NATO - Wikipedia

Intergovernmental military alliance
This article is about the military confederation. For other uses, see NATO ( disambiguation )
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO, ; french : Organisation du traité de l’Atlantique nord, OTAN ), besides called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 28 european countries, 2 north american countries, and 1 eurasian nation. The administration implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

Reading: NATO – Wikipedia

NATO constitutes a arrangement of collective security, whereby its independent penis states agree to common refutation in response to an attack by any external party. The NATO headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium. Since its initiation, the admission of new extremity states has increased the alliance from the original 12 countries to 30. The most recent member submit to be added to NATO was North Macedonia on 27 March 2020. NATO presently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine as aspiring members. [ 5 ] An extra 20 countries participate in NATO ‘s Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized negotiation programmes. The blend military outgo of all NATO members in 2020 constituted over 57 % of the ball-shaped nominal sum. [ 6 ] Members agreed that their target is to reach or maintain the target defense spend of at least 2 % of their GDP by 2024. [ 7 ] [ 8 ]

history

On 4 March 1947, the Treaty of Dunkirk was signed by France and the United Kingdom as a Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance in the event of a possible attack by Germany or the Soviet Union in the aftermath of World War II. In 1948, this alliance was expanded to include the Benelux countries, in the form of the Western Union, besides referred to as the Brussels Treaty Organization ( BTO ), established by the Treaty of Brussels. [ 9 ] Talks for a modern military confederation, which could besides include North America, resulted in the key signature of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949 by the penis states of the Western Union plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. [ 10 ]
The North Atlantic Treaty was largely dormant until the Korean War initiated the establishment of NATO to implement it, by means of an integrated military structure : This included the formation of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE ) in 1951, which adopted the Western Union ‘s military structures and plans, [ 11 ] including STANAGs and bipartite SOFAs. In 1952, the post of Secretary General of NATO was established as the organization ‘s chief civilian. That class besides saw the first major NATO maritime exercises, Exercise Mainbrace and the entree of Greece and Turkey to the organization. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Following the London and Paris Conferences, West Germany was permitted to rearm militarily, as they joined NATO in May 1955, which was, in change by reversal, a major divisor in the creation of the Soviet-dominated Warsaw Pact, delineating the two opposing sides of the Cold War. The build of the Berlin Wall in 1961 marked a acme in Cold War tensions, when 400,000 US troops were stationed in Europe. [ 14 ] Doubts over the intensity of the kinship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defensive structure against a prospective soviet invasion – doubts that led to the development of the mugwump french nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of France from NATO ‘s military structure in 1966. [ 16 ] In 1982, the newly democratic Spain joined the alliance. [ 17 ] The Revolutions of 1989 in Europe led to a strategic re-evaluation of NATO ‘s purpose, nature, tasks, and focus on that continent. In October 1990, East Germany became separate of the Federal Republic of Germany and the alliance, and in November 1990, the alliance signed the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe ( CFE ) in Paris with the Soviet Union. It mandated specific military reductions across the continent, which continued after the collapse of the Warsaw Pact in February 1991 and profligacy of the Soviet Union in that December, which removed the de facto chief adversaries of NATO. [ 18 ] This began a draw-down of military spend and equipment in Europe. The CFE treaty allowed signatories to remove 52,000 pieces of ceremonious armaments in the follow sixteen years, [ 19 ] and allowed military spending by NATO ‘s european members to decline by 28 % from 1990 to 2015. [ 20 ]
The accrue of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked a turning luff in NATO ‘s function in Europe, and a section of the wall is now display outside NATO Headquarters. In the 1990s, the arrangement extended its activities into political and humanist situations that had not once been NATO concerns. [ 21 ] During the break-up of Yugoslavia, the organization conducted its first military interventions in Bosnia from 1992 to 1995 and late Yugoslavia in 1999. [ 22 ] These conflicts motivated a major post-Cold War military restructure. NATO ‘s military structure was cut binding and reorganized, with new forces such as the Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps established. The changes brought about by the flop of the Soviet Union on the military balance in Europe since the CFE treaty were recognized in the Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty, which was signed at the 1999 Istanbul summit. [ citation needed ] politically, the arrangement sought better relations with the newly autonomous Central and Eastern European nations, and diplomatic forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbours were set up during this post-Cold War menstruation, including the Partnership for Peace and the Mediterranean Dialogue first step in 1994, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997, and the NATO–Russia Permanent Joint Council in 1998. At the 1999 Washington acme, Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic officially joined NATO, and the constitution besides issued newly guidelines for membership with individualize “ Membership Action Plans “. These plans governed the addition of modern alliance members : Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia in 2004, Albania and Croatia in 2009, Montenegro in 2017, and North Macedonia in 2020. [ citation needed ] The election of French President Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007 led to a major reform of France ‘s military position, culminating with the render to wide membership on 4 April 2009, which besides included France rejoining the NATO Military Command Structure, while maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent. [ 16 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] article 5 of the North Atlantic treaty, requiring member states to come to the care of any member state of matter subject to an armed attack, was invoked for the first base and alone time after the September 11 attacks, [ 25 ] after which troops were deployed to Afghanistan under the NATO-led ISAF. The constitution has operated a stove of extra roles since then, including sending trainers to Iraq, assisting in counter-piracy operations [ 26 ] and in 2011 enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya in accord with UN Security Council Resolution 1973. Article 4, which merely invokes consultation among NATO members, has been invoked five times following incidents in the Iraq War, Syrian Civil War, and Russia ‘s annexation of Crimea. [ 27 ] This annexation led to hard condemnation by NATO nations and the creation of a new “ spearhead ” force of 5,000 troops at bases in Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria. [ 28 ] At the subsequent 2014 Wales summit, the leaders of NATO ‘s member states formally committed for the first base time to spend the equivalent of at least 2 % of their megascopic domestic products on defense mechanism by 2024, which had previously been only an informal road map. [ 29 ] In 2014, entirely 3 out of 30 NATO members reached this prey ( including the US ) ; by 2020 this had increased to 11. Taken together, in 2020, the 29 non-US member states had six straight years of defense outgo growth, bringing their average spend to 1.73 % of GDP. [ 30 ] NATO did not condemn the 2016–present purges in Turkey. [ 31 ] As a solution of the turkish invasion of Kurdish-inhabited areas in Syria, Turkey ‘s interposition in Libya and the Cyprus–Turkey nautical zones dispute, there are signs of a schism between Turkey and early NATO members. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] NATO members have resisted the UN ‘s Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, a constipate agreement for negotiations for the entire elimination of nuclear weapons, supported by more than 120 nations. [ 34 ]

military operations

early operations

No military operations were conducted by NATO during the Cold War. Following the end of the Cold War, the first operations, Anchor Guard in 1990 and Ace Guard in 1991, were prompted by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Airborne early warning aircraft were sent to provide coverage of southeast Turkey, and late a quick-reaction power was deployed to the area. [ 35 ]

Bosnia and Herzegovina intervention

The Bosnian War began in 1992, as a resultant role of the break-up of Yugoslavia. The deteriorating situation led to United Nations Security Council Resolution 816 on 9 October 1992, ordering a no-fly zone over central Bosnia and Herzegovina, which NATO began enforcing on 12 April 1993 with Operation Deny Flight. From June 1993 until October 1996, Operation Sharp Guard added maritime enforcement of the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 28 February 1994, NATO took its foremost wartime action by shooting down four bosnian Serb aircraft violating the no-fly zone. On 10 and 11 April 1994, the United Nations Protection Force called in tune strikes to protect the Goražde safe area, resulting in the bombing of a bosnian Serb military control outpost near Goražde by two uranium F-16 jets acting under NATO steering. In retaliation, Serbs took 150 U.N. personnel hostage on 14 April. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] On 16 April a british Sea Harrier was shot toss off over Goražde by Serb forces. In August 1995, a two-week NATO fail crusade, Operation Deliberate Force, began against the Army of the Republika Srpska, after the Srebrenica genocide. [ 41 ] Further NATO air strikes helped bring the Yugoslav Wars to an end, resulting in the Dayton Agreement in November 1995. [ 41 ] As share of this agreement, NATO deployed a UN-mandated peacekeeping power, under Operation Joint Endeavor, named IFOR. Almost 60,000 NATO troops were joined by forces from non-NATO nations in this peacekeeping mission. This transitioned into the smaller SFOR, which started with 32,000 troops initially and ran from December 1996 until December 2004, when operations were then passed onto European Union Force Althea. Following the lead of its extremity nations, NATO began to award a service decoration, the NATO Medal, for these operations. [ 43 ]

Kosovo intervention

german KFOR soldiers on patrol in southerly Kosovo in 1999 In an attempt to stop Slobodan Milošević ‘s Serbian-led crackdown on KLA separatists and albanian civilians in Kosovo, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1199 on 23 September 1998 to demand a ceasefire. Negotiations under US Special Envoy Richard Holbrooke broke down on 23 March 1999, and he handed the matter to NATO, [ 44 ] which started a 78-day fail crusade on 24 March 1999. [ 45 ] Operation Allied Force targeted the military capabilities of what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During the crisis, NATO besides deployed one of its international reaction forces, the ACE Mobile Force ( Land ), to Albania as the Albania Force ( AFOR ), to deliver human-centered aid to refugees from Kosovo. [ 46 ] Though the campaign was criticized for senior high school civilian casualties, including fail of the chinese embassy in Belgrade, Milošević last accepted the terms of an international peace plan on 3 June 1999, ending the Kosovo War. On 11 June, Milošević far accepted UN resolving power 1244, under the mandate of which NATO then helped establish the KFOR peacekeeping military unit. closely one million refugees had fled Kosovo, and part of KFOR ‘s mandate was to protect the human-centered missions, in addition to deterring violence. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] In August–September 2001, the alliance besides mounted Operation Essential Harvest, a mission disarming heathen albanian militia in the Republic of Macedonia. [ 48 ] As of 1 December 2013, 4,882 KFOR soldiers, representing 31 countries, continue to operate in the area. [ 49 ] The US, the UK, and most other NATO countries opposed efforts to require the UN Security Council to approve NATO military strikes, such as the action against Serbia in 1999, while France and some others claimed that the alliance needed UN blessing. [ 50 ] The US/UK side claimed that this would undermine the assurance of the confederation, and they noted that Russia and China would have exercised their Security Council vetoes to block the strike on Yugoslavia, and could do the lapp in future conflicts where NATO intervention was required, frankincense nullifying the stallion potency and function of the administration. Recognizing the post-Cold War military environment, NATO adopted the Alliance Strategic Concept during its Washington acme in April 1999 that emphasized conflict prevention and crisis management. [ 51 ]

War in Afghanistan

The September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke its corporate defense article for the beginning time. The September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke Article 5 of the NATO Charter for the first time in the organization ‘s history. [ 52 ] The Article states that an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all. The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty. [ 53 ] The eight official actions taken by NATO in response to the attacks included Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour, a naval operation in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of multitude destruction, and to enhance the security of ship in general, which began on 4 October 2001. [ 54 ] The alliance showed oneness : on 16 April 2003, NATO agreed to take command of the International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ), which included troops from 42 countries. The decision came at the request of Germany and the Netherlands, the two nations leading ISAF at the clock of the agreement, and all nineteen NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously. The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August, and marked the beginning time in NATO ‘s history that it took charge of a mission outside the north Atlantic area. [ 55 ]
ISAF was initially charged with securing Kabul and surrounding areas from the Taliban, alabama Qaeda and factional warlords, indeed as to allow for the constitution of the Afghan Transitional Administration headed by Hamid Karzai. In October 2003, the UN Security Council authorized the expansion of the ISAF mission throughout Afghanistan, [ 56 ] and ISAF subsequently expanded the deputation in four independent stages over the whole of the area. [ 57 ] On 31 July 2006, the ISAF additionally took over military operations in the south of Afghanistan from a US-led anti-terrorism coalition. [ 58 ] due to the intensity of the crusade in the south, in 2011 France allowed a squadron of Mirage 2000 fighter/attack aircraft to be moved into the sphere, to Kandahar, in order to reinforce the confederation ‘s efforts. [ 59 ] During its 2012 Chicago Summit, NATO endorsed a plan to end the Afghanistan war and to remove the NATO-led ISAF Forces by the end of December 2014. [ 60 ] ISAF was disestablished in December 2014 and replaced by the follow-on train Resolute Support Mission. [ 61 ] On 14 April 2021, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said the alliance had agreed to start withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan by May 1. [ 62 ] Soon after the secession of NATO troops started, the Taliban launched an offensive against the Afghan government, promptly advancing in front of collapsing Afghan Armed Forces. [ 63 ] By 15 August 2021, Taliban militants controlled the huge majority of Afghanistan and had encircled the capital city of Kabul. [ 64 ] Some politicians in NATO member states have described the chaotic withdrawal of western troops from Afghanistan and the crash of the Afghan government as the greatest thrashing that NATO has suffered since its establish. [ 65 ] [ 66 ]

Iraq aim mission

In August 2004, during the Iraq War, NATO formed the NATO Training Mission – Iraq, a discipline mission to assist the Iraqi security system forces in conjunction with the US-led MNF-I. [ 67 ] The NATO Training Mission-Iraq ( NTM-I ) was established at the request of the Iraqi Interim Government under the provisions of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546. The purpose of NTM-I was to assist in the development of Iraqi security system forces training structures and institutions indeed that Iraq can build an effective and sustainable capability that addresses the needs of the nation. NTM-I was not a battle mission but is a distinct mission, under the political control of the North Atlantic Council. Its operational stress was on train and mentor. The activities of the mission were coordinated with Iraqi authorities and the US-led Deputy Commanding General Advising and Training, who was besides dual-hatted as the Commander of NTM-I. The mission officially concluded on 17 December 2011. [ 68 ] Turkey invoked the first Article 4 meetings in 2003 at the start of the Iraq War. Turkey besides invoked this article twice in 2012 during the syrian Civil War, after the down of an disarm turkish F-4 reconnaissance jet, and after a mortar was fired at Turkey from Syria, [ 69 ] and again in 2015 after threats by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant to its territorial integrity. [ 70 ]

Gulf of Aden anti-piracy

Beginning on 17 August 2009, NATO deployed warships in an operation to protect maritime dealings in the Gulf of Aden and the indian Ocean from Somali pirates, and help strengthen the navies and coast guards of regional states. The operation was approved by the North Atlantic Council and involves warships chiefly from the United States though vessels from many other nations are besides included. Operation Ocean Shield focuses on protecting the ships of Operation Allied Provider which are distributing aid as region of the World Food Programme mission in Somalia. Russia, China and South Korea have sent warships to participate in the activities as well. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] The operation seeks to dissuade and interrupt pirate attacks, protect vessels, and abetting to increase the general level of security system in the region. [ 73 ]

Libya intervention

During the Libyan Civil War, violence between protesters and the libyan government under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi escalated, and on 17 March 2011 led to the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which called for a ceasefire, and authorized military action to protect civilians. A coalition that included respective NATO members began enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya curtly afterwards, beginning with Opération Harmattan by the french Air Force on 19 March. On 20 March 2011, NATO states agreed on enforcing an arms embargo against Libya with Operation Unified Protector using ships from NATO Standing Maritime Group 1 and Standing Mine Countermeasures Group 1, [ 74 ] and extra ships and submarines from NATO members. [ 75 ] They would “ monitor, report and, if needed, interdict vessels suspected of carrying illegal arms or mercenaries “. [ 74 ] On 24 March, NATO agreed to take command of the no-fly zone from the initial alliance, while control of targeting ground units remained with the coalescence ‘s forces. [ 76 ] [ 77 ] NATO began officially enforcing the UN resolving power on 27 March 2011 with aid from Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. [ 78 ] By June, reports of divisions within the alliance surfaced as entirely eight of the 28 member nations were participating in fight operations, [ 79 ] resulting in a confrontation between US Defense Secretary Robert Gates and countries such as Poland, Spain, the Netherlands, Turkey, and Germany to contribute more, the latter believing the organization has overstepped its mandate in the battle. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] In his final policy speech in Brussels on 10 June, Gates foster criticized ally countries in suggesting their actions could cause the death of NATO. [ 83 ] The german foreign ministry pointed to “ a considerable [ german ] contribution to NATO and NATO-led operations ” and to the fact that this date was highly valued by President Obama. [ 84 ] While the mission was extended into September, Norway that day announced it would begin scaling down contributions and complete withdrawal by 1 August. [ 85 ] Earlier that week it was reported Danish air fighters were running knocked out of bombs. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] The following workweek, the head of the Royal Navy said the area ‘s operations in the conflict were not sustainable. [ 88 ] By the end of the mission in October 2011, after the death of Colonel Gaddafi, NATO planes had flown about 9,500 strike sorties against pro-Gaddafi targets. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] A composition from the organization Human Rights Watch in May 2012 identified at least 72 civilians killed in the campaign. [ 91 ] Following a coup d’état attack in October 2013, Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan requested technical advice and trainers from NATO to assist with ongoing security issues. [ 92 ]

membership

NATO organizes regular summits for leaders of their members states and partnerships. NATO has thirty members, chiefly in Europe and North America. Some of these countries besides have territory on multiple continents, which can be covered only as far south as the Tropic of Cancer in the Atlantic Ocean, which defines NATO ‘s “ area of province ” under Article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty. During the original treaty negotiations, the United States insisted that colonies such as the belgian Congo be excluded from the treaty. [ 94 ] french Algeria was however covered until their independence on 3 July 1962. [ 95 ] Twelve of these thirty are original members who joined in 1949, while the other eighteen joined in one of eight enlargement rounds.

enlargement

New membership in the alliance has been largely from Central and Eastern Europe, including former members of the Warsaw Pact. accession to the alliance is governed with person Membership Action Plans, and requires approval by each current penis. NATO presently has one candidate country that is in the process of joining the alliance : Bosnia and Herzegovina. North Macedonia signed an accession protocol to become a NATO extremity state in February 2019, and became a member state on 27 March 2020. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] Its entree had been blocked by Greece for many years due to the Macedonia naming dispute, which was resolved in 2018 by the Prespa agreement. [ 100 ] In rate to support each early in the process, modern and electric potential members in the region formed the Adriatic Charter in 2003. [ 101 ] Georgia was besides named as an aspirant penis, and was promised “ future membership ” during the 2008 summit in Bucharest, [ 102 ] though in 2014, US President Barack Obama said the country was not “ presently on a path ” to membership. [ 103 ] Russia continues to politically oppose further expansion, seeing it as inconsistent with informal understandings between soviet drawing card Mikhail Gorbachev and European and US negotiators that allowed for a passive german reunion. [ 104 ] NATO ‘s expansion efforts are much seen by Moscow leaders as a lengthiness of a Cold War undertake to surround and isolate Russia, [ 105 ] though they have besides been criticized in the West. [ 106 ] A June 2016 Levada poll found that 68 % of Russians think that deploying NATO troops in the Baltic states and Poland —former Eastern bloc countries bordering Russia—is a threat to Russia. [ 107 ] In contrast 65 % of Poles surveyed in a 2017 Pew Research Center report identified Russia as a “ major menace ”, with an average of 31 % saying indeed across all NATO countries, [ 108 ] and 67 % of Poles surveyed in 2018 favor US forces being based in Poland. [ 109 ] Of non-CIS easterly european countries surveyed by Gallup in 2016, all but Serbia and Montenegro were more likely than not to view NATO as a protective alliance rather than a threat. [ 110 ] A 2006 survey in the journal Security Studies argued that NATO expansion contributed to democratic consolidation in Central and Eastern Europe. [ 111 ] Ukraine ‘s relationship with NATO and Europe has been politically controversial, and improvement of these relations was one of the goals of the “ Euromaidan “ protests that saw the oust of pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych in 2014. Ukraine is one of eight countries in Eastern Europe with an Individual Partnership Action Plan. IPAPs began in 2002, and are open to countries that have the political will and ability to deepen their relationship with NATO. [ 112 ] On 21 February 2019, the Constitution of Ukraine was amended, the norms on the strategic course of Ukraine for membership in the European Union and NATO are enshrined in the preamble of the Basic Law, three articles and transitional provisions. [ 113 ] At the June 2021 Brussels Summit, NATO leaders reiterated the decision taken at the 2008 Bucharest Summit that Ukraine would become a extremity of the Alliance with the Membership Action Plan ( MAP ) as an integral part of the procedure and Ukraine ‘s proper to determine its own future and extraneous policy, of course without external noise. [ 114 ] On 30 November 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that an expansion of NATO ‘s presence in Ukraine, particularly the deployment of any long-range missiles capable of striking russian cities or projectile defense systems like to those in Romania and Poland, would be a “ red channel ” topic for Russia. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Putin asked U.S. President Joe Biden for legal guarantees that NATO wouldn ’ metric ton expand eastward or put “ weapons systems that threaten us in close vicinity to russian territory. ” [ 118 ] NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg replied that “ It ‘s only Ukraine and 30 NATO allies that decide when Ukraine is fix to join NATO. Russia has no veto, Russia has no say, and Russia has no right to establish a sphere of charm to try to control their neighbors. ” [ 119 ] [ 120 ]

Partnerships with one-third countries

[121] partnership for Peace conducts multinational military exercises like Cooperative Archer, which took set in Tbilisi in July 2007 with 500 servicemen from four NATO members, eight PfP members, and Jordan, a Mediterranean Dialogue player. The Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program was established in 1994 and is based on individual bilateral relations between each spouse state and NATO : each country may choose the extent of its engagement. [ 122 ] Members include all stream and early members of the Commonwealth of Independent States. [ 123 ] The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council ( EAPC ) was first established on 29 May 1997, and is a forum for even coordination, reference and dialogue between all fifty participants. [ 124 ] The PfP program is considered the operational wing of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership. [ 122 ] other third countries besides have been contacted for engagement in some activities of the PfP framework such as Afghanistan. [ 125 ] The European Union ( EU ) signed a comprehensive examination software of arrangements with NATO under the Berlin Plus agreement on 16 December 2002. With this agreement, the EU was given the possibility of using NATO assets in event it wanted to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO itself did not want to act – the alleged “ right of first refusal “. [ 126 ] For model, Article 42 ( 7 ) of the 1982 Treaty of Lisbon specifies that “ If a Member State is the victim of arm aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of help and aid by all the means in their office ”. The treaty applies globally to specified territories whereas NATO is restricted under its Article 6 to operations north of the Tropic of Cancer. It provides a “ double framework ” for the EU countries that are besides linked with the PfP broadcast. [ citation needed ] additionally, NATO cooperates and discusses its activities with numerous other non-NATO members. The Mediterranean Dialogue was established in 1994 to coordinate in a similar way with Israel and countries in North Africa. The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative was announced in 2004 as a dialogue forum for the Middle East along the like lines as the Mediterranean Dialogue. The four participants are besides linked through the Gulf Cooperation Council. [ 127 ] In June 2018, Qatar expressed its wish to join NATO. [ 128 ] however, NATO declined membership, stating that only extra european countries could join according to Article 10 of NATO ‘s establish treaty. [ 129 ] Qatar and NATO have previously signed a security agreement together in January 2018. [ 130 ] political dialogue with Japan began in 1990, and since then, the Alliance has gradually increased its touch with countries that do not form part of any of these cooperation initiatives. [ 131 ] In 1998, NATO established a set of cosmopolitan guidelines that do not allow for a formal institutionalization of relations, but reflect the Allies ‘ hope to increase cooperation. Following extensive debate, the term “ contact Countries ” was agreed by the Allies in 2000. By 2012, the Alliance had broadened this group, which meets to discuss issues such as counter-piracy and technology exchange, under the names “ partners across the globe ” or “ global partners ”. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] Australia and New Zealand, both contact countries, are besides members of the AUSCANNZUKUS strategic alliance, and similar regional or bilateral agreements between contact countries and NATO members besides help cooperation. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg stated that NATO needs to “ address the ascend of China, ” by closely cooperating with Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea. [ 134 ] Colombia is the NATO ‘s latest partner and Colombia has access to the full range of cooperative activities NATO offers to partners ; Colombia became the first and only latin american country to cooperate with NATO. [ 135 ]

structure

The North Atlantic Council convening in 2010 with a defence/foreign curate shape All agencies and organizations of NATO are integrated into either the civilian administrative or military executive roles. For the most character they perform roles and functions that directly or indirectly support the security function of the alliance as a whole. The civilian structure includes :

The North Atlantic Council (NAC) is the body which has effective governance authority and powers of decision in NATO, consisting of member states’ permanent representatives or representatives at higher level (ministers of foreign affairs or defence, or heads of state or government). The NAC convenes at least once a week and takes major decisions regarding NATO’s policies. The meetings of the North Atlantic Council are chaired by the Secretary General and, when decisions have to be made, action is agreed upon by consensus.[136] There is no voting or decision by majority. Each nation represented at the Council table or on any of its subordinate committees retains complete sovereignty and responsibility for its own decisions.[ quotation needed]
NATO Headquarters, located on Boulevard Léopold III/Leopold III-laan, B-1110 Brussels, which is in the City of Brussels municipality.[137] The staff at the Headquarters is composed of national delegations of member countries and includes civilian and military liaison offices and officers or diplomatic missions and diplomats of partner countries, as well as the International Staff and International Military Staff filled from serving members of the armed forces of member states.[138] Non-governmental citizens’ groups have also grown up in support of NATO, broadly under the banner of the Atlantic Council/Atlantic Treaty Association movement.[ citation needed]

The military structure includes :
The organizations and agencies of NATO include :

Headquarters for the NATO Support Agency will be in Capellen Luxembourg (site of the current NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency – NAMSA).
The NATO Communications and Information Agency Headquarters will be in Brussels, as will the very small staff which will design the new NATO Procurement Agency.
A new NATO Science and Technology Organization will be created before July 2012, consisting of Chief Scientist, a Programme Office for Collaborative S&T, and the NATO Undersea Research Centre (NURC).
The current NATO Standardization Agency will continue and be subject to review by Spring 2014.[ quotation needed]

The NATO Parliamentary Assembly ( NATO PA ) is a torso that sets broad strategic goals for NATO, which meets at two school term per year. NATO PA interacts directly with the parliamentary structures of the national governments of the penis states which appoint permanent wave Members, or ambassadors to NATO. The NATO Parliamentary Assembly is made up of legislators from the penis countries of the North Atlantic Alliance american samoa well as thirteen associate members. It is however formally a different structure from NATO, and has equally aim to join in concert deputies of NATO countries in club to discuss security policies on the NATO Council. [ citation needed ]

Legal authority of NATO Commanders

NATO is an alliance of 30 sovereign nations but their individual sovereignty is unaffected by engagement in the alliance. NATO has no parliaments, no laws, no enforcement, and no power to punish individual citizens. As a consequence of this lack of sovereignty the power and authority of a NATO Commander are limited. NATO Commanders can not punish offences such as : failure to obey a lawful ordain ; delinquency of duty ; or disrespect to a senior officer. [ 142 ] NATO Commanders expect bow but sometimes need to subordinate their desires or plans to the operators who are themselves subject to sovereign codes of lead like the UCMJ. A subject in point was the clang between General Sir Mike Jackson and General Wesley Clark over KFOR actions at Pristina Airport. [ 143 ] The NATO Commander can issues orders to his hyponym Commanders in the human body of Operational Plans ( OPLANs ), operational Orders ( OPORDERs ), tactical direction, or fragmental Orders ( FRAGOs ) and others. The articulation Rules of Engagement must be followed, and the Law of Armed Conflict must be obeyed at all times. operational resources “ remain under national control but have been transferred temporarily to NATO. Although these national units, through the courtly march of transportation of authority, have been placed under the functional command and see of a NATO Commander, they never lose their national character. ” senior national representatives, like CDS, “ are designated as alleged red-cardholders ”. Caveats are restrictions listed “ state by nation … that NATO Commanders … must take into bill. ” [ 142 ]

NATO – Wikipedia