Wikipedia

musical instrument
This article is about the general class of bagpipes. For specific types of bagpipe, see List of bagpipes
Bagpipes are a woodwind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a ceaseless reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The scottish Great Highland bagpipes are the best sleep together examples in the Anglophone universe, but people have played bagpipes for centuries throughout big parts of Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia, around the Persian Gulf and northern parts of South Asia. The term bagpipe is equally correct in the remarkable or the plural, though pipers normally refer to the bagpipes as “ the pipes ”, “ a jell of pipes ” or “ a stand of pipes ”.

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construction [edit ]

Skye Boat Song (

) An adaptation of the “ Skye Boat Song “ for Great Highland bagpipes played by the Clan Stewart Pipe Band .
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A detail from the Cantigas de Santa Maria showing bagpipes with one chanter and a parallel drone ( Spain, thirteenth hundred ) . A detail from a paint by Hieronymus Bosch showing two bagpipers ( fifteenth century ). A set of bagpipes minimally consists of an air out add, a bag, a chanter, and normally at least one monotone. many bagpipes have more than one drone ( and, sometimes, more than one chanter ) in versatile combinations, held in place in stocks—sockets that fasten the versatile pipes to the bag .

Air supply [edit ]

The most common method of supplying breeze to the bag is through blowing into a blowtube or blowstick. In some pipes the player must cover the peak of the blowtube with their spit while inhaling, but most blowpipes have a non-return valve that eliminates this need. In late times, there are many instruments that assist in creating a clean tune flow to the pipes and assist the collection of condensation. The use of a bellows to supply air is an invention dating from the 16th or seventeenth hundred. In these pipes, sometimes called “ cauld wind pipes, ” air travel is not heated or moistened by the actor ‘s breathe, so bellows-driven bagpipes can use more refine or delicate reeds. such pipes include the Irish uilleann pipes ; the molding or Lowland pipes, scottish smallpipes, Northumbrian smallpipes and pastorale pipes in Britain ; the musette de cour, the musette bechonnet and the cabrette in France ; and the Dudy wielkopolskie, koziol bialy and koziol czarny in Poland .

bag [edit ]

The bag is an airtight reservoir that holds atmosphere and regulates its flow via weapon coerce, allowing the musician to maintain continuous, even sound. The player keeps the bag inflated by blowing vent into it through a blowtube or by pumping publicize into it with a bellows. Materials used for bags vary widely, but the most common are the skins of local animals such as goats, dogs, sheep, and cows. More recently, bags made of synthetic materials including Gore-Tex have become much more common. synthetic bags have zips that allow the player to fit a more effective moisture bunker to the inside of the bag. however, man-made bags carry risk of colonization by fungal spores, and the consort danger of lung contagion, because they require less clean than do bags made from natural substances. Bags cut from larger materials are normally saddle-stitched with an supernumerary strip folded over the wrinkle and stitched ( for bark bags ) or glued ( for synthetic bags ) to reduce leaks. Holes are then cut to accommodate the stocks. In the case of bags made from largely intact animal skins, the stocks are typically tied into the points where the limb and the head joined the body of the whole animal, a construction proficiency common in Central Europe .

chanter [edit ]

The chanter is the melody pipe, played with two hands. All bagpipes have at least one chanter ; some pipes have two chanters, peculiarly those in North Africa, in the Balkans, and in Southwest Asia. A chanter can be bored internally so that the inside walls are parallel ( or “ cylindrical ” ) for its full length, or it can be bored in a conic supreme headquarters allied powers europe. The chanter is normally open-ended, so there is no easy way for the actor to stop the pipe from sounding. therefore most bagpipes parcel a ceaseless legato audio with no rests in the music. Primarily because of this inability to stop play, technical movements are made to break up notes and to create the magic trick of articulation and accents. Because of their importance, these embellishments ( or “ ornaments ” ) are frequently highly technical systems particular to each bagpipe, and take many years of analyze to passkey. A few bagpipes ( such as the musette de cour, the uilleann pipes, the Northumbrian smallpipes, the piva and the impart chanter of the surdelina ) have closed ends or stop the end on the actor ‘s branch, so that when the player “ closes ” ( covers all the holes ), the chanter becomes mum. A practice chanter is a chanter without pocket or drones, allowing a musician to exercise the instrument quietly and with no variables other than playing the chanter. The term chanter is derived from the Latin cantare, or “ to sing ”, much like the modern french word chanteur .

Chanter reed [edit ]

The note from the chanter is produced by a reed installed at its top. The reed may be a individual ( a reed with one vibrating tongue ) or double reed ( of two pieces that vibrate against each other ). double reeds are used with both conical- and parallel-bored chanters while single reeds are generally ( although not entirely ) limited to parallel-bored chanters. In general, double-reed chanters are found in pipes of Western Europe while single-reed chanters appear in most other regions .

drone [edit ]

Most bagpipes have at least one monotone, a pipe that broadly is not fingered but rather produces a ceaseless harmonize note throughout play ( normally the tonic note of the chanter ). Exceptions are broadly those pipes that have a double-chanter rather. A drone is most normally a cylindrically bored tube with a one reed, although drones with doubly reeds exist. The monotone is by and large designed in two or more parts with a sliding joint so that the pitch of the dawdler can be adjusted. Depending on the type of pipes, the drones may lie over the shoulder, across the arm opposite the bag, or may run twin to the chanter. Some drones have a tune screw, which efficaciously alters the distance of the drone by opening a trap, allowing the drone to be tuned to two or more clear-cut pitches. The tuning prison guard may besides shut off the drone altogether. In most types of pipes with one dawdler, it is pitched two octaves below the tonic of the chanter. Additional drones frequently add the octave below and then a drone consonant with the fifth of the chanter .

history [edit ]

potential ancient origins [edit ]

The evidence for bagpipes prior to the thirteenth century AD is inactive uncertain, but respective textual and ocular clues have been suggested. The Oxford History of Music posits that a sculpture of bagpipes has been found on a Hittite slab at Euyuk in Anatolia, dated to 1000 BC. respective authors identify the ancient greek askaulos ( ἀσκός askos – wine-skin, αὐλός aulos – reed pipe ) with the bagpipe. [ 1 ] In the second century AD, Suetonius described the Roman emperor butterfly Nero as a player of the tibia utricularis. [ 2 ] Dio Chrysostom wrote in the first century of a contemporary autonomous ( possibly Nero ) who could play a pipe ( tibia, Roman reedpipes alike to Greek and Etruscan instruments ) with his mouth vitamin a good as by tucking a bladder beneath his armpit. [ 3 ]

spread and development in Europe [edit ]

Image of Irelande, Military use of the bagpipe dated 1581, Military use of the bagpipe dated 1581 In the early share of the second millennium, theatrical performance of bagpipes began to appear with frequency in western european artwork and iconography. The Cantigas de Santa Maria, written in Galician-Portuguese and compiled in Castile in the mid-13th century, depicts respective types of bagpipes. [ 4 ] respective illustrations of bagpipes besides appear in the Chronique dite de Baudoin d’Avesnes, a 13th-century manuscript of northerly french lineage. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Although attest of bagpipes in the british Isles prior to the fourteenth century is contested, they are explicitly mentioned in The Canterbury Tales ( written around 1380 ) : [ 7 ]

A baggepype wel coude he blowe and sowne, /And ther-with-al he broghte us out of towne. — Canterbury Tales

Bagpipes were besides patronize subjects for carvers of wooden choir stalls in the late 15th and early sixteenth hundred throughout Europe, sometimes with animal musicians. [ 8 ] actual specimens of bagpipes from before the eighteenth hundred are highly rare ; however, a hearty issue of paintings, carvings, engravings and manuscript illuminations survive. These artifacts are clear testify that bagpipes varied wide throughout Europe, and even within individual regions. many examples of early on family bagpipes in continental Europe can be found in the paintings of Brueghel, Teniers, Jordaens, and Durer. [ 9 ] The earliest known artifact identified as a partially of a bagpipe is a chanter found at Rostock in 1985 that has been dated to the late fourteenth hundred or the inaugural quarter of the fifteenth century. [ 10 ]

late history [edit ]

A canadian soldier plays the bagpipes during the war in Afghanistan. Bagpipes are frequently used during funerals and memorials, particularly among fire department, military and patrol forces in the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Commonwealth kingdom, and the U.S. During the expansion of the british Empire, spearheaded by british military forces that included Highland regiments, the scottish Great Highland bagpipe became well-known global. This billow in popularity was boosted by large numbers of pipers trained for military service in World War I and World War II. This coincided with a refuse in the popularity of many traditional forms of bagpipe throughout Europe, which began to be displaced by instruments from the classical tradition and subsequently by gramophone and radio receiver. In the United Kingdom and Commonwealth Nations such as Canada, New Zealand and Australia, the Great Highland bagpipe is normally used in the military and is frequently played during formal ceremonies. Foreign militaries patterned after the british united states army have besides adopted the Highland bagpipe, including those of Uganda, Sudan, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Jordan, and Oman. many police and fire services in Scotland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and the United States have besides adopted the tradition of fielding pipe bands .
Scotland A piper busk with the Great Highland bagpipe on the street in Edinburgh In holocene years, frequently driven by revivals of native folk music and dance, many types of bagpipes have enjoyed a revival in popularity and, in many cases, instruments that had fallen into obscurity have become highly democratic. In Brittany, the Great Highland bagpipe and concept of the pipe band were appropriated to create a Breton interpretation known as the bagad. The pipe-band idiom has besides been adopted and applied to the galician gaita vitamin a good. Bagpipes have frequently been used in diverse films depicting moments from scottish and irish history ; the film Braveheart and the theatrical performance show Riverdance have served to make the uilleann pipes more normally known. Bagpipes are sometimes played at formal events at Commonwealth universities, particularly in Canada. Because of scots influences on the sport of curling, bagpipes are besides the official instrument of the World Curling Federation and are normally played during a ceremonial progress of teams before major curling championships. Bagpipe hold was once a trade that produced instruments in many distinctive, local anesthetic and traditional styles. today, the world ‘s largest producer of the instrument is Pakistan, where the diligence was worth $ 6.8 million in 2010. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] In the late twentieth century, assorted models of electronic bagpipes were invented. The inaugural custom-built MIDI bagpipes were developed by the Asturian piper known as Hevia ( José Ángel Hevia Velasco ). [ 17 ]The City Of Auckland Pipe Band. Bagpipes players from Astronaut Kjell N. Lindgren is thought to be the first person to play the bagpipes in extinct distance, having played “ amaze deck ” in tribute to late research scientist Victor Hurst aboard the International Space Station in November 2015. [ 18 ] traditionally, one of the purposes of the bagpipe was to provide music for dancing. This has declined with the emergence of dance bands, recordings, and the worsen of traditional dance. In act, this has led to many types of pipes developing a performance-led tradition, and indeed much modern music based on the dance music tradition played on bagpipes is suitable for habit as dance music. [ citation needed ]

mod custom [edit ]

Types of bagpipes [edit ]

numerous types of bagpipes nowadays are widely spread across Europe and the Middle East, ampere well as through much of the former british Empire. The name bagpipe has about become synonymous with its best-known shape, the Great Highland bagpipe, overshadowing the capital phone number and assortment of traditional forms of bagpipe. Despite the decline of these other types of pipes over the last few centuries, in recent years many of these pipes have seen a revival or revival as musicians have sought them out ; for case, the Irish piping custom, which by the mid twentieth century had declined to a handful of master players is today alert, good, and flourishing a situation similar to that of the Asturian gaita, the Galician gaita, the Portuguese gaita transmontana, the Aragonese gaita de boto, Northumbrian smallpipes, the Breton biniou, the Balkan gaida, the romanian cimpoi, the Black Sea tulum, the scottish smallpipes and pastoral pipes, adenine well as other varieties .

image gallery [edit ]

usage in non-traditional music [edit ]

Since the 1960s, bagpipes have besides made appearances in other forms of music, including rock, metallic, wind, hip-hop, punk rock, and classical music, for exercise with Paul McCartney ‘s “ Mull of Kintyre “, AC/DC ‘s “ It ‘s a long means to the Top ( If You Wan sodium Rock ‘n ‘ Roll ) “, and Peter Maxwell Davies ‘s composition An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise .
The piper from Oberhausen Zirkus Zeitgeist Saltatio Mortis .

Publications [edit ]

Periodicals [edit ]

Periodicals covering specific types of bagpipes are addressed in the article for that bagpipe

Books [edit ]

Baines, Anthony (Nov 1991), Woodwind Instruments and Their HistoryISBN 0-486-26885-3.
——— (1995), Bagpipes (3rd ed.), Pitt Rivers Museum, Univ. of Oxford, ISBN 0-902793-10-1, 147 pp. with plates.
Cheape, Hugh, The Book of the Bagpipe.
Collinson, Francis (1975), The Bagpipe, The History of a Musical Instrument.