1990s The company maintained its relationship with its origins in the UK through a long-run sponsorship hand with Bolton Wanderers, a League One football club, however, in 2009, Bolton changed their sponsorship to 188bet. When the team moved to a brand newfangled land in the late-1990s, their new home was named the Reebok Stadium. several early english clubs, such as Liverpool F.C., had Reebok sponsorship deals up until the purchase by Adidas, but most have since switched to either the rear mark ( which has a long history in football ) or another company wholly. In April 2014, Bolton Wanderers formally announced the Reebok Stadium would be formally rebranded in a newfangled sponsorship cope with sportswear manufacturer Macron, who will manufacture the club ‘s kits and sponsor the stadium under the name Macron Stadium in a four-year consider announced by the club ‘s president, Phil Gartside. [ 87 ] In Germany, Reebok sponsored football club 1. FC Köln. [ 88 ] In rugby union, Reebok sponsored the Wales national team until late 2008, who won the Grand Slam in the Six Nations Championship in that year, and the Tasman Makos in New Zealand ‘s domestic contest, the Air New Zealand Cup. [ 89 ] In 2006, Arsenal and France national team striker Thierry Henry signed a deal to join the “I Am What I Am” campaign on August 1, 2006. [ 90 ] Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs has besides done “I Am What I Am” commercials. [ 91 ] Andriy Shevchenko started his second deal with the party in 2006. [ 92 ] [ 93 ]

soviet union [edit ]

In February 2019, the russian subsidiary company faced a scandal. While adapting the sword ‘s “ Never apologize for being strong ” ad campaign, Reebok posted pictures on its social media accounts which encouraged women to try facesitting, saying ( “ To sit on a man ‘s face rather of sitting on a needle of serviceman ‘s approval ” ). The populace had a veto reaction to this and russian Marketing Director Alexander Golofast along with respective early employees were fired The headquarter besides had to issue an apology. [ 94 ]

North America [edit ]

Reebok store in North America In 2004, Reebok entered into a bargain that allows them the rights to manufacture canadian Football League ( CFL ) onfield jerseys, sideline gear and footwear ; this share ended in 2015. [ 95 ] In Mexico, Reebok was kit provider of Chivas de Guadalajara before the team was taken over by parent company Adidas in 2011. [ 96 ]

United States [edit ]

Reebok shoes were featured as product placement advertise on the Nickelodeon game show Double Dare in the 1980s. [ 97 ] From 2002 to 2012, the company held the exclusive rights to manufacture and market both authentic and replica uniform jersey, sideline dress and caps, and onfield football footwear ( marketed as NFL Equipment ) of the teams of the National Football League ( NFL ). The company hired filmmaker Errol Morris to produce a serial of 30-second commercials that aired during the 2006 NFL season. [ 98 ] Reebok signed a four-year hand to become the official shoe supplier to Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in 2004 ; [ 99 ] Reebok besides was given the rights to be the official uniform and apparel provider of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) that like year ; this alliance lasted until 2015. [ 100 ] Reebok held the rights to produce the on-ice “ EDGE ” uniform System, performance dress and training footwear of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) in a 10-year agreement from 2007 to 2017. [ 101 ] On December 2, 2014, the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) announced a six-year deal with Reebok, which began in July 2015. [ 102 ] In July 2018, Reebok Boston Track Club announced to be led by coach Chris Fox from Syracuse University. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ]

Non-sport relate endorsements [edit ]

Rapper Jay-Z became the first non-athlete to get a touch horseshoe from Reebok. The “S. Carter Collection by Rbk” was launched on November 21, 2002, and the S. Carter fink became the fastest-selling shoe in the company ‘s history. [ 106 ] Later, Reebok made a cover with knocker 50 penny to release a lineage of G-Unit sneakers, and artists such as Nelly and Miri Ben-Ari have become spokespersons for the company. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] Reebok besides signed Scarlett Johansson and introduced her own cable of clothing and footwear called Scarlett Hearts, depart of the Rbk Lifestyle Collection. Pop singer Ariana Grande signed to Reebok in 2017. In the 2016 Gigi Hadid joined the ship’s company. Reebok besides produce shoes for Emporio Armani under the label EA7. Some artists and fashion figures that have signed endorsement agreements with Reebok in the concluding years are Ariana Grande, Gal Gadot, Victoria Beckham, Cardi B, and Camille Kostek. [ 109 ]

oceania [edit ]

In 2005, Reebok besides signed an exclusive agreement to design and supply all eight team home and away strips for the new australian A-League rival. Although not an expensive deal, this partnership paid dividends for Reebok, ascribable to the growing popularity of football and the league in the area. An calculate 125,000 A-League jerseys were sold in Australia, a record for a single league ‘s sales in a year for a sports manufacturer. [ 110 ] Reebok ‘s agreement ended at the finish of the 2010–11 season .

South America [edit ]

Reebok was the undifferentiated supplier for brazilian clubs Cruzeiro, Vasco, Internacional and São Paulo FC, argentine clubs San Martín de Los Andes, Paraguayan clubs General Díaz and Uruguayan clubs Peñarol. [ 111 ]

charitable work [edit ]

The Reebok Foundation operates the “ Build Our Kids ‘ success ” ( BOKS ) program to provide US schoolchildren with physical activities before the school day. Reebok funds the course of study with direct grants and by contributing a share of shoe sales. [ 112 ]

See besides [edit ]

Notes [edit ]

References [edit ]