Ethnic group living largely in Europe and the Americas
not to be confused with Romanians, an unrelated heathen group and nation, nor with modern or ancient Romans, besides unrelated. “ Gypsy ” redirects here. For early uses, see Gypsy ( disambiguation )

The Romani ( besides spelled Romany, ), colloquially known as Roma, are an indic ethnic group, traditionally mobile itinerants living by and large in Europe, and diaspora populations in the Americas. The Romani as a people originate from the northerly indian subcontinent, [ 70 ] [ 71 ] from the Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab regions of contemporary India. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] The Romani people are widely known in English by the exonym Gypsies ( or Gipsies ), [ 72 ] which is considered by many Romani people to be dyslogistic due to its connotations of illegality and irregularity ampere well as its diachronic habit as a racial blur. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 75 ] In many other languages, regarding cognates of the discussion, such as french : Tzigane, spanish : gitano, italian : zingaro and portuguese : cigano, this percept is either very small or non-existent. [ 76 ] [ 77 ] At the first World Romani Congress in 1971, it was unanimously voted to reject all exonyms for the Romani people, including Gypsy for its aforesaid negative and stereotyped connotations. [ 74 ] linguistic and genic tell suggest that the Roma as a people originated from the northern amerind subcontinent. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] They are dispersed, but their most condense populations are located in Europe, particularly Central, Eastern and Southern Europe ( including Southern France ), ampere well as westerly Asia ( chiefly Turkey ). The romany people arrived in West Asia and Europe around the fourteenth century. [ 78 ] Since the nineteenth hundred, some Romani people have besides migrated to the Americas. There are an calculate one million Roma in the United States [ 6 ] and 800,000 in Brazil, most of whose ancestors emigrated in the nineteenth hundred from Eastern Europe. Brazil besides includes a celebrated Romani community descended from people deported by the Portuguese Empire during the portuguese Inquisition. [ 79 ] In migrations since the late nineteenth hundred, Romani people have besides moved to other countries in South America and to Canada. [ page needed ] The Romani linguistic process is divided into several dialects, which together are estimated to have more than two million speakers. many gypsy people are native speakers of the dominant allele speech in their nation of residence or of interracial languages combining the dominant lyric with a dialect of Romani ; those varieties are sometimes called Para-Romani. [ 82 ]

Names [edit ]

Endonyms [edit ]

Rom means husband in the Romani lyric. It has the variants dom and lom, which may be related to the Sanskrit words dam-pati ( overlord of the house, conserve ), dama ( to subdue ), lom ( hair ), lomaka ( hairy ), loman, roman ( hairy ), romaça ( man with byssus and long hair ). [ 83 ] Another possible origin is from Sanskrit डोम doma ( penis of a low caste of travelling musicians and dancers ) .

Romani usage [edit ]

In the Romani language, Rom is a masculine noun, meaning ‘husband of the Roma cultural group ‘, with the plural Roma. The feminine of Rom in the Romani linguistic process is Romni /Romli/Romnije or Romlije. however, in most cases, in other languages Rom is now used for people of both genders. [ 84 ] Romani is the womanly adjective, while Romano is the masculine adjective. Some Romanies use Rom or Roma as an ethnic name, while others ( such as the Sinti, or the Romanichal ) do not use this terminus as a self-ascription for the entire heathen group. sometimes, rom and romani are spelled with a double r, i.e., rrom and rromani. In this case rr is used to represent the phoneme /ʀ/ ( besides written as ř and rh ), which in some Romani dialects has remained different from the one written with a individual r. The rr spell is common in certain institutions ( such as the INALCO Institute in Paris ), or used in certain countries, for example, Romania, to distinguish from the endonym / homonym for Romanians ( sg. român, pl. români ) .

english use [edit ]

A Romani wagon pictured in 2009 in Grandborough Fields in Warwickshire ( Grandborough Fields Road is a popular descry for travelling people ) In the english linguistic process ( according to the Oxford English Dictionary ), Rom is a noun ( with the plural Roma or Roms ) and an adjective, while Romani ( Romany ) is besides a noun ( with the plural Romani, the Romani, Romanies, or Romanis ) and an adjective. Both Rom and Romani have been in use in English since the nineteenth century as an alternate for Gypsy. [ 87 ] Romani was sometimes spell Rommany, but more much Romany, while today Romani is the most popular spell. occasionally, the double r spell ( for example, Rroma, Rromani ) mentioned above is besides encountered in English textbook. The condition Roma is increasingly run into [ 88 ] [ 89 ] as a generic terminus for the Romani people. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] [ 92 ] Because not all Romani people use the word Romani as an adjective, the term became a noun for the entire cultural group. today, the term Romani is used by some organizations, including the United Nations and the US Library of Congress. however, the Council of Europe and other organizations consider that Roma is the correct term referring to all related groups, careless of their country of origin, and recommend that Romani be restricted to the terminology and culture : Romani linguistic process, Romani culture. [ 84 ] The criterion assumption is that the demonyms of the Romani people, Lom and Dom, share the like origin. [ 94 ] [ 95 ]

other designations [edit ]

The english term Gypsy ( or Gipsy ) originates from the Middle English gypcian, short for Egipcien. The spanish term Gitano and french Gitan have exchangeable etymologies. They are ultimately derived from the greek Αιγύπτιοι ( Aigyptioi ), meaning egyptian, via Latin. This appellation owes its universe to the impression, coarse in the Middle Ages, that the Romani, or some associate group ( such as the Middle Eastern Dom people ), were itinerant Egyptians. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] This impression appears to be derived from verses in the Biblical Book of Ezekiel ( 29 : 6 and 12–13 ) which refer to the Egyptians being scattered among the nations by an angry God. According to one narrative, they were exiled from Egypt as punishment for allegedly harbouring the baby Jesus. [ 98 ] In his book The Zincali: an account of the Gypsies of Spain, George Borrow notes that when they first appeared in Germany, it was under the character of Egyptians doing penance for their having refused cordial reception to Mary and her son. As described in Victor Hugo ‘s novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame, the medieval french referred to the Romanies as Egyptiens. This exonym is sometimes written with capital letter, to show that it designates an ethnic group. [ 99 ] however, the news is considered derogative because of its negative and stereotyped associations. [ 91 ] [ 100 ] [ 101 ] [ 102 ] The Council of Europe consider that “ Gypsy ” or equivalent terms, equally well as administrative terms such as “ Gens du voyage ” are not in line with european recommendations. [ 84 ] In North America, the password Gypsy is most normally used as a character to Romani ethnicity, though life style and fashion are at times besides referenced by using this word. [ 103 ] Another common appellation of the Romani people is Cingane ( elevation. Tsinganoi, Zigar, Zigeuner, Tschingaren ), which likely derives from Athinganoi, the name of a christian faction with whom the Romani ( or some associate group ) became associated in the Middle Ages. [ 97 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] [ 106 ]

population and subgroups [edit ]

Romani population [edit ]

For a variety of reasons, many Romanis choose not to register their ethnic identity in official censuses. There are an estimate 10 million Romani people in Europe ( as of 2019 ), [ 107 ] although some high estimates by Romani organizations give numbers a high as 14 million. [ 108 ] Significant Romani populations are found in the Balkans, in some cardinal european states, in Spain, France, Russia and Ukraine. In the European Union, there are an calculate 6 million Romanis. [ 109 ] respective million more Romanis may live outside Europe, in particular in the Middle East and in the Americas. [ 110 ]

Romani subgroups [edit ]

Like the Roma in general, many different ethnonyms are given to subgroups of Roma. sometimes a subgroup uses more than one endonym, is normally known by an exonym or mistakenly by the endonym of another subgroup. The lone mention approaching an across-the-board self-description is Rom. even when subgroups do not use the identify, they all acknowledge a coarse beginning and a dichotomy between themselves and Gadjo ( non-Roma ). For example, while the main group of Roma in German-speaking countries refer to themselves as Sinti, their name for their original language is Romanes. Subgroups have been described as, in character, a resultant role of the castes and subcastes in India, which the founding population of Rom about surely experienced in their south asian urheimat. [ 112 ]
Gypsies camping. Welsh Romanies near . Welsh Romanies near Swansea, 1953 many groups use names obviously derived from the Romani word kalo or calo, meaning “ black ” or “ absorbing all light ”. This closely resembles words for “ black ” or “ darkness ” in indic languages ( e.g. Sanskrit काल kāla : “ black ”, “ of a dark color ” ). Likewise, the name of the Dom or Domba people of North India – to whom the Roma have familial, [ 113 ] cultural and linguistic links – has come to imply “ dark-skinned ”, in some indian languages. [ 114 ] Hence names such as kale and calé may have originated as an exonym or a euphemism for Roma. other endonyms for Romani include, for example :

Diaspora [edit ]

 

+ 1,000,000

 

+ 100,000

 

+ 10,000 Countries with a significant Romani population according to unofficial estimates . Romani Girl The Roma people have a number of distinct populations, the largest being the Roma who reached Anatolia and the Balkans about the early twelfth hundred from a migration out of northwestern India beginning about 600 years earlier. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] They settled in the areas that are now Turkey, Greece, Serbia, Romania, Moldova, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Hungary, Slovakia and Spain, by order of book. From the Balkans, they migrated throughout Europe and Iberian Calé or Caló, and, in the nineteenth and late centuries, to the Americas. The Romani population in the United States is estimated at more than one million. [ 132 ] Brazil has the moment largest Romani population in the Americas, estimated at approximately 800,000 by the 2011 census. The Romani people are chiefly called ciganos by non-Romani heathen Brazilians. Most of them belong to the heathen subgroup Calés ( Kale ), of the iberian peninsula. Juscelino Kubitschek, Brazilian president of the united states during 1956–1961 term, was 50 % Czech Romani by his mother ‘s lineage, and Washington Luís, last president of the First Brazilian Republic ( 1926–1930 term ), had portuguese Kale lineage. There is no official or reliable count of the Romani populations worldwide. [ 133 ] Many Romani garbage to register their heathen identity in official censuses for fear of discrimination. [ 134 ] [ better source needed ] Others are descendants of exogamy with local anesthetic populations, some who no longer identify only as Romani and some who do n’t identify as Romani at all. As of the early 2000s, an estimated 3.8 [ 135 ] [ page needed ] to 9 million Romani people lived in Europe and Asia Minor, [ 136 ] [ page needed ] although some Romani organizations estimate numbers adenine high as 14 million. [ 137 ] Significant Romani populations are found in the Balkan peninsula, in some central european states, in Spain, France, Russia, and Ukraine. The total number of Romani living outside Europe are primarily in the Middle East and North Africa and in the Americas and are estimated in total at more than two million. Some countries do not collect data by ethnicity. The Romani people identify as discrete ethnicities based in part on territorial, cultural and dialectal differences, and self-designation. [ 140 ] [ 141 ]

origin [edit ]

familial findings suggest an amerind lineage for Roma. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] [ 142 ] Because Romani groups did not keep chronicles of their history or have oral accounts of it, most hypotheses about the Romani ‘s migration early history are based on linguistic theory. [ 143 ] There is besides no know record of a migration from India to Europe from medieval times that can be connected indisputably to Roma .

Shahnameh legend [edit ]

According to a caption reported in the irani epic poem poem, the Shahnameh, from Iran and repeated by respective advanced authors, the Sasanian king Bahrām V Gōr learned towards the end of his reign ( 421–439 ) that the poor could not afford to enjoy music, and he asked the king of India to send him ten thousand luris, lute-playing experts. When the luris arrived, Bahrām gave each one an ox, a domestic ass, and a donkey-load of pale yellow so that they could live on agribusiness and play music for barren for the poor. however, the luris ate the cattle and the wheat and came second a class late with their cheeks hollowed with hunger. The king, angered with their having wasted what he had given them, ordered them to pack up their bags and go wandering around the world on their donkeys. [ 145 ]

linguistic tell [edit ]

The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that the roots of the Romani speech lie in India : the language has grammatical characteristics of indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic vocabulary, for exemplar, regarding body parts or daily routines. [ 146 ] Romani and Domari share some similarities : agglutination of postpositions of the irregular Layer ( or character marking clitics ) to the nominal stem, harmonize markers for the past strain, the neutralization of sex marking in the plural, and the manipulation of the external oblique muscle case as an objective. This has prompted a lot discussion about the relationships between these two languages. Domari was once thought to be a “ sister lyric ” of Romani, the two languages having split after the deviation from the amerind subcontinent – but by and by inquiry suggests that the differences between them are significant adequate to treat them as two offprint languages within the Central zone ( Hindustani ) group of languages. The Dom and the Rom consequently probable descend from two migration waves out of India, separated by several centuries. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] In phonology, the Romani language shares several isoglosses with the Central arm of Indo-Aryan languages, specially in the realization of some sounds of the Old Indo-Aryan. however, it besides preserves respective alveolar consonant clusters. In regards to verb morphology, Romani follows precisely the same form of northwestern languages such as Kashmiri and Shina through the adoption of external oblique muscle enclitic pronouns as person markers, lending credence to the hypothesis of their central indian beginning and a subsequent migration to northwestern India. Though the retention of alveolar consonant clusters suggests a break from cardinal languages during the transition from Old to Middle Indo-Aryan, the overall morphology suggests that the linguistic process participated in some of the significant developments leading toward the emergence of New Indo-Aryan languages. [ 150 ] Numerals in the Romani, Domari and Lomavren languages, with Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali and irani forms for comparison. [ 151 ]

Languages Numbers Sanskrit Hindi Bengali Romani Domari Lomavren Persian
1 éka ek ek ekh, jekh yika yak, yek yak, yek
2 dvá do dui duj dī lui du, do
3 trí tīn tin trin tærən tərin se
4 catvā́raḥ cār char štar štar išdör čahār
5 páñca pā̃c panch pandž pandž pendž pandž
6 ṣáṭ chah chhoy šov šaš šeš šeš
7 saptá sāt sāt ifta xaut haft haft
8 aṣṭá āṭh āṭh oxto xaišt hašt hašt
9 náva nau noy inja na nu noh
10 dáśa das dosh deš des las dah
20 viṃśatí bīs bish biš wīs vist bist
100 śatá sau eksho šel saj saj sad

genetic tell [edit ]

familial findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] [ 152 ] According to the study, the ancestors of salute scheduled castes and scheduled kin populations of northerly India, traditionally referred to jointly as the Ḍoma, are the probably ancestral populations of modern european Roma. [ 153 ] In December 2012, extra findings appeared to confirm the “ Roma came from a individual group that left northwestern India about 1,500 years ago ”. [ 131 ] They reached the Balkans about 900 years ago [ 130 ] and then spread throughout Europe. The team besides found the Roma to display genetic isolation, arsenic well as “ differential gene flow in clock time and space with non-Romani Europeans ”. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] genetic inquiry published in European Journal of Human Genetics “ has revealed that over 70 % of males belong to a single linage that appears unique to the Roma ”. [ 154 ] familial evidence supports the medieval migration from India. The Romani have been described as “ a accumulate of genetically isolated laminitis populations ”, [ 129 ] while a number of common mendelian disorders among Romanies from all over Europe indicates “ a common beginning and fall through impression “. [ 129 ] A 2020 whole-genome discipline confirmed the Northwest amerind origins, and besides confirmed solid Balkan and Middle Eastern ancestry. [ 155 ] A study from 2001 by Gresham et aluminum. suggests “ a limited number of related founders, compatible with a small group of migrants splitting from a distinct caste or tribal group ”. [ 156 ] The lapp study found that “ a single ancestry … found across Romani populations, accounts for about one-third of Romani males ”. [ 156 ] A 2004 study by Morar et alabama. concluded that the Romani population “ was founded approximately 32–40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary collapse events occurring approximately 16–25 generations ago ”. [ 157 ] Haplogroup H-M82 is a major ancestry bunch in the Balkan Romani group, accounting for approximately 60 % of the entire. [ 158 ] Haplogroup H is rare in Europe but deliver in the indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. A study of 444 people representing three heathen groups in North Macedonia found mtDNA haplogroups M5a1 and H7a1a were dominant allele in Romanies ( 13.7 % and 10.3 %, respectively ). [ 159 ] Y-DNA writing of Muslim Romani people from Šuto Orizari Municipality in North Macedonia, based on 57 samples : [ 160 ]
Y-DNA Haplogroup H1a occurs in Romani at frequencies 7–70 %. Unlike ethnic Hungarians, among hungarian and slovakian Romani subpopulations, Haplogroup E-M78 and I1 normally occur above 10 % and sometimes over 20 %. While among slovakian and Tiszavasvari Romani the dominant haplogroup is H1a, among Tokaj Romani is Haplogroup J2a ( 23 % ), while among Taktaharkány Romani is Haplogroup I2a ( 21 % ). [ 161 ] Five, preferably consistent laminitis lineages throughout the subpopulations, were found among Romani – J-M67 and J-M92 ( J2 ), H-M52 ( H1a1 ), and I-P259 ( I1 ? ). Haplogroup I-P259 as H is not found at frequencies of over 3 percentage among server populations, while haplogroups E and I are lacking in South Asia. The linage E-V13, I-P37 ( I2a ) and R-M17 ( R1a ) may represent gene flow from the host populations. bulgarian, romanian and greek Romani are dominated by Haplogroup H-M82 ( H1a1 ), while among spanish Romani J2 is prevailing. [ 162 ] In Serbia among Kosovo [ a ] and Belgrade Romani Haplogroup H prevails, while among Vojvodina Romani, H drops to 7 percentage and E-V13 rises to a prevail flush. [ 163 ] Among non-Roma Europeans Haplogroup H is extremely rare, peaking at 7 percentage among Albanians from Tirana [ 164 ] and 11 percentage among bulgarian Turks. It occurs at 5 percentage among Hungarians, [ 161 ] although the carriers might be of Romani origin. [ 162 ] Among not Roma-speaking Europeans at 2 percentage among Slovaks, [ 165 ] 2 percentage among Croats, [ 166 ] 1 percentage among Macedonians from Skopje, 3 percentage among macedonian Albanians, [ 167 ] 1 percentage among Serbs from Belgrade, [ 168 ] 3 percentage among Bulgarians from Sofia, [ 169 ]

turkish and Tatar Y-DNA genes of the Muslim Roma [edit ]

When the Balkans and Dobruja were part of the Ottoman Empire, there was turkish and Tatar charm in the Muslim Roma group. Muslim Romani women had children from Turks and Tatars. [ 170 ]

possible migration road [edit ]

The migration of the Romanis through the Middle East and Northern Africa to Europe The Romani may have emerged from what is the mod indian country of Rajasthan, [ 171 ] migrate to the northwesterly ( the Punjab region, Sindh and Baluchistan of the amerind subcontinent ) around 250 BCE. Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed to have occurred begin in about 500 CE. [ 131 ] It has besides been suggested that emigration from India may have taken home in the context of the raids by Mahmud of Ghazni. As these soldiers were defeated, they were moved west with their families into the Byzantine Empire. [ 172 ] The generator Ralph Lilley Turner theorised a cardinal indian origin of Romani followed by a migration to Northwest India as it shares a number of ancient isoglosses with Central Indo-Aryan languages in relative to realization of some sounds of Old Indo-Aryan. This is lend further credence by its sharing precisely the like blueprint of northwestern languages such as Kashmiri and Shina through the adoption of oblique enclitic pronouns as person markers. The overall morphology suggests that Romani participated in some of the meaning developments leading toward the egress of New Indo-Aryan languages, therefore indicating that the proto-Romani did not leave the indian subcontinent until late in the second half of the first gear millennium. [ 150 ] [ 173 ] In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, then indian Minister of External Affairs, Sushma Swaraj stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. [ 174 ] The conference ended with a recommendation to the government of India to recognize the Roma community banquet across 30 countries as a function of the indian diaspora. [ 175 ]

history [edit ]

arrival in Europe [edit ]

According to a 2012 genomic sketch, the Romani reached the Balkans angstrom early on as the twelfth hundred. [ 130 ] A document of 1068, describing an consequence in Constantinople, mentions “ Atsingani ”, credibly referring to Romani. [ 176 ] late historic records of the Romani reaching south-eastern Europe are from the fourteenth century : in 1322, after leaving Ireland on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, irish Franciscan friar Symon Semeonis encountered a migrant group of Romani outside the town of Candia ( modern Heraklion ), in Crete, calling them “ the descendants of Cain “ ; his report is the earliest surviving description by a westerly chronicler of the Romani in Europe. In 1350, Ludolph of Saxony mentioned a similar people with a unique terminology whom he called Mandapolos, a give voice some think derives from the greek bible mantes ( meaning prophet or fortune teller ). [ 177 ] In the fourteenth century, Romani are recorded in venetian territories, including Methoni and Nafplio in the Peloponnese, and Corfu. [ 176 ] Around 1360, a fiefdom called the Feudum Acinganorum was established in Corfu, which chiefly used Romani serf and to which the Romani on the island were slavish. [ 178 ] By the 1440s, they were recorded in Germany ; [ 179 ] and by the sixteenth century, Scotland and Sweden. [ 180 ] Some Romani migrated from Persia through North Africa, reaching the iberian Peninsula in the fifteenth century. The two currents met in France. [ 181 ]
getoufte heiden (“baptized heathens”) and drawn with dark skin and wearing [182] First arrival of the Romanies outside Bern in the fifteenth hundred, described by the chronicler as ( “ baptized heathens ” ) and drawn with colored skin and wearing Saracen -style dress and weapons

early modern history [edit ]

Gypsy Family in Prison, 1864 painting by , 1864 paint by Carl d´Unker. An actual imprison kin in Germany served as the models. The rationality for their imprisonment remains unknown Their early history shows a interracial reception. Although 1385 marks the first record transaction for a Romani slave in Wallachia, they were issued safe behavior by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund in 1417. Romanis were ordered expelled from the Meissen region of Germany in 1416, Lucerne in 1471, Milan in 1493, France in 1504, Catalonia in 1512, Sweden in 1525, England in 1530 ( see Egyptians Act 1530 ), and Denmark in 1536. From 1510 onwards, any Romani found in Switzerland were to be executed ; while in England ( beginning in 1554 ) and Denmark ( beginning of 1589 ) any Romani which did not leave within a calendar month were to be executed. Portugal began deportations of Romanis to its colonies in 1538. [ 183 ] A 1596 English codified gave Romanis especial privileges that early wanderers lacked. France passed a like law in 1683. Catherine the Great of Russia declared the Romanis “ pate slaves ” ( a condition superior to serfs ), but besides kept them out of certain parts of the capital. [ 184 ] In 1595, Ștefan Răzvan overcame his birth into slavery, and became the Voivode ( Prince ) of Moldavia. [ 183 ]
An 1852 Wallachian post horse advertising an auction of Romani slaves in Bucharest Since a imperial edict by Charles II in 1695, spanish Romanis had been restricted to sealed towns. [ 185 ] An official edict in 1717 restricted them to only 75 towns and districts, so that they would not be concentrated in any one region. In the Great Gypsy Round-up, Romani were arrested and imprisoned by the spanish Monarchy in 1749. During the latter part of the seventeenth century, around the Franco-Dutch War, both France and Holland needed thousands of men to fight. Some recruitment took the shape of rounding up vagrants and the poor to work the galleys and provide the armies ‘ labor force. With this background, Romanis were targets of both the french and the dutch. After the wars, and into the first ten of the eighteenth hundred, Romanis were slaughtered with impunity throughout Holland. Romanis, called ‘ heiden ’ by the Dutch, wandered throughout the rural areas of Europe and became the social outcast of the long time. Heidenjachten, translated as “ heathen hunt ” happened throughout Holland in an undertake to eradicate them. [ 186 ] Although some Romani could be kept as slaves in Wallachia and Moldavia until abolition in 1856, the majority traveled as free nomads with their wagons, as alluded to in the spoked wheel symbol in the Romani flag. elsewhere in Europe, they were subjected to heathen cleansing, abduction of their children, and forced labor. In England, Romani were sometimes expelled from small communities or hanged ; in France, they were branded, and their heads were shaved ; in Moravia and Bohemia, the women were marked by their ears being severed. As a result, bombastic groups of the Romani moved to the East, toward Poland, which was more tolerant, and Russia, where the Romani were treated more fairly adenine long as they paid the annual taxes. [ 188 ]

modern history [edit ]

Romani began emigrating to North America in colonial times, with small groups recorded in Virginia and french Louisiana. Larger-scale Roma emigration to the United States began in the 1860s, with Romanichal groups from Great Britain. The most meaning number immigrated in the early twentieth century, chiefly from the Vlax group of Kalderash. many Romani besides settled in South America .
Sinti and other Romani about to be deported from Germany, 22 May 1940

World War II [edit ]

During World War II, the Nazis embarked on a systematic genocide of the Romani, a process known in Romani as the Porajmos. [ 189 ] Romanies were marked for extinction and sentenced to forced british labour party and imprisonment in concentration camps. They were frequently killed on sight, specially by the Einsatzgruppen ( paramilitary death squads ) on the Eastern Front. [ 190 ] The total number of victims has been variously estimated at between 220,000 and 1,500,000. [ 191 ] The Romani people were besides persecuted in Nazi puppet states. In the Independent State of Croatia, the Ustaša killed about the stallion Roma population of 25,000. The concentration camp arrangement of Jasenovac, run by the Ustaša militia and the Croat political police, were creditworthy for the deaths of between 15,000 and 20,000 Roma. [ 192 ]
In Czechoslovakia, they were labeled a “ socially debauched level ”, and Romani women were sterilized as share of a submit policy to reduce their population. This policy was implemented with large fiscal incentives, threats of denying future wellbeing payments, with misinformation, or after administering drugs. An official inquiry from the Czech Republic, resulting in a report ( December 2005 ), concluded that the Communist authorities had practised an assimilation policy towards Romanis, which “ included efforts by sociable services to control the birth rate in the Romani community. The trouble of sexual sterilization carried out in the Czech Republic, either with improper motivation or illegally, exists, ” said the Czech Public Defender of Rights, recommending state compensation for women affected between 1973 and 1991. [ 195 ] New cases were revealed up until 2004, in both the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland “ all have histories of coercive sterilization of minorities and early groups ”. [ 196 ]

club and traditional culture [edit ]

Nomadic Roma kin traveling in Moldavia, 1837 The traditional Romanies place a high value on the drawn-out family. Virginity is all-important in unmarried women. Both men and women often marry young ; there has been controversy in several countries over the Romani practice of child marriage. Romani law establishes that the world ‘s family must pay a bride price to the bride ‘s parents, but only traditional families placid follow it. once married, the charwoman joins the husband ‘s family, where her main subcontract is to tend to her conserve ‘s and her children ‘s needs and take worry of her in-law. The office structure in the traditional Romani family has at its top the oldest man or grandfather, and men, in general, have more authority than women. Women reach regard and ability as they get older. Young wives begin gaining authority once they have children. traditionally, as can be seen on paintings and photos, some Roma men wear shoulder-length hair and a mustache, arsenic well as an earring. Roma women generally have hanker hair, and Xoraxane Roma women frequently dye it blonde with henna. Romani social behavior is strictly regulated by indian social customs [ 197 ] ( “ marime ” or “ marhime ” ), however respected by most Roma ( and by most older generations of Sinti ). This regulation affects many aspects of life sentence and is applied to actions, people and things : parts of the human consistency are considered unclean : the genital organs ( because they produce emissions ) and the remainder of the lower soundbox. Clothes for the lower body, a well as the clothes of menstruating women, are washed individually. Items used for eating are besides washed in a different place. childbirth is considered unclean and must occur outside the dwell locate. The mother is deemed to be unclean for forty days after giving birth. death is considered unclean, and affects the whole family of the dead, who remain impure for a time period of clock time. In contrast to the rehearse of cremating the dead, Romani dead must be buried. [ 198 ] Cremation and burying are both known from the clock of the Rigveda, and both are widely practiced in Hinduism nowadays ( although the tendency is for Hindus to practice cremation, while some communities in South India tend to bury their dead ). [ 199 ] Animals that are considered to be having dirty habits are not eaten by the community.

Belonging and exclusion [edit ]

In Romani doctrine, Romanipen ( besides romanypen, romanipe, romanype, romanimos, romaimos, romaniya ) is the sum of the Romani liveliness, Romani culture, Romani Law, being a Romani, a typeset of Romani strains. An ethnic Romani is considered a gadjo in the Romani society if they have no Romanipen. sometimes a non-Romani may be considered a Romani if they do have Romanipen. normally this is an adopt child. It has been hypothesized that this owes more to a framework of acculturation than a bare adhesiveness to historically received rules. [ 201 ]

religion [edit ]

christian Romanies during the pilgrimage at Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer in France, 1980s Two Orthodox christian Romanies in Cluj-Napoca, Romania Romani and have a bun in the oven ( Belgrade, Banovo brdo, 1980s ) Most gypsy people are christian, [ 202 ] others Muslim ; some retained their ancient faith of Hinduism from their master fatherland of India, while others have their own religion and political arrangement. [ 203 ] Theravada Buddhism influenced by the Dalit Buddhist bowel movement have become popular in holocene times among hungarian Roma. [ 67 ] [ 68 ]

Beliefs [edit ]

The ancestors of contemporary Romani people were Hindu, but adopted Christianity or Islam depending on the regions through which they had migrated. [ 204 ] Muslim Roma are found in Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Egypt, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Serbia and Bulgaria, forming a identical meaning proportion of the Romani people. In neighboring countries such as Romania and Greece, most gypsy inhabitants follow the commit of Orthodoxy. It is likely that the adhesiveness to differing religions prevented families from engaging in exogamy. [ 205 ]

Deities and saints [edit ]

Blessed Ceferino Giménez Malla is recently considered a patron ideal of the Romani people in Roman Catholicism. [ 206 ] Saint Sarah, or Sara e Kali, has besides been venerated as a patron canonize in her enshrine at Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, France. Since the turn of the twenty-first century, Sara e Kali is understand to have been Kali, an indian deity brought from India by the refugee ancestors of the Roma people ; as the Roma became Christianized, she was absorbed in a syncretic way and venerated as a canonize. [ 207 ]
Saint Sarah is now increasingly being considered as “ a Romani Goddess, the Protectress of the Roma ” and an “ incontestable liaison with Mother India ”. [ 207 ] [ 208 ]

Ceremonies and practices [edit ]

Romanies often adopt the dominant religion of their horde area in character a ceremony associated with a conventional religious initiation is necessary, such as a baptism or funeral ( their especial belief systems and autochthonal religion and worship remain preserved regardless of such borrowing processes ). The Roma continue to practice “ Shaktism “, a exercise with origins in India, whereby a female harmonize is required for the idolize of a god. attachment to this practice means that for the Roma who worship the Christian God, prayer is conducted through the Virgin Mary, or her mother, Saint Anne. shaktism continues over one thousand years after the people ‘s separation from India. [ 209 ] aside from Roma elders ( who serve as spiritual leaders ), priests, churches, and bibles do not exist among the Romanies – the alone exception is the pentecostal Roma. [ 209 ]

Balkans [edit ]

Costume of a Romani woman For the Roma communities that have resided in the Balkans for numerous centuries, often referred to as “ turkish Gypsies ”, the surveil histories apply for religious beliefs :

  • Albania – The majority of Albania’s Roma people are Muslims.[210]
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro – Islam is the dominant religion among the Roma.[211]
  • Bulgaria – In northwestern Bulgaria, in addition to Sofia and Kyustendil, Christianity is the dominant faith among Romani people (a major conversion to Eastern Orthodox Christianity among Romani people has occurred). In southeastern Bulgaria, Islam is the dominant religion among Romani people, with a smaller section of the Romani population declaring themselves as “Turks”, continuing to mix ethnicity with Islam.[211]
  • Croatia – Following the Second World War, a large number of Muslim Roma relocated to Croatia (the majority moving from Kosovo).[211]
  • Greece – The descendants of groups, such as Sepečides or Sevljara, Kalpazaja, Filipidži and others, living in Athens, Thessaloniki, central Greece and Greek Macedonia are mostly Orthodox Christians, with Islamic beliefs held by a minority of the population. Following the Peace Treaty of Lausanne of 1923, many Muslim Roma moved to Turkey in the subsequent population exchange between Turkey and Greece.[211]

other regions [edit ]

In Ukraine and Russia, the Roma populations are besides Muslim as the families of Balkan migrants continue to live in these locations. Their ancestors settled on the Crimean peninsula during the 17th and 18th centuries, but then migrated to Ukraine, southern Russia and the Povolzhie ( along the Volga River ). formally, Islam is the religion that these communities align themselves with and the people are recognized for their steadfast preservation of the Romani language and identity. [ 211 ] In Poland and Slovakia, their populations are Roman Catholic, many times adopting and following local, cultural Catholicism as a syncretic system of impression that incorporates distinct Roma belief and cultural aspects. For exemplar, many polish Roma delay their church marry due to the impression that sacramental marriage is accompanied by divine ratification, creating a virtually indissoluble union until the couple arrant, after which the sacramental marriage is dissolvable alone by the death of a spouse. Therefore, for polish Roma, once married, one ca n’t ever divorce. Another aspect of Polish Roma ‘s Catholicism is a custom of pilgrimage to the Jasna Góra Monastery. [ 213 ] Most easterly european Romanies are Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, or Muslim. [ 214 ] Those in Western Europe and the United States are by and large Roman Catholic or Protestant – in southerly Spain, many Romanies are Pentecostal, but this is a humble minority that has emerged in contemporary times. [ 209 ] In Egypt, the Romanies are split into christian and Muslim populations. [ 215 ]

music [edit ]

Romani music plays an important function in Central and Eastern european countries such as Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Albania, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia and Romania, and the dash and performance practices of Romani musicians have influenced european classical composers such as Franz Liszt and Johannes Brahms. The lăutari who perform at traditional romanian weddings are virtually all Romani. [ citation needed ] credibly the most internationally outstanding contemporary performers [ citation needed ] in the lăutari tradition are Taraful Haiducilor. Bulgaria ‘s popular “ wedding music ”, excessively, is about entirely performed by Romani musicians such as Ivo Papasov, a ace clarinetist close associated with this genre and bulgarian pop-folk singer Azis. many celebrated classical musicians, such as the hungarian pianist Georges Cziffra, are Romani, as are many big performers of manele. Zdob și Zdub, one of the most big rock bands in Moldova, although not Romanies themselves, draw heavy on Romani music, as act Spitalul de Urgență in Romania, Shantel in Germany, Goran Bregović in Serbia, Darko Rundek in Croatia, Beirut and Gogol Bordello in the United States. Another custom of Romani music is the genre of the Romani brass band, with such luminary practitioners as Boban Marković of Serbia, and the brass lăutari groups Fanfare Ciocărlia and Fanfare din Cozmesti of Romania. Dances such as the flamenco of Spain are said to have originated from the Romani. [ 216 ] The classifiable sound of Romani music has besides powerfully determine bolero, jazz, and flamenco ( specially cante jondo ) in Spain. European-style itinerant sleep together ( “ jazz Manouche ” or “ Sinti sleep together ” ) is still wide practiced among the original creators ( the Romanie People ) ; one who acknowledged this artistic debt was guitarist Django Reinhardt. contemporaneous artists in this custom known internationally include Stochelo Rosenberg, Biréli Lagrène, Jimmy Rosenberg, Paulus Schäfer and Tchavolo Schmitt. The Romani people in Turkey have achieved musical acclaim from national and local audiences. local performers normally perform for special holidays. Their music is normally performed on instruments such as the darbuka, gırnata and cümbüş. [ 217 ]

cuisine [edit ]

contemporary art and acculturation [edit ]

Romani contemporary art emerged at the climax of the process that began in Central and Eastern Europe in the late-1980s, when the rendition of the cultural practice of minorities was enabled by a prototype stir, normally referred to in specialist literature as the Cultural turn. The estimate of the “ cultural bend ” was introduced ; and this was besides the time when the notion of cultural majority rule became crystallized in the debates carried on at versatile populace forums. Civil club gained persuasiveness, and civil politics appeared, which is a prerequisite for cultural majority rule. This fault of attitude in scholarly circles derived from concerns particular not entirely to ethnicity but besides to company, sex and class. [ 218 ]

language [edit ]

Most Romani speak one of several dialects of the Romani terminology, [ 219 ] an indic language, with roots in Sanskrit. They besides often speak the languages of the countries they live in. typically, they besides incorporate loanwords and calques into Romani from the languages of those countries and particularly words for terms that the Romani language does not have. Most of the Ciganos of Portugal, the Gitanos of Spain, the Romanichal of the UK, and scandinavian Travellers have lost their cognition of pure Romani, and speak the desegregate languages Caló, [ 220 ] Angloromany, and Scandoromani, respectively. Most of the Romani language-speaking communities in these regions consist of late immigrants from easterly or central Europe. [ 221 ] There are no concrete statistics for the number of Romani speakers, both in Europe and globally. however, a conservative estimate is 3.5 million speakers in Europe and a further 500,000 elsewhere, [ 221 ] though the actual issue may be well higher. This makes Romani the second-largest minority language in Europe, behind Catalan. [ 221 ] In regards to the diversity of dialects, Romani works in the same way as most other european languages. [ 222 ] Cross-dialect communication is dominated by the following features :

  • All Romani speakers are bilingual, accustomed to borrowing words or phrases from a second language; this makes it difficult to communicate with Romanis from different countries
  • Romani was traditionally a language shared between extended family and a close-knit community. This has resulted in the inability to comprehend dialects from other countries, and is why Romani is sometimes considered to be several different languages.
  • There is no tradition or literary standard for Romani speakers to use as a guideline for their language use.[222]

Persecutions [edit ]

historical persecution [edit ]

One of the most suffer persecutions against the Romani people was their enslavement. Slavery was widely practiced in medieval Europe, including the territory of contemporary Romania from before the initiation of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in the 13th–14th century. Legislation decreed that all the Romani surviving in these states, american samoa well as any others who immigrated there, were classified as slaves. [ 224 ] Slavery was gradually abolished during the 1840s and 1850s. The exact origins of slavery in the Danubian Principalities are not known. There is some debate over whether the Romani people came to Wallachia and Moldavia as release men or were brought as slaves. historian Nicolae Iorga associated the Roma people ‘s arrival with the 1241 Mongol invasion of Europe and considered their bondage as a trace of that earned run average, in which the Romanians took the Roma as slaves from the Mongols and preserved their condition to use their department of labor. other historians believe that the Romani were enslaved while captured during the battles with the Tatars. The practice of enslaving war prisoners may besides have been adopted from the Mongols. Some Romani may have been slaves or aide troops of the Mongols or Tatars, but most of them migrated from south of the Danube at the end of the fourteenth century, some meter after the initiation of Wallachia. By then, the institution of slavery was already established in Moldavia and possibly in both principalities. After the Roma migrated into the area, slavery became a far-flung rehearse by the majority population. The Tatar slaves, smaller in numbers, were finally merged into the Roma population. [ 225 ] Some branches of the Romani people reached Western Europe in the fifteenth hundred, fleeing as refugees from the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. [ 226 ] Although the Romani were refugees from the conflicts in southeast Europe, they were frequently suspected by certain populations in the West of being associated with the Ottoman invasion because their physical appearance was exotic. ( The Imperial Diet at Landau and Freiburg in 1496–1498 declared that the Romani were spies of the Turks ). In westerly Europe, such suspicions and discrimination against a people who were a visible minority resulted in persecution, much violent, with efforts to achieve cultural cleaning until the mod era. In times of social tension, the Romani suffered as scapegoats ; for example, they were accused of bringing the harass during times of epidemics. [ 227 ] On 30 July 1749, Spain conducted The Great Roundup of Romani ( Gitanos ) in its district. The spanish Crown ordered a countrywide foray that led to the break-up of families as all able men were interned into forced labor camps in an attack at ethnic cleaning. The quantify was finally reversed and the Romanis were freed as protests began to arise in unlike communities, sedentary Romanis being highly esteemed and protected in rural Spain. [ 228 ] [ 229 ] later in the nineteenth hundred, Romani immigration was forbidden on a racial basis in areas outside Europe, by and large in the english-speaking populace. Argentina in 1880 banned immigration by Roma, as did the United States in 1885. [ 227 ]
Rassenhygienische Forschungsstelle) deportation of Roma from Asperg, Germany, 1940 ( photograph by the

Forced acculturation [edit ]

In the Habsburg Monarchy under Maria Theresa ( 1740–1780 ), a series of decrees tried to integrate the Romanies in order to get them to permanently settle, removed their rights to cavalry and big dipper possession ( 1754 ) in order to reduce citizen-mobility, renamed them “ New Citizens ” and obliged Romani boys into military service good as any other citizens were if they had no trade ( 1761, and Revision 1770 ), required them to register with the local authorities ( 1767 ), and another rule prohibited marriages between Romanies ( 1773 ) in order to integrate them into the local population. Her successor Josef II prohibited the wear of traditional Romani dress along with the use of the Romani terminology, both of which were penal by flogging. [ 230 ] During this time, the schools were obliged to register and integrate Romani children ; this policy was the first of the modern policies of integration. In Spain, attempts to assimilate the Gitanos were under direction angstrom early as 1619, when the Gitanos were forcibly settled, the use of the Romani speech was prohibited, Gitano men and women were sent to separate workhouses and their children were sent to orphanages. King Charles III took a more progressive approach to Gitano acculturation, proclaiming that they had the lapp rights as spanish citizens and ending the official deprecation of them which was based on their subspecies. While he prohibited the mobile life style, the use of the Calo terminology, Romani clothing, their trade in horses and other itinerant trades, he besides forbade any shape of discrimination against them and forbade the guilds from barring them. The habit of the give voice gitano was besides forbidden in ordering to promote assimilation, it was replaced with “ New Castilian ”, which was besides applied to early Jews and Muslims. [ 231 ] [ 232 ] Most historians agree that Charles III ‘s pragmática failed for three chief reasons, reasons which were ultimately derived from its implementation outside major cities angstrom well as in marginal areas : The difficulty which the Gitano residential district faced in changing its mobile life style, the borderline life style to which the residential district had been driven by company and the dangerous difficulties of applying the pragmática in the fields of education and work. One author ascribes its failure to the overall rejection of the consolidation of the Gitanos by the wider population. [ 230 ] [ 233 ] other examples of forced assimilation include Norway, where a law was passed in 1896 which permitted the state to remove children from their parents and place them in country institutions. [ 234 ] This resulted in some 1,500 Romani children being taken from their parents in the twentieth century. [ 235 ]

Porajmos ( Holocaust ) [edit ]

The persecution of the Romanies reached a flower during World War II in the Porajmos genocide perpetrated by Nazi Germany. In 1935, the Nuremberg laws stripped the Romani people living in Nazi Germany of their citizenship, after which they were subjected to violence, captivity in concentration camps and by and by genocide in extermination camps. The policy was extended in areas occupied by the Nazis during the war, and it was besides applied by their allies, notably the Independent State of Croatia, Romania, and Hungary. Because no accurate pre-war census figures exist for the Romanis, it is impossible to accurately assess the actual number of victims. Most estimates for numbers of Romani victims of the Holocaust fall between 200,000 and 500,000, although figures ranging between 90,000 and 1.5 million have been proposed. Lower estimates do not include those killed in all Axis-controlled countries. A detail discipline by Sybil Milton, once elder historian at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum gave a design of at least a minimum of 220,000, possibly closer to 500,000. [ 236 ] Ian Hancock, Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the University of Texas at Austin, argues in favor of a higher human body of between 500,000 and 1,500,000. [ 237 ] In Central Europe, the extermination in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was sol exhaustive that the Bohemian Romani language became extinct .

contemporary issues [edit ]

Antiziganist protests in Sofia, 2011 In Europe, Romani people are associated with poverty, and are accused of high rates of crime and behaviours that are perceived by the rest of the population as being antisocial or inappropriate. [ 239 ] partially for this argue, discrimination against the Romani people has continued to the portray day, [ 240 ] [ 241 ] although efforts are being made to address them. [ 242 ] Amnesty International reports continued instances of Antizigan discrimination during the twentieth hundred, particularly in Romania, Serbia, [ 243 ] Slovakia, [ 244 ] Hungary, [ 245 ] Slovenia, [ 246 ] and Kosovo. [ 247 ] The European Union has recognized that discrimination against Romani must be addressed, and with the national Roma integration scheme they encourage penis states to work towards greater Romani inclusion and upholding the rights of the Romani in the European Union. [ 248 ]
In Eastern Europe, Roma children frequently attend Roma Special Schools, separate from non-Roma children, which puts them at an educational disadvantage. [ 251 ] : 83 The Romanis of Kosovo have been hard persecuted by ethnic Albanians since the end of the Kosovo War, and the region ‘s Romani community is, for the most part, annihilated. [ 252 ] Czechoslovakia carried out a policy of sterilization of Romani women, starting in 1973. [ 253 ] The dissidents of the Charter 77 denounced it in 1977–78 as a genocide, but the drill continued through the Velvet Revolution of 1989. [ 254 ] A 2005 report by the Czech Republic ‘s independent ombudsman, Otakar Motejl, identified dozens of cases of coercive sterilization between 1979 and 2001, and called for criminal investigations and possible pursuance against several health care workers and administrators. [ 255 ] In 2008, following the rape and subsequent mangle of an italian woman in Rome at the hands of a young man from a local anesthetic Romani campsite, [ 256 ] the italian government declared that Italy ‘s Romani population represented a national security risk and that swift action was required to address the emergenza nomadi ( nomad emergency ). [ 257 ] Specifically, officials in the italian government accused the Romanies of being responsible for rising crime rates in urban areas. [ citation needed ] The 2008 deaths of Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic, two Roma children who drowned while italian beach-goers remained unflurried, brought international attention to the relationship between Italians and the Roma people. Reviewing the situation in 2012, one Belgian magazine observed :

On International Roma Day, which falls on 8 April, the significant proportion of Europe ‘s 12 million Roma who live in deplorable conditions will not have much to celebrate. And poverty is not the only worry for the community. cultural tensions are on the upgrade. In 2008, Roma camps came under assail in Italy, determent by racist parliamentarians is the norm in Hungary. Speaking in 1993, Václav Havel prophetically remarked that “ the treatment of the Roma is a litmus test for democracy ” : and majority rule has been found wanting. The consequences of the transition to capitalism have been black for the Roma. Under communism they had jobs, free housing and schooling. now many are unemployed people, many are losing their homes and racism is increasingly rewarded with impunity. [ 258 ]

The 2016 Pew Research poll found that Italians, in detail, hold potent anti-Roma views, with 82 % of Italians expressing negative opinions about Roma. In Greece 67 %, in Hungary 64 %, in France 61 %, in Spain 49 %, in Poland 47 %, in the UK 45 %, in Sweden 42 %, in Germany 40 %, and in the Netherlands [ 259 ] 37 % had an unfavorable watch of Roma. [ 260 ] The 2019 Pew Research poll found that 83 % of Italians, 76 % of Slovaks, 72 % of Greeks, 68 % of Bulgarians, 66 % of Czechs, 61 % of Lithuanians, 61 % of Hungarians, 54 % of Ukrainians, 52 % of Russians, 51 % of Poles, 44 % of French, 40 % of Spaniards, and 37 % of Germans held unfavorable views of Roma. [ 261 ] Reports of anti-Roma incidents are increasing across Europe. [ 262 ] Discrimination against Roma remains widespread in Kosovo, [ 263 ] Romania, [ 264 ] Slovakia, [ 265 ] Bulgaria, [ 266 ] [ 267 ] and the Czech Republic. [ 268 ] [ 269 ] Roma communities across Ukraine have been the prey of crimson attacks. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] Concerning employment, on average across the European states surveyed, 16 % of Roma women were in paid ferment in 2016 compared to a third of men. [ 272 ]

Forced repatriation [edit ]

In the summer of 2010, french authorities demolished at least 51 illegal Roma camps and began the process of repatriating their residents to their countries of lineage. [ 273 ] This followed tensions between the french express and Roma communities, which had been heightened after french patrol opened fire and killed a traveler who drove through a police checkpoint, hitting an officer, and attempted to hit two more officers at another checkpoint. In retaliation a group of Roma, armed with hatchets and iron bars, attacked the police place of Saint-Aignan, toppled traffic lights and road signs and burned three cars. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] The french politics has been accused of perpetrating these actions to pursue its political agenda. [ 276 ] EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding stated that the european Commission should take legal military action against France over the issue, calling the deportations “ a shame ”. A leak file dated 5 August, send from the Interior Ministry to regional patrol chiefs, included the teaching : “ Three hundred camps or illegal settlements must be cleared within three months, Roma camps are a priority. ” [ 277 ]

Organizations and projects [edit ]

aesthetic representations [edit ]

many depictions of Romani people in literature and art confront romanticize narratives of mystic powers of luck telling or choleric or passionate temper paired with an indomitable love of exemption and a substance abuse of criminalism. Romani were a democratic subjugate in venetian painting from the time of Giorgione at the depart of the sixteenth hundred ; the inclusion of such a figure adds an alien oriental spirit to scenes. A venetian Renaissance painting by Paris Bordone ( ca. 1530, Strasbourg ) of the Holy Family in Egypt makes Elizabeth a Romani fortune-teller ; the scene is otherwise located in a distinctly european landscape. [ 279 ] particularly celebrated are classics like the history Carmen by Prosper Mérimée and the opera based on it by Georges Bizet, Victor Hugo ‘s The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Herge ‘s The Castafiore Emerald and Miguel de Cervantes ‘ La Gitanilla. The Romani were besides depicted in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, As You Like It, Othello and The Tempest, all by William Shakespeare. The Romani were besides heavy romanticized in the Soviet Union, a classical case being the 1975 film Tabor ukhodit v Nebo. A more realistic delineation of contemporary Romani in the Balkans, featuring Romani lay actors speaking in their native dialects, although placid playing with established clichés of a Romani preference for both magic and crime, was presented by Emir Kusturica in his Time of the Gypsies ( 1988 ) and Black Cat, White Cat ( 1998 ). The films of Tony Gatlif, a french director of Romani ethnicity, like Les Princes ( 1983 ), Latcho Drom ( 1993 ) and Gadjo Dilo ( 1997 ) besides portray Romani life .

See besides [edit ]

General
Lists
Other

Notes [edit ]

  1. ^ 5,400 per 2000 census
  2. ^ This is a census figure. Some 1,236,810 ( 6.14 % of the population ) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities .
  3. ^ This is a census figure. Some 736,981 ( 10 % of the population ) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities. In a report of the census ’ authors, the ethnic results of this census are identified as a “ gross handling ” .
  4. ^ This is a census visualize. There was an option to declare multiple ethnicities, so this figure includes Romani of multiple backgrounds. According to the 2016 microcensus 99.1 % of hungarian Romani declared Hungarian cultural identity besides .
  5. ^ estimate calculate
  6. a b c d e f g h This is a census name .
  7. ^ This is a census figure. Some 368,136 ( 5.1 % of the population ) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities .
  8. ^ This is a census figure. Some 408,777 ( 7.5 % of the population ) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any choice for a person to declare multiple ethnicities .
  9. ^ This is a census figure. Less than 1 % of the population did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities .
  10. ^ This is a census figure. Less than 1 % of the population did not declare any ethnicity .
  11. ^ This is a census figure including Romani, Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians
  12. ^ This is a census calculate. There was an extra 3,368 Balkan Egyptians. 390,938 ( 14 % of the population ) did not declare any ethnicity. The census is regarded as undependable by the Council of Europe
  13. ^ This is a census trope. Some 25 % of the population did not declare any ethnicity .
  14. ^ This is a census figure .

Kosovo status

References [edit ]

Sources [edit ]

far reading [edit ]

European countries Roma links

The concentration, labor, ghetto camps that the Roma were persecuted in during World War II

Non-governmental organisations
Museums and libraries