Energy storage and enchant [edit ]
Power-to-gas systems may be deployed as adjuncts to wind parks or solar-electric coevals. The overindulgence might or off-peak exponent generated by hoist generators or solar arrays may then be used hours, days, or months late to produce electric baron for the electrical grid. In the lawsuit of Germany, before switching to lifelike gasoline, the gas networks were operated using towngas, which for 50–60 % consisted of hydrogen. The storage capacity of the german natural gas network is more than 200,000 GWh which is adequate for several months of energy prerequisite. By comparison, the capacitance of all german pumped storage world power plants amounts to only about 40 GWh. Natural gasoline storage is a senesce industry that has been in universe since victorian times. The storage/retrieval baron rate requirement in Germany is estimated at 16 GW in 2023, 80 GW in 2033 and 130 GW in 2050. [ 9 ] The repositing costs per kilowatt hour are estimated at €0.10 for hydrogen and €0.15 for methane. [ 10 ]
Reading: Power-to-gas – Wikipedia
The existing natural gas transport infrastructure conveys massive amounts of gas for long distances productively using pipelines. It is now profitable to ship natural boast between continents using LNG carriers. The transport of energy through a boast network is done with much less personnel casualty ( < 0.1 % ) than in an electric transmission network ( 8 % ). This infrastructure can transport methane produced by P2G without modification. It may besides be possible to use it for hydrogen. [ citation needed ] The use of the existing natural gas pipelines for hydrogen was studied by the EU NaturalHy project [ 11 ] and US DOE. [ 12 ] Blending technology is besides used in HCNG .
efficiency [edit ]
In 2013, the round-trip efficiency of power-to-gas-storage was well below 50 %, with the hydrogen path being able to reach a maximum efficiency of ~ 43 % and methane of ~ 39 % by using combined-cycle powerplants. If cogeneration plants are used that produce both electricity and heat, efficiency can be above 60 %, but is still less than pump hydro or battery repositing. [ 13 ] however, there is potential to increase the efficiency of power-to-gas storage. In 2015 a discipline published in Energy and Environmental Science found that by using reversible upstanding oxide electrochemical cells and recycling thriftlessness heat in the storage process, electricity-to-electricity round-trip efficiencies exceeding 70 % can be reached at low cost. [ 14 ] In accession, a 2018 cogitation using pressurized reversible solid oxide fuel cells and a like methodology found that round-trip efficiencies ( power-to-power ) of up to 80 % might be feasible. [ 15 ]
| Fuel | Efficiency | Conditions |
|---|---|---|
| Pathway: Electricity→Gas | ||
| Hydrogen | 54–72 % | 200 bar compression |
| Methane (SNG) | 49–64 % | |
| Hydrogen | 57–73 % | 80 bar compression (Natural gas pipeline) |
| Methane (SNG) | 50–64 % | |
| Hydrogen | 64–77 % | without compression |
| Methane (SNG) | 51–65 % | |
| Pathway: Electricity→Gas→Electricity | ||
| Hydrogen | 34–44 % | 80 bar compression up to 60% back to electricity |
| Methane (SNG) | 30–38 % | |
| Pathway: Electricity→Gas→Electricity & heat cogeneration) | ||
| Hydrogen | 48–62 % | 80 bar compression and electricity/heat for 40/45 % |
| Methane (SNG) | 43–54 % | |
Electrolysis technology [edit ]
- Relative advantages and disadvantages of electrolysis technologies.[17]
| Advantage | Disadvantage |
|---|---|
| Commercial technology (high technology readiness level) | Limited cost reduction and efficiency improvement potential |
| Low investment electrolyser | High maintenance intensity |
| Large stack size | Modest reactivity, ramp rates and flexibility (minimal load 20%) |
| Extremely low hydrogen impurity (0.001%) | Stacks < 250 kW require unusual AC/DC converters |
| Corrosive electrolyte deteriorates when not operating nominally |
| Advantage | Disadvantage |
|---|---|
| Reliable technology (no kinetics) and simple, compact design | High investment costs (noble metals, membrane) |
| Very fast response time | Limited lifetime of membranes |
| Cost reduction potential (modular design) | Requires high water purity |
| Advantage | Disadvantage |
|---|---|
| Highest electrolysis efficiency | Very low technology readiness level (proof of concept) |
| Low capital costs | Poor lifetime because of high temperature and affected material stability |
| Possibilities for integration with chemical methanation (heat recycling) | Limited flexibility; constant load required |
All current P2G systems start by using electricity to split water system into hydrogen and oxygen by means of electrolysis. In a “ power-to-hydrogen ” arrangement, the resulting hydrogen is injected into the natural gasoline grid or is used in transport or industry rather than being used to produce another natural gas type. [ 2 ] ITM Power won a tender in March 2013 for a Thüga Group undertaking, to supply a 360 kilowatt self-pressurising high press electrolysis rapid reply PEM electrolyser Rapid Response Electrolysis Power-to-Gas energy storehouse plant. The unit produces 125 kg/day of hydrogen gas and incorporates AEG office electronics. It will be situated at a Mainova AG web site in the Schielestraße, Frankfurt in the department of state of Hessen. The functional data will be shared by the solid Thüga group – the largest network of energy companies in Germany with around 100 municipal utility members. The project partners include : badenova AG & Co. kilogram, Erdgas Mittelsachsen GmbH, Energieversorgung Mittelrhein GmbH, erdgas schwaben GmbH, Gasversorgung Westerwald GmbH, Mainova Aktiengesellschaft, Stadtwerke Ansbach GmbH, Stadtwerke Bad Hersfeld GmbH, Thüga Energienetze GmbH, WEMAG AG, e-rp GmbH, ESWE Versorgungs AG with Thüga Aktiengesellschaft as project coordinator. Scientific partners will participate in the operational phase. [ 18 ] It can produce 60 cubic metres of hydrogen per hour and prey 3,000 cubic metres of natural gas enriched with hydrogen into the grid per hour. An expansion of the pilot burner implant is planned from 2016, facilitating the full conversion of the hydrogen produced into methane to be directly injected into the natural boast grid. [ 19 ]
Units like ITM Power ‘s HGas generates hydrogen to be directly injected into the gas network as Power to Gas In December 2013, ITM Power, Mainova, and NRM Netzdienste Rhein-Main GmbH began injecting hydrogen into the german natural gas distribution network using ITM Power HGas, which is a rapid response proton exchange membrane electrolyser plant. The power consumption of the electrolyser is 315 kilowatt. It produces about 60 cubic meters per hour of hydrogen and frankincense in one hour can feed 3,000 cubic meters of hydrogen-enriched natural gas into the net. [ 20 ] On August 28, 2013, E.ON Hanse, Solvicore, and Swissgas inaugurated a commercial power-to-gas unit in Falkenhagen, Germany. The unit of measurement, which has a capacitance of two megawatts, can produce 360 cubic meters of hydrogen per hour. [ 21 ] The plant uses wind baron and Hydrogenics [ 22 ] electrolysis equipment to transform water into hydrogen, which is then injected into the existing regional natural gas transmittance system. Swissgas, which represents over 100 local natural natural gas utilities, is a partner in the project with a 20 percentage capital impale and an agreement to purchase a part of the flatulence produced. A second 800 kilowatt power-to-gas project has been started in Hamburg /Reitbrook zone [ 23 ] and is expected to open in 2015. [ 24 ] In August 2013, a 140 MW wind park in Grapzow, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern owned by E.ON received an electrolyser. The hydrogen produced can be used in an home combustion engine or can be injected into the local gas power system. The hydrogen compression and storage system stores up to 27 MWh of energy and increases the overall efficiency of the wind ballpark by tapping into fart energy that otherwise would be wasted. [ 25 ] The electrolyser produces 210 Nm3/h of hydrogen and is operated by RH2-WKA. [ 26 ] The INGRID stick out started in 2013 in Apulia, Italy. It is a four-year project with 39 MWh storage and a 1.2 MW electrolyser for chic grid monitor and control. [ 27 ] The hydrogen is used for grid balance, ecstasy, industry, and injection into the gas network. [ 28 ] The excess department of energy from the 12 MW Prenzlau Windpark in Brandenburg, Germany [ 29 ] will be injected into the gas grid from 2014 on. The 6 MW Energiepark Mainz [ 30 ] from Stadtwerke Mainz, RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Linde and Siemens in Mainz ( Germany ) will open in 2015. might to gasoline and other department of energy repositing schemes to store and utilize renewable energy are part of Germany ‘s Energiewende ( department of energy passage broadcast ). [ 31 ] In France, the MINERVE demonstrator of AFUL Chantrerie ( Federation of Local Utilities Association ) aims to promote the development of energy solutions for the future with elective representatives, companies and more by and large civil company. It aims to experiment with respective reactors and catalysts. The man-made methane produced by the MINERVE demonstrator ( 0.6 Nm3 / h of CH4 ) is recovered as CNG fuel, which is used in the boilers of the AFUL Chantrerie boiler establish. The initiation was designed and built by the french SME Top Industrie, with the support of Leaf. In November 2017 it achieved the bode performance, 93.3 % of CH4. This project was supported by the ADEME and the ERDF-Pays de la Loire Region, vitamin a well as by several other partners : Conseil départemental de Loire -Atlantic, Engie-Cofely, GRDF, GRTGaz, Nantes-Metropolis, Sydela and Sydev. [ 32 ]
Grid injection without compression [edit ]
The kernel of the system is a proton exchange membrane ( PEM ) electrolyser. The electrolyser converts electric energy into chemical energy, which in turn facilitates the memory of electricity. A flatulence mix plant ensures that the proportion of hydrogen in the natural natural gas current does not exceed two per penny by volume, the technically permissible maximum value when a natural gas filling station is situated in the local distribution network. The electrolyser supplies the hydrogen-methane mix at the same imperativeness as the accelerator distribution net, namely 3.5 bar. [ 33 ]
2 by electrolytically obtained hydrogen Methanation of COby electrolytically obtained hydrogen A power-to-methane system combines hydrogen from a power-to-hydrogen system with carbon paper dioxide to produce methane [ 34 ] ( see natural accelerator ) using a methanation reaction such as the Sabatier reaction or biological methanation resulting in an extra energy conversion loss of 8 %, [ citation needed ] the methane may then be fed into the natural boast power system if the purity necessity is reached. [ 35 ]
Read more: โบรุสเซีย ดอร์ทมุนด์(Borussia Dortmund)
ZSW ( Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research ) and SolarFuel GmbH ( now ETOGAS GmbH ) realized a demonstration project with 250 kW electric remark might in Stuttgart, Germany. [ 36 ] The plant was put into operation on October 30, 2012. [ 37 ] The first industry-scale Power-to-Methane plant was realized by ETOGAS for Audi AG in Werlte, Germany. The implant with 6 MW electrical remark might is using CO2 from a waste- biogas plant and intermittent renewable office to produce synthetic natural gas ( SNG ) which is directly fed into the local anesthetic gasoline grid ( which is operated by EWE ). [ 38 ] The plant is part of the Audi e-fuels program. The produced synthetic natural accelerator, named Audi e-gas, enables CO2-neutral mobility with standard CNG vehicles. Currently it is available to customers of Audi ‘s first base CNG car, the Audi A3 g-tron. [ 39 ]
HELMETH Power-to-Gas Prototype In April 2014 the European Union ‘s co-financed and from the KIT coordinated [ 40 ] HELMETH [ 41 ] ( Integrated H igh-Temperature EL ectrolysis and METH anation for effective Power to Gas Conversion ) research plan started. [ 42 ] The objective of the project is the proof of concept of a highly efficient Power-to-Gas technology by thermally integrating high temperature electrolysis ( SOEC technology ) with CO2-methanation. Through the thermal integration of exothermic methanation and steam coevals for the high temperature steam electrolysis conversion efficiency > 85 % ( higher heating value of grow methane per used electrical department of energy ) are theoretically possible. The process consists of a pressurize high-temperature steam electrolysis and a pressurize CO2-methanation module. The project was completed in 2017 and achieved an efficiency of 76 % for the prototype with an indicate growth potential of 80 % for industrial scale plants. [ 43 ] The function conditions of the CO2-methanation are a gas pressure of 10 – 30 bar, a SNG production of 1 – 5.4 m3/h ( NTP ) and a reactant conversion that produces SNG with H2 < 2 vol.- % resp. CH4 > 97 vol.- %. [ 44 ] Thus, the generated substitute natural accelerator can be injected in the entire german natural boast network without limitations. [ 45 ] As a cooling culture medium for the exothermic reaction boiling water system is used at up to 300 °C, which corresponds to a water vaporization coerce of about 87 bar. The SOEC works with a coerce of up to 15 bar, steam conversions of up to 90 % and generates one standard cubic meter of hydrogen from 3.37 kWh of electricity as feed for the methanation. The technological maturity of Power to Gas is evaluated in the european 27 partner project STORE & GO, which has started in March 2016 with a runtime of four years. [ 46 ] Three different technical concepts are demonstrated in three unlike european countries ( Falkenhagen / Germany, Solothurn / Switzerland, Troia / Italy ). The technologies involved include biological and chemical methanation, lead capture of CO2 from atmosphere, liquefaction of the synthesize methane to bio- LNG, and aim injection into the flatulence grid. The overall goal of the visualize is to assess those technologies and respective custom paths under technical, [ 47 ] economic, [ 48 ] and legal [ 49 ] aspects to identify business cases on the short circuit and on the long term. The project is co-funded by the European Union ‘s Horizon 2020 research and invention broadcast ( 18 million euro ) and the swiss politics ( 6 million euro ), with another 4 million euro coming from participating industrial partners. [ 50 ] The coordinator of the overall project is the inquiry focus on of the DVGW [ 51 ] located at the KIT .
microbial methanation [edit ]
The biological methanation combines both processes, the electrolysis of water to form hydrogen and the subsequent CO2 reduction to methane using this hydrogen. During this process, methane forming microorganisms ( methanogenic archaea or methanogens ) release enzymes that reduce the overpotential of a non-catalytic electrode ( the cathode ) so that it can produce hydrogen. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] This microbial power-to-gas reaction occurs at ambient conditions, i.e. room temperature and ph 7, at efficiencies that routinely reach 80-100 %. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] however, methane is formed more slowly than in the Sabatier reaction due to the lower temperatures. A direct conversion of CO2 to methane has besides been postulated, circumventing the need for hydrogen production. [ 56 ] Microorganisms involved in the microbial power-to-gas reaction are typically members of the order Methanobacteriales. genus that were shown to catalyze this reaction are Methanobacterium, [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Methanobrevibacter, [ 59 ] and Methanothermobacter ( thermophile ). [ 60 ]
LPG production [edit ]
methane can be used to produce LPG by synthesising SNG with partial reverse hydrogenation at high coerce and low temperature. LPG in turn can be converted into alkylate which is a premium gasoline blending stock because it has especial antiknock properties and gives clean burn. [ 4 ]
power to food [edit ]
The synthetic methane generated from electricity can besides be used for generating protein rich feed for cattle, domestic fowl and pisces economically by cultivating Methylococcus capsulatus bacteria culture with bantam land and water foot print. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] The carbon dioxide boast produced as by product from these plants can be recycled in the generation of synthetic methane ( SNG ). similarly, oxygen flatulence produced as by product from the electrolysis of water and the methanation process can be consumed in the cultivation of bacteria culture. With these integrated plants, the abundant renewable solar / wind power likely can be converted in to high value food products with out any body of water befoulment or green family natural gas ( GHG ) emissions. [ 64 ]
Biogas-upgrading to biomethane [edit ]
In the third method the carbon dioxide in the output of a wood accelerator generator or a biogas plant after the biogas upgrader is mix with the produced hydrogen from the electrolyzer to produce methane. The free heat coming from the electrolyzer is used to cut heating costs in the biogas plant. The impurities carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen sulfide, and particulates must be removed from the biogas if the natural gas is used for grapevine repositing to prevent damage. [ 3 ] 2014-Avedøre effluent Services in Avedøre, Kopenhagen ( Denmark ) is adding a 1 MW electrolyzer plant to upgrade the anaerobic digestion biogas from sewage sludge. [ 65 ] The produce hydrogen is used with the carbon dioxide from the biogas in a Sabatier reaction to produce methane. Electrochaea [ 66 ] is testing another project outside P2G BioCat with biocatalytic methanation. The company uses an adapted strain of the thermophilic methanogen Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus and has demonstrated its technology at laboratory-scale in an industrial environment. [ 67 ] A pre-commercial demonstration project with a 10,000-liter reactor vessel was executed between January and November 2013 in Foulum, Denmark. [ 68 ] In 2016 Torrgas, Siemens, Stedin, Gasunie, A.Hak, Hanzehogeschool /EnTranCe and Energy Valley intend to open a 12 MW Power to Gas adeptness in Delfzijl ( The Netherlands ) where biogas from Torrgas ( biocoal ) will be upgraded with hydrogen from electrolysis and delivered to nearby industrial consumers. [ 69 ]
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Syngas is a mix of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. It has been used since victorian times, when it was produced from char and known as “ towngas ”. A power-to-syngas system uses hydrogen from a power-to-hydrogen system to produce syngas .
- 1st step: Electrolysis of Water (SOEC) −water is split into hydrogen and oxygen.
- 2nd step: Conversion Reactor (RWGSR) −hydrogen and carbon dioxide are inputs to the Conversion Reactor that outputs hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and water.
3H2 + CO2 → ( 2H2 + CO ) syngas + H2O
- Syngas is used to produce synfuels.
Power-to-syngas feedstock is the same as feedstock derived from early sources.
Read more: Willem Dafoe
Initiatives [edit ]
other initiatives to create syngas from carbon paper dioxide and water may use different water splitting methods .
The US Naval Research Laboratory ( NRL ) is designing a power-to-liquids system using the Fischer-Tropsch Process to create fuel on board a ship at sea, [ 106 ] with the free-base products carbon paper dioxide ( CO2 ) and body of water ( H2O ) being derived from sea water via “ An electrochemical Module Configuration For The Continuous Acidification Of Alkaline Water Sources And Recovery Of CO2 With Continuous Hydrogen Gas Production ”. [ 107 ] [ 108 ]