City in Veneto, Italy
not to be confused with Veronal This article is about the city in Italy. For early uses, see Verona ( disambiguation )

Comune in Veneto, Italy
Verona ( və-ROH-nə, italian : [ veˈroːna ] ( ) ; venetian : Verona or Veròna ) is a city on the Adige River in Veneto, Italy, with 259,610 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region. It is the largest city municipality in the region and the second largest in northeast Italy. The metropolitan sphere of Verona covers an area of 1,426 km2 ( 550.58 sq michigan ) and has a population of 714,310 inhabitants. [ 3 ] It is one of the main tourist destinations in northern Italy because of its aesthetic inheritance and several annual fairs and shows a well as the opera season in the Arena, an ancient Roman amphitheater. Between the 13th and fourteenth century the city was ruled by the Della Scala Family. Under the govern of the family, in especial of Cangrande I della Scala, the city experienced great prosperity, becoming fat and mighty and being surrounded by new walls. [ 4 ] The Della Scala era is survived in numerous monuments around Verona. Two of William Shakespeare ‘s plays are set in Verona : Romeo and Juliet ( which besides features Romeo ‘s visit to Mantua ) and The Two Gentlemen of Verona. It is unknown if Shakespeare ever visited Verona or Italy, but his plays have lured many visitors to Verona and surrounding cities. Verona was besides the birthplace of Isotta Nogarola, who is said to be the first major female humanist and one of the most important humanists of the Renaissance. [ 5 ] In november of 2000 the city has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO because of its urban structure and architecture .

history [edit ]

The precise details of Verona ‘s early history remain a mystery along with the beginning of the appoint. One theory is it was a city of the Euganei, who were obliged to give it up to the Cenomani ( 550 BCE ). With the conquest of the Valley of the Po, the veronese district became Roman ( about 300 BCE ). Verona became a Roman colonia in 89 BCE. It was classified as a municipium in 49 BCE, when its citizens were ascribed to the Roman tribe Poblilia or Publicia. The city became important because it was at the intersection of several roads. Stilicho defeated Alaric and his Visigoths here in 403. But, after Verona was conquered by the Ostrogoths in 489, the Gothic domination of Italy began. Theoderic the Great was said to have built a palace there. It remained under the power of the Goths throughout the Gothic War ( 535–552 ), except for a single day in 541, when the Byzantine officer Artabazes made an entrance. The defections of the Byzantine generals over the loot made it possible for the Goths to regain possession of the city. In 552 valerian vainly endeavored to enter the city, but it was only when the Goths were amply overthrown that they surrendered it. In 569, it was taken by Alboin, King of the Lombards, in whose kingdom it was, in a sense, the second gear most important city. There, Alboin was killed by his wife in 572. The dukes of Treviso much resided there. Adalgisus, son of Desiderius, in 774 made his final desperate electric resistance in Verona to Charlemagne, who had destroyed the Lombard kingdom. Verona became the ordinary residency of the kings of Italy, the government of the city becoming ancestral in the class of Count Milo, progenitor of the counts of San Bonifacio. From 880 to 951 the two Berengarii resided there. Otto I ceded to Verona the marquisate subject on the Duchy of Bavaria, however, the increasing wealth of the bourgeois families eclipsed the baron of the counts, and in 1135 Verona was organised as a free commune. In 1164 Verona joined with Vicenza, Padua and Treviso to create the Veronese League, which was integrated with the Lombard League in 1167 to conflict against Frederick I Barbarossa. Victory was achieved at the Battle of Legnano in 1176, and the Treaty of Venice signed in 1177 follow by the Peace of Constance in 1183. [ 6 ] When Ezzelino III district attorney Romano was elected podestà in 1226, he converted the office into a permanent lordship. In 1257 he caused the massacre of 11,000 Paduans on the obviously of Verona ( Campi di Verona ). Upon his end, the Great Council elected Mastino I della Scala as podestà, and he converted the “ signoria ” into a syndicate possession, though leaving the burghers a partake in the government. Failing to be re-elected podestà in 1262, he affected a coup d’etat d’état, and was acclaimed Capitano del Popolo, with the command of the communal troops. Long inner disagree took station before he succeeded in establishing this new agency, to which was attached the officiate of confirming the podestà. In 1277, Mastino della Scala was killed by the cabal of the nobles .
The reign of his son Alberto as capitano ( 1277–1302 ) was a prison term of ceaseless war against the counts of San Bonifacio, who were aided by the House of Este. Of his sons, Bartolomeo, Alboino and Cangrande I, only the last shared the government ( 1308 ) ; he was bang-up as warrior, prince, and patron of the arts ; he protected Dante, Petrarch, and Giotto. By war or treaty, he brought under his control the cities of Padua ( 1328 ), Treviso ( 1308 ) and Vicenza. At this fourth dimension before the Black death the city was home to more than 40,000 people. [ 7 ]
Cangrande was succeeded by Mastino II ( 1329–1351 ) and Alberto, sons of Alboino. Mastino continued his uncle ‘s policy, conquering Brescia in 1332 and carrying his world power beyond the Po. He purchased Parma ( 1335 ) and Lucca ( 1339 ). After the King of France, he was the richest prince of his time. But a potent league was formed against him in 1337 – Florence, Venice, the Visconti, the Este, and the Gonzaga. After a three years war, the Scaliger dominions were reduced to Verona and Vicenza ( Mastino ‘s daughter Regina-Beatrice della Scala married to Barnabò Visconti ). Mastino ‘s son Cangrande II ( 1351–1359 ) was a barbarous, debauched, and fishy tyrant ; not trusting his own subjects, he surrounded himself with Brandenburg mercenaries. He was killed by his buddy Cansignorio ( 1359–1375 ), who beautified the city with palaces, provided it with aqueducts and bridges, and founded the country treasury. He besides killed his other buddy, Paolo Alboino. Fratricide seems to have become a syndicate custom-made, for Antonio ( 1375–87 ), Cansignorio ‘s natural brother, slew his brother Bartolomeo, thereby arousing the indignation of the people, who deserted him when Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan made war on him. Having exhausted all his resources, he fled from Verona at midnight ( 19 October 1387 ), therefore putting an end to the Scaliger domination, which, however, survived in its monuments. The year 1387 is besides the year of the Battle of Castagnaro, between Giovanni Ordelaffi, for Verona, and John Hawkwood, for Padua, who was the achiever. Antonio ‘s son Canfrancesco attempted in conceited to recover Verona ( 1390 ). Guglielmo ( 1404 ), natural son of Cangrande II, was more fortunate ; with the defend of the people, he drove out the milanese, but he died ten-spot days after, and Verona then submitted to Venice ( 1405 ). The last representatives of the Scaligeri lived at the imperial court and repeatedly attempted to recover Verona by the help of popular risings. From 1508 to 1517, the city was in the power of the Emperor Maximilian I. There were numerous outbreaks of the plague, and in 1629–33 Italy was struck by its worst outbreak in modern times. Around 33,000 people died in Verona ( over 60 per penny of the population at the time ) in 1630–1631. [ 8 ] In 1776 was developed a method of bellringing called veronese bellringing art. Verona was occupied by Napoleon in 1797, but on Easter Monday the populace rose and drove out the french. It was then that Napoleon made an conclusion of the Venetian Republic. Verona became austrian territory when Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio in October 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798. It was taken from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became region of Napoleon ‘s Kingdom of Italy, but was returned to Austria following Napoleon ‘s kill in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. The Congress of Verona, which met on 20 October 1822, was depart of the series of external conferences or congresses, opening with the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15, that marked the continuing enforcement of the “ Concert of Europe “. In 1866, following the Third Italian War of Independence, Verona, along with the remainder of Venetia, became separate of United Italy .
The Arche scaligere, tombs of the ancient lords of Verona The advent of fascism added another darkness chapter to the annals of Verona. Throughout Italy, the jewish population was hit by the Manifesto of Race, a series of anti-semitic laws passed in 1938, and after the invasion by Nazi Germany in 1943, deportations to Nazi concentration camps. An austrian Fort ( now a church, the Santuario della Madonna di Lourdes ), was used to incarcerate and torture Allied troops, Jews and anti-fascists, specially after 1943, when Verona became separate of the italian Social Republic. As in Austrian times, Verona became of big strategic importance to the government. Galeazzo Ciano, Benito Mussolini ‘s son-in-law, was accused of plotting against the republic ; in a show test staged in January 1944 by the Nazi and fascist hierarchy at Castelvecchio ( the Verona trial ), Ciano was executed on the banks of the Adige with many other officers on what is today Via Colombo. This marked another turning point in the escalation of violence that would lone end with the final examination liberation by allied troops and partisans in 1945. After World War II, as Italy joined the NATO alliance, Verona once again acquired its strategic importance, due to its geographic closeness to the Iron Curtain. The city became the buttocks of SETAF ( South European Allied Terrestrial Forces ) and had during the whole duration of the Cold War period a potent military presence, particularly American, which has since decreased .

geography [edit ]

climate [edit ]

Verona has a humid subtropical climate characteristic of Northern Italy ‘s inland plains, with hot summers and cold, humid winters, even though Lake Garda has a partial derivative influence on the city. [ 9 ] The relative humidity is high throughout the year, particularly in winter when it causes fog, chiefly from twilight until late good morning, although the phenomenon has become less and less frequent in late years .

Climate data for Verona (1971–2000, extremes 1946–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.8
(67.6) 		22.1
(71.8) 		27.2
(81.0) 		31.8
(89.2) 		36.6
(97.9) 		38
(100) 		38.2
(100.8) 		39.0
(102.2) 		33.2
(91.8) 		29.2
(84.6) 		23.6
(74.5) 		18.8
(65.8) 		39.0
(102.2)
Average high °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		13.4
(56.1) 		17.2
(63.0) 		22.7
(72.9) 		26.3
(79.3) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.8
(83.8) 		24.4
(75.9) 		18.0
(64.4) 		11.0
(51.8) 		6.7
(44.1) 		17.7
(63.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5) 		4.5
(40.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.0
(53.6) 		17.2
(63.0) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.3
(73.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		13.3
(55.9) 		7.1
(44.8) 		3.1
(37.6) 		12.9
(55.2)
Average low °C (°F) −1.2
(29.8) 		0.1
(32.2) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.8
(44.2) 		11.7
(53.1) 		15.4
(59.7) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.8
(64.0) 		13.7
(56.7) 		8.7
(47.7) 		3.2
(37.8) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		8.1
(46.6)
Record low °C (°F) −18.4
(−1.1) 		−18.4
(−1.1) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		7.3
(45.1) 		8.1
(46.6) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−15.5
(4.1) 		−18.4
(−1.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 50.9
(2.00) 		43.3
(1.70) 		48.7
(1.92) 		70.4
(2.77) 		74.2
(2.92) 		87.2
(3.43) 		62.6
(2.46) 		81.7
(3.22) 		76.2
(3.00) 		91.0
(3.58) 		64.8
(2.55) 		52.5
(2.07) 		803.5
(31.63)
Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 millimeter ) 6.8 5.1 6.0 8.9 8.6 8.6 5.5 5.8 6.0 7.4 7.1 6.2 82.0
Average relative humidity (%) 85 78 73 75 73 73 73 74 76 81 84 84 77
Mean monthly sunshine hours 94 102 156 180 241 255 304 262 199 158 72 81 2,104
Source 1: Servizio Meteorologico (humidity 1961–1990)[10][11][12]
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun, 1931–1960)[13]

Demographics [edit ]

In 2009, 265,368 people were residing in Verona, located in the state of Verona, Veneto, of whom 47.6 % were male and 52.4 % were female. Minors ( children aged 0–17 ) totaled 16.05 % of the population compared to pensioners who count 22.36 %. This compares with the italian average of 18.06 % ( minors ) and 19.94 % ( pensioners ). The modal age of Verona residents is 43 compared to the italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Verona grew by 3.05 %, while Italy as a wholly grew by 3.85 %. [ 15 ] The current birth rate of Verona is 9.24 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the italian average of 9.45 births. As of 2009, 87 % of the population was italian. [ 16 ] The largest immigrant group comes from other european nations ( the largest coming from Romania ) : 3.60 %, South Asia : 2.03 %, and sub-saharan Africa 1.50 %. The city is predominantly Roman Catholic, but due to immigration now has some Orthodox Christian, and Muslim followers .
Panoramic position of the city from Castel San Pietro

government [edit ]

Palazzo Barbieri is Verona City Hall is Verona City Hall Palazzo del Governo is the seat of the Province of Verona is the seat of the Province of Verona Since the local government political reorganization in 1993, Verona has been governed by the City Council of Verona, which is based in Palazzo Barbieri. Voters elect directly 33 councilors and the Mayor of Verona every five years. Verona is besides the capital of its own state. The Provincial Council is seated in Palazzo del Governo. The stream Mayor of Verona is Federico Sboarina ( FI ), elected on 26 June 2017. This is a tilt of the mayors of Verona since 1946 :

Mayor Term start Term end   Party
Aldo Fedeli 1946 1951 PSI
Giovanni Uberti 1951 1956 DC
Giorgio Zanotto 1956 1965 DC
Renato Gozzi 1965 1970 DC
Carlo Delaini 1970 1975 DC
Renato Gozzi 1975 1980 DC
Gabriele Sboarina 1980 1990 DC
Aldo Sala 1990 1993 DC
Enzo Erminero 1993 1994 DC
Michela Sironi Mariotti 27 June 1994 28 May 2002 FI
Paolo Zanotto 28 May 2002 28 May 2007 DL
Flavio Tosi 28 May 2007 26 June 2017 LN
Federico Sboarina 26 June 2017 incumbent FI

Main sights [edit ]

Because of the measure and importance of its many historic buildings, Verona has been named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Verona preserved many ancient Roman monuments ( including the brilliant Arena ) in the early Middle Ages, but many of its early medieval edifices were destroyed or heavily damaged by the earthquake of 3 January 1117, which led to a massive Romanesque rebuild. The carolingian period Versus de Verona contains an significant description of Verona in the early medieval era .

Roman edifices [edit ]

The Roman military colony in what is now the center of the city was to expand through the cardines and decumani that intersect at correctly angles. This structure has been kept to the show day and is intelligibly visible from the air. Further development has not reshaped the original map. Though the Roman city with its basalt-paved roads is largely hidden from opinion it stands about entire about 6 m below the open. Most palazzi and houses have cellars built on Roman structures that are rarely accessible to visitors. Piazza delle Erbe, near the Roman forum was rebuilt by Cangrande I and Cansignorio della Scala I, lords of Verona, using material ( such as marble blocks and statues ) from Roman health spa and villa.

Read more: David Prowse

Verona is celebrated for its Roman amphitheater, the Arena, found in the city ‘s largest plaza, the Piazza Bra. Completed around 30 AD, it is the third-largest in Italy after Rome ‘s Colosseum and the arena at Capua. It measures 139 meters long and 110 meters wide, and could seat some 25,000 spectators in its 44 tiers of marble seats. The ludi ( shows and gladiator games ) performed within its walls were thus celebrated that they attracted spectators from far beyond the city. The current two-story façade is actually the home support for the tiers ; entirely a fragment of the master out margin wall in white and pink limestone from Valpolicella, with three stories remains. The interior is identical impressive and is about entire, and has remained in use even today for public events, fairs, field, and open-aired opera during warm summer nights .
There is besides a variety show of early Roman monuments to be found in the town, such as the Roman theater of Verona. This field was built in the first century BC, but through the ages had fallen in neglect and had been built upon to provide housing. In the eighteenth century Andrea Monga, a affluent Veronese, bought all the houses that in time had been built over the field, demolished them, and saved the repository. not far from it is the Ponte di Pietra ( “ Stone Wall Bridge ” ), another Roman landmark that has survived to this day. The Arco dei Gavi ( Gavi Arch ) was built in the first century AD and is celebrated for having the identify of the builder ( architect Lucius Vitruvius Cordone ) engraved on it, a rare case in the architecture of the epoque. It in the first place straddled the main Roman road into the city, immediately the Corso Cavour. It was demolished by french troops in 1805 and rebuilt in 1932 .
Piazza dei Signori San Zeno Basilica, like many other Veronese churches, is built with alternating layers of white stone and bricks The Portoni della Bra Nearby is the Porta Borsari, an arch at the end of Corso Porta Borsari. This is the façade of a 3rd-century gate in the original Roman city walls. The inscription is dated 245 AD and gives the city appoint as Colonia Verona Augusta. Corso Porta Borsari, the road exceed through the gate is the original Via Sacra of the Roman city. today, it is lined with several Renaissance palazzi and the ancient church of Santi Apostoli, a few meters from Piazza delle Erbe. Porta Leoni is the first century BC ruin of what was once share of the Roman city gate. A significant assign is still standing as region of the wall of a medieval build. The street itself is an open archaeological web site, and the remains of the original Roman street and gateway foundations can be seen a few feet below the present street level. As can be seen from there, the gate contains a humble court guarded by towers. here, carriages and travelers were inspected before entering or leaving the city. Santo Stefano church is dedicated to the first Christian martyr, was erected in the Paleochristian era, and houses the burials of the first bishops of Verona. Throughout the centuries Saint Stephen undergo complex architectural transformations. Particularly hit is the rare two-story ambulant, credibly built to give pilgrims ocular access to the abundant collection of significant relics for which the church service was celebrated. besides to be visited is the cruciate crypt with its forest of column, arches, and cross vaults. Saint Stephen was the foremost Christian martyr and, according to the Acts of the Apostles, was stoned just outside Jerusalem, in a place still remembered today, near the alleged “ Porta Leoni “. [ 17 ]

medieval architecture [edit ]

With a couple duration of 48.70 m ( 159.78 foot ), the metameric arch bridge Ponte Scaligero featured, at the clock of its completion in 1356, the global ‘s largest bridge arch .

celebrated people [edit ]

Verona was the birthplace of Catullus, and the town that Julius Caesar chose for relaxing stays. It has had an association with many significant people and events that have been meaning in the history of Europe, such as Theoderic the Great, king of Ostrogoths, Alboin and Rosamund, the Lombard Dukes, Charlemagne and Pippin of Italy, Berengar I, and Dante. Conclaves were held here, as were important congresses. Verona featured in the travel diaries of Goethe, Stendhal, Paul Valéry and Michel de Montaigne. The british writer Tim Parks has been living near Verona since the 1980s and the city is cardinal to many of his books, notably A Season with Verona and italian Neighbors .

frolic [edit ]

Stadio Marcantonio Bentegodi, which was used as a venue at the 1990 FIFA World Cup is home to Verona’s major football clubs Hellas Verona and Chievo Verona The city has two professional football teams that plays present. Historically, the city ‘s major team has been Hellas Verona. Hellas Verona won the italian Serie A championship in 1984–85, and played in the european Cup the follow class. Chievo Verona represented Chievo, a suburb of Verona, created in 1929, however, they cease to exist in 2021 due to outstanding tax payments. As of the 2021–22 temper, Hellas plays in the beginning division of italian football, Serie A, while Virtus Verona, the other club in the city, plays in the Serie C. The teams of Hellas and Chievo contested the Derby della Scala and shared the 38,402-seater Stadio Marcantonio Bentegodi ( immediately only Hellas plays in the stadium due to the fold of Chievo. ), which was used as a venue at the 1990 FIFA World Cup. Verona is home to the volleyball team Marmi Lanza Verona ( immediately in Serie A1 ), the rugby team Franklin and Marshall Cus Verona Rugby ( immediately in Serie A1 ), and the basketball team Scaligera Basket ( now in Legadue ). The city has twice hosted the UCI Road World Championships, in 1999 ( with Treviso as co-host ) and in 2004. The city besides regularly hosts stages of the Giro d’Italia annual cycle race. Verona besides hosted the baseball global cup in 2009, and the Volleyball World Cup in September–October 2010. Verona is hosting the Volleyball Women ‘s World Championship in September–October 2014. [ 19 ]

infrastructure and transportation [edit ]

Public transportation system [edit ]

An ATV busbar in Verona Public transit has been operated by the provincial public tape drive company, Azienda Trasporti Verona ( ATV ), since 2007. From 1884 to 1951, the city was served by the Verona tramway network [ it ]. Trolleybuses replaced the trams which were themselves replaced by buses in 1975. A modern trolleybus network is presently under recapitulation by ATV and is expected to open in 2022. [ 20 ] An incline lift, the Verona cable railway, opened in 2017 and provides access from the Ponte Pietra to the Roman theater museum and San Pietro Castle .

Railways [edit ]

Verona lies at a major road crossing where the north-south railing cable from the Brenner Pass to Rome intersects with the east-west tune between Milan and Venice, giving the city rail access to most of Europe. In addition to regional and local anesthetic services, the city is served by calculate international trains to Zurich, Innsbruck, and Munich and by overnight tie services to Paris and Dijon ( Thello ), Munich, and Vienna ( ÖBB ). Verona ‘s independent station is Verona Porta Nuova railroad track station, to the south of the city center. It is considered to be the ninth busiest railway place in Italy, handling approximately 68,000 passengers per day, or 25 million passengers per class. [ 21 ] There is a lesser station to the east of the city at Porta Vescovo, which used to be the chief place in Verona, but now alone receives trains between Venice and Porta Nuova .

airport [edit ]

Verona airport Verona Airport is located 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) southwest of Verona. It handles around 3 million passengers per year. It is linked to Porta Nuova railroad track station by a frequent bus avail. [ 21 ] There are steer flights between Verona and Rome Fiumicino, Munich, Berlin, Moscow, Naples, Frankfurt, Catania, London Gatwick, Dublin, Palermo, Cork, Manchester, Liverpool [ 22 ] and Cagliari among others .

International relations [edit ]

Twin towns – baby cities [edit ]

Verona is twinned with : [ 23 ]

  • United StatesAlbany, United States
  • South AfricaJohannesburg, South Africa
  • GermanyMunich, Germany
  • JapanNagahama, Japan
  • FranceNîmes, France
  • CroatiaPula, Croatia
  • BelgiumSaint-Josse-ten-Noode, Belgium
  • AustriaSalzburg, Austria

friendship pacts [edit ]

Verona has friendly relations with : [ 23 ]

  • PeruAyacucho, Peru
  • State of PalestineBethlehem, Palestine
  • GreeceCorfu, Greece
  • GermanyDetmold, Germany
  • United StatesFresno, United States
  • ChinaHangzhou, China
  • RussiaKazan, Russia
  • AlbaniaKorçë, Albania
  • SlovakiaKošice, Slovakia
  • SerbiaKragujevac, Serbia
  • South KoreaNamwon, South Korea
  • ChinaNingbo, China
  • North MacedoniaPrilep, North Macedonia
  • IsraelRa’anana, Israel
  • AlbaniaTirana, Albania
  • ChinaZhuji, China
  • LibyaZintan, Libya

In popular culture [edit ]

Two of William Shakespeare ‘s plays, the celebrated Romeo and Juliet, ampere well as the lesser-known The Two Gentlemen of Verona, are set in the city of Verona. Although no surviving attest suggests that Shakespeare had ever been to the city, or evening the nation of Italy, for that matter, the city ‘s presence in his work has inspired increased tourism to Verona and the surrounding areas ever since .

See besides [edit ]

  • Idea Verona, an Italian language, art, and culture school for foreigners visiting or living in Verona

Notes [edit ]

Media related to Verona at Wikimedia Commons