Dutch multinational conglomerate corporation

The very first Philips factory in Eindhoven, now a public museum

Koninklijke Philips N.V. ( in Dutch literally ‘Royal Philips ‘, normally shortened to Philips ) is a dutch multinational pudding stone corporation that was founded in Eindhoven in 1891. Since 1997, it has been largely headquartered in Amsterdam, though the Benelux headquarters is silent in Eindhoven. Philips was once one of the largest electronics companies in the universe, presently focused on the area of health technology, with other divisions being divested. The company was founded in 1891 by Gerard Philips and his father Frederik, with their first products being light bulbs. It presently employs around 80,000 people across 100 countries. [ 2 ] The company gained its royal honorary championship in 1998 and dropped the “ Electronics ” in its mention in 2013, [ 3 ] ascribable to its refocusing from consumer electronics to healthcare engineering. Philips is organized into three main divisions : Personal Health ( once Philips Consumer Electronics and Philips Domestic Appliances and Personal Care ), Connected Care, and Diagnosis & Treatment ( once Philips Medical Systems ). [ 4 ] The lighting division was spun off as a discriminate company, Signify N.V. The company started making electric shavers in 1939 under the Philishave brand, and post-war they developed the Compact Cassette format and co-developed the Compact Disc format with Sony, equally well as numerous other technologies. As of 2012, Philips was the largest manufacturer of lighting in the worldly concern as measured by applicable revenues. Philips has a elementary number on the Euronext Amsterdam stock substitute and is a part of the Euro Stoxx 50 breed market index. [ 5 ] It has a secondary list on the New York Stock Exchange. Acquisitions include that of Signetics and Magnavox. They besides have had a sports baseball club since 1913 called PSV Eindhoven .

history [edit ]

partake of the Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken, issued 14. December 1928 The Philips Company was founded in 1891, by Dutch-Jewish entrepreneur Gerard Philips and his church father Frederik Philips. Frederik, a banker based in Zaltbommel, financed the leverage and frame-up of an empty factory build up in Eindhoven, where the party started the production of carbon-filament lamps and other electro-technical products in 1892. This first factory has since been adapted and is used as a museum. [ 6 ] In 1895, after a unmanageable first few years and near bankruptcy, the Philipses brought in Anton, Gerard ‘s younger brother by sixteen years. Though he had earned a degree in technology, Anton started influence as a sales spokesperson ; soon, however, he began to contribute many important commercial enterprise ideas. With Anton ‘s arrival, the family occupation began to expand quickly, resulting in the establish of Philips Metaalgloeilampfabriek N.V. ( Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd. ) in Eindhoven in 1908, followed in 1912, by the initiation of Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken N.V. ( Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd. ). After Gerard and Anton Philips changed their class clientele by founding the Philips pot, they laid the foundations for the late electronics multinational. In the 1920s, the company started to manufacture other products, such as vacuum tubes. In 1939, they introduced their electric razor, the Philishave ( marketed in the US using the Norelco brand list ). The “ Chapel ” is a radio with a built-in loudspeaker, which was designed during the early 1930s .

Philips Radio [edit ]

Curved, triangular radio with brown wooden cabinet Philips ‘Chapel ‘ radio receiver model 930A, 1931 On 11 March 1927, Philips went on the air with shortwave radio station PCJJ ( late PCJ ) which was joined in 1929 by a sister station ( Philips Omroep Holland-Indië, late PHI ). PHOHI circulate in Dutch to the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ), and former PHI broadcast in English and early languages to the Eastern hemisphere, while PCJJ broadcast in English, Spanish and German to the rest of the global. The international broadcast Sundays commenced in 1928, with host Eddie Startz hosting the Happy Station usher, which became the world ‘s longest-running shortwave program. Broadcasts from the Netherlands were interrupted by the german invasion in May 1940. The Germans commandeered the transmitters in Huizen to use for pro- Nazi broadcasts, some originating from Germany, others concerts from dutch broadcasters under german control. Philips Radio was absorbed concisely after liberation when its two shortwave stations were nationalised in 1947 and renamed Radio Netherlands Worldwide, the Dutch International Service. Some PCJ programs, such as Happy Station, continued on the new post .

Stirling engine [edit ]

Philips was instrumental in the revival of the Stirling engine when, in the early 1930s, the management decided that offering a low-power portable generator would assist in expanding sales of its radios into parts of the world where mains electricity was unavailable and the supply of batteries uncertain. Engineers at the company ‘s research lab carried out a systematic comparison of versatile power sources and determined that the about forget Stirling locomotive would be most suitable, citing its tranquillity process ( both audibly and in terms of radio interference ) and ability to run on a variety of heat sources ( common lamp oil – “ cheap and available everywhere ” – was favored ). [ 7 ] They were besides mindful that, unlike steam and inner burning engines, virtually no good development work had been carried out on the Stirling engine for many years and asserted that modern materials and know-how should enable big improvements. [ 8 ] Encouraged by their inaugural experimental engine, which produced 16 W of shaft power from a bore and accident of 30 mm × 25 millimeter, [ 9 ] versatile development models were produced in a broadcast which continued throughout World War II. By the late 1940s, the ‘Type 10 ‘ was fix to be handed over to Philips ‘s subsidiary company Johan de Witt in Dordrecht to be produced and incorporated into a generator set as primitively planned. The result, rated at 180/200 W electrical output from a bear and stroke of 55 mm × 27 millimeter, was designated MP1002CA ( known as the “ Bungalow plant ” ). production of an initial batch of 250 began in 1951, but it became net that they could not be made at a competitive price, besides the advent of transistor radios with their much lower power requirements meant that the original rationale for the set was disappearing. approximately 150 of these sets were finally produced. [ 10 ] In parallel with the generator put, Philips developed experimental Stirling engines for a wide-eyed variety show of applications and continued to work in the field until the late 1970s, though the only commercial success was the ‘reversed Stirling engine ‘ cryocooler. however, they filed a bombastic count of patents and amassed a wealth of information, which they late licensed to other companies. [ 11 ]

Shavers [edit ]

The first Philips shaver was introduced in the 1930s and was merely called Philishave. In the US, it was called Norelco. The Philishave has remained part of the Philips product line-up until the present .

World War II [edit ]

On 9 May 1940, the Philips directors learned that the german invasion of the Netherlands was to take target the follow day. Having prepared for this, Anton Philips and his son-in-law Frans Otten, equally well as early Philips kin members, fled to the United States, taking a bombastic total of the ship’s company capital with them. Operating from the US as the North American Philips Company, they managed to run the company throughout the war. At the same time, the company was moved ( on newspaper ) to the Netherlands Antilles to keep it out of german hands. [ 12 ] On 6 December 1942, the british No. 2 Group RAF undertake Operation Oyster, which heavily damaged the Philips Radio factory in Eindhoven with few casualties among the dutch workers and civilians. [ 13 ] The Philips works in Eindhoven was bombed again by the RAF on 30 March 1943. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Frits Philips, the son of Anton, was the only Philips class extremity to stay in the Netherlands. He saved the lives of 382 Jews by convincing the Nazis that they were indispensable for the production procedure at Philips. [ 16 ] In 1943, he was held at the impoundment camp for political prisoners at Vught for several months because a strike at his factory reduced production. For his actions in saving the hundreds of Jews, he was recognized by Yad Vashem in 1995 as a “ righteous Among the Nations “. [ 17 ]
After the war, the ship’s company was moved back to the Netherlands, with their headquarters in Eindhoven .
[18] The Philips Light Tower in Eindhoven, originally a light light bulb factory and later the caller headquarters The Evoluon in Eindhoven, opened in 1966 In 1949, the caller began selling television sets. [ 19 ] In 1950, it formed Philips Records, which finally formed function of PolyGram in 1962. Philips introduced the Compact Cassette audio tape format in 1963, and it was wildly successful. Cassettes were initially used for dictation machines for function typing stenographers and master journalists. As their sound quality improved, cassettes would besides be used to record sound and became the second mass media aboard vinyl records used to sell commemorate music .
An early portable Compact Cassette registrar by Philips ( model D6350 ) Philips introduced the first combination portable radio and cassette registrar, which was marketed as the “ radio fipple flute ”, and is now better known as the boom box. late, the cassette was used in a telephone answering machines, including a especial form of cassette where the tape was wound on an endless loop. The C-cassette was used as the beginning aggregate storage device for early on personal computers in the 1970s and 1980s. Philips reduced the cassette size for professional needs with the Mini-Cassette, although it would not be a successful as the Olympus Microcassette. This became the overriding command metier up to the advent of amply digital command machines. [ citation needed ] Philips continued with computers through the early 1990s ( see offprint article : Philips Computers ). In 1972, Philips launched the worldly concern ‘s first family video recording cassette registrar, in the UK, the N1500. Its relatively bulky television cassettes could record 30 minutes or 45 minutes. belated one-hour tapes were besides offered. As the competition came from Sony ‘s Betamax and the VHS group of manufacturers, Philips introduced the N1700 arrangement which allowed double-length record. For the first meter, a 2-hour movie could fit onto one television cassette. In 1977, the company unveiled a special promotional film for this system in the UK, featuring drollery writer and presenter Denis Norden. [ 20 ] The concept was promptly copied by the japanese makers, whose tapes were significantly cheaper. Philips made one survive undertake at a raw standard for television recorders with the Video 2000 system, with tapes that could be used on both sides and had 8 hours of total read time. As Philips only sold its systems on the PAL standard and in Europe, and the japanese makers sold globally, the scale advantages of the japanese proved insurmountable and Philips withdrew the V2000 system and joined the VHS Coalition. [ citation needed ]
Philips CD-100, the second gear ever commercially released four hundred player ( after partner Sony ‘s CDP-101 Philips had developed a LaserDisc early on for selling movies, but delayed its commercial launch for fear of cannibalizing its video recording fipple flute sales. by and by Philips joined with MCA to launch the first commercial LaserDisc standard and players. In 1982, Philips teamed with Sony to launch the Compact Disc ; this format evolved into the CD-R, CD-RW, DVD and later Blu-ray, which Philips launched with Sony in 1997 [ 21 ] and 2006 respectively .
In 1984, the Dutch Philips Group bought out about a one-third share and took over the management of the german company Grundig. In 1984, Philips split off its activities on the field of photolithographic integrate circuit output equipment, the alleged wafer steppers, into a joint guess with ASM International, located in Veldhoven under the diagnose ASML. Over the years, this newly company has evolved into the worldly concern ‘s lead manufacturer of chip production machines at the expense of competitors like Nikon and Canon. Philips partnered with Sony again late to develop a newly “ interactional ” disk format called CD-i, described by them as a “ new means of interacting with a television fix ”. [ 22 ] Philips created the majority of CD-i compatible players. After moo sales, Philips repositioned the format as a video recording crippled console, but it was soon discontinued after being heavily criticized amongst the bet on community. [ 23 ] In the 1980s, Philips ‘s net income allowance dropped below 1 percentage, and in 1990 the ship’s company lost more than US $ 2 billion ( biggest corporate loss in Dutch history ). Troubles for the ship’s company continued into the 1990s as its status as a leading electronics party was swiftly lost. [ 24 ] In 1985, Philips was the largest establish investor in TSMC [ 25 ] which was esthablished as a joint venture between Philips, the Taiwan government and other individual investors. In 1991, the company ‘s name was changed from N.V. Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken to Philips Electronics N.V. [ 26 ] At the same time, north american Philips was formally dissolved, and a new corporate division was formed in the US with the name Philips Electronics North America Corp. [ citation needed ] In 1997, the company officers decided to move the headquarters from Eindhoven to Amsterdam along with the corporate identify change to Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V., the latter of which was finalized on 16 March 1998. [ 27 ] In 1998, looking to spur initiation, Philips created an Emerging Businesses group for its Semiconductors unit, based in Silicon Valley. The group was designed to be an incubator where promising technologies and products could be developed. [ 28 ] [ 29 ]

2000s [edit ]

The move of the headquarters to Amsterdam was completed in 2001. initially, the company was housed in the Rembrandt Tower. In 2002, it moved again, this prison term to the Breitner Tower. Philips Lighting, Philips Research, Philips Semiconductors ( spun off as NXP in September 2006 ), and Philips Design, are hush based in Eindhoven. Philips Healthcare is headquartered in both Best, Netherlands ( near Eindhoven ) and Andover, Massachusetts, United States ( near Boston ). In 2000, Philips bought Optiva Corporation, the godhead of Sonicare electric toothbrushes. The ship’s company was renamed Philips Oral Healthcare and made a subordinate of Philips DAP. In 2001, Philips acquired Agilent Technologies ‘ Healthcare Solutions Group ( HSG ) for EUR 2 billion. [ 30 ] Philips created a calculator monitors joint guess with LG called LG.Philips Displays in 2001. In 2001, after growing the unit ‘s Emerging Businesses group to closely $ 1 billion in gross, Scott A. McGregor was named the new President and CEO of Philips Semiconductors. McGregor ‘s appointment completed the company ‘s shift to having dedicated CEOs for all five of the company ‘s product divisions, which would in turn leave the Board of Management to concentrate on issues confronting the Philips Group as a unharmed. [ 28 ]
Philips ‘s 2004 motto In 2004, Philips abandoned the motto “ Let ‘s make things better ” in favor of a modern one : “ sense and Simplicity ”. [ citation needed ] In December 2005, Philips announced its intention to sell or demerge its semiconductor device division. On 1 September 2006, it was announced in Berlin that the name of the newfangled company formed by the division would be NXP Semiconductors. On 2 August 2006, Philips completed an agreement to sell a controlling 80.1 % stake in NXP Semiconductors to a consortium of individual equity investors consisting of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. ( KKR ), Silver Lake Partners and AlpInvest Partners. On 21 August 2006, Bain Capital and Apax Partners announced that they had signed definitive commitments to join the acquiring consortium, a serve which was completed on 1 October 2006. [ citation needed ] In 2006, Philips bought out the company Lifeline Systems headquartered in Framingham, Massachusetts, in a cover valued at $ 750 million, its biggest motion so far to expand its consumer-health business ( M ). [ 31 ] In August 2007, Philips acquired the company Ximis, Inc. headquartered in El Paso, Texas, for their checkup Informatics Division. [ 32 ] In October 2007, it purchased a Moore Microprocessor Patent ( MPP ) Portfolio license from The TPL Group. On 21 December 2007, Philips and Respironics, Inc. announced a definitive agreement pursuant to which Philips acquired all of the great shares of Respironics for US $ 66 per share, or a sum purchase price of approximately €3.6 billion ( US $ 5.1 billion ) in cash. [ 33 ] On 21 February 2008, Philips completed the acquisition of VISICU in Baltimore, Maryland, through the amalgamation of its indirect wholly-owned subsidiary company into VISICU. As a consequence of that amalgamation, VISICU has become an indirect wholly-owned subordinate of Philips. VISICU was the creator of the eICU concept of the practice of Telemedicine from a centralized facility to monitor and care for ICU patients. [ 34 ] The Philips physics lab was scaled down in the early twenty-first hundred, as the party ceased trying to be innovative in consumer electronics through cardinal inquiry. [ 35 ]

2010s [edit ]

The harbor logo Philips made several acquisitions during 2011, announcing on 5 January 2011 that it had acquired Optimum Lighting, [ 36 ] a manufacturer of LED based luminaires. In January 2011, Philips agreed to acquire the assets of Preethi, a leading India-based kitchen appliances company. [ 37 ] On 27 June 2011, Philips acquired Sectra Mamea AB, the mammography division of Sectra AB. [ 38 ] Because internet profit slumped 85 percentage in Q3 2011, Philips announced a reduce of 4,500 jobs to match separate of an €800 million ( $ 1.1 billion ) cost-cutting dodge to boost profits and meet its fiscal prey. [ 39 ] In 2011, the ship’s company posted a loss of €1.3 billion, but earned a net profit in Q1 and Q2 2012, however the management wanted €1.1 billion cost-cutting which was an increase from €800 million and may cut another 2,200 jobs until goal of 2014. [ 40 ] In March 2012, Philips announced its intention to sell, or demerge its television manufacture operations to TPV Technology. [ 41 ] Following two decades in decline, Philips went through a major restructure, shifting its focus from electronics to healthcare. peculiarly from 2011 when a raw CEO was appointed, Frans van Houten. The fresh health and aesculapian strategy have helped Philips to thrive again in the 2010s. [ 24 ] On 5 December 2012, the antimonopoly regulators of the European Union fined Philips and respective other major companies for fixing prices of television cathode-ray tubes in two cartels lasting about a ten. [ 42 ] On 29 January 2013, it was announced that Philips had agreed to sell its audio and television operations to the Japan-based Funai Electric for €150 million, with the sound recording occupation planned to transfer to Funai in the latter one-half of 2013, and the television commercial enterprise in 2017. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] As separate of the transaction, Funai was to pay a regular license fee to Philips for the consumption of the Philips brand. [ 44 ] The purchase agreement was terminated by Philips in October because of rupture of compress [ 46 ] and the consumer electronics operations remain under Philips. Philips said it would seek damages for rupture of sign in the US $ 200-million sale. [ 47 ] In April 2016, the International Court of Arbitration ruled in favor of Philips, awarding compensation of € 135 million in the process. [ 48 ] In April 2013, Philips announced a collaboration with Paradox Engineering for the realization and execution of a “ fly project ” on network-connected street-lighting management solutions. This project was endorsed by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission ( SFPUC ). [ 49 ] In 2013, Philips removed the password “ Electronics ” from its appoint – becoming Royal Philips N.V. [ 50 ] On 13 November 2013, Philips unveiled its new brand line “ Innovation and You ” and a new invention of its shield notice. The fresh stigmatize put is cited by Philips to signify company ‘s evolution and emphasize that invention is only meaningful if it is based on an understand of people ‘s needs and desires. [ 51 ] On 28 April 2014, Philips agreed to sell their Woox Innovations subordinate ( consumer electronics ) to Gibson Brands for $ US135 million. On 23 September 2014, Philips announced a plan to split the company into two, separating the lighting clientele from the healthcare and consumer life style divisions. [ 52 ] It moved to complete this in March 2015 to an investment group for $ 3.3 billion. [ 53 ] In February 2015, Philips acquired Volcano Corporation to strengthen its status in non-invasive surgery and imaging. [ 54 ] In June 2016, Philips spun off its lighting division to focus on the healthcare division. [ 55 ] In June 2017, Philips announced it would acquire US-based Spectranetics Corp, a manufacturer of devices to treat heart disease, for €1.9 billion ( £1.68 billion ) expanding its current image-guided therapy business. In May 2016, Philips ‘ lighting part Philips Lighting went through a by-product action, and became an independent public company named Philips Lighting N.V. [ 56 ] In 2017, Philips launched Philips Ventures, with a health technology venture fund as its main focus. Philips Ventures invested in companies including Mytonomy ( 2017 ) and DEARhealth ( 2019 ). [ 57 ] [ 58 ] In 2018, the mugwump Philips Lighting N.V. was renamed Signify N.V. however, it continues to produce and market Philips-branded products such as Philips Hue color-changing LED light bulb. [ 59 ]

corporate affairs [edit ]

chief executive officer [edit ]

Past and stage chief executive officer :
CEOs unhorse :

  • 2003–2008: Theo van Deursen
  • 2012–present: Eric Rondolat

chief financial officer [edit ]

Past and present CFOs ( foreman fiscal officeholder )

Current Executive Committee [edit ]

[ 61 ]

  • CEO: Frans van Houten
  • CFO: Abhijit Bhattacharya
  • COO: Sophie Bechu
  • Chief Legal Officer: Marnix van Ginneken
  • Chief Business Leader (Connected Care): Roy Jakobs
  • Chief Business Leader (Personal Health): Deeptha Khanna
  • Chief Business Leader (Image Guided Therapy): Bert van Meurs
  • Chief Business Leader (Precision Diagnosis): Kees Wesdorp
  • CEO Philips Domestic Appliances: Henk Siebren de Jong
  • Chief of International Markets: Edwin Paalvast
  • Chief Innovation & Strategy Officer: Shez Partovi
  • Chief Market Leader (China): Andy Ho
  • Chief Market Leader (North America): Vitor Rocha
  • Chief Human Resources Officer: Daniela Seabrook

Acquisitions [edit ]

Companies acquired by Philips through the years include ADAC Laboratories, Agilent Healthcare Solutions Group, Amperex, ATL Ultrasound, EKCO, Lifeline Systems, Magnavox, Marconi Medical Systems, Philips Medical purchased Intermagnetics based out of Latham, New York for 1.3 billion in 2006, Optiva, Preethi, Pye, Respironics, Inc., Sectra Mamea AB, Signetics, VISICU, Volcano, VLSI, Ximis, portions of Westinghouse and the consumer electronics operations of Philco and Sylvania. Philips abandoned the Sylvania trademark which is now owned by Havells Sylvania except in Australia, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, Puerto Rico and the US where it is owned by Osram. Formed in November 1999 as an equal joint venture between Philips and Agilent Technologies, the light-emitting diode manufacturer Lumileds became a auxiliary of Phillips Lighting in August 2005 and a fully owned subordinate in December 2006. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] An 80.1 percentage stake in Lumileds was sold to Apollo Global Management in 2017. [ 64 ] On 19 September 2018, Philips reported that it had acquired US-based Blue Willow Systems, a developer of a cloud-based aged exist community nonmigratory safety platform. On 7 March 2019, Philips announced that was acquiring the Healthcare Information Systems business of Carestream Health Inc., a US-based supplier of medical imagination and healthcare IT solutions for hospitals, imaging centers, and forte medical clinics. [ 65 ] On 18 July 2019, Philips announced that it has expanded its patient management solutions in the US with the learning of Boston-based start-up company Medumo. [ 66 ] On 27 August 2020, Philips announced the learning of Intact Vascular, Inc., a U.S.-based developer of aesculapian devices for minimally invasive peripheral vascular procedures. [ 67 ] On 18 December 2020, Philips and BioTelemetry, Inc., a leading U.S.-based provider of distant cardiac diagnostics and monitor, announced that they had entered into a authoritative fusion agreement. [ 68 ] On 19 January 2021, Philips announced the learning of Capsule Technologies, Inc., a supplier of aesculapian device consolidation and data technologies for hospitals and healthcare organizations. [ 69 ] On 9 November 2021, Philips announced the skill of Cardiologs, an AI-powered cardiac diagnostic engineering developer, to expand its cardiac diagnostics and monitoring portfolio. [ 70 ]

Operations [edit ]

Philips is registered in the Netherlands as a naamloze vennootschap ( populace corporation ) and has its ball-shaped headquarters in Amsterdam. [ 71 ] At the end of 2013, Philips had 111 manufacture facilities, 59 R & D Facilities across 26 countries and sales and military service operations in around 100 countries. [ 72 ] Philips is organized into three chief divisions : Philips Consumer Lifestyle ( once Philips Consumer Electronics and Philips Domestic Appliances and Personal Care ), Philips Healthcare ( once Philips Medical Systems ), and Philips Lighting ( Former ). [ 71 ] Philips achieved entire revenues of €22.579 billion in 2011, of which €8.852 billion were generated by Philips Healthcare, €7.638 billion by Philips Lighting, €5.823 billion by Philips Consumer Lifestyle and €266 million from group activities. [ 71 ] At the end of 2011, Philips had a total of 121,888 employees, of whom around 44 % were employed in Philips Lighting, 31 % in Philips Healthcare and 15 % in Philips Consumer Lifestyle. [ 71 ] The lighting class was spun out as a new ship’s company called Signify, which uses the Philips brand under license. Philips invested a total of €1.61 billion in research and development in 2011, equivalent to 7.10 % of sales. [ 71 ] Philips Intellectual Property and Standards is the group-wide division creditworthy for license, trademark protection and patent. [ 73 ] Philips presently holds around 54,000 patent rights, 39,000 trademarks, 70,000 plan rights and 4,400 knowledge domain identify registrations. [ 71 ]

asia [edit ]

thailand [edit ]

Philips Thailand was established in 1952. It is a auxiliary that produces healthcare, life style, and lighting products. Philips started manufacturing in Thailand in 1960 with an incandescent lamp factory. Philips has diversified its production facilities to include a fluorescent lamp factory and a luminaries factory, serving Thai and cosmopolitan markets. [ 74 ]

Hong Kong [edit ]

The Philips construction in the Hong Kong Science Park Philips Hong Kong began process in 1948. Philips Hong Kong houses the ball-shaped headquarters of Philips ‘ Audio Business Unit. It besides house Philips ‘ Asia Pacific regional office and headquarter for its Design Division, Domestic Appliances & Personal Care Products Division, Lighting Products Division and Medical System Products Division. [ 75 ] In 1974, Philips opened a lamp factory in Hong Kong. This has a capacity of 200 million pieces a year and is certified with ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001. Its product portfolio includes prefocus, lensend and E10 miniature light medulla oblongata. [ 75 ]

Mainland China [edit ]

Philips established in Zhuhai, Guangdong, in 1990. The site chiefly manufactures Philishaves and healthcare products. [ 76 ] In early 2008, Philips Lighting, a division of Royal Philips Electronics, opened a little technology center in Shanghai to adapt the company ‘s products to vehicles in Asia. [ 77 ]

India [edit ]

Philips began operations in India in 1930, with the establishment of Philips Electrical Co. (India) Pvt Ltd in Kolkata as a sales mercantile establishment for imported Philips lamps. In 1938, Philips established its first amerind lamp manufacturing factory in Kolkata. In 1948, Philips started manufacturing radios in Kolkata. In 1959, a second radio factory was established near Pune. This was closed and sold around 2006. In 1957, the company converted into a public circumscribed ship’s company, renamed “ Philips India Ltd ”. In 1970, a newfangled consumer electronics factory began operations in Pimpri near Pune. This is now called the ‘Philips Healthcare Innovation Centre ‘. besides, a manufacture facility ‘Philips Centre for Manufacturing Excellence ‘ was set up in Chakan, Pune in 2012. In 1996, the Philips Software Centre was established in Bangalore, late renamed the Philips Innovation Campus. [ 78 ] In 2008, Philips India entered the water purifier market. In 2014, Philips was ranked 12th among India ‘s most sure brands according to the Brand Trust Report, a sketch conducted by Trust Research Advisory. [ 79 ] nowadays Philips working in India as one of the most diversify health manage ship’s company & broadly focusing on Imaging, Utlrasound, MA & TC products & Sleep & respiratory care products. Philips is aspiring to touch life of 40 million patients in India by following 2 years. In 2020, Philips introduced mobile ICUs in order to support clinicians to meet the rising demand of ICU beds due to the COVID-19 pandemic .

Israel [edit ]

Philips has been active in Israel since 1948 and in 1998, set up a wholly owned subsidiary company, Philips Electronics ( Israel ) Ltd. The company has over 700 employees in Israel and generated sales of over $ 300 million in 2007. [ 80 ] Philips Medical Systems Technologies Ltd. ( Haifa ) is a developer and manufacturer of Computerized Tomography ( CT ), diagnostic and aesculapian Imaging systems. The company was founded in 1969 as Elscint by Elron Electronic Industries and was acquired by Marconi Medical Systems in 1998, which was itself acquired by Philips in 2001. Philips Semiconductors once had major operations in Israel ; these now form separate of NXP Semiconductors. On 1 August 2019, Philips acquired Carestream HCIS division from Onex Corporation. As separate of the learning, Algotec Systems LTD ( Carestream HCIS R & D ) located in Raanana Israel changed ownership in a share deal. In addition to that, Algotec changed its name to Philips Algotec and is part of Philips HCIS. Philips HCIS is a provider of medical imaging systems. [ citation needed ]

pakistan [edit ]

Philips has been active in Pakistan since 1948 and has a wholly own subsidiary company, Philips Pakistan Limited ( Formerly Philips Electrical Industries of Pakistan Limited ). [ 81 ]

The head position is in Karachi with regional sales offices in Lahore and Rawalpindi .

Europe [edit ]

France [edit ]

The headquarters of Philips France in Suresnes Philips France has its headquarters in Suresnes. The ship’s company employs over 3600 people nationally. Philips Lighting has manufacture facilities in Chalon-sur-Saône ( fluorescent lamps ), Chartres ( automotive lighting ), Lamotte-Beuvron ( architectural light by LEDs and professional indoor lighting ), Longvic ( lamps ), Miribel ( outdoor lighting ), Nevers ( professional indoor lighting ) .

Germany [edit ]

Philips Germany was founded in 1926 in Berlin. now its headquarters is located in Hamburg. Over 4900 people are employed in Germany. [ 82 ]

  • Hamburg
    • Distribution center of the divisions Healthcare, Consumer Lifestyle, and Lighting.
    • Philips Medical Systems DMC.
    • Philips Innovative Technologies, Research Laboratories.
  • Aachen
    • Philips Innovative Technologies.
    • Philips Innovation Services.
  • Böblingen
    • Philips Medical Systems, patient monitoring systems.
  • Herrsching
    • Philips Respironics.
  • Ulm
    • Philips Photonics, development and manufacture of vertical laser diodes (VCSELs) and photodiodes for sensing and data communication.

Greece [edit ]

Philips ‘ Greece is headquartered in Halandri, Attica. As of 2012, Philips has no manufacture plants in Greece, although previously there have been audio, lighting and telecommunications factories .

Italy [edit ]

Philips founded its italian headquarter in 1918, basing it in Monza ( Milan ) where it distillery operates, for commercial activities lone .

Hungary [edit ]

Philips founded PACH ( Philips Assembly Centre Hungary ) in 1992, producing televisions and consumer electronics in Székesfehérvár. After TPV entering the Philips television business, the factory was moved under TP Vision, the fresh joint-venture party in 2011. Products have been transferred to Poland and China and factory was closed in 2013. By Philips acquiring PLI in 2007 another hungarian Philips factory emerged in Tamási, producing lamps under the mention of Philips IPSC Tamási, later Philips Lighting. The factory was renamed to Signify in 2017, hush producing Philips light products .

Poland [edit ]

Philips ‘ operations in Poland include : a european fiscal and account center in Łódź ; Philips Lighting facilities in Bielsko-Biała, Piła, and Kętrzyn ; and a Philips Domestic Appliances facility in Białystok .

portugal [edit ]

Philips started clientele in Portugal in 1927, as “ Philips Portuguesa S.A.R.L. “. [ 83 ] Currently, Philips Portuguesa S.A. is headquartered in Oeiras near Lisbon. [ 84 ] There were three Philips factories in Portugal : the FAPAE lamp factory in Lisbon ; [ 83 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ] the Carnaxide magnetic-core memory factory near Lisbon, where the Philips Service organization was besides based ; and the Ovar factory in northern Portugal making camera components and remote control devices. [ 85 ] The ship’s company still operates in Portugal with divisions for commercial ignition, medical systems and domestic appliances. [ 87 ]

sweden [edit ]

Philips Sweden has two chief sites, Kista, Stockholm County, with regional sales, market and a customer support arrangement and Solna, Stockholm County, with the chief office of the mammography division .

United Kingdom [edit ]

Philips UK has its headquarters [ 88 ] in Guildford. The caller employs over 2,500 people countrywide .

  • Philips Healthcare Informatics, Belfast develops healthcare software products.
  • Philips Consumer Products, Guildford provides sales and marketing for televisions, including High Definition televisions, DVD recorders, hi-fi and portable audio, CD recorders, PC peripherals, cordless telephones, home and kitchen appliances, personal care (shavers, hair dryers, body beauty and oral hygiene ).
  • Philips Dictation Systems, Colchester.
  • Philips Lighting: sales from Guildford and manufacture in Hamilton.
  • Philips Healthcare, Guildford. Sales and technical support for X-ray, ultrasound, nuclear medicine, patient monitoring, magnetic resonance, computed tomography, and resuscitation products.
  • Philips Research Laboratories, Cambridge (Until 2008 based in Redhill, Surrey. Originally these were the Mullard Research Laboratories.)

In the past, Philips UK besides included :

  • Consumer product manufacturing in Croydon
  • Television Tube Manufacturing Mullard Simonstone
  • Philips Business Communications, Cambridge: offered voice and data communications products, specialising in Customer Relationship Management (CRM) applications, IP Telephony, data networking, voice processing, command and control systems and cordless and mobile telephony. In 2006 the business was placed into a 60/40 joint venture with NEC. NEC later acquired 100 per cent ownership and the business was renamed NEC Unified Solutions.
  • Philips Electronics Blackburn; vacuum tubes, capacitors, delay-lines, Laserdiscs, CDs.
  • Philips Domestic Appliances Hastings: Design and Production of Electric kettles, Fan Heaters plus former EKCO brand “Thermotube” Tubular Heaters and “Hostess” Domestic Food Warming Trolleys.
  • Mullard Southampton and Hazel Grove, Stockport. Originally brought together as a joint venture between Mullard and GEC as Associated Semiconductor Manufacturers. They developed and manufactured rectifiers, diodes, transistors, integrated circuits and electro-optical devices. These became Philips Semiconductors before becoming part of NXP.
  • London Carriers, logistics and transport division.
  • Mullard Equipment Limited (MEL) which produced products for the military
  • Ada (Halifax) Ltd, maker of washing machines and spin driers, refrigerators
  • Pye TVT Ltd of Cambridge
  • Pye Telecommunications Ltd of Cambridge
  • TMC Limited of Malmesbury

North America [edit ]

Canada [edit ]

Philips headquarters in Markham Philips Canada was founded in 1941 when it acquired Small Electric Motors Limited. It is well known in medical systems for diagnosis and therapy, lighting technologies, shavers, and consumer electronics. The canadian headquarter are located in Markham, Ontario. For respective years, Philips manufactured lighting products in two canadian factories. The London, Ontario, establish opened in 1971. It produced A19 lamps ( including the “ Royale ” long life bulb ), PAR38 lamps and T19 lamps ( in the first place a Westinghouse lamp shape ). Philips closed the factory in May 2003. The Trois-Rivières, Quebec plant was a Westinghouse facility which Philips continued to run it after buying Westinghouse ‘s lamp part in 1983. Philips closed this factory a few years by and by, in the late 1980s .

Mexico [edit ]

Philips Mexicana SA de CV is headquartered in Mexico City. Philips Lighting has manufacture facilities in : Monterrey, Nuevo León ; Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua ; and Tijuana, Baja California. Philips Consumer Electronics has a manufacture adeptness in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Philips Domestic Appliances once operated a large factory in the Industrial Vallejo sector of Mexico City but this was closed in 2004 .

United States [edit ]

Philips ‘ Electronics north american headquarters is in Andover, Massachusetts. In early 2018, it was announced that the US headquarters would move to Cambridge, Massachusetts, by 2020. [ 89 ] Philips Lighting has its corporate agency in Somerset, New Jersey ; with manufacture plants in Danville, Kentucky ; Salina, Kansas ; Dallas and Paris, Texas and distribution centers in Mountain Top, Pennsylvania ; El Paso, Texas ; Ontario, California ; and Memphis, Tennessee. Philips Healthcare is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and operates a health-tech hub in Nashville, Tennessee, with over 1,000 jobs. The north american sales organization is based in Bothell, Washington. There are besides manufacturing facilities in Andover, Massachusetts ; Bothell, Washington ; Baltimore, Maryland ; Cleveland, Ohio ; Foster City, California ; Gainesville, Florida ; Milpitas, California ; and Reedsville, Pennsylvania. Philips Healthcare besides once had a factory in Knoxville, Tennessee. Philips Consumer Lifestyle has its corporate office in Stamford, Connecticut. Philips Lighting has a Color Kinetics agency in Burlington, Massachusetts. Philips Research North american headquarters is in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 2007, Philips entered into a definitive amalgamation agreement with north american luminaires company Genlyte Group Incorporated, which provides the ship’s company with a leading military position in the north american luminaires ( besides known as “ lighting fixtures “ ), controls and related products for a wide variety of applications, including solid department of state light. The company besides acquired Respironics, which was a significant gain for its healthcare sector. On 21 February 2008, Philips completed the learning of Baltimore, Maryland-based VISICU. VISICU was the godhead of the eICU concept of the use of Telemedicine from a centralized adeptness to monitor and care for ICU patients. In April 2020, the United States Department of Health & Human Services ( HHS ) entered into a contract with Philips Respironics for 43,000 bundle Trilogy Evo Universal ventilator ( EV300 ) hospital ventilators. [ 90 ] This included the production and delivery of ventilators to the Strategic National Stockpile —about 156,000 by the end of August 2020 and 187,000 more by the end of 2020. [ 91 ] During the COVID-19 pandemic, beginning in March 2020, in reaction to an external demand, Philips increased production of the ventilators fourfold within five months. production lines were added in the United States with employees working around the clock in factories producing ventilators, in western Pennsylvania and California, for example. [ 91 ] In March 2020, ProPublica published a serial of articles on the Philips ventilator contract as negotiated by trade wind adviser Peter Navarro. In response to the ProPublica series, in August, the United States House of Representatives undertook a “ congressional investigation ” into the skill of the Philips ventilators. The lawmakers investigation found “ attest of fraud, waste and mistreat. ” [ 92 ] —the cope negotiated by Navarro had resulted in an over-payment to Philips by the US government of “ hundreds of millions. ” [ 92 ]

oceania [edit ]

Australia and New Zealand [edit ]

Philips Australia was founded in 1927 and is headquartered in North Ryde, New South Wales, and besides manages the New Zealand operation from there. The company presently employs around 800 people. regional sales and back offices are located in Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth and Auckland. stream activities include : Philips Healthcare ( besides creditworthy for New Zealand operations ) ; Philips Lighting ( besides creditworthy for New Zealand operations ) ; Phillips Oral Healthcare, Phillips Professional Dictation Solutions, Phillips Professional Display Solutions, Phillips AVENT Professional, Philips Consumer Lifestyle ( besides responsible for New Zealand operations ) ; Philips Sleep & Respiratory Care ( once Respironics ), with its ever-increasing national network of Sleepeasy Centres ; Philips Dynalite ( Lighting Control systems, acquired in 2009, global design and manufacture concentrate ) and Philips Selecon NZ ( Lighting Entertainment product design and fabrication ) .

South America [edit ]

Brazil [edit ]

Philips do Brasil ( portuguese : Philips do Brasil ) was founded in 1924 in Rio de Janeiro. [ 93 ] In 1929, Philips started to sell radio receiver receivers. In the 1930s, Philips was making its light bulb and radio receivers in Brazil. From 1939 to 1945, World War II forced brazilian outgrowth of Philips to sell bicycles, refrigerators and insecticides. After the war, Philips had a great industrial expansion in Brazil, and was among the foremost groups to establish in Manaus Free Zone. In the 1970s, Philips Records was a major player in Brazil recording industry. Nowadays, Philips do Brasil is one of the largest foreign-owned companies in Brazil. Philips uses the brand Walita for domestic appliances in Brazil .

Colour television [edit ]

Colour television receiver was introduced in South America by then CEO, Cor Dillen. [ citation needed ]

erstwhile operations [edit ]

Philips auxiliary Philips-Duphar ( nl ) manufactured pharmaceuticals for human and veterinarian use and products for crop protection. Duphar was sold to Solvay in 1990. In subsequent years, Solvay sold off all divisions to other companies ( crop protection to UniRoyal, now Chemtura, the veterinary division to Fort Dodge, a division of Wyeth, and the pharmaceutical division to Abbott Laboratories ). PolyGram, Philips ‘ music television receiver and movies division, was sold to Seagram in 1998 ; merged into Universal Music Group. Philips Records continues to operate as record tag of UMG, its name licensed from its former rear. In 1980 Philips acquired Marantz, a company renowned for high-end sound recording and video products, based at Kanagawa, Japan. In 2002 Marantz Japan merged with Denon to form D & M Holdings and Philips sold its remaining interest in D & M Holdings in 2008. origin, now function of Atos Origin, is a former division of Philips. ASM Lithography is a by-product from a division of Philips. Hollandse Signaalapparaten was a manufacturer of military electronics. The business was sold to Thomson-CSF in 1990 and is now Thales Nederland. NXP Semiconductors, once known as Philips Semiconductors, was sold a consortium of individual fairness investors in 2006. On 6 August 2010, NXP completed its IPO, with shares trading on NASDAQ. Ignis [ 94 ] [ circular reference ], of Comerio, in the state of Varese, Italy, produced washing machines, dishwashers and microwave ovens, was one of the leading companies in the domestic appliance market, holding a 38 % share in 1960. In 1970, 50 % of the party ‘s capital was taken over by Philips, which acquired fully control in 1972. Ignis was in those years, after Zanussi, the second largest domestic appliance manufacturer, and in 1973 its factories numbered over 10,000 employees only in Italy. With the transplant of ownership to the Dutch multinational, the corporate diagnose of the company was changed, which became “ IRE SpA ” ( Industrie Riunite Eurodomestici ). Thereafter Philips used to sell major family appliances ( whitegoods ) under the name Philips. After selling the Major Domestic Appliances division to Whirlpool Corporation it changed from Philips Whirlpool to Whirlpool Philips and finally to precisely Whirlpool. Whirlpool bought a 53 % interest in Philips ‘ major appliance operations to form Whirlpool International. Whirlpool bought Philips ‘ remaining concern in Whirlpool International in 1991. Philips Cryogenics was split off in 1990 to form the Stirling Cryogenics BV, Netherlands. This ship’s company is inactive active in the development and manufacture of Stirling cryocoolers and cryogenic cooling systems. union american english Philips distributed AKG Acoustics products under the AKG of America, Philips Audio/Video, Norelco and AKG Acoustics Inc. branding until AKG set up its North American division in San Leandro, California, in 1985. ( AKG ‘s north american division has since moved to Northridge, California. ) Polymer Vision was a Philips by-product that manufactured a flexible e-ink display screen. The company was acquired by Taiwanese contract electronics manufacturer Wistron in 2009 and it was shut down in 2012, after repeated failed attempts to find a potential buyer. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] [ 97 ]

Products [edit ]

Philips ‘ core products are consumer electronics and electric products ( including small domestic appliances, shavers, beauty appliances, mother and childcare appliances, electric toothbrushes and coffee makers ( products like Smart Phones, audio equipment, Blu-ray players, calculator accessories and televisions are sold under license ) ) ; and healthcare products ( including CT scanners, ECG equipment, mammography equipment, monitor equipment, MRI scanners, radiography equipment, resuscitation equipment, sonography equipment and x-ray equipment ) ; [ 98 ] In January 2020 Philips announced that it is looking to sell its domestic appliances division, which includes products like coffee machines, vent purifiers and airfryers. [ 99 ]

Lighting products [edit ]

[100] LED bulbs made by Philips .

  • Professional indoor luminaires[101]
  • Professional outdoor luminaires[102]
  • Professional lamps[103]
  • Lighting controls and control systems[104]
  • Digital projection lights[105]
  • Horticulture lighting[106]
  • Solar LED lights[107]
  • Smart office lighting systems[108]
  • Smart retail lighting systems[109]
  • Smart city lighting systems[110]
  • Home lamps[111]
  • Home fixtures[112]
  • Home systems (branded as Philips Hue)[113]

audio products [edit ]

The Philips A5-PRO headphones

Healthcare products [edit ]

Sonicare electric toothbrush Philips healthcare products include :

clinical informatics [edit ]

  • Cardiology informatics (IntelliSpace Cardiovascular, Xcelera)
  • Enterprise Imaging Informatics (IntelliSpace PACS, XIRIS)
  • IntelliSpace family of solutions

Imaging systems [edit ]

diagnostic monitor [edit ]

  • Diagnostic ECG

Defibrillators [edit ]

  • Accessories
  • Equipment
  • Software

consumer [edit ]

  • Philips AVENTil

Patient caution and clinical informatics [edit ]

[114] 64-slice CT scanner originally developed by Elscint, now a Philips product

  • Anesthetic gas monitoring
  • Blood pressure
  • Capnography
  • D.M.E.
  • Diagnostic sleep testing
  • ECG
  • Enterprise patient informatics solutions
    OB TraceVue
    Compurecord
    ICIP
    eICU program
    Emergin
  • Hemodynamic
  • IntelliSpace Cardiovascular
  • IntelliSpace PACS
  • IntelliSpace portal
  • Multi-measurement servers
  • Neurophedeoiles
  • Pulse oximetry
  • Tasy
  • Temperature
  • Transcutaneous gases
  • Ventilation
  • ViewForum
  • Xcelera
  • XIRIS
  • Xper Information Management

coat of arms/logotype [edit ]

  • original Philips shield introduced in 1938
  • Philips carapace in use from 1968 until March 2008 [ 115 ]
  • Philips harbor in function until November 2013
  • Philips shield design introduced in November 2013
  • Philips logo in use until March 2008
  • The current Philips logo

Slogans [edit ]

  • Simply Years Ahead (1976-1985)
  • Let’s Make Things Better (1995-2004)
  • Mari Jadikan Segalanya Menjadi Lebih Baik (Indonesia Only) (1995-2004)
  • Sense & Simplicity (2004-2013)
  • Innovation & You (2013-Now)

PSV ‘s Philips stadium In 1913, in celebration of the hundredth anniversary of the liberation of the Netherlands, Philips founded Philips Sports Vereniging ( Philips Sports Club, now normally known as PSV ). The club is active in numerous sports but is now best known for its football team, PSV Eindhoven, and swimming team. Philips owns the appointment rights to Philips Stadium in Eindhoven, which is the home grind of PSV Eindhoven. Outside of the Netherlands, Philips sponsors and has sponsored numerous sports clubs, sports facilities and events. In November 2008, Philips renewed and extended its F1 partnership with AT & T Williams. Philips owns the name rights to the Philips Championship, the premier basketball league in Australia, traditionally known as the National Basketball League. From 1988 to 1993, Philips was the principal sponsor of the australian rugby league team The Balmain Tigers and Indonesian football club english Persiba Balikpapan. From 1998 to 2000, Philips sponsored the Winston Cup No. 7 entry for Geoff Bodine Racing, late Ultra Motorsports, for drivers Geoff Bodine and Michael Waltrip. From 1999 to 2018, Philips held the name rights to Philips Arena in Atlanta, family of the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association and former home of the defunct Atlanta Thrashers of the National Hockey League. Outside of sports, Philips sponsors the international Philips Monsters of Rock festival .

environmental record [edit ]

circular economy [edit ]

Philips and its CEO, Frans van Houten, hold respective global leadership positions in advancing the circular economy, including as a establish member and co-chair of the board of directors for the Platform for Accelerating the round Economy ( PACE ), [ 116 ] applying circular approaches in its capital equipment business, [ 117 ] and as a global partner of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation. [ 118 ]

green initiatives [edit ]

Philips besides runs the EcoVision inaugural, which commits to a numeral of environmentally incontrovertible improvements, focusing on energy efficiency. [ 119 ] besides, Philips marks its “ greens ” products with the Philips Green Logo, identifying them as products that have a significantly better environmental performance than their competitors or predecessors. [ 120 ]

L-Prize competition [edit ]

In 2011, Philips won a $ 10 million cash prize from the US Department of Energy for winning its L-Prize rival, to produce a high-efficiency, farseeing operating life surrogate for a standard 60-W incandescent light bulb. [ 121 ] The victorious LED light bulb, which was made available to consumers in April 2012, produces slenderly more than 900 lumens at an input signal might of alone 10 W. [ 122 ]

Greenpeace rank [edit ]

In Greenpeace ‘s 2012 Guide to Greener Electronics that ranks electronics manufacturers on sustainability, climate and energy and how fleeceable their products are, Philips ranks tenth place with a score of 3.8/10. [ 123 ] The ship’s company was the top scorekeeper in the Energy section due to its energy advocacy knead calling upon the EU to adopt a 30 % reduction for greenhouse accelerator emissions by 2020. It is besides praised for its new products which are free from PVC credit card and BFRs. however, the lead criticizes Phillips ‘ source of fibres for paper, arguing it must develop a newspaper procurement policy which excludes suppliers involved in deforestation and illegal log. [ 124 ] Philips have made some considerable build up since 2007 ( when it was inaugural ranked in this scout ), in especial by supporting the Individual Producer Responsibility principle, which means that the company is accepting the responsibility for the toxic impacts of its products on e-waste dumps around the universe. [ 125 ]

Publications [edit ]

  • A. Heerding: The origin of the Dutch incandescent lamp industry. (Vol. 1 of The history of N.V. Philips gloeilampenfabriek). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-521-32169-7
  • A. Heerding: A company of many parts. (Vol. 2 of The history of N.V. Philips’ gloeilampenfabrieken). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-521-32170-0
  • I.J. Blanken: The development of N.V. Philips’ Gloeilampenfabrieken into a major electrical group. Zaltbommel, European Library, 1999. (Vol. 3 of The history of Philips Electronics N.V.). ISBN 90-288-1439-6
  • I.J. Blanken: Under German rule. Zaltbommel, European Library, 1999. (Vol. 4 of The history of Philips Electronics N.V). ISBN 90-288-1440-X

References [edit ]