Mali - Wikipedia

state in West Africa
This article is about the country in West Africa. For other uses, see Mali ( disambiguation ) Coordinates :
Mali ( ; french pronunciation : [ mali ] ), officially the Republic of Mali ( french : République du Mali ; Bambara : ߡߊߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ, romanized : Mali ka Fasojamana, Fula : ?????????? ?????, romanized : Renndaandi Maali, Arabic : جمهورية مالي‎ ), is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest area in Africa, with an area of over 1,240,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq nautical mile ). The population of Mali is 19.1 million. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] 67 % of its population was estimated to be under the old age of 25 in 2017. [ 11 ] Its das kapital and largest city is Bamako. The autonomous state of Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north strive deep into the center of the Sahara Desert. The nation ‘s southern share is in the Sudanian savanna, where the majority of inhabitants live, and both the Niger and Senegal rivers pass through. The area ‘s economy centres on agriculture and mine. One of Mali ‘s most big natural resources is gold, and the state is the third largest producer of gold on the african celibate. [ 12 ] It besides exports salt. [ 13 ]

Reading: Mali – Wikipedia

contemporary Mali was once separate of three west african empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade wind : the Ghana Empire ( for which Ghana is named ), the Mali Empire ( for which Mali is named ), and the Songhai Empire. At its extremum in 1300, the Mali Empire covered an area about twice the size of contemporary France and stretched to the west coast of Africa. [ 14 ] In the deep nineteenth century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized dominance of Mali, making it a character of french Sudan. french Sudan ( then known as the Sudanese Republic ) joined with Senegal in 1959, achieving independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. concisely thereafter, following Senegal ‘s withdrawal from the federation, the Sudanese Republic declared itself the independent Republic of Mali. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup d’etat in 1991 led to the write of a fresh fundamental law and the administration of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state. In January 2012, an armed battle broke out in northerly Mali, in which Tuareg rebels took operate of a district in the north, and in April declared the secession of a newly state, Azawad. [ 15 ] The conflict was complicated by a military coup d’etat that took locate in March [ 16 ] and later fighting between Tuareg and early insurgent factions. In reaction to territorial gains, the french military launched Opération Serval in January 2013. [ 17 ] A calendar month late, malian and french forces recaptured most of the north. presidential elections were held on 28 July 2013, with a second-round run-off held on 11 August, and legislative elections were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013. At the turn of 2020s Mali experienced two military takeovers by Assimi Goïta .

etymology [edit ]

The name Mali is taken from the name of the Mali Empire. The name means “ the topographic point where the king lives ” [ 18 ] and carries a connotation of military capability. [ 19 ] guinean writer Djibril Niane suggests in Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali ( 1965 ) that it is not impossible that Mali was the name given to one of the capitals of the emperors. 14th-century Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta reported that the capital of the Mali Empire was called Mali. [ 20 ] One Mandinka tradition tells that the fabled first gear emperor butterfly Sundiata Keita changed himself into a hippopotamus upon his death in the Sankarani River and that it ‘s possible to find villages in the sphere of this river, termed “ old Mali ”, which have Mali for a name. A study of malian proverbs noted that in old Mali, there is a village called Malikoma, which means “ New Mali ”, and that Mali could have once been the name of a city. [ 21 ] Another hypothesis suggests that Mali is a Fulani pronunciation of the name of the Mande peoples. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] It is suggested that a legal shift led to the switch, whereby in Fulani the alveolar section /nd/ shifts to /l/ and the terminal vowel denasalises and raises, leading “ Manden ” to shift to /mali/. [ 21 ]

history [edit ]

The pages above are from Timbuktu Manuscripts written in Sudani script ( a form of Arabic ) from the Mali Empire showing established cognition of astronomy and mathematics. today there are close to a million of these manuscripts found in Timbuktu alone. Rock paintings and carvings indicate that northern Mali has been inhabited since prehistoric times when the Sahara was fat grassland. Farming took place by 5000 BC and iron was used around 500 BC. The Rock artwork in the Sahara suggests that northern Mali has been inhabited since 10,000 BC, when the Sahara was fertile and deep in wildlife. early ceramics have been discovered at the central Malian site of Ounjougou dating to about 9,400 BC, and are believed to represent an exemplify of the independent invention of pottery in the area. [ 24 ] In the first millenium BC, early cities and towns were created by Mande peoples related to the Soninke people, along the middle Niger River in cardinal Mali, including at Dia which began from around 900 BC, and reached its bill around 600 BC, [ 25 ] and Djenne-Djenno, which lasted from by around 300 BC to 900 AD. By the sixth hundred AD, the lucrative trans-Saharan trade in gold, strategic arms limitation talks and slaves had begun, facilitating the rise of West Africa ‘s capital empires. There are a few references to Mali in early Islamic literature. Among these are references to “ Pene ” and “ Malal ” in the function of al-Bakri in 1068, [ 26 ] the fib of the conversion of an early ruler, known to Ibn Khaldun ( by 1397 ) as Barmandana, [ 27 ] and a few geographic details in the work of al-Idrisi. [ 28 ] Mali was once character of three celebrated West African empires which controlled trans-Saharan trade in gold, strategic arms limitation talks, other precious commodities, and slaves majorly during the reign of Mansa Musa from c. 1312 – c. 1337. [ 29 ] These Sahelian kingdoms had neither rigid geopolitical boundaries nor rigid heathen identities. [ 29 ] The earliest of these empires was the Ghana Empire, which was dominated by the Soninke, a Mande -speaking people. [ 29 ] The empire expanded throughout West Africa from the eighth hundred until 1078, when it was conquered by the Almoravids. [ 30 ] The Mali Empire late formed on the upper Niger River, and reached the acme of might in the fourteenth hundred. [ 30 ] Under the Mali Empire, the ancient cities of Djenné and Timbuktu were centers of both trade and Islamic learn. [ 30 ] The empire late declined as a solution of internal scheme, ultimately being supplanted by the Songhai Empire. [ 30 ] The Songhai people originated in current northwestern Nigeria. The Songhai had hanker been a major exponent in West Africa subjugate to the Mali Empire ‘s predominate. [ 30 ] In the former fourteenth century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire easterly dowry of the Mali Empire. [ 30 ] The Songhai Empire ‘s eventual break down was largely the consequence of a moroccan invasion in 1591, under the command of Judar Pasha. [ 30 ] The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the area ‘s function as a deal juncture. [ 30 ] Following the establishment of sea routes by the european powers, the trans-Saharan craft routes lost significance. [ 30 ] One of the worst famines in the area ‘s recorded history occurred in the eighteenth century. According to John Iliffe, “ The worst crises were in the 1680s, when famine extended from the Senegambian coast to the Upper Nile and ‘many sold themselves for slaves, entirely to get a sustenance ‘, and specially in 1738–1756, when West Africa ‘s greatest recorded subsistence crisis, due to drought and locusts, reportedly killed half the population of Timbuktu. ” [ 31 ]

french colonial principle [edit ]

c. 1950 cotton being processed in Niono into 180 kilogram ( 400 pound ) bales for export to other parts of Africa and to France, Mali fell under the control condition of France during the late nineteenth hundred. [ 30 ] By 1905, most of the area was under firm french control as a region of french Sudan. [ 30 ] On 24 November 1958, french Sudan ( which changed its name to the Sudanese Republic ) became an autonomous democracy within the french Community. [ 32 ] In January 1959, Mali and Senegal united to become the Mali Federation. [ 32 ] The Mali Federation gained independence from France on 20 June 1960. [ 30 ] Senegal withdrew from the federation in August 1960, which allowed the Sudanese Republic to become the independent Republic of Mali on 22 September 1960, and that date is now the country ‘s Independence Day. [ 33 ] Modibo Keïta was elected the inaugural president of the united states. [ 30 ] Keïta promptly established a one-party state, adopted an independent african and socialist orientation with close ties to the East, and implemented extensive nationalization of economic resources. [ 30 ] In 1960, the population of Mali was reported to be about 4.1 million. [ 34 ]

Moussa Traoré [edit ]

On 19 November 1968, following progressive economic decline, the Keïta government was overthrown in a bloodless military coup d’etat led by Moussa Traoré, [ 35 ] a day which is nowadays commemorated as Liberation Day. [ 36 ] The subsequent military-led government, with Traoré as president, attempted to reform the economy. His efforts were frustrated by political agitation and a devastating drought between 1968 and 1974, [ 35 ] in which famine killed thousands of people. [ 37 ] The Traoré government faced scholar unrest beginning in the late 1970s and three coup d’etat attempts. The Traoré government repressed all dissenters until the late 1980s. [ 35 ] The government continued to attempt economic reforms, and the populace became increasingly dissatisfied. [ 35 ] In reply to growing demands for multi-party majority rule, the Traoré regimen allowed some circumscribed political liberalization. They refused to usher in a full-fledged democratic system. [ 35 ] In 1990, cohesive enemy movements began to emerge, and was complicated by the disruptive resurrect of cultural violence in the north following the hark back of many Tuaregs to Mali. [ 35 ]
WWI Commemorative Monument to the “ Armée Noire ” Anti-government protests in 1991 led to a coup d’etat, a transitional government, and a new fundamental law. [ 35 ] enemy to the crooked and authoritarian government of General Moussa Traoré grew during the 1980s. During this time nonindulgent programs, imposed to satisfy demands of the International Monetary Fund, brought increased adversity upon the nation ‘s population, while elites near to the government purportedly lived in growing wealth. peaceful student protests in January 1991 were viciously suppressed, with multitude arrests and anguish of leaders and participants. [ 38 ] Scattered acts of riot and vandalism of public buildings followed, but most actions by the dissidents remained nonviolent. [ 38 ]

March Revolution [edit ]

From 22 March through 26 March 1991, mass pro-democracy rallies and a nationally strike was held in both urban and rural communities, which became known as les évenements ( “ the events ” ) or the March Revolution. In Bamako, in answer to mass demonstrations organized by university students and former joined by trade wind unionists and others, soldiers opened fire promiscuously on the nonviolent demonstrators. Riots broke out briefly following the shootings. Barricades angstrom well as roadblocks were erected and Traoré declared a express of emergency and imposed a nightly curfew. Despite an estimate loss of 300 lives over the path of four days, nonviolent protesters continued to return to Bamako each day demanding the resignation of the authoritarian president of the united states and the implementation of democratic policies. [ 39 ] 26 March 1991 is the day that marks the brush between military soldiers and peaceful demonstrate students which climaxed in the massacre of dozens under the orders of then President Moussa Traoré. He and three associates were later tried and convicted and received the death sentence for their character in the decision-making of that day. Nowadays, the day is a home holiday in order to remember the tragic events and the people who were killed. [ 40 ] [ unreliable source? ] The coup is remembered as Mali ‘s March Revolution of 1991. By 26 March, the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowd turned into a all-out tumult, and resulted in thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-democracy drift. That good afternoon, Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Touré announced on the radio that he had arrested the authoritarian president, Moussa Traoré. As a consequence, opposition parties were legalized and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a raw democratic united states constitution to be approved by a national referendum. [ 39 ]

Amadou Toumani Touré presidency [edit ]

In 1992, Alpha Oumar Konaré won Mali ‘s first democratic, multi-party presidential election, before being re-elected for a second gear condition in 1997, which was the last allowed under the united states constitution. In 2002 Amadou Toumani Touré, a go to bed general who had been the drawing card of the military aspect of the 1991 democratic get up, was elected. [ 41 ] During this democratic period Mali was regarded as one of the most politically and socially stable countries in Africa. [ 42 ] slavery persists in Mali today with a many as 200,000 people held in calculate servitude to a master. [ 43 ] In the Tuareg Rebellion of 2012, ex-slaves were a vulnerable population with reports of some slaves being recaptured by their early masters. [ 44 ]

Northern Mali conflict [edit ]

Tuareg separatist rebels in Mali, January 2012 In January 2012 a Tuareg rebellion began in Northern Mali, led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad ( MNLA ). [ 45 ] In March, military officer Amadou Sanogo seized ability in a coup d’état, citing Touré ‘s failures in quelling the rebellion, and leading to sanctions and an embargo by the Economic Community of West african States. [ 46 ] The MNLA promptly took manipulate of the north, declaring independence as Azawad. [ 47 ] however, Islamist groups including Ansar Dine and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb ( AQIM ), who had helped the MNLA defeat the politics, turned on the Tuareg and took restraint of the North [ 48 ] with the goal of implementing shariah in Mali. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] On 11 January 2013, the french Armed Forces intervened at the request of the interim government. On 30 January, the coordinate advance of the french and malian troops claimed to have retaken the last leftover Islamist stronghold of Kidal, which was besides the last of three northern provincial capitals. [ 51 ] On 2 February, the french President, François Hollande, joined Mali ‘s interim President, Dioncounda Traoré, in a populace appearance in recently recaptured Timbuktu. [ 52 ]

conflict in Central Mali [edit ]

In the cardinal Mali state of Mopti, conflict has escalated since 2015 between agricultural communities like the Dogon and the Bambara, and the bucolic Fula ( or Fulani ) people. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] Historically, the two sides have fought over access to land and water, factors which have been exacerbated by climate change as the Fula move into raw areas. [ 55 ] The Dogon and the Bambara communities have formed militias, or “ self-defense groups ”, [ 54 ] to fight the Fula. They accuse the Fula of working with armed Islamists linked to al-qaeda. [ 54 ] While some Fula have joined Islamist groups, Human Rights Watch reports that the links have been “ overdo and instrumentalized by different actors for opportunist ends ”. [ 54 ] Added a top Mali military commander :

“ I ’ ve discussed the growing ferocity with my commanders and with greenwich village chiefs from all sides. Yes, certain, there are jihadists in this zone, but the real problem is banditry, animal larceny, score settling – people are enriching themselves using the fight against terrorists as a cover. ” [ 54 ]

The conflict has seen the creation and growth of Dogon and Bambara militias. The government of Mali is suspected of supporting some of these groups under the guise of they being proxies in the war against Islamists in the Northern Mali battle. [ 56 ] The government denies this. [ 56 ] One such militia is the Dogon group Dan Na Ambassagou, created in 2016. [ 54 ]

2018 elections [edit ]

presidential elections were held in Mali on 29 July 2018. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] In July 2018, the Constitutional Court approved the nomination of a sum of 24 candidates in the election. [ 59 ] As no candidate received more than 50 % of the right to vote in the beginning turn, a runoff was held on 12 August 2018 between the acme two candidates, incumbent President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta of the Rally for Mali and Soumaïla Cissé of the Union for the Republic and Democracy. Keïta was subsequently re-elected with 67 % of the vote .

2018 ceasefire and consequence [edit ]

In September 2018, the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue negotiated a unilateral ceasefire with Dan Na Ambassagou “ in the context of the conflict which opposes the group to other residential district armed groups in central Mali ”. [ 60 ] however, the group has been blamed for the 24 March 2019 massacre of 160 Fula villagers. [ 61 ] The group denied the approach, but afterwards Malian President Keita ordered the group to disband. [ 62 ] The UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, Adama Dieng, warned of a growing ethnicization of the conflict. [ 63 ] The United Nations reported that the count of children killed in the conflict in the first six months of 2019 was doubly arsenic many for the stallion year of 2018. Many of the children have been killed in intercommunal attacks attributed to ethnic militias, with the majority of attacks occurring about Mopti. It is reported that around 900 schools have closed down and that armed militias are recruiting children. [ 64 ] During the first week of October 2019, two jihadist attacks in the towns of Boulikessi and Mondoro killed more than 25 Mali soldiers near the border with Burkina Faso. [ 65 ] President Keïta declared that “ no military coup d’etat will prevail in Mali ”, continuing by saying that he does n’t think it “ is on the agenda at all and can not worry us ”. [ 66 ]

2020 Coup d’état and consequence [edit ]

democratic unrest began on 5 June 2020 following irregularities in the March and April parliamentary elections, including scandal against the kidnapping of opposition drawing card Soumaila Cissé. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Between 11 and 23 deaths followed protests that took place from 10 to 13 June. [ 69 ] In July, President Keïta dissolved the constituent motor hotel. Members of the military led by Colonel Assimi Goïta and Colonel-Major Ismaël Wagué in Kati, Koulikoro Region began a mutiny on 18 August 2020. [ 69 ] President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, and Prime Minister Boubou Cissé were arrested, and curtly after midnight Keïta announced his resignation, saying he did not want to see any bloodbath. [ 69 ] Wagué announced the formation of the National Committee for the Salvation of the People ( CNSP ) and promise elections in the future. A curfew was begun and the streets of Bamako were calm. [ 69 ] The Economic Community of West african States ( ECOWAS ) condemned the coup and demanded the reinstallation of President Keïta. [ 70 ] On 12 September 2020, the National Committee for the Salvation of the People ( CNSP ) agreed to an 18-month political transition to civilian rule. shortly after, Bah N’daw was named interim president of the united states by a group of 17 electors, with Goïta being appointed vice president. The politics was inaugurated on 25 September 2020. On 18 January 2021, the transitional government announced that the CNSP had been disbanded, about four months after had been promised under the initial agreement. [ citation needed ]

2021 Coup d’état [edit ]

Tensions have been high between the civilian transitional politics and the military since the handover of power in September [ clarification needed ]. On 24 May, tensions came to a point after a cabinet reshuffle, where two leaders of the 2020 military coup – Sadio Camara and Modibo Kone – were replaced by N’daw ‘s government. [ 71 ] Later that day, journalists reported that three key civilian leaders – President N’daw, Prime Minister Moctar Ouane and Defence Minister Souleymane Doucouré, were being detained in a military basis in Kati, away Bamako. [ 72 ]

geography [edit ]

Satellite effigy of Mali Mali map of Köppen climate categorization Mali is a landlocked nation in West Africa, located southwesterly of Algeria. It lies between latitudes 10° and 25°N, and longitudes 13°W and 5°E. Mali borders Algeria to the north-northeast, Niger to the east, Burkina Faso to the southeast, Ivory Coast to the south, Guinea to the southwest, and Senegal to the west and Mauritania to the northwest. [ 73 ] At 1,242,248 square kilometres ( 479,635 sq nautical mile ), Mali is the earth ‘s 24th-largest state and is comparable in size to South Africa or Angola. Most of the country lies in the southerly Sahara Desert, which produces an highly hot, dust-laden Sudanian savanna zone. [ 74 ] Mali is largely flat, rising to rolling northern plains covered by sand. The Adrar des Ifoghas massif lies in the northeast. Mali lies in the torrid zone and is among the hottest countries in the world. The thermal equator, which matches the hottest spot year-round on the planet based on the intend casual annual temperature, crosses the country. [ 74 ] Most of Mali receives negligible rain and droughts are very frequent. [ 74 ] Late April to early October is the showery season in the southernmost area. During this time, flood of the Niger River is common, creating the Inner Niger Delta. [ 74 ] The huge northerly desert part of Mali has a hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ) with hanker, extremely hot summers and scarce rain which decreases northwards. The cardinal sphere has a blistering semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification BSh ) with very high temperatures year-round, a farseeing, intense dry season and a abbreviated, atypical showery season. The southerly areas have a tropical besotted and dry climate. ( Köppen climate classification Aw ) In recapitulation, Mali ‘s climate is tropical, with March to May being the hot, dry season. June to October is showery, humid and mild. November to February is the cool, dry season. Mali has considerable natural resources, with gold, uranium, phosphates, kaolinite, salt and limestone being most widely exploited. Mali is estimated to have in overindulgence of 17,400 tonnes of uranium ( measured + indicated + inferred ). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] In 2012, a further uranium mineralized north partition was identified. [ 77 ] Mali faces numerous environmental challenges, including desertification, deforestation, soil erosion, and inadequate supplies of drinkable urine. [ 74 ] Five tellurian ecoregions lie within Mali ‘s borders : Sahelian Acacia savanna, West Sudanian savanna, Inner Niger Delta flooded savanna, South Saharan steppe and woodlands, and West Saharan montane xeric woodlands. [ 78 ] The state had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.16/10, ranking it 51st globally out of 172 countries. [ 79 ]

Regions and cercles [edit ]

Since 2016, Mali has been divided into ten regions and the District of Bamako. [ 80 ] Each region has a governor. [ 81 ] The execution of the two newest regions, Taoudénit ( once character of Tombouctou Region ) and Ménaka ( once Ménaka Cercle in Gao Region ), has been ongoing since January 2016 ; [ 82 ] [ 83 ] a governor and transitional council has been appointed for both regions. [ 84 ] The ten-spot regions in turn are subdivided into 56 cercle second and 703 communes. [ 85 ] The régions and Capital District are :

extent of cardinal politics master [edit ]

In March 2012, the malian politics lost dominance over Tombouctou, Gao and Kidal Regions and the north-eastern dowry of Mopti Region. On 6 April 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad unilaterally declared their secession from Mali as Azawad, an act that neither Mali nor the international community recognised. [ 86 ] The government late regained dominance over these areas .

Politics and politics [edit ]

government [edit ]

Until the military coup d’etat of 22 March 2012 [ 16 ] [ 87 ] and a second military coup d’etat in December 2012, [ 88 ] Mali was a constitutional democracy governed by the Constitution of 12 January 1992, which was amended in 1999. [ 89 ] The constitution provides for a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. [ 89 ] The organization of government can be described as “ semi-presidential ”. [ 89 ] Executive might is vested in a president of the united states, who is elected to a five-year term by universal right to vote and is limited to two terms. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] The president serves as a chief of state and commander in headman of the armed forces. [ 89 ] [ 91 ] A prime minister appointed by the president serves as question of government and in turn appoints the Council of Ministers. [ 89 ] [ 92 ] The unicameral National Assembly is Mali ‘s lone legislative body, consisting of deputies elected to five-year terms. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Following the 2007 elections, the Alliance for Democracy and Progress held 113 of 160 seats in the assembly. [ 95 ] The forum holds two regular sessions each class, during which it debates and votes on legislation that has been submitted by a extremity or by the government. [ 93 ] [ 96 ] Mali ‘s constitution provides for an independent judiciary, [ 93 ] [ 97 ] but the executive continues to exercise influence over the judiciary by virtue of power to appoint judges and oversee both judicial functions and law enforcement. [ 93 ] Mali ‘s highest courts are the Supreme Court, which has both judicial and administrative powers, and a disjoined Constitutional Court that provides discriminative review of legislative acts and serves as an election arbiter. [ 93 ] [ 98 ] Various lower courts exist, though village chiefs and elders resolve most local disputes in rural areas. [ 93 ]

foreign relations [edit ]

Mali ‘s foreign policy orientation has become increasingly pragmatic sanction and pro-Western over time. [ 99 ] Since the institution of a democratic form of government in 2002, Mali ‘s relations with the West in general and with the United States in particular have improved importantly. [ 99 ] Mali has a longstanding however ambivalent relationship with France, a former colonial rule. [ 99 ] Mali was active in regional organizations such as the African Union until its suspension over the 2012 Malian coup d’etat d’état. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] Working to control and resolve regional conflicts, such as in Côte five hundred ’ Ivoire, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, is one of Mali ‘s major foreign policy goals. [ 99 ] Mali feels threatened by the potential for the spillover of conflicts in neighboring states, and relations with those neighbors are much uneasy. [ 99 ] General insecurity along borders in the north, including cross-border banditry and terrorism, remain trouble issues in regional relations. [ 99 ] In early 2019, Al Qaeda claimed duty for an attack on a United Nations infrastructure in Mali that killed 10 peacekeepers from Chad. 25 people were reported to have been injured in the attack. Al Qaeda ‘s express reason for the assail was Chad ‘s re-establishing diplomatic ties with Israel. The foundation was attacked in Anguelhok, a village located in an particularly unstable area of the country. [ 99 ] [ 101 ]

military [edit ]

Mali ‘s military forces consist of an army, which includes nation forces and breeze storm, [ 102 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as the paramilitary Gendarmerie and Republican Guard, all of which are under the restraint of Mali ‘s Ministry of Defense and Veterans, headed by a civilian .

economy [edit ]

A market setting in Djenné A proportional representation of Mali exports, 2019 cotton process at CMDT The Central Bank of West african States handles the fiscal affairs of Mali and extra members of the Economic Community of West african States. Mali is considered one of the poorest countries in the world. [ 102 ] The modal worker ‘s annual wage is approximately united states $ 1,500. [ 103 ] Mali undergo economic reform, beginning in 1988 by signing agreements with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. [ 103 ] During 1988 to 1996, Mali ‘s politics largely reformed public enterprises. Since the agreement, sixteen enterprises were privatized, 12 partially privatized, and 20 liquidated. [ 103 ] In 2005, the malian politics conceded a dragoon company to the Savage Corporation. [ 103 ] Two major companies, Societé de Telecommunications du Mali ( SOTELMA ) and the Cotton Ginning Company ( CMDT ), were expected to be privatized in 2008. [ 103 ] between 1992 and 1995, Mali implemented an economic adjustment broadcast that resulted in economic growth and a decrease in fiscal imbalances [ vague ]. The program increased sociable and economic conditions [ vague ], and led to Mali joining the World Trade Organization on 31 May 1995. [ 104 ] Mali is besides a extremity of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa ( OHADA ). [ 105 ] The crying domestic product ( GDP ) has risen since. In 2002, the GDP amounted to US $ 3.4 billion, [ 106 ] and increased to US $ 5.8 billion in 2005, [ 103 ] which amounts to an approximately 17.6 % annual growth rate. Mali is a character of the “ Franc partition ” ( Zone Franc ), which means that it uses the CFA franc. Mali is connected with the french politics by agreement since 1962 ( creation of BCEAO ). today all seven countries of BCEAO ( including Mali ) are connected to french Central Bank. [ 107 ]

agriculture [edit ]

Mali ‘s key diligence is farming. Cotton is the area ‘s largest crop export and is exported west throughout Senegal and Côte d ’ Ivoire. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] During 2002, 620,000 tons of cotton were produced in Mali but cotton prices declined significantly in 2003. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] In accession to cotton, Mali produces rice, millet, corn, vegetables, tobacco, and tree crops. Gold, livestock and farming come to 80 % of Mali ‘s exports. [ 103 ] Eighty percentage of malian workers are employed in farming. 15 % of malian workers are employed in the military service sector. [ 109 ] Seasonal variations lead to regular impermanent unemployment of agricultural workers. [ 110 ]

mining [edit ]

In 1991, with the aid of the International Development Association, Mali relaxed the enforcement of mine codes which led to renewed extraneous sake and investment in the mining industry. [ 111 ] Gold is mined in the southern area and Mali has the third base highest aureate production in Africa ( after South Africa and Ghana ). [ 108 ] The emergence of aureate as Mali ‘s lead export product since 1999 has helped mitigate some of the negative affect of the cotton and Ivory Coast crises. [ 112 ] other natural resources include kaolin, salt, phosphate, and limestone. [ 103 ]

Energy [edit ]

electricity and water are maintained by the Energie du Mali, or EDM, and textiles are generated by Industry Textile du Mali, or ITEMA. [ 103 ] Mali has made effective use of hydroelectricity, consisting of over half of Mali ‘s electric exponent. In 2002, 700 GWh of hydroelectric ability were produced in Mali. [ 109 ] Energie du Mali is an electric ship’s company that provides electricity to Mali citizens. only 55 % of the population in cities have access to EDM. [ 113 ]

transportation infrastructure [edit ]

In Mali, there is a railroad track that connects to bordering countries. There are besides approximately 29 airports of which 8 have paved runways. Urban areas are known for their bombastic quantity of green and white cab. A significant sum of the population is dependant on populace transportation .

club [edit ]

Demographics [edit ]

Population in Mali[9][10]
Year	Million
1950	4.7
2000	11
2018	19.1

In 2018, Mali ‘s population was an estimated 19.1 million [ 9 ] [ 10 ]. The population is predominantly rural ( 68 % in 2002 ), and 5 % –10 % of Malians are mobile. [ 114 ] More than 90 % of the population lives in the southerly part of the state, particularly in Bamako, which has over 1 million residents. [ 114 ] In 2007, about 48 % of Malians were younger than 12 years old, 49 % were 15–64 years old, and 3 % were 65 and older. [ 102 ] The medial historic period was 15.9 years. [ 102 ] The give birth rate in 2014 is 45.53 births per 1,000, and the sum richness rate ( in 2012 ) was 6.4 children per woman. [ 102 ] [ 115 ] The death pace in 2007 was 16.5 deaths per 1,000. [ 102 ] Life anticipation at birth was 53.06 years sum ( 51.43 for males and 54.73 for females ). [ 102 ] Mali has one of the worldly concern ‘s highest rates of baby mortality, [ 114 ] with 106 deaths per 1,000 hot births in 2007. [ 102 ]

Largest cities in Mali [edit ]

Largest cities or towns in Mali [116] According to the 2009 Census
	Rank	Name	Region	Pop.
Bamako Sikasso	1	Bamako	Bamako	1,810,366
	2	Sikasso	Sikasso	226,618
	3	Koutiala	Sikasso	141,444
	4	Ségou	Ségou	133,501
	5	Kayes	Kayes	126,319
	6	Mopti	Mopti	120,786
	7	Kalabancoro	Koulikoro	96,173
	8	Gao	Gao	86,353
	9	Kati	Koulikoro	84,500
	10	San	Ségou	66,967

heathen groups [edit ]

The Tuareg are historic, mobile inhabitants of northern Mali. Mali ‘s population encompasses a number of sub-saharan heathen groups. The Bambara ( Bambara : Bamanankaw ) are by far the largest single heathen group, making up 36.5 % of the population. [ 114 ] jointly, the Bambara, Soninké, Khassonké, and Malinké ( besides called Mandinka ), all part of the broader Mandé group, constitute 50 % of Mali ‘s population. [ 102 ] early significant groups are the Fula ( french : Peul ; Fula : Fulɓe ) ( 17 % ), Voltaic ( 12 % ), Songhai ( 6 % ), and Tuareg and Moor ( 10 % ). [ 102 ] In Mali a well as Niger, the Moors are besides known as Azawagh Arabs, named after the Azawagh region of the Sahara. They speak chiefly Hassaniya Arabic which is one of the regional varieties of Arabic. [ 117 ] Personal names reflect Mali ‘s building complex regional identities. [ 118 ] In the army for the liberation of rwanda north, there is a division between Berber -descended Tuareg nomad populations and the darker-skinned Bella or Tamasheq people, due to the historical diffuse of slavery in the region. An estimate 800,000 people in Mali are descended from slaves. [ 43 ] Slavery in Mali has persisted for centuries. [ 119 ] The Arabic population kept slaves well into the twentieth hundred, until slavery was suppressed by french authorities around the mid-20th century. There still persist certain familial servitude relationships, [ 120 ] [ 121 ] and according to some estimates, even nowadays approximately 200,000 Malians are even enslaved. [ 122 ] shuffle European/African descendants of Muslims of spanish, a well some french, irish, italian and portuguese origins live in Mali, they are known as the Arma people ( 1 % of the nation ‘s population ). [ 123 ] Although Mali has enjoyed a sanely good inter-ethnic relationships based on the long history of coexistence, some ancestral servitude and bondage relationship exist, angstrom well as heathen tension between settled Songhai and mobile Tuaregs of the north. [ 114 ] Due to a backfire against the northerly population after independence, Mali is now in a position where both groups complain about discrimination on the character of the other group. [ 124 ] This conflict besides plays a function in the continuing Northern Mali conflict where there is a tension between both Tuaregs and the malian government, and the Tuaregs and root Islamists who are trying to establish shariah law. [ 125 ]

Languages [edit ]

Mali ‘s official linguistic process is french and over 40 african languages besides are spoken by the respective ethnic groups. [ 114 ] About 80 % of Mali ‘s population can communicate in Bambara, which serves as an important lingua franca. [ 114 ] According to the 2009 census, the languages spoken in Mali were Bambara by 51.5 %, Fula by 8.3 %, Dogon by 6.6 % Soninké by 5.7 %, Songhai by 5.3 %, Malinké by 5.2 %, Minianka by 3.8 %, Tamasheq by 3.2 %, Sénoufo by 2 %, Bobo by 1.9 %, Tieyaxo Bozo by 1.6 %, Kassonké by 1.1 %, Maure by 1 %, Dafing by 0.4 %, Samogo by 0.4 %, Arabic by 0.3 %, other malian languages by 0.5 %, early african languages by 0.2 %, Foreign languages by 0.2 %, and 0.7 % did n’t declare their linguistic process. [ 127 ] Mali has 12 national languages beside french and Bambara, namely Bomu, Tieyaxo Bozo, Toro So Dogon, Maasina Fulfulde, Hassaniya Arabic, Mamara Senoufo, Kita Maninkakan, Soninke, Koyraboro Senni, Syenara Senoufo, Tamasheq and Xaasongaxango. Each is spoken as a first lyric chiefly by the ethnic group with which it is associated .

religion [edit ]

An entrance to the Djinguereber mosque Islam was introduced to West Africa in the eleventh hundred and remains the overriding religion in much of the area. An calculate 90 % of Malians are Muslim ( by and large Sunni [ 129 ] ), approximately 5 % are Christian ( about two-thirds Roman Catholic and one-third Protestant ) and the remaining 5 % adhere to traditional african religions such as the Dogon religion. [ 128 ] Atheism and agnosticism are believed to be rare among Malians, most of whom exercise their religion daily. [ 130 ] The constitution establishes a secular state of matter and provides for freedom of religion, and the government largely respects this right. [ 130 ] Islam as historically practiced in Mali has been ductile and adapted to local anesthetic conditions ; relations between Muslims and practitioners of minority religious faiths have broadly been amicable. [ 130 ] After the 2012 imposition of shariah convention in northerly parts of the state, however, Mali came to be listed high ( act 7 ) in the Christian persecution index published by open Doors, which described the persecution in the north as austere. [ 131 ] [ 132 ]

department of education [edit ]

high educate students in Kati public education in Mali is in principle provided loose of mission and is compulsory for nine years between the ages of seven and sixteen. [ 130 ] The system encompasses six years of primary education beginning at senesce 7, followed by six years of secondary coil education. [ 130 ] Mali ‘s actual primary coil school registration rate is depleted, in bombastic separate because families are unable to cover the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, and other fees required to attend. [ 130 ] In 2017, the primary school registration rate was 61 % ( 65 % of males and 58 % of females ). [ 133 ] In the belated 1990s, the secondary school registration rate was 15 % ( 20 % of males and 10 % of females ). [ 130 ] The education organization is plagued by a miss of schools in rural areas, vitamin a well as shortages of teachers and materials. [ 130 ] Estimates of literacy rates in Mali range from 27–30 to 46.4 %, with literacy rates importantly lower among women than men. [ 130 ] The University of Bamako, which includes four component universities, is the largest university in the area and enrolls approximately 60,000 undergraduate and calibrate students. [ 134 ]

Health [edit ]

Mali faces numerous health challenges related to poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation. [ 130 ] Mali ‘s health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world. [ 130 ] Life anticipation at birth is estimated to be 53.06 years in 2012. [ 135 ] In 2000, 62–65 % of the population was estimated to have entree to safe drinking water and only 69 % to sanitation services of some kind. [ 130 ] In 2001, the general government expenditures on health totaled about US $ 4 per head at an average exchange rate. [ 136 ] Efforts have been made to improve nutriment, and reduce associated health problems, by encouraging women to make alimentary versions of local recipes. For example, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ( ICRISAT ) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women ‘s groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè ( comprising peanut glue, honey and millet or rice flour ). The aim was to boost nutriment and livelihoods by producing a merchandise that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage. [ 137 ]
village in the Sahel region medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in unretentive provision. [ 136 ] Malaria and other arthropod -borne diseases are prevailing in Mali, as are a issue of infectious diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis. [ 136 ] Mali ‘s population besides suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of immunization. [ 136 ] An estimated 1.9 % of the pornographic and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that class, [ clarification needed ] among the lowest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. [ 136 ] [ dead link ] An estimated 85 % –91 % of Mali ‘s girls and women have had female genital mutilation ( 2006 and 2001 data ). [ 138 ] [ 139 ]

Gender equality [edit ]

In 2017, Mali ranked 157th out of 160 countries in the gender inequality index as reported by the United Nations Development Programme. [ 140 ] The malian Constitution states that it protects women ‘s rights, however many laws exist that discriminate against women. [ 141 ] Provisions in the laws limit women ‘s decision-making might after marriage, in which the conserve becomes superior to his wife. [ 141 ] Women are blamed for not maintaining the appearance of their husbands and are besides blamed for the actions of their children if they misbehave, which encourages the cultural position that women are subscript to men. [ 141 ] The miss of engagement of women in politics is ascribable to the estimate that politics is associated with men and that women should avoid this sector. [ 141 ] education is besides an area in which boy predominate, since it is a better investment for the parents. [ 141 ] As traditional values and practices have contributed to gender inequality in Mali, conflict and lawlessness have besides influenced the growing gap in gender through gender-based ferocity. [ 142 ] The fluid government of Mali has led to organizations like USAID attempting to improve the lives of the people, chiefly women and girls ‘ rights in order to re-engage the development of the area. [ 142 ]

sex relations [edit ]

religion, the patriarchal norms, and gender-based violence are major negative factors shaping the life of women in Mali. [ 143 ] Patriarchal norms cause major sex inequalities and spark advance to male domination within the family. [ 143 ] The majority of the population is Muslim which reinforces patriarchal norms. [ 144 ] Girls learn family activities like chores, cook, childcare, etc. at a new old age and are expected to take the independent duty of family chores throughout their life. This hampers women ‘s ability to enter the ball work force and leads to a lack of education of girls. [ 143 ] Gender-based ferocity in Mali happens both on a national a family level. At the national degree, in 2012 the conflict in the Northern part of the nation increased cases of kidnappings and rapes. [ 142 ] The conflict besides reduced women ‘s access to resources, economy, and opportunities. [ 142 ] At the family level, malian women face gender-based violence through domestic ferocity, forced marriages, and marital rape. [ 141 ] The Demographic Health Survey for Mali in 2013 stated that 76 % of women and 54 % of men believed physical damage towards women was acceptable if the women burnt food, argued back, went out without notifying her husband, or refused sexual relations with her husband. [ 142 ]

Area of opportunity [edit ]

The miss of education has increased gender inequality in Mali because not many women are working outside the family are even participating in the Public Administration sector. [ 143 ] After adjusting the entrance requirements and access to education, girls hush have lower registration rates and less access to formal education. [ 143 ] Drop-out rates for girls are 15 % higher than that of boys because they have a higher duty at home and most parents refuse to allow all their children to go to school, indeed boy tend to become train. [ 143 ] Similarly, technical and vocational education has a lower numbers of girls participating and are inadequately distributed in the area because the training centers are focused in the urban cities. [ 143 ] Finally, higher education for girls consist of short programs because early marriages prevent most girls from pursuing a longer terminus education program like those in skill. [ 143 ] Although women do not have the lapp access of education, in recent decades women have been entering and representing in decision-making positions in the Public Administration sector. [ 143 ] Members of Parliament, 15 were women in 2010 out of 147 members. [ 143 ] Recent decades show that women are lento joining important decision-making positions which is changing the position and condition of women in Mali, which has led to the promotion of women ‘s right field in the political celestial sphere. [ 143 ]

Efforts [edit ]

legislation at the international and home levels have been implemented over the decades to help promote women ‘s rights in Mali. [ 143 ] At the international, Mali signed the Beijing Platform for Action which suggest that women should participate in decision-making and the convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women which is the initiation to women ‘s rights promotion. [ 143 ] At the national level, Mali ‘s Constitution has the Decree No. 092-073P-CTSP that claims equality to all malian citizens and discrimination is prohibited, which has not been followed. [ 143 ] The Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme ( PRSP ) and the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme under the malian Government seek to improve the wellbeing of the citizens, and changes to government and sex in the area. [ 143 ] The Ministry for Advancement of Women, Children and the Family was created specifically for women and children so that their basics rights and needs get met under the law. [ 143 ] Although there exists legislation and policy for gender equality the institutionalization of the National Gender Policy of Mali is necessity to support the importance of women ‘s rights. [ 143 ] Strengthening and the hold of girls ‘ and women ‘s access to education and train is recommended to improve gender equality in Mali. [ 143 ] The involvement of international organizations like USAID assist Mali financially to enhance their development through the efforts of the improvement of women ‘s rights. [ 142 ]

acculturation [edit ]

The change casual culture of Malians reflects the state ‘s cultural and geographic diverseness. [ 145 ] Most Malians wear flowing, colorful robes called boubous that are distinctive of West Africa. Malians frequently participate in traditional festivals, dances, and ceremonies. [ 145 ]

music [edit ]

Mali Dogon Dance malian musical traditions are derived from the griots, who are known as “ Keepers of Memories ”. [ 146 ] malian music is diverse and has several different genres. Some celebrated malian influences in music are kora virtuoso musician Toumani Diabaté, the ngoni with Bassekou Kouyate the virtuoso of the electric jeli ngoni, the deep roots and blues guitarist Ali Farka Touré, the Tuareg band Tinariwen, Khaira Arby, and several Afro-pop artists such as Salif Keita, the couple Amadou et Mariam, Oumou Sangare, Fatoumata Diawara, Rokia Traore, and Habib Koité. Dance besides plays a big role in malian polish. [ 147 ] Dance parties are common events among friends, and traditional mask dances are performed at ceremonial events. [ 147 ]

literature [edit ]

Though Mali ‘s literature is less celebrated than its music, [ 148 ] Mali has always been one of Africa ‘s liveliest intellectual centers. [ 149 ] Mali ‘s literary custom is passed chiefly by word of mouthpiece, with jalis recite or sing histories and stories known by affection. [ 149 ] [ 150 ] Amadou Hampâté Bâ, Mali ‘s best-known historian, spend much of his life writing these oral traditions down for the world to remember. [ 150 ] The best-known novel by a malian writer is Yambo Ouologuem ‘s Le devoir de violence, which won the 1968 Prix Renaudot but whose bequest was marred by accusations of plagiarism. [ 149 ] [ 150 ] other well-known malian writers include Baba Traoré, Modibo Sounkalo Keita, Massa Makan Diabaté, Moussa Konaté, and Fily Dabo Sissoko. [ 149 ] [ 150 ]

mutant [edit ]

malian children playing football in a Dogon village The most popular sport in Mali is association football, [ 151 ] [ 152 ] which became more outstanding after Mali hosted the 2002 African Cup of Nations. [ 151 ] [ 153 ] Most towns and cities have regular games ; [ 153 ] the most democratic teams nationally are Djoliba AC, Stade Malien, and Real Bamako, all based in the capital. [ 152 ] Informal games are frequently played by youths using a pack of rags as a ball. [ 152 ] basketball is another major sport ; [ 152 ] [ 154 ] the Mali women ‘s national basketball team, led by Hamchetou Maiga, competed at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. [ 155 ] Traditional wrestle ( la lutte ) is besides reasonably common, though popularity has declined in late years. [ 153 ] The game wari, a mancala version, is a common pastime. [ 152 ] Mali featured a men ‘s home team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup. [ 156 ]

cuisine [edit ]

malian tea Rice and millet are the staples of malian cuisine, which is heavily based on cereal grains. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Grains are generally prepared with sauces made from comestible leaves, such as spinach or baobab, with tomato peanut sauce, and may be accompanied by pieces of broiled meat ( typically chicken, mouton, beef, or capricorn ). [ 157 ] [ 158 ] malian cuisine varies regionally. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] other popular dishes include fufu, jollof rice, and maafe .

Media [edit ]

In Mali, there are respective newspapers such as Les Echos, L’Essor, Info Matin, Nouvel Horizon, and Le Républicain [fr]. [ 159 ] Telecommunications in Mali include 869,600 mobile phones, 45,000 televisions and 414,985 Internet users. [ 160 ]